1225:
1824:
1834:
106:
The exact nature of the stellar systems and their subsequent explosions that give rise to calcium-rich supernovae are unknown. Despite appearing similar to Type Ib supernovae, it was noted that a different explosion mechanism was likely to be responsible for calcium-rich supernovae. Since a large
973:
Prentice, S. J.; Maguire, K.; Flörs, A.; Taubenberger, S.; Inserra, C.; Frohmaier, C.; Chen, T. W.; Anderson, J. P.; Ashall, C.; Clark, P.; Fraser, M.; Galbany, L.; Gal-Yam, A.; Gromadzki, M.; Gutiérrez, C. P.; James, P. A.; Jonker, P. G.; Kankare, E.; Leloudas, G.; Magee, M. R.; Mazzali, P. A.;
1031:; Anderson, J. P.; James, P. A.; Foley, R. J.; Ganeshalingam, M.; Ofek, E. O.; Bildsten, L.; Nelemans, G.; Shen, K. J.; Weinberg, N. N.; Metzger, B. D.; Piro, A. L.; Quataert, E.; Kiewe, M.; Poznanski, D. (2010). "A faint type of supernova from a white dwarf with a helium-rich companion".
375:
Perets, H. B.; Gal-Yam, A.; Mazzali, P. A.; Arnett, D.; Kagan, D.; Filippenko, A. V.; Li, W.; Arcavi, I.; Cenko, S. B. (2010-05-20). "A faint type of supernova from a white dwarf with a helium-rich companion".
974:
Nicholl, M.; Pursiainen, M.; Skillen, K.; Smartt, S. J.; Smith, K. W.; Vogl, C.; Young, D. R. (2020). "The rise and fall of an extraordinary Ca-rich transient – The discovery of ATLAS19dqr/SN 2019bkc".
196:. Despite calcium-rich supernovae being comparatively rare and diminutive compared to other supernova types, they are thought to make a significant contribution to the production of calcium in the
1559:
131:. However, because calcium-rich supernovae are much less luminous and fade more quickly than normal Type Ia supernovae, it is unlikely that the same mechanism is at play for both.
1027:
Perets, H. B.; Gal-Yam, A.; Mazzali, P. A.; Arnett, D.; Kagan, D.; Filippenko, A. V.; Li, W.; Arcavi, I.; Cenko, S. B.; Fox, D. B.; Leonard, D. C.; Moon, D.-S.; Sand, D. J.;
94:
was coined to describe them. Subsequent discoveries led to the classification of empirically similar supernovae. They share characteristics such as quickly rising and fading
181:
or interactions. The explosion would then be caused by the detonation of a low mass white dwarf during a merging event as part of a binary system, or the detonation of a
793:
70:
make new discoveries and their subsequent study difficult. This makes calcium-rich supernovae one of the most mysterious supernova subclasses currently known.
1774:
478:
Kasliwal, Mansi M.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Gal-Yam, Avishay; Nugent, Peter E.; Sullivan, Mark; Bildsten, Lars; Ofer Yaron; Perets, Hagai B.; Arcavi, Iair (2012).
1754:
1362:
66:. Only around 15 events have been classified as a calcium-rich supernova (as of August 2017) – a combination of their intrinsic rarity and low
1151:
169:
radiation) that would preferentially occur far from galaxies. Alternatively they have been suggested to be due to stars that reside in the
1769:
98:
that peak in luminosity between novae and supernovae, and spectra that are dominated by calcium 2–3 months after initial explosion.
1554:
666:
Lunnan, R.; Kasliwal, M. M.; Cao, Y.; Hangard, L.; Yaron, O.; Parrent, J. T.; McCully, C.; Gal-Yam, A.; Mulchaey, J. S. (2017).
1590:
1531:
1799:
1214:
667:
446:
1789:
1764:
1575:
1274:
63:
142:
at their locations have ruled that they are exploding in very low density environments, unlike other supernova types.
127:
since these are old systems that can undergo thermonuclear explosion under the right circumstances, as is the case for
1794:
1302:
192:
in material at thousands of kilometres per second and reaches a peak luminosity equal to around 100–200 million times
134:
Another peculiarity of calcium-rich supernovae is that they appear to explode far away from galaxies, even reaching
1595:
1585:
1204:
174:
596:
Lyman, J. D.; Levan, A. J.; James, P. A.; Angus, C. R.; Church, R. P.; Davies, M. B.; Tanvir, N. R. (2016-05-11).
1259:
1184:
83:
1784:
1779:
1144:
1224:
1804:
1209:
1199:
162:
123:
that give rise to Type Ib supernovae. Supernova explosions in old stellar populations generally involved a
1809:
1759:
1713:
1549:
1422:
1402:
90:
were dominated by calcium, without other signatures often seen in Type Ib and Ic supernovae, and the term
1837:
1600:
1254:
1653:
819:"Kinematics and host-galaxy properties suggest a nuclear origin for calcium-rich supernova progenitors"
1412:
1249:
1050:
993:
931:
840:
748:
689:
619:
598:"Hubble Space Telescopeobservations of the host galaxies and environments of calcium-rich supernovae"
562:
501:
395:
135:
1434:
1858:
1827:
1444:
1417:
1352:
1281:
1137:
1028:
170:
112:
1580:
1489:
1465:
1357:
1317:
1179:
1074:
1040:
1009:
983:
955:
921:
866:
830:
774:
738:
707:
679:
645:
609:
578:
552:
525:
491:
427:
385:
166:
150:
116:
234:
1616:
1460:
1390:
1327:
1239:
1189:
1174:
1066:
947:
858:
766:
637:
517:
454:
419:
411:
348:
128:
79:
1499:
1307:
1297:
1058:
1001:
997:
939:
848:
756:
697:
627:
570:
566:
509:
403:
193:
1407:
1312:
1054:
935:
844:
752:
693:
623:
574:
505:
399:
1439:
1395:
1369:
910:"Calcium-rich Gap Transients: Solving the Calcium Conundrum in the Intracluster Medium"
17:
943:
725:
Lyman, J. D.; Levan, A. J.; Church, R. P.; Davies, M. B.; Tanvir, N. R. (2014-11-01).
513:
1852:
1643:
1013:
959:
870:
778:
702:
178:
78:
A peculiar group of supernova that were unusually rich in calcium were identified by
711:
649:
582:
529:
1621:
1521:
1494:
1472:
1078:
431:
154:
139:
1005:
885:"HubbleSite: News – NASA's Hubble Finds Supernovae in 'Wrong Place at Wrong Time'"
884:
1723:
1631:
1526:
1516:
1504:
1429:
1342:
909:
479:
158:
146:
124:
95:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1708:
1509:
1385:
1347:
1244:
189:
67:
55:
951:
862:
770:
641:
521:
458:
415:
1718:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1638:
1332:
1269:
1264:
1194:
1160:
761:
726:
165:
in their galaxy could produce explosions when they eventually merge (due to
47:
43:
1070:
853:
818:
632:
597:
423:
1703:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1482:
1322:
1092:
323:
294:
275:
197:
87:
1062:
407:
1678:
1648:
1626:
1119:
668:"Two New Calcium-rich Gap Transients in Group and Cluster Environments"
51:
543:
Smartt, Stephen J. (2009). "Progenitors of Core-Collapse
Supernovae".
1673:
1477:
182:
108:
988:
835:
727:"The progenitors of calcium-rich transients are not formed in situ"
684:
614:
145:
There are several theories that attempt to explain this behaviour.
1045:
926:
908:
Mulchaey, John S.; Kasliwal, Mansi M.; Kollmeier, Juna A. (2014).
743:
557:
496:
390:
480:"Calcium-rich Gap Transients in the Remote Outskirts of Galaxies"
1337:
120:
59:
1133:
794:"Lonely Supernovae May Have Been Kicked Out Of Their Galaxies"
82:
and collaborators. Although they appeared somewhat similar to
1129:
157:, that have been ejected from their galaxy either due to a
188:
A calcium-rich supernova event expels several tenths of a
62:
and other supernovae, they are also referred to as "gap"
1560:
Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae
50:, are fainter and produce unusually large amounts of
1123:
1747:
1609:
1568:
1542:
1453:
1378:
1290:
1232:
1167:
349:"IAUC 8159: 2003gh; 2001co, 2003H, 2003dg,, 2003dr"
119:, they are unlikely to contain many young, massive
153:, such as two white dwarfs or a white dwarf and a
823:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
731:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
602:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
46:that, in contrast to more well-known traditional
177:, having been expelled from their galaxy during
27:Supernovae which contain high amounts of Calcium
1145:
111:from which they are thought to originate are
8:
1775:Monte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid Survey
545:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
1152:
1138:
1130:
1120:List of all known Type Ca-rich supernovae
1044:
987:
925:
852:
834:
760:
742:
701:
683:
631:
613:
556:
495:
389:
207:
340:
1190:Type II (IIP, IIL, IIn, and IIb)
7:
1833:
661:
659:
370:
368:
58:is located in a gap between that of
1770:Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope
575:10.1146/annurev-astro-082708-101737
25:
914:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
1832:
1823:
1822:
1555:History of supernova observation
1223:
1800:SuperNova Early Warning System
1215:Common envelope jets supernova
447:"Supernova is rich in calcium"
1:
817:Foley, Ryan J. (2015-09-21).
1790:Supernova/Acceleration Probe
1765:High-Z Supernova Search Team
1363:pulsational pair-instability
976:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1795:Supernova Cosmology Project
1303:Fast blue optical transient
1006:10.1051/0004-6361/201936515
944:10.1088/2041-8205/780/2/L34
514:10.1088/0004-637X/755/2/161
115:, and thus composed of old
1875:
1124:The Open Supernova Catalog
703:10.3847/1538-4357/836/1/60
445:Brown, Eryn (2010-05-19).
74:Origins and classification
1818:
1221:
672:The Astrophysical Journal
484:The Astrophysical Journal
175:galaxy groups or clusters
84:Type Ib and Ic supernovae
1780:Nearby Supernova Factory
353:www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu
185:shell on a white dwarf.
161:or interaction with the
1805:Supernova Legacy Survey
1093:"Transient Name Server"
998:2020A&A...635A.186P
567:2009ARA&A..47...63S
163:supermassive black hole
18:Calcium-rich supernovae
1810:Texas Supernova Search
1785:Sloan Supernova Survey
1403:Luminous blue variable
36:Calcium-rich transient
32:calcium-rich supernova
1255:Phillips relationship
762:10.1093/mnras/stu1574
138:. Searches for faint
1097:Entry for AT 2024mxe
854:10.1093/mnras/stv789
792:Parnell, Brid-Aine.
633:10.1093/mnras/stw477
1828:Category:Supernovae
1760:Calán/Tololo Survey
1445:Population III star
1353:Soft gamma repeater
1185:Type Ib and Ic
1063:10.1038/nature09056
1055:2010Natur.465..322P
936:2014ApJ...780L..34M
845:2015MNRAS.452.2463F
753:2014MNRAS.444.2157L
694:2017ApJ...836...60L
624:2016MNRAS.458.1768L
506:2012ApJ...755..161K
408:10.1038/nature09056
400:2010Natur.465..322P
320:0.00913 ± 0.000002
171:intracluster medium
151:high-velocity stars
136:intergalactic space
117:stellar populations
113:early-type galaxies
102:Explosion mechanism
42:) is a subclass of
1838:Commons:Supernovae
1490:Stellar black hole
1466:Pulsar wind nebula
1318:Gravitational wave
167:gravitational wave
129:Type Ia supernovae
107:proportion of the
1846:
1845:
1461:Supernova remnant
1328:Luminous red nova
1240:Carbon detonation
1039:(7296): 322–325.
451:Los Angeles Times
384:(7296): 322–325.
333:
332:
159:neutron star kick
80:Alexei Filippenko
48:supernova classes
16:(Redirected from
1866:
1836:
1835:
1826:
1825:
1689:Remnant G1.9+0.3
1308:Fast radio burst
1227:
1205:Pair-instability
1154:
1147:
1140:
1131:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1048:
1029:Soderberg, A. M.
1024:
1018:
1017:
991:
970:
964:
963:
929:
905:
899:
898:
896:
895:
881:
875:
874:
856:
838:
829:(3): 2463–2478.
814:
808:
807:
805:
804:
789:
783:
782:
764:
746:
737:(3): 2157–2166.
722:
716:
715:
705:
687:
663:
654:
653:
635:
617:
608:(2): 1768–1777.
593:
587:
586:
560:
540:
534:
533:
499:
475:
469:
468:
466:
465:
442:
436:
435:
393:
372:
363:
362:
360:
359:
345:
291:
289:
268:
260:
250:
248:
208:
30:In astronomy, a
21:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1814:
1743:
1729:SN 2016aps
1709:SN Refsdal
1605:
1564:
1538:
1449:
1435:Wolf–Rayet star
1374:
1313:Gamma-ray burst
1286:
1260:Nucleosynthesis
1228:
1219:
1163:
1158:
1116:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1026:
1025:
1021:
972:
971:
967:
907:
906:
902:
893:
891:
883:
882:
878:
816:
815:
811:
802:
800:
791:
790:
786:
724:
723:
719:
665:
664:
657:
595:
594:
590:
542:
541:
537:
477:
476:
472:
463:
461:
444:
443:
439:
374:
373:
366:
357:
355:
347:
346:
342:
338:
305:
302:
287:
285:
267:
258:
256:
246:
244:
206:
194:that of the Sun
104:
76:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1872:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1830:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1719:SN 2006gy
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1699:SN 2011fe
1696:
1694:SN 2007bi
1691:
1686:
1684:SN 2003fg
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1624:
1619:
1617:Barnard's Loop
1613:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1532:Orion–Eridanus
1524:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1440:Super-AGB star
1437:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1370:Symbiotic nova
1367:
1366:
1365:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1115:
1114:External links
1112:
1110:
1109:
1084:
1019:
965:
900:
889:hubblesite.org
876:
809:
784:
717:
655:
588:
535:
470:
437:
364:
339:
337:
334:
331:
330:
328:
326:
321:
318:
316:
313:
309:
308:
306:
303:
300:
297:
292:
283:
281:
278:
272:
271:
269:
265:
254:
251:
242:
240:
237:
231:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
205:
202:
147:Binary systems
140:dwarf galaxies
103:
100:
75:
72:
54:. Since their
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1871:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1839:
1831:
1829:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1704:SN 2014J
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1669:SN 1994D
1667:
1665:
1664:SN 1987A
1662:
1660:
1659:SN 1885A
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1586:Massive stars
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1200:Superluminous
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1180:Type Iax
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
985:
981:
977:
969:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
923:
919:
915:
911:
904:
901:
890:
886:
880:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
850:
846:
842:
837:
832:
828:
824:
820:
813:
810:
799:
795:
788:
785:
780:
776:
772:
768:
763:
758:
754:
750:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
721:
718:
713:
709:
704:
699:
695:
691:
686:
681:
677:
673:
669:
662:
660:
656:
651:
647:
643:
639:
634:
629:
625:
621:
616:
611:
607:
603:
599:
592:
589:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
554:
551:(1): 63–106.
550:
546:
539:
536:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
493:
489:
485:
481:
474:
471:
460:
456:
452:
448:
441:
438:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
387:
383:
379:
371:
369:
365:
354:
350:
344:
341:
335:
329:
327:
325:
322:
319:
317:
314:
311:
310:
307:
298:
296:
293:
284:
282:
280:January 2005
279:
277:
274:
273:
270:
264:
255:
252:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
232:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
209:
203:
201:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
173:within large
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
141:
137:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
101:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
73:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1714:Vela Remnant
1679:SN 1006
1644:SN 1000+0216
1622:Cassiopeia A
1591:Most distant
1522:Local Bubble
1495:Compact star
1473:Neutron star
1210:Calcium-rich
1175:Type Ia
1100:. Retrieved
1096:
1087:
1036:
1032:
1022:
979:
975:
968:
917:
913:
903:
892:. Retrieved
888:
879:
826:
822:
812:
801:. Retrieved
797:
787:
734:
730:
720:
675:
671:
605:
601:
591:
548:
544:
538:
487:
483:
473:
462:. Retrieved
450:
440:
381:
377:
356:. Retrieved
352:
343:
315:August 2024
290:18 km/s
262:
226:Ejecta mass
223:Host galaxy
211:Designation
187:
155:neutron star
144:
133:
105:
96:light curves
92:calcium-rich
91:
77:
39:
35:
31:
29:
1724:ASASSN-15lh
1674:SN 185
1632:Crab Nebula
1527:Superbubble
1517:Zombie star
1500:electroweak
1430:White dwarf
1379:Progenitors
1343:Pulsar kick
312:AT 2024mxe
299:0.275
239:March 2019
125:white dwarf
1859:Supernovae
1739:SN 2022jli
1734:SN 2018cow
1601:In fiction
1576:Candidates
1550:Guest star
1408:Supergiant
1386:Hypergiant
1348:Quark-nova
1250:Near-Earth
1233:Physics of
1161:Supernovae
989:1909.05567
920:(2): L34.
894:2017-08-10
836:1501.07607
803:2017-08-10
685:1612.00454
615:1602.08098
490:(2): 161.
464:2017-08-10
358:2017-08-10
336:References
235:SN 2019bkc
229:Reference
190:solar mass
68:luminosity
64:transients
56:luminosity
44:supernovae
40:Ca-rich SN
1639:iPTF14hls
1543:Discovery
1333:Micronova
1282:Neutrinos
1275:Îł-process
1270:r-process
1265:p-process
1245:Foe/Bethe
1195:Hypernova
1046:0906.2003
1014:202565575
960:118539574
952:2041-8205
927:1401.7017
871:119261181
863:0035-8711
779:119196405
771:0035-8711
744:1408.1424
678:(1): 60.
642:0035-8711
558:0908.0700
522:0004-637X
497:1111.6109
459:0458-3035
416:0028-0836
391:0906.2003
261:0.1
220:Redshift
217:Location
1853:Category
1748:Research
1654:Kepler's
1596:Remnants
1483:magnetar
1454:Remnants
1358:Imposter
1323:Kilonova
1102:8 August
1071:20485429
712:36667230
650:55274829
583:55900386
530:32808402
424:20485429
324:NGC 3689
304:☉
295:NGC 1032
276:SN 2005E
266:☉
253:unknown
198:Universe
109:galaxies
86:, their
1755:ASAS-SN
1649:Tycho's
1627:SN 1054
1610:Notable
1581:Notable
1291:Related
1168:Classes
1079:4368207
1051:Bibcode
994:Bibcode
982:: 635.
932:Bibcode
841:Bibcode
749:Bibcode
690:Bibcode
620:Bibcode
563:Bibcode
502:Bibcode
432:4368207
396:Bibcode
179:mergers
88:spectra
52:calcium
1505:exotic
1478:pulsar
1423:yellow
1391:yellow
1298:Failed
1077:
1069:
1033:Nature
1012:
958:
950:
869:
861:
798:Forbes
777:
769:
710:
648:
640:
581:
528:
520:
457:
430:
422:
414:
378:Nature
249:0.0003
245:0.0209
183:helium
1569:Lists
1510:quark
1075:S2CID
1041:arXiv
1010:S2CID
984:arXiv
956:S2CID
922:arXiv
867:S2CID
831:arXiv
775:S2CID
739:arXiv
708:S2CID
680:arXiv
646:S2CID
610:arXiv
579:S2CID
553:arXiv
526:S2CID
492:arXiv
428:S2CID
386:arXiv
214:Date
121:stars
60:novae
1413:blue
1338:Nova
1104:2024
1067:PMID
980:A186
948:ISSN
859:ISSN
767:ISSN
638:ISSN
518:ISSN
455:ISSN
420:PMID
412:ISSN
286:2694
204:List
34:(or
1418:red
1396:Red
1122:at
1059:doi
1037:465
1002:doi
940:doi
918:780
849:doi
827:452
757:doi
735:444
698:doi
676:836
628:doi
606:458
571:doi
510:doi
488:755
404:doi
382:465
257:0.3
149:of
1855::
1095:.
1073:.
1065:.
1057:.
1049:.
1035:.
1008:.
1000:.
992:.
978:.
954:.
946:.
938:.
930:.
916:.
912:.
887:.
865:.
857:.
847:.
839:.
825:.
821:.
796:.
773:.
765:.
755:.
747:.
733:.
729:.
706:.
696:.
688:.
674:.
670:.
658:^
644:.
636:.
626:.
618:.
604:.
600:.
577:.
569:.
561:.
549:47
547:.
524:.
516:.
508:.
500:.
486:.
482:.
453:.
449:.
426:.
418:.
410:.
402:.
394:.
380:.
367:^
351:.
200:.
38:,
1153:e
1146:t
1139:v
1126:.
1106:.
1081:.
1061::
1053::
1043::
1016:.
1004::
996::
986::
962:.
942::
934::
924::
897:.
873:.
851::
843::
833::
806:.
781:.
759::
751::
741::
714:.
700::
692::
682::
652:.
630::
622::
612::
585:.
573::
565::
555::
532:.
512::
504::
494::
467:.
434:.
406::
398::
388::
361:.
301:M
288:±
263:M
259:±
247:±
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.