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895:. Females will fly over the water in search of suitable nesting places, passing through the territories of males along the way. The males will fly towards the female, demonstrating acrobatics which are only seen during courtship, and showing the underside of their abdomen. The rear three sections of the abdomen are much brighter and are presented to the female. The male will then lead the female to a nesting site and will circle the area once as the female lands. The male will then hover, waiting until the female has landed, showing her willingness to mate. The pair will arrange themselves in a "mating wheel", and mating can last between 40 seconds and 5 minutes.
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for the females. They are characterized by an increased flow and a suitable oviposition substrate in the potential breeding sites. The size of the territories and their distance apart is dependent on the population density as well as availability of suitable habitat. Males who do not occupy a territory may stay in bankside vegetation and try to fill vacant spots. Especially when only a few males are present, territorial defense is very aggressive. With a higher number of competing males, aggression decreases significantly.
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mortality and birth defect among affected individuals. This is mainly because beautiful demoiselles do not efficiently absorb oxygen from water. This differs from the banded damselfly, who have thin-skinned tracheogenic appendages which make them less sensitive fluctuations in oxygen supply. The inefficiency of their oxygen uptake is balanced by their choice of habitat, since both increased flow and cooler water increase their absorption capacity.
1033:), may cause the area to become overgrown. Additionally if tree growth on the waters edge results in a closed canopy, the damselflies will lack the necessary sunlight. These issues can be counteracted by regular removal of some vegetation, or even a partial thinning of trees and shrubs. In intensively used agricultural areas with regular use of manure fertilizer, a bare strip a few meters wide can prevent eutrophication of riparian areas.
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744:), the wings are entirely metallic blue. In other areas, the wings have clear spots at the base and the tip. Immature males have brown wings, as the metallic blue wing color develops only with age. They have metallic blue-green bodies and blue-green eyes. The female has dark brown iridescent wings, a white patch near the tip of the wings (called a
774:, found on the Japanese islands, is under debate as to whether it is a separate species. The beautiful demoiselle is mostly found in lowland locations. Regular findings come from areas up to a maximum height of 980 m above sea level; occasionally, they may be found up to 1,200 meters in altitude, such as in the Alps.
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Females fly over the waters throughout the day in search of suitable nesting sites, and both sexes will engage in hunting, advertising, mating and egg laying during the warm midday hours. At night, the damselflies will return to the same sunlit areas within the vegetation where they started their day.
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Males will stay in sunlit areas throughout the day, typically reaching the water in the early morning. In
Central Europe, they typically arrive between 7:00 A.M. and 9:00 A.M. In shaded environments, the damselflies will arrive later, and are usually seen basking on the top of surrounding vegetation.
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Beautiful demoiselle can reach a body length of 49–54 millimetres (1.9–2.1 in), with a hindwing length of 31–37 millimetres (1.2–1.5 in). These large, dark damselflies have small, lateral, hemispherical eyes; two pairs of wings similar in shape; and a slender abdomen. The wings have a dense
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The habitat of adults corresponds to the nearby larval habitat. Unlike the adults of the banded demoiselle, beautiful demoiselle may be found in forest clearings, and very rarely on the banks of larger ponds. Trees and shrubs are used as resting places, with the beautiful demoiselle often resting on
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live in streams, and are mainly dependent on the water plants. The larvae need the stems and leaves to hold on to, especially in areas with strong currents. Because of this, it is extremely rare to find them in barren locations, flat expiring banks, or areas with a smooth stone floor. They also live
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The eggs of the beautiful demoiselle are on average 1.2 millimetres long and 0.2 millimetres wide, with a spindle-shaped structure. At the pointed end of the egg are four holes which are used by the male to inject sperm. The eggs also have a funnel-like appendix on this which allows them to project
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The males will defend their territories from exposed perches in the vegetation which extend over the water, sometimes on vegetation or rocks cushions amid the waters. From here they will survey their territory and perform a behaviour known as "wing lapping", where the wings are quickly flapped down
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Sexually mature beautiful demoiselles display pronounced territorial behavior, occupying territories that they defend against other males. Their defense consists mostly of threatening gestures, spreading their wings and being clearly visible. Optimal territories correspond to optimal nesting places
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The body of the larvae shows only a relatively small adjustment to the fast-flowing waters of their habitat. The body is not flattened, but it is very slim, and the legs are long and end with strong claws. Because they reside within the water, and mainly in quiet areas, the danger of being swept by
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due to their very narrow ecological requirements. The larvae in particular can only thrive in natural bodies of waters that have little human influence. In the largest part of their range, the species is very rare. It is completely absent in major cities and industrial centers, and even in regions
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Adult beautiful damselflies begin to emerge at the end of April, and continue until the end of
September, depending on weather. Most hatching occurs from late May to late June. The transformation of larvae to adults is not synchronous and lasts throughout the season until about mid-July. The newly
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In the Middle East, the larval development of the beautiful demoiselle usually takes 6–8 weeks, mainly due to the preference for cooler waters. This is somewhat longer than that of the banded demoiselle. Larvae continue to develop over the winter, with some metamorphosing in the following year. If
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Once the eggs are laid and fertilized, the embryonic development of the damselfly begins. This was first described for the beautiful demoiselle in 1869, and was the first description of embryonic development of an insect. From outside, the development of the embryo can be see by a slight change in
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After mating, the male releases the female and proceeds to show the female the nesting site. The females abdomen will droop during a post-copulatory rest which lasts a few seconds, after which they follow the male. The eggs are laid in the stems of aquatic plants at or below the water level, where
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The larvae are much more sensitive to changes in habitat than the banded demoiselle, especially to temperature fluctuations. Only a few days of oxygen deprivation are needed for mortality to increase rapidly, and even after acceptable oxygen conditions return there will still be a higher rate of
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The development of the damselfly can be divided into three periods. First, the early development after fertilization where the basic shape of the body is formed, followed by the continued development of the body shape up until they hatch from the egg, and finally the larval development of hatched
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Another key factor for the occurrence of the larvae of the beautiful demoiselle is the temperature of the water. This species prefers cooler, shadier areas of the water, with an optimal summer average temperature between 13 and 18 °C. At temperatures above 22 °C, injuries to larvae were
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An important factor in the occurrence of beautiful demoiselles is the oxygen in the water. The larvae are much more sensitive to oxygen deficiency than the larvae of the banded demoiselle, and need sufficient oxygen saturation in the water. Waters with high levels of sediment and sludge are not a
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Compared with the larvae of the banded demoiselle, the larvae of the beautiful demoiselle prefer quieter areas of the water, since slower flows allow for a more effective absorption of oxygen underwater. Only in very rare cases are the larvae present in stagnant water. The larvae reside mainly in
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Beautiful demoiselle are distributed across all of Europe with the exception of the southwestern
Iberian Peninsula, the Balearic Islands, and Iceland. In the north, it extends to the Arctic Ocean, much farther north than the banded demoiselle. Its southern populations can be found as far south as
700:. The body length varies and depends on environmental conditions. In the final stage (F-0-stage), larvae are 3.5–4.6 millimetres long and weigh about 4 milligrams, slightly smaller than those of the banded demoiselle. The larvae of the beautiful demoiselle can be recognized by the bristles of the
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The breeding habitats are similar to the larval habitat. They prefer cool, shady waterways, with a more or less strong current, and near-natural vegetation and bank structure. This tends to be meadow and pasture streams in the area, and rarely forest. Riparian vegetation also plays a role as a
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hatched damselflies typically stay near their hatching site for 10 days, living in the surrounding vegetation until their wings are fully colored. After this, they return to the water and begin mating. The adults only live for one season; their adult lifespan is about 40 to 50 days.
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with strongly pronounced agricultural use it is found only rarely. Because of this, the Red Data Book (1998) of
Germany classifies it as endangered in some states, even in danger of extinction. This is the same in Austria, Switzerland and other Central European countries. The
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Males are territorial, and will perch on bankside plants and trees where they wait for females or chase passing insects, often returning to the same perch. Males can stray well away from water, and females live away from water unless laying eggs or seeking a mate.
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Male beautiful damselflies do not range far from their breeding, hunting, and resting areas, only going a relatively small 20–100 metres (66–328 ft). Females have been observed flying distances of up to 4 miles (6.4 km) per day.
936:). Studies have shown that this might modify the relationship between univoltine and semivoltine larvae within a body of water and clear in the course of the river and increase the water temperature moves toward univoltiner larvae.
903:, orienting them almost vertically. While the female is laying the eggs, the male waits above, defending the female against other males. Both sexes mate several times a day for several weeks until their death.
802:). In the northern part of their range, such as in Norway and Finland, they are also found near medium-sized rivers or even larger streams. The waters are usually in the immediate vicinity of forests.
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The larvae, like other damselflies, are predatory and feed primarily on other insect larvae. This includes the larvae of black flies, midges, stoneflies, and mayflies, and they may also feed on
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Beautiful demoiselles live mainly near small to medium-sized streams and creeks. They prefer a relatively low water temperature and a moderate to fast flow. The water must not be nutrient-rich (
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the length and shape of the egg. The upper part of the egg bulges slightly, which the lower part becomes concave. Eggs typically hatch between 20 days to one month after fertilization.
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the female can submerge for up to 90 minutes. Unlike almost all other species of damselflies, the female climbs upside down onto the stem and stabs the eggs into the stem using their
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in small natural lakes or ponds with limestone bedrock. They live in quiet areas between alluvial leaves or exposed roots. They can be found on submerged plants such as waterweed (
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and then slowly lifted. It is believed that this is mainly used for communication, however it may also help ventilate the thorax, possibly playing a role in thermoregulation.
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are stick-shaped and have long legs. They develop over a period of two years in submerged vegetation, plant debris, or roots. They usually overwinter in mud or slime.
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outwardly from the plant stem. The colour of the eggs change from a bright yellow when freshly laid to a yellow-brown or yellow brown as they age.
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See "dissemination". In: Klaus
Sternberg, Rainer Buchenwald . dragonflies Baden-Württemberg, Volume 1 Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 2000, p 203
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the water is cooler during breeding, a greater the portion of larvae will overwinter twice, giving a development time of nearly two years (
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windbreak. Due to their broad wings, the beautiful demoiselle can be blown away by the wind more easily than other species of damselflies.
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of some waters by household or agricultural wastewater has contributed to the decline of some populations. This causes an increase in
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K. D. B. Dijkstra, illustrations: R. Lewington, Guide des libellules de France et d'Europe, Delachaux et Niestlé, Paris, 2007, (
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However, natural waters with low water pollution do not guarantee a suitable habitat. Fast growing plants, such as meadowsweet (
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internal network of veins, and can be transparent or uniformly colored at their basal area. This species presents an evident
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Several factors are known to impact the population of beautiful damselflies is the necessity of certain aquatic plants. The
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observed, as well as a reduced hatchability of eggs. Individual populations may adapt to permanently higher temperatures.
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the flow is relatively low. If this happens, they stretch out to grab onto passing vegetation or substrate.
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Georg Rüppell: . The
Demoiselles Europe The New Brehm library . Westarp Sciences, Hohenwarsleben 2005,
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Jurzitza: . the cosmos-dragonfly leader Franckh Kosmos Verlag GmbH & Co., Stuttgart 2000,
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Misof, Bernhard; Anderson, Cort L.; Hadrys, Heike (2000). "A phylogeny of the damselfly genus
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The male usually has much more extensive pigmentation on the wings than other
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Females can lay up to 300 eggs at a time on floating plants, such as
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have just labeled this article as needing attention, please add
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Beautiful demoiselle mating is similar to others in the genus
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The larvae of the beautiful demoiselle develop over 10 to 12
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species in its range. In the southeast of its range (the
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Knowledge (XXG):Pages needing translation into
English
748:) and a metallic green body with a bronze tip of the
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Immature male. The blue wing color develops with age
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101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
761:), another British damselfly with coloured wings.
755:This species is similar to the banded demoiselle (
1114:(Odonata) using mitochondrial 16S rDNA markers".
848:high herbaceous plants such as the large nettle (
1193:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T165505A219967836.en
770:Morocco and Algeria. The eastern subspecies of
615:(western Mediterranean and south-west France)
1274:"Beautiful Demoiselle - Encyclopedia of Life"
920:individuals up until the formation of wings.
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151:February 2023
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1311:. Retrieved
1307:the original
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1049:Bibliography
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1010:algal blooms
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984:Conservation
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93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
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48:
47:Please help
44:
1583:iNaturalist
1454:Wikispecies
1199:17 February
1122:(1): 5–14.
990:stenoecious
791:Biotope of
681:. Like the
668:Description
622:Conci, 1956
589:Conci, 1952
419:Subfamily:
226:section on
190:translation
1683:Categories
1346:2023-11-04
1313:2018-03-19
1144:References
1112:Calopteryx
901:ovipositor
893:Calopteryx
734:Calopteryx
579:subspecies
573:Subspecies
444:Calopteryx
399:Suborder:
373:Arthropoda
121:newspapers
50:improve it
941:amphipods
862:Behaviour
800:eutrophic
563:damselfly
451:Species:
403:Zygoptera
359:Kingdom:
353:Eukaryota
56:talk page
1601:10347816
1468:BioLib:
1439:Wikidata
1240:Archived
1136:10764530
1037:See also
951:Hatching
496:Synonyms
483:Linnaeus
409:Family:
369:Phylum:
363:Animalia
349:Domain:
326:IUCN 3.1
224:WP:PNTCU
1575:1427037
1510:4139772
1445:Q248379
1278:eol.org
783:Biotope
778:Habitat
750:abdomen
738:Balkans
601:, 1832)
439:Genus:
429:Tribe:
393:Odonata
389:Order:
383:Insecta
379:Class:
324: (
299:Female
135:scholar
1666:435829
1614:165505
1549:214241
1536:241222
1523:CLPXVI
1484:166214
1377:
1223:BioLib
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971:Exuvia
887:Mating
818:Elodea
812:larvae
742:Turkey
694:stages
687:larvae
613:, 1853
599:Brullé
517:, 1837
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
1640:52613
1596:IRMNG
1588:61536
1531:EUNIS
712:Adult
702:gills
698:moult
611:Sélys
285:Male
142:JSTOR
128:books
1635:NCBI
1609:IUCN
1570:GBIF
1518:EPPO
1497:Q2MC
1479:BOLD
1471:1568
1375:ISBN
1201:2023
1184:2022
1132:PMID
1100:ISBN
1089:ISBN
1078:ISBN
1067:ISBN
1056:ISBN
995:IUCN
810:The
740:and
551:The
505:List
487:1758
218:~~~~
114:news
1653:579
1622:NBN
1505:EoL
1492:CoL
1188:doi
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854:).
205:you
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