224:, primarily for the purpose of identifying new plants of commercial value, such as teak, and growing spices for trade. In a written proposal to Governor-General John Macpherson to establish the garden, Kyd stated it was "not for the purpose of collecting rare plants as things of mere curiosity, but for establishing a stock for disseminating such articles as may prove beneficial to the inhabitants as well to the natives of Great Britain, and which ultimately may tend to the extension of the national commerce and riches." India was undergoing mass famine in the 18th century as a result of political turmoil, in addition to severe socio-economic crises. Robert Kyd's Garden proposal was motivated by the desire to increase agricultural revenue in an effort to end food scarcity and promote economic growth. Furthermore, Robert Kyd was accustomed to growing various plants (spices) from the East Indies, which were obtained from East India Company's voyages. The East India Company's Court of Directors supported Kyd's ambitions to establish cinnamon, tobacco, dates, Chinese tea, and coffee in the Garden due to its economic benefits. Tea, for example, was a highly commodified plant that was indispensable to the European economy. The indigenous tea plants of India were not able to be produced in mass quantities, leading to the kidnapping of Chinese gardeners and their tea plants. Chinese tea was first transplanted to the Calcutta Garden and larger tea plantations in Ooty and Nilgiris were established by forcing the people of Assam and Ooty to relocate. Additionally, Cacti such as Nopal were imported from Mexico and established in the Garden to produce textile dyes, an industry which Spain dominated.
348:
it did not have the qualities of a traditional
European garden. These qualities included "uniformity of design, adaptation of particular parts to particular purposes, including those of science and instruction." The ways in which the Garden was restructured from 1816 to 1846 reflected the demands of a rapidly growing scientific field that fueled European colonial influence. Key features of the 1816 map depict four nurseries, housing for laborers, a farm, and a small Linnaean Garden. The map titled "Plan of the Botanical Gardens December 1845" was developed in 1843 by Griffith and shows key differences compared to the 1816 plan created by Wallich. Major illustrations of natural features such as rivers and trees, which appeared alongside the nurseries, are either not included in the map or depicted using symbols. A large teak plantation replaces the native housing and the landscape is clearly divided into large divisions, indicating that science was used to categorize the natural landscape. An emphasis was placed on labelling plants and categorizing the different areas of the Garden which, according to Griffith, allowed it to be "gardens of science and instruction."
317:
of botanical surveys were collected that provided information on the estimated revenue that could be made from economically valued plants. In addition, the surveys were used as a means to establish credibility that the
British government would benefit from the Company's involvement with governing affairs. Although it was a trading company, it had the power to collect revenue as an ordinary government could. Specifically, the revenue collection system was purposely structured in a way that prevented officials and agricultural cultivators from interacting. The collection procedures, which involved local Indian officials as well as British officials, were set in place by the Court of Directors and ensured to be as objective as possible. An increasing number of botanists and scientists were gaining access to new areas in India, leading to an era of acquiring as much scientific data as possible. Other key figures in developing the Calcutta Garden were
447:
412:
420:
254:
42:
428:
436:
316:
from 1786-1787. The development of botanical science in India happened alongside the expansion of the East India
Company as it acquired control of the agricultural economy. The Company conducted extensive scientific research in India as it was gaining power and territory in South Asia. A large amount
347:
Griffith was instrumental in rearranging the
Calcutta Garden in a way that reflected scientific practice at the time, emphasizing the importance of scientific classification in the Garden's appearance. Griffith often criticized the layout of the Botanic Garden under Wallich's control as he believed
280:... contributed more useful and ornamental tropical plants to the public and private gardens of the world than any other establishment before or since. ... I here allude to the great Indian herbarium, chiefly formed by the staff of the Botanic Gardens under the direction of Dr.
453:
368:) that is reckoned to be the largest tree in the world, at more than 330 metres in circumference. It partially inspired the novel Hothouse by Brian Aldiss. The gardens are also famous for their enormous collections of
446:
1263:
893:
332:
for the public have been developed and many kinds of plants have been cultivated for scientific observation. During the 1970s the garden initiated a program to introduce improved
298:
1456:
1461:
794:
411:
230:
says of this
Botanical Garden that "Amongst its greatest triumphs may be considered the introduction of the tea-plant from China ... the establishment of the
1032:
1446:
301:
and others located in
Southeast Asia formed a large network of scientific institutions through which plants were transferred, classified according to the
1141:
419:
864:
694:
1027:
524:
1022:
993:
1420:
1376:
1371:
1232:
1017:
308:
Along with the policy change enacted by
William Roxburgh, the East India Company was itself undergoing political and historical changes.
1451:
1289:
1284:
268:
after he became superintendent of the garden in 1793. Roxburgh brought in plants from all over India and developed an extensive
1466:
1279:
1186:
1399:
1356:
1331:
478:
1336:
1321:
520:
721:
Hortus
Bengalensis or a catalogue of the plants growing in the Honourable East India Company's botanic garden at Calcutta
1381:
1361:
400:
550:
1306:
1161:
1146:
857:
322:
1191:
1181:
790:
200:. The gardens exhibit a wide variety of rare plants and a total collection of over 12,000 specimens spread over 109
1366:
1171:
1156:
312:
formally brought the
Company under British rule, although the Company had governing power and ruled alongside the
1242:
294:
273:
205:
134:
431:
Guinness World
Records holder, this 250 years old banyan tree with 3616 prop roots is spread across 1.6 Hectares
1415:
1247:
1237:
1176:
1125:
1004:
929:
814:
1425:
253:
1227:
1222:
850:
276:, which comprises 2,500,000 items. During the early years of the garden Joseph Dalton Hooker writes:
1217:
908:
698:
1166:
1042:
934:
898:
827:
634:
590:
227:
508:
41:
913:
309:
272:. This collection of dried plant specimens eventually became the Central National Herbarium of the
955:
662:
396:
221:
427:
772:
654:
608:
318:
302:
281:
1351:
1151:
1120:
764:
646:
598:
357:
313:
265:
177:
124:
1201:
873:
482:
17:
594:
1346:
1341:
1326:
1070:
1012:
1440:
1316:
1196:
1115:
1110:
973:
666:
512:
1311:
494:
Prakash, R.O. (2016) "Wallich and his contribution to the Indian natural history",
391:
650:
435:
475:
1090:
1055:
753:"Calcutta Botanic Garden and the colonial re-ordering of the Indian environment"
361:
752:
635:"The Plants of Empire: Botanic Gardens, Colonial Power and Botanical Knowledge"
1085:
1050:
903:
768:
247:
217:
120:
776:
658:
612:
1080:
546:
377:
333:
321:, who was superintendent of the Calcutta Garden after William Roxburgh, and
269:
156:
1075:
983:
950:
842:
382:
243:
235:
1065:
201:
189:
181:
84:
66:
1060:
978:
603:
578:
373:
369:
329:
262:
242:
is almost entirely the work of the superintendents of the gardens of
185:
80:
70:
56:
208:(BSI) of Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India.
434:
426:
418:
410:
252:
239:
474:"Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah," BSI. Web. 28 February 2011. <
336:
and other varieties of economic benefit to the people of India.
1264:
Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur
894:
Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur
846:
231:
284:, and distributed in 1829 to the principal museums of Europe.
389:
Animals seen inside the Botanic Garden include the Jackal (
837:
261:
A major change in policy, however, was introduced by the
832:
579:"Early History of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta"
1408:
1390:
1299:
1272:
1256:
1210:
1134:
1103:
1041:
1003:
992:
964:
943:
922:
889:
Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden
881:
166:
Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden
152:
140:
130:
116:
98:
90:
76:
62:
52:
34:
899:Howrah Municipal Corporation/Sailen Manna Stadium
734:Himalayan Journals, or Notes of a Naturalist ...,
681:Himalayan Journals, or Notes of a Naturalist ...,
293:The Calcutta Gardens, along with gardens such as
517:Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
299:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Botanic Gardens
325:, who had a well-known reputation at the time.
278:
1416:Cities, towns and locations in Howrah district
828:Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta Index, ca. 1830
815:225 years of Botanic History by Shakunt Pandey
476:http://164.100.52.111/indianBotanicgarden.shtm
858:
697:. No. The Telegraph. ABP. Archived from
8:
695:"Sussex help for Indian heritage in Shibpur"
216:The gardens were founded in 1787 by Colonel
1000:
865:
851:
843:
305:, and used to justify colonial expansion.
31:
602:
356:The best-known landmark of the garden is
723:. Mission Press : Serampore. 105pp.
467:
395:), Indian mongoose and the Indian Fox (
1457:Tourist attractions in Howrah district
746:
744:
742:
553:from the original on 30 September 2007
527:from the original on 13 September 2018
415:Outside View of Shibpur Botanic Garden
380:, and plants of the screw pine genus (
257:Old bridge inside the Botanical Garden
628:
626:
624:
622:
572:
570:
568:
456:The Kings Lake from the Banyan avenue
7:
1462:1787 establishments in British India
403:are also to be found in the garden.
139:
51:
1447:Buildings and structures in Howrah
339:This garden is a No Plastic Zone.
328:Over the years attractive display
25:
192:. They are commonly known as the
146:(5 AM – 7 AM for Morning Walkers
27:Botanic garden in Calcutta, India
838:ENVIS Centre on Floral Diversity
797:from the original on 9 June 2016
791:"Brian Aldiss - Literary Legend"
445:
61:
40:
693:Basu, Anasuya (9 August 2017).
129:
89:
751:AXELBY, RICHARD (April 2008).
343:Calcutta Botanic Garden layout
198:Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta
1:
1257:Institutes of higher learning
651:10.1080/00472336.2016.1185796
633:Baber, Zaheer (25 May 2016).
577:CHATTERJEE, D. (March 1948).
521:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
639:Journal of Contemporary Asia
104:; 237 years ago
1421:People from Howrah district
1393:Vidhan Sabha constituencies
1300:Vidhan Sabha constituencies
1162:East Indian Railway Company
757:Archives of Natural History
507:Mukherjee, Abhijit (2012).
1483:
1452:Botanical gardens in India
1187:Howrah–Bardhaman main line
1172:South Eastern Railway zone
515:; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.).
833:Botanical Survey of India
769:10.3366/e0260954108000144
736:Kew (1854), vol. I, p. 4.
683:Kew (1854), vol. I, p. 5.
509:"Calcutta Botanic Garden"
295:Singapore Botanic Gardens
274:Botanical Survey of India
220:, an army officer of the
206:Botanical Survey of India
194:Calcutta Botanical Garden
148:9 AM – 5 PM for Visitors)
135:Botanical Survey of India
48:
39:
18:Calcutta Botanical Garden
1273:Lok Sabha constituencies
1177:Kolkata Suburban Railway
1005:Howrah Sadar subdivision
94:109 hectares (270 acres)
1157:Martin's Light Railways
174:Calcutta Botanic Garden
35:Calcutta Botanic Garden
1467:Tourism in West Bengal
1192:Howrah–Bardhaman chord
1182:Howrah–Delhi main line
965:Municipal corporations
732:Joseph Dalton Hooker,
679:Joseph Dalton Hooker,
440:
432:
424:
416:
286:
258:
196:and previously as the
168:, previously known as
994:Community development
909:Madangopal Jiu Temple
496:Rheedea 26(1): 13-20.
438:
430:
422:
414:
256:
170:Indian Botanic Garden
1167:Eastern Railway zone
1126:Saraswati – dried up
1043:Uluberia subdivision
228:Joseph Dalton Hooker
914:Sarat Chandra Kuthi
719:Roxburgh, W (1814)
595:1948Natur.161..362C
519:(Second ed.).
481:3 July 2011 at the
399:). Many species of
967:and municipalities
817:(PDF, 2.0 MB)
441:
433:
425:
417:
397:Vulpes bengalensis
366:Ficus benghalensis
259:
222:East India Company
1434:
1433:
1099:
1098:
701:on 13 August 2017
589:(4088): 362–364.
423:Great Water Lilly
319:Nathaniel Wallich
282:Nathaniel Wallich
246:and Seharunpore (
162:
161:
77:Nearest city
16:(Redirected from
1474:
1352:Uluberia Dakshin
1211:Railway stations
1152:Grand Trunk Road
1001:
867:
860:
853:
844:
807:
806:
804:
802:
787:
781:
780:
748:
737:
730:
724:
717:
711:
710:
708:
706:
690:
684:
677:
671:
670:
630:
617:
616:
606:
604:10.1038/161362a0
574:
563:
562:
560:
558:
543:
537:
536:
534:
532:
504:
498:
492:
486:
472:
449:
439:Roxburgh's House
358:The Great Banyan
323:William Griffith
314:Nawabs of Bengal
310:Pitt's India Act
289:Botany and power
266:William Roxburgh
178:botanical garden
157:Official website
131:Operated by
125:William Roxburgh
112:
110:
105:
44:
32:
21:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1404:
1392:
1386:
1295:
1268:
1252:
1206:
1202:Vidyasagar Setu
1130:
1095:
1037:
995:
988:
966:
960:
939:
918:
877:
874:Howrah district
871:
824:
811:
810:
800:
798:
789:
788:
784:
750:
749:
740:
731:
727:
718:
714:
704:
702:
692:
691:
687:
678:
674:
632:
631:
620:
576:
575:
566:
556:
554:
545:
544:
540:
530:
528:
506:
505:
501:
493:
489:
483:Wayback Machine
473:
469:
464:
459:
458:
457:
455:
450:
409:
354:
345:
303:Linnaean system
291:
214:
108:
106:
103:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1480:
1478:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1439:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1426:Damodar Valley
1423:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1377:Jagatballavpur
1374:
1372:Udaynarayanpur
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1347:Uluberia Uttar
1344:
1342:Uluberia Purba
1339:
1334:
1329:
1327:Howrah Dakshin
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1071:Udaynarayanpur
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1033:Jagatballavpur
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1013:Bally Jagachha
1009:
1007:
998:
990:
989:
987:
986:
981:
976:
970:
968:
962:
961:
959:
958:
953:
947:
945:
941:
940:
938:
937:
932:
926:
924:
920:
919:
917:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
885:
883:
879:
878:
872:
870:
869:
862:
855:
847:
841:
840:
835:
830:
823:
822:External links
820:
819:
818:
809:
808:
782:
763:(1): 150–163.
738:
725:
712:
685:
672:
645:(4): 659–679.
618:
564:
538:
513:Islam, Sirajul
499:
487:
466:
465:
463:
460:
452:
451:
444:
443:
442:
408:
405:
360:, an enormous
353:
350:
344:
341:
290:
287:
234:-trade in the
213:
210:
204:. It is under
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
118:
114:
113:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
78:
74:
73:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1479:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1317:Howrah Madhya
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1197:Howrah Bridge
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
999:
997:
991:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
969:
963:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
946:
942:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
925:
921:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
886:
884:
880:
875:
868:
863:
861:
856:
854:
849:
848:
845:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
825:
821:
816:
813:
812:
796:
792:
786:
783:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
747:
745:
743:
739:
735:
729:
726:
722:
716:
713:
700:
696:
689:
686:
682:
676:
673:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
629:
627:
625:
623:
619:
614:
610:
605:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
573:
571:
569:
565:
552:
548:
542:
539:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
503:
500:
497:
491:
488:
484:
480:
477:
471:
468:
461:
454:
448:
437:
429:
421:
413:
406:
404:
402:
398:
394:
393:
387:
385:
384:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
351:
349:
342:
340:
337:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
288:
285:
283:
277:
275:
271:
267:
264:
255:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
223:
219:
211:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
158:
155:
151:
147:
143:
136:
133:
126:
122:
119:
115:
101:
97:
93:
86:
82:
79:
75:
72:
68:
65:
58:
55:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1312:Howrah Uttar
930:Howrah Sadar
923:Subdivisions
888:
799:. Retrieved
785:
760:
756:
733:
728:
720:
715:
703:. Retrieved
699:the original
688:
680:
675:
642:
638:
586:
582:
555:. Retrieved
547:"Robert Kyd"
541:
529:. Retrieved
516:
502:
495:
490:
470:
392:Canis aureus
390:
388:
381:
365:
355:
346:
338:
327:
307:
292:
279:
260:
226:
215:
197:
193:
180:situated in
173:
169:
165:
163:
145:
29:
1292:- partially
1233:Santragachi
1091:Shyampur II
1056:Uluberia II
944:Territories
362:banyan tree
352:Attractions
334:food plants
1441:Categories
1121:Rupnarayan
1086:Shyampur I
1051:Uluberia I
904:Belur Math
557:25 January
462:References
248:Saharanpur
218:Robert Kyd
121:Robert Kyd
1400:Kalyanpur
1290:Srerampur
1243:Tikiapara
1135:Transport
1081:Bagnan II
801:1 October
777:0260-9541
705:14 August
667:147842518
659:0047-2336
613:0028-0836
531:1 October
270:herbarium
1409:See also
1357:Shyampur
1332:Sankrail
1285:Uluberia
1248:Uluberia
1238:Shalimar
1076:Bagnan I
1028:Sankrail
984:Uluberia
951:Bhurshut
935:Uluberia
795:Archived
551:Archived
525:Archived
479:Archived
383:Pandanus
263:botanist
244:Calcutta
236:Himalaya
202:hectares
172:and the
117:Designer
63:Location
1337:Panchla
1322:Shibpur
1116:Hooghly
1111:Damodar
1066:Amta II
1023:Panchla
882:General
591:Bibcode
407:Gallery
374:bamboos
370:orchids
330:gardens
212:History
190:Kolkata
182:Shibpur
176:, is a
153:Website
107: (
99:Created
85:Kolkata
67:Shibpur
1391:Former
1382:Domjur
1362:Bagnan
1280:Howrah
1228:Liluah
1223:Howrah
1104:Rivers
1061:Amta I
1018:Domjur
996:blocks
979:Howrah
876:topics
775:
665:
657:
611:
583:Nature
186:Howrah
141:Status
81:Howrah
71:Howrah
57:Public
1307:Bally
1218:Abada
1147:NH 12
974:Bally
956:Gauda
663:S2CID
511:. In
401:snake
378:palms
240:Assam
188:near
144:Open
1367:Amta
1142:NH 6
803:2022
773:ISSN
707:2017
655:ISSN
609:ISSN
559:2008
533:2022
485:>
250:)."
238:and
164:The
109:1787
102:1787
91:Area
53:Type
765:doi
647:doi
599:doi
587:161
386:).
232:tea
1443::
793:.
771:.
761:35
759:.
755:.
741:^
661:.
653:.
643:46
641:.
637:.
621:^
607:.
597:.
585:.
581:.
567:^
549:.
523:.
376:,
372:,
297:,
184:,
123:,
83:,
69:,
866:e
859:t
852:v
805:.
779:.
767::
709:.
669:.
649::
615:.
601::
593::
561:.
535:.
364:(
111:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
