475:
645:
509:
526:
594:
611:
627:
560:
543:
492:
577:
151:
1116:
123:
262:. While the spicules in most species are triradiate (with three points in a single plane), some species may possess two- or four-pointed spicules. Unlike other sponges, calcareans lack microscleres, tiny spicules which reinforce the flesh. In addition, their spicules develop from the outside-in, mineralizing within a hollow organic sheath.
307:
Calcareous sponges vary from radially symmetrical vase-shaped body types to colonies made up of a meshwork of thin tubes, or irregular massive forms. The skeleton has either a mesh or honeycomb structure of interlocking spicules. Some extinct species were hypercalcified, meaning that the
367:
Calcarea is divided into two subclasses (Calcinea and
Calcaronea) and a number of orders. The two subclasses are mainly distinguished by spicule orientation, soft tissue and developmental traits. For example, calcineans develop from a
364:(comb jellies). Many authors have strongly doubted the hypothesis of sponge paraphyly, arguing that genetic studies have incomplete sampling and are incompatible with the unique anatomical traits shared by living sponges.
644:
293:) can be found within the class Calcarea. Typically, calcareous sponges are small, measuring less than 10 cm (3.9 in) in height, and drab in colour. However, a few brightly coloured species are also known.
474:
610:
508:
270:
All sponges in this class are strictly marine, and, while they are distributed worldwide, most are found in shallow tropical waters. Like nearly all other sponges, they are sedentary
626:
525:
886:
Nadhira, Ardianty; Sutton, Mark D.; Botting, Joseph P.; Muir, Lucy A.; Gueriau, Pierre; King, Andrew; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Siveter, David J.; Siveter, Derek J. (2019).
376:
with a solid center and radial symmetry). Calcaroneans, on the other hand, develop from an amphiblastula (a larva with a hollow center and semi-bilateral symmetry).
2568:
593:
793:
Part E, Revised. Porifera, Volumes 4 & 5: Hypercalcified
Porifera, Paleozoic Stromatoporoidea & Archaeocyatha, liii + 1223 p., 665 figs., 2015, available
2594:
2686:
559:
764:
Part E, Revised. Porifera, Volume 3: Classes
Demospongea, Hexactinellida, Heteractinida & Calcarea, xxxi + 872 p., 506 fig., 1 table, 2004, available
542:
2542:
2581:
491:
802:
1147:
1059:
739:
576:
1016:
773:
888:"Three-dimensionally preserved soft tissues and calcareous hexactins in a Silurian sponge: implications for early sponge evolution"
348:
Some molecular analyses suggest the class
Calcarea is not exclusively related to other sponges, and should thus be designated as a
2653:
1184:
360:(non-sponge animals) than to other sponges. A few studies have also supported a sister group relationship between calcareans and
1179:
316:
Of the approximately 15,000 living species of
Porifera, only around 400 are calcareans. Some older studies applied the name
2586:
1263:
1253:
1236:
976:
Wörheide, G.; Dohrmann, M.; Erpenbeck, D.; Larroux, C.; Maldonado, M.; Voigt, O.; Borchiellini, C.; Lavrov, D.V. (2012),
1115:
2490:
2477:
2599:
675:
150:
341:" sponges, which first appeared in the early Cambrian. Calcareans reached their greatest diversity during the
566:
1268:
549:
2417:
1140:
1052:
652:
2630:
2495:
1231:
874:
820:"Reconstructing early sponge relationships by using the Burgess Shale fossil Eiffelia globosa , Walcott"
197:
136:
600:
2609:
2516:
2464:
943:
Borchiellini, C.; Manuel, M.; Alivon, E.; Boury-Esnault, N.; Vacelet, J.; Le Parco, Y. (2001-01-08).
515:
532:
2658:
457:
329:
1696:
1248:
1226:
1214:
1189:
706:
498:
481:
145:
1007:, Volume 2: Introduction to the Porifera, xxvii + 349 p., 135 fig., 10 tables, 2003, available
2681:
2635:
2617:
2503:
2038:
1388:
1258:
1221:
1209:
1199:
1133:
1045:
1012:
925:
907:
857:
839:
798:
769:
735:
297:
248:
109:
2645:
887:
2622:
1173:
1105:
956:
915:
899:
847:
831:
244:
2573:
1008:
794:
765:
2399:
2305:
2156:
2059:
1916:
1449:
450:
444:
233:
977:
944:
2455:
2064:
1860:
1772:
1750:
1713:
1204:
920:
700:
583:
431:
27:
Class of marine sponges of the phylum
Porifera which have spicules of calcium carbonate
1032:
852:
122:
2675:
2209:
2113:
1612:
1081:
961:
875:
Symbiont transmission in marine sponges: reproduction, development, and metamorphosis
419:
369:
338:
271:
131:
73:
819:
2508:
2315:
2310:
2198:
2054:
1940:
1826:
1729:
1708:
1578:
1529:
1485:
1466:
2469:
356:. Borchiellini et al. (2001) argued that calcareans were more closely related to
2555:
2482:
2449:
2276:
2247:
2233:
2223:
1808:
1624:
1537:
1319:
634:
399:
393:
48:
2373:
2358:
2353:
2334:
2329:
2257:
2204:
2174:
2166:
2108:
1982:
1974:
1957:
1737:
1649:
1602:
1542:
1504:
1478:
1324:
1309:
1097:
407:
361:
342:
334:
301:
216:
93:
58:
2440:
911:
843:
17:
2529:
2339:
2286:
2281:
2252:
2241:
2190:
2185:
2137:
2049:
2042:
1836:
1831:
1793:
1642:
1634:
1563:
1515:
1436:
1423:
1404:
1399:
1358:
835:
438:
423:
357:
353:
320:
to the class, though "Calcarea" is much more common in modern nomenclature.
290:
259:
252:
162:
98:
42:
929:
861:
337:" (Cambrian Stage 3) of Australia. Calcareans are probably descended from "
1037:
2434:
2363:
2347:
2270:
2262:
2217:
2180:
2161:
2150:
2132:
2126:
1987:
1928:
1904:
1801:
1682:
1571:
1455:
1346:
1337:
1243:
1004:
387:
324:
286:
282:
240:
212:
113:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
903:
2323:
2299:
2291:
2228:
2142:
1962:
1949:
1882:
1873:
1818:
1743:
705:. Translated by J. S. Kingsley. New York: Henry Holt & Co. p.
617:
413:
255:
103:
78:
1125:
2560:
2368:
2102:
1392:
1302:
1289:
1160:
1157:
1069:
349:
278:
182:
172:
2411:
2547:
2534:
373:
2415:
1421:
1129:
1041:
945:"Sponge paraphyly and the origin of Metazoa: Sponge paraphyly"
308:
spicule-based skeleton is cemented together by solid calcite.
2521:
982:
Advances in Sponge
Science: Phylogeny, Systematics, Ecology
978:"Deep Phylogeny and Evolution of Sponges (Phylum Porifera)"
638:
fossil (order †Stellispongiida) from the
Jurassic of Israel
732:
Invertebrate
Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach
715:
are exclusively marine and mostly live in shallow water.
656:
fossil (order
Lithonida) from the Cretaceous of Germany
730:
Ruppert, Edward; Fox, Richard; Barnes, Robert (2003).
352:. This would also render Porifera (the sponge phylum)
818:
Botting, Joseph P.; Butterfield, Nicholas J. (2005).
2424:
2092:
1973:
1948:
1939:
1915:
1893:
1858:
1817:
1792:
1785:
1770:
1722:
1695:
1680:
1633:
1611:
1591:
1562:
1555:
1528:
1513:
1502:
1465:
1434:
1357:
1318:
1287:
323:Calcarean sponges likely first appeared during the
243:, the cellular sponges. They are characterized by
824:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
616:Unidentified calcarean fossil (with encrusting
1141:
1053:
8:
2412:
2089:
1945:
1921:
1897:
1866:
1789:
1782:
1778:
1701:
1692:
1688:
1617:
1595:
1588:
1559:
1525:
1521:
1510:
1499:
1471:
1442:
1431:
1418:
1330:
1295:
1284:
1148:
1134:
1126:
1060:
1046:
1038:
121:
31:
960:
919:
851:
327:. The oldest putative calcarean genus is
1486:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
725:
723:
667:
470:
1480:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
1450:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
1001:Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology
791:Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology
762:Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology
300:, calcareous sponges are exclusively
7:
2610:29b0b884-7f89-464a-b95d-3be74976556f
1751:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
813:
811:
786:
784:
782:
757:
755:
753:
751:
2687:Taxa named by James Scott Bowerbank
239:) are members of the animal phylum
1348:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
734:(7th ed.). Cengage Learning.
25:
2392:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
1114:
962:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00244.x
643:
625:
609:
592:
575:
558:
541:
524:
507:
490:
473:
149:
949:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
1579:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
1:
620:) from the Jurassic of Israel
2191:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
2248:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
1988:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
1803:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
1714:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
1603:Loricifera (corset animals)
2703:
2138:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
1884:Annelida (segmented worms)
1709:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
1625:Onychophora (velvet worms)
892:Royal Society Open Science
2388:
2186:Asterozoans inc. starfish
2088:
2081:
2032:
1983:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
1964:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
1924:
1900:
1869:
1809:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
1781:
1704:
1691:
1620:
1598:
1587:
1538:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
1524:
1498:
1474:
1445:
1430:
1417:
1382:
1333:
1310:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
1298:
1283:
1167:
1112:
1077:
984:, Elsevier, pp. 1–78
210:
205:
146:Scientific classification
144:
129:
120:
34:
1744:Rotifera (wheel animals)
1543:Priapulida (penis worms)
699:Richard Hertwig (1912).
1958:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
1930:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
1651:Tardigrada (waterbears)
1644:Arthropoda (arthropods)
836:10.1073/pnas.0405867102
567:Leucandra losangelensis
550:Leucosolenia botryoides
2133:Anthozoans inc. corals
1832:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
653:Porosphaera globularis
251:, in the form of high-
2631:Paleobiology Database
2263:Hexapods inc. insects
1573:Nematoda (roundworms)
604:(order Leucosolenida)
587:(order Leucosolenida)
570:(order Leucosolenida)
553:(order Leucosolenida)
137:Kunstformen der Natur
130:"Calcispongiae" from
1456:Chordata (chordates)
1092:(calcareous sponges)
516:Leucetta chagosensis
1906:Mollusca (molluscs)
1391:of the animal root
904:10.1098/rsos.190911
702:A Manual of Zoology
536:(order Clathrinida)
533:Leucetta primigenia
519:(order Clathrinida)
502:(order Clathrinida)
485:(order Clathrinida)
2119:Calcareous sponges
1304:Porifera (sponges)
499:Clathrina lacunosa
482:Clathrina clathrus
35:Calcareous sponges
2669:
2668:
2618:Open Tree of Life
2418:Taxon identifiers
2409:
2408:
2384:
2383:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1551:
1550:
1494:
1493:
1413:
1412:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1123:
1122:
1003:Part E, Revised.
803:978-0-9903621-2-8
601:Leucilla nuttingi
343:Cretaceous period
279:sponge body plans
249:calcium carbonate
223:
222:
201:
110:Cambrian Series 2
16:(Redirected from
2694:
2662:
2661:
2649:
2648:
2639:
2638:
2626:
2625:
2613:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2590:
2589:
2577:
2576:
2564:
2563:
2551:
2550:
2538:
2537:
2525:
2524:
2512:
2511:
2499:
2498:
2486:
2485:
2473:
2472:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2413:
2090:
2046:
1946:
1922:
1898:
1867:
1863:
1790:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1702:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1618:
1596:
1589:
1560:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1472:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1419:
1396:
1331:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1196:
1176:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1106:Homoscleromorpha
1101:
1093:
1085:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1039:
1020:
998:
992:
991:
990:
989:
973:
967:
966:
964:
940:
934:
933:
923:
883:
877:
872:
866:
865:
855:
830:(5): 1554–1559.
815:
806:
788:
777:
759:
746:
745:
727:
718:
717:
696:
690:
689:
687:
686:
672:
647:
629:
613:
596:
579:
562:
545:
528:
511:
494:
477:
298:Homoscleromorpha
196:
154:
153:
125:
108:
45:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2657:
2652:
2644:
2642:
2634:
2629:
2621:
2616:
2608:
2606:
2598:
2593:
2585:
2580:
2572:
2567:
2559:
2554:
2546:
2541:
2533:
2528:
2520:
2515:
2507:
2502:
2494:
2489:
2481:
2476:
2468:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2420:
2410:
2405:
2380:
2306:Phylactolaemata
2094:
2084:
2083:
2069:
2060:Xenambulacraria
2036:
1992:
1969:
1935:
1917:Kryptotrochozoa
1911:
1889:
1859:
1846:
1837:Monoblastozoa (
1813:
1771:
1758:
1730:Micrognathozoa
1718:
1681:
1656:
1629:
1607:
1583:
1547:
1514:
1503:
1490:
1461:
1435:
1426:
1409:
1386:
1370:
1353:
1322:
1314:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1194:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1124:
1119:
1110:
1099:
1091:
1084:(glass sponges)
1083:
1082:Hexactinellida
1073:
1066:
1029:
1024:
1023:
999:
995:
987:
985:
975:
974:
970:
942:
941:
937:
885:
884:
880:
873:
869:
817:
816:
809:
789:
780:
760:
749:
742:
729:
728:
721:
698:
697:
693:
684:
682:
674:
673:
669:
664:
657:
648:
639:
630:
621:
614:
605:
597:
588:
580:
571:
563:
554:
546:
537:
529:
520:
512:
503:
495:
486:
478:
469:
451:Stellispongiida
445:Sphaerocoeliida
325:Cambrian Period
314:
268:
215:
195:
148:
116:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2700:
2698:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2674:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2650:
2640:
2627:
2614:
2604:
2591:
2578:
2565:
2552:
2539:
2526:
2513:
2500:
2487:
2474:
2461:
2446:
2430:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2271:Platyhelminths
2267:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2098:
2096:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2065:Centroneuralia
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1870:
1864:
1861:Lophotrochozoa
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1776:
1773:Platytrochozoa
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1735:
1732:(Limnognathia)
1726:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1647:
1639:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1568:
1566:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1519:
1508:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1361:(Triploblasts)
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1344:
1342:and relatives)
1334:
1328:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1299:
1293:
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1036:
1035:
1033:UCMP: Calcarea
1028:
1027:External links
1025:
1022:
1021:
993:
968:
955:(1): 171–179.
935:
878:
867:
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747:
741:978-0030259821
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680:paleobiodb.org
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2114:Glass sponges
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2066:
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2055:Deuterostomia
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2041:of Bilateria
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1098:Demospongiae
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898:(7): 190911.
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774:0-8137-3131-3
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420:Leucosolenida
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65:
60:
55:
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30:
19:
18:Calcispongiae
2425:
2398:Potentially
2393:
2346:
2322:
2316:Gymnolaemata
2311:Stenolaemata
2300:Ectoproctans
2298:
2269:
2240:
2216:
2210:Pterobranchs
2197:
2173:
2149:
2125:
2118:
2101:
2095:within phyla
2093:Major groups
1963:
1950:Bryozoa s.l.
1941:Lophophorata
1929:
1905:
1883:
1875:
1838:
1827:Orthonectida
1802:
1749:
1742:
1731:
1650:
1643:
1572:
1530:Scalidophora
1479:
1467:Ambulacraria
1454:
1367:(see below↓)
1347:
1339:
1303:
1254:Opisthokonta
1089:
1000:
996:
986:, retrieved
981:
971:
952:
948:
938:
895:
891:
881:
870:
827:
823:
790:
761:
731:
713:calc sponges
712:
710:
701:
694:
683:. Retrieved
679:
670:
651:
633:
599:
582:
565:
548:
531:
514:
497:
480:
458:Gravestockia
456:
430:
380:
378:
366:
354:paraphyletic
347:
339:heteractinid
333:, from the "
330:Gravestockia
328:
322:
317:
315:
306:
295:
276:
269:
236:
229:
226:
224:
211:
192:
135:
29:
2556:iNaturalist
2450:Wikispecies
2374:Tusk shells
2359:Cephalopods
2330:Polychaetes
2277:Turbellaria
2258:Crustaceans
2234:Secernentea
2224:Chromadorea
2205:Acorn worms
2175:Echinoderms
2167:Vertebrates
2109:Demosponges
2043:is disputed
1505:Protostomia
1393:is disputed
1320:ParaHoxozoa
635:Peronidella
400:Murrayonida
394:Clathrinida
206:Subclasses
41:520–0
2676:Categories
2354:Gastropods
2335:Clitellata
2242:Arthropods
2181:Sea lilies
2127:Cnidarians
2045:; see also
1975:Brachiozoa
1738:Syndermata
1697:Gnathifera
1395:; see also
1340:Trichoplax
1338:Placozoa (
1325:Planulozoa
988:2023-04-28
685:2021-08-22
676:"Calcarea"
662:References
408:Calcaronea
362:Ctenophora
335:Atdabanian
302:viviparous
277:All three
227:calcareous
217:Calcaronea
2340:Sipuncula
2287:Monogenea
2282:Trematoda
2253:Myriapods
2218:Nematodes
2162:Tunicates
2157:Lancelets
2151:Chordates
2143:Myxozoans
2050:Nephrozoa
2039:phylogeny
1839:Salinella
1794:Rouphozoa
1635:Tactopoda
1564:Nematoida
1516:Ecdysozoa
1437:Bilateria
1424:Bilateria
1405:Benthozoa
1400:Eumetazoa
1389:phylogeny
1359:Bilateria
1249:Amoebozoa
1227:Alveolata
1215:Cryptista
1190:Eukaryota
1090:Calcarea
912:2054-5703
844:0027-8424
439:Lithonida
424:Sycettida
406:Subclass
386:Subclass
358:Eumetazoa
296:Like the
291:leuconoid
260:aragonite
253:magnesium
198:Bowerbank
169:Kingdom:
163:Eukaryota
2682:Calcarea
2483:Calcarea
2470:Calcarea
2456:Calcarea
2435:Wikidata
2426:Calcarea
2364:Bivalves
2348:Molluscs
2324:Annelids
1683:Spiralia
1290:Animalia
1244:Amorphea
1222:Rhizaria
1210:Hacrobia
1200:Excavata
1185:Bacteria
1070:Porifera
1005:Porifera
930:31417767
862:15665105
388:Calcinea
381:Calcarea
287:syconoid
283:asconoid
247:made of
245:spicules
241:Porifera
237:Calcarea
213:Calcinea
193:Calcarea
183:Porifera
179:Phylum:
173:Animalia
159:Domain:
2646:5332169
2441:Q209924
2369:Chitons
2292:Cestoda
2229:Enoplea
2103:Sponges
1876:Symbion
1819:Mesozoa
1259:Animals
1180:Archaea
1156:Extant
1072:classes
1068:Extant
921:6689616
618:crinoid
467:Gallery
455:Genus â€
449:Order â€
443:Order â€
414:Baerida
266:Biology
256:calcite
230:sponges
189:Class:
140:, 1904
114:present
2643:uBio:
2623:161887
2607:NZOR:
2535:1CALCC
2394:bolded
1237:Plants
1174:Domain
1158:animal
1015:
928:
918:
910:
860:
853:547825
850:
842:
801:
772:
738:
437:Order
418:Order
412:Order
398:Order
392:Order
379:Class
350:phylum
289:, and
200:, 1864
2654:WoRMS
2600:27929
2587:46862
2569:IRMNG
2561:60583
2509:8ZXFV
2496:85212
1556:N+L+P
1264:Fungi
1161:phyla
374:larva
234:class
2636:3603
2595:NCBI
2582:ITIS
2574:1369
2543:GBIF
2530:EPPO
2522:6760
2491:BOLD
2037:The
1387:The
1013:ISBN
1009:here
926:PMID
908:ISSN
858:PMID
840:ISSN
799:ISBN
795:here
770:ISBN
766:here
736:ISBN
711:The
225:The
49:Preęž’
2659:559
2548:308
2517:EoL
2504:CoL
2478:AFD
2465:ADW
1894:M+K
1786:R+M
1723:M+S
1592:L+P
1011:.
957:doi
916:PMC
900:doi
848:PMC
832:doi
828:102
768:.
707:204
372:(a
258:or
134:'s
112:to
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