210:
29:
669:
658:
55:
All Other
Members of the Canyon City Indian Band, and W.D. McKay et al., suing on their own behalf and on behalf of All Other Members of the Greenville Indian Band, and Anthony Robinson et al., suing on their own behalf and on behalf of All Other Members of the Kincolith Indian Band v. Attorney-General of British Columbia
54:
Frank Calder et al., suing on their own behalf and on behalf of All Other
Members of the Nishga Tribal Council, and James Gosnell et al., suing on their own behalf and on behalf of All Other Members of the Gitlakdamix Indian Band, and Maurice Nyce et al., suing on their own behalf and on behalf of
770:
Hall asked instead whether a "competent legislative authority" had enacted specific legislation revealing "clear and plain" intention to extinguish aboriginal title. This had not happened, so this three-justice plurality concluded that the Nisga'a still had aboriginal title in 1973. This test was
766:
Judson asked whether the government exercised "complete dominion over the lands in question, adverse to any right of occupancy"—whether the government exercised a sovereignty that was inconsistent with aboriginal title. They found that the government extinguished the Nisga'a's aboriginal title
950:
882:
1288:
1456:
930:
744:
to the lands at the time when
European settlers arrived. This was because the Nisga'a had been "organized in societies and occup the land as their forefathers had done for centuries" (
734:
Tribal
Council brought an action against the British Columbia government for a declaration that aboriginal title to certain lands in the province had never been lawfully extinguished.
783:
concurred with the decision of Judson, but only on the bottom-line disposition to dismiss the appeal. Pigeon did not reach the merits of the case because of jurisdictional reasons.
697:
594:
261:
1239:
875:
1344:
318:
1570:
644:
1539:
619:
523:
868:
493:
488:
290:
407:
256:
690:
1309:
1232:
662:
387:
278:
1449:
935:
809:
1435:
1183:
397:
273:
1560:
1281:
1195:
503:
412:
377:
341:
1565:
683:
624:
518:
435:
402:
367:
1482:
382:
75:
1051:
1585:
763:. The two three-justice pluralities developed competing tests for extinguishment of aboriginal title and came to differing conclusions.
1580:
440:
251:
639:
940:
1227:
792:
629:
352:
79:
1215:
920:
720:
362:
313:
1302:
1189:
1000:
803:
566:
561:
513:
323:
268:
737:
At trial and on appeal, the courts found that if there ever was aboriginal title in the land it was surely extinguished.
1045:
556:
508:
199:
1487:
855:
1099:
1201:
925:
753:
450:
1323:
498:
752:, writing for a separate three-justice plurality). Hall also found parallel support for aboriginal title in the
1019:
476:
209:
1006:
904:
Note: "Aboriginal law" refers to
Canadian law dealing with Indigenous peoples; "Indigenous law" refers to the
1474:
1069:
988:
895:
891:
842:
716:
308:
220:
34:
1057:
972:
723:
to land existed prior to the colonization of the continent and was not merely derived from statutory law.
850:
780:
148:
1221:
820:, subsequently Mr. Justice Thomas Berger, in his first major advocacy role in Canadian Aboriginal law.
28:
1260:
795:
negotiation process with aboriginal peoples. The basis for aboriginal title was later expanded on in
1575:
846:
749:
727:
541:
481:
1525:
1497:
748:, writing for a three-justice plurality) and because they had "possession from time immemorial" (
104:
can exist, more was required to demonstrate that the aboriginal bands in question had such title.
234:
1463:
1106:
1075:
372:
117:
759:
However, the Court was split three to three on whether the title was still valid or had been
1442:
1295:
1177:
1039:
1012:
817:
767:
through a series of alienations by
Governor Douglas and the Government of British Columbia.
741:
101:
1351:
1208:
571:
546:
283:
128:
860:
1337:
982:
760:
745:
634:
599:
468:
144:
136:
132:
124:
1554:
1501:
1414:
1385:
1372:
1358:
994:
945:
905:
673:
576:
392:
357:
61:
1508:
1393:
1365:
1330:
445:
328:
1491:
188:
Fauteux CJ and Abbott J took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.
1520:
1421:
829:
773:
551:
152:
140:
1428:
1400:
1379:
1316:
1267:
1170:
797:
731:
334:
1162:
1157:
1063:
430:
347:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1407:
791:
With this decision the government of Canada overhauled much of the
1513:
952:
United
Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act
227:
864:
771:
eventually accepted as the proper test for extinguishment in
719:. It was the first time that Canadian law acknowledged that
931:
Section 25 of the
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
1473:
1252:
1089:
1030:
970:
961:
913:
179:
171:
163:
158:
108:
94:
86:
70:
60:
49:
42:
21:
740:The Supreme Court recognized that the Nisga'a had
1540:Index of articles related to Indigenous Canadians
1240:Ongoing treaty negotiations in British Columbia
876:
691:
8:
941:Section 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867
167:Judson J, joined by Martland and Ritchie JJ
1027:
967:
883:
869:
861:
698:
684:
195:
1571:First Nations history in British Columbia
936:Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982
715:SCR 313, 4 WWR 1 was a decision by the
43:Hearing: November 29 - December 3, 1971
1436:St Catharines Milling and Lumber Co v R
1184:James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
816:The case for the Nisga'a was argued by
198:
1310:Native Women's Assn of Canada v Canada
342:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
183:Hall J, joined by Spence and Laskin JJ
18:
1450:Tsilhqot'in Nation v British Columbia
810:Tsilhqot'in Nation v British Columbia
368:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
7:
813:, 2 SCR 257, 2014 SCC 44 (CanLII).
807:, 3 SCR 1010, and most recently in
76:Attorney General of British Columbia
1261:Attorney General of Canada v Lavell
14:
1282:Chippewas of Sarnia Band v Canada
16:1973 Supreme Court of Canada case
908:of individual Indigenous groups.
667:
656:
208:
80:British Columbia Court of Appeal
27:
1216:Duty to consult and accommodate
1052:Lake Simcoe–Lake Huron Purchase
921:Aboriginal land title in Canada
314:British Columbia Treaty Process
712:Calder v British Columbia (AG)
22:Calder v British Columbia (AG)
1:
1561:Supreme Court of Canada cases
1303:Delgamuukw v British Columbia
1190:Nunavut Land Claims Agreement
1001:Peace and Friendship Treaties
804:Delgamuukw v British Columbia
1566:Canadian Aboriginal case law
1046:Penetanguishene Bay Purchase
319:Crown and Indigenous peoples
1100:Gradual Enfranchisement Act
557:Indigenous English Dialects
1602:
1586:Aboriginal title in Canada
926:Royal Proclamation of 1763
754:Royal Proclamation of 1763
45:Judgment: January 31, 1973
1581:1973 in Canadian case law
1535:
1324:R v Marshall; R v Bernard
1275:Calder v British Columbia
902:
663:Indigenous North Americas
187:
113:
99:
26:
1475:Indigenous customary law
1020:Gradual Civilization Act
1007:Treaties of Fort Niagara
441:Indigenous personalities
1345:Paul v British Columbia
1202:Nisga'a Final Agreement
1070:Saugeen Tract Agreement
989:Great Peace of Montreal
843:Supreme Court of Canada
717:Supreme Court of Canada
35:Supreme Court of Canada
964:governmental relations
149:Louis-Philippe Pigeon
1058:Huron Tract Purchase
567:Aboriginal syllabics
542:Indigenous languages
892:Canadian Aboriginal
728:Frank Arthur Calder
595:Traditional beliefs
436:Indigenous cultures
279:Residential schools
269:Settler colonialism
1498:Great Law of Peace
1222:Jordan's Principle
1090:Post-Confederation
1078:(1850, 1854, 1859)
798:Guerin v The Queen
200:Indigenous peoples
1548:
1547:
1464:Restoule v Canada
1289:Corbiere v Canada
1248:
1247:
1107:Numbered Treaties
1085:
1084:
1076:Robinson Treaties
708:
707:
674:Canada portal
620:Index of articles
373:Numbered Treaties
192:
191:
90:Appeal dismissed.
74:Judgment for the
1593:
1457:Daniels v Canada
1443:R v Van der Peet
1296:Daniels v Canada
1040:Toronto Purchase
1028:
1013:Douglas Treaties
968:
885:
878:
871:
862:
742:aboriginal title
721:aboriginal title
700:
693:
686:
672:
671:
670:
661:
660:
659:
378:Royal Commission
284:Indian hospitals
257:Pre-colonization
212:
196:
122:Puisne Justices:
109:Court membership
102:aboriginal title
31:
19:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1531:
1483:Self-government
1469:
1352:Paulette Caveat
1244:
1233:specific claims
1224:(proposed 2005)
1209:Paix des Braves
1091:
1081:
1032:
1026:
975:
963:
957:
909:
898:
889:
838:
826:
789:
777:, 1 SCR 1075.
704:
668:
666:
665:
657:
655:
650:
649:
615:
607:
606:
590:
582:
581:
547:Inuit languages
537:
529:
528:
469:Indian reserves
464:
456:
455:
426:
418:
417:
388:Specific claims
383:Self-government
344:
304:
296:
295:
247:
201:
129:Ronald Martland
120:
44:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1599:
1597:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1553:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1530:
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1517:
1505:
1495:
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1471:
1470:
1468:
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1460:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1338:Mitchell v MNR
1334:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1174:(1876–present)
1167:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1104:
1095:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1025:
1024:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
983:Covenant Chain
979:
977:
965:
959:
958:
956:
955:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
917:
915:
914:Sources of law
911:
910:
903:
900:
899:
896:Indigenous law
890:
888:
887:
880:
873:
865:
859:
858:
853:
837:
836:External links
834:
833:
832:
825:
822:
801:, 2 SCR 335,
788:
785:
781:Justice Pigeon
746:Justice Judson
732:Nisga'a Nation
706:
705:
703:
702:
695:
688:
680:
677:
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652:
651:
648:
647:
642:
637:
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612:
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600:Inuit religion
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331:
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316:
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309:Indigenous law
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291:Reconciliation
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177:
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145:Wishart Spence
137:Roland Ritchie
133:Wilfred Judson
125:Douglas Abbott
118:Gérald Fauteux
115:Chief Justice:
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110:
106:
105:
97:
96:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
72:
68:
67:
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58:
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51:
50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
39:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1579:
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1527:
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1511:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1502:Haudenosaunee
1499:
1496:
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1488:Grand Council
1486:
1484:
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1440:
1438:
1437:
1433:
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1426:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1415:R v Pamajewon
1412:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1386:Gladue report
1384:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1373:R v Gladstone
1370:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1359:Powley ruling
1356:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1342:
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1339:
1335:
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1332:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1321:
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1312:
1311:
1307:
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1304:
1300:
1298:
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1286:
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1241:
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1234:
1231:
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1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
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1206:
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1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
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1172:
1168:
1164:
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1156:
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1144:
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1131:
1129:
1126:
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1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1088:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1029:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
995:Nanfan Treaty
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
980:
978:
974:
973:Confederation
969:
966:
962:Treaties and
960:
954:
953:
949:
947:
946:Treaty rights
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
916:
912:
907:
906:customary law
901:
897:
893:
886:
881:
879:
874:
872:
867:
866:
863:
857:
854:
852:
848:
844:
841:Full text of
840:
839:
835:
831:
828:
827:
823:
821:
819:
818:Thomas Berger
814:
812:
811:
806:
805:
800:
799:
794:
786:
784:
782:
778:
776:
775:
768:
764:
762:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
735:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
713:
701:
696:
694:
689:
687:
682:
681:
679:
678:
675:
664:
654:
653:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
630:First Nations
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
611:
610:
601:
598:
597:
596:
593:
592:
586:
585:
578:
577:Inuit grammar
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
533:
532:
525:
524:Pacific Coast
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
483:
480:
478:
475:
474:
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470:
467:
466:
460:
459:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
422:
421:
414:
411:
409:
408:Organizations
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
393:Treaty rights
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
358:Land defender
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
343:
339:
337:
336:
332:
330:
327:
325:
324:Health Policy
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
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253:
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237:
236:
232:
230:
229:
225:
223:
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221:First Nations
218:
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216:
215:
211:
207:
206:
203:
197:
194:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
159:Reasons given
157:
154:
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146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
123:
119:
116:
112:
107:
103:
98:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
71:Prior history
69:
65:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
41:
37:
36:
30:
25:
20:
1519:
1509:Pittailiniit
1507:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1394:R v Gonzales
1392:
1378:
1371:
1366:R v Drybones
1364:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1331:R v Marshall
1329:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1218:(since 2004)
1207:
1169:
1109:(1871–1921)
1098:
1031:Upper Canada
1018:
951:
856:case summary
845:decision at
815:
808:
802:
796:
790:
779:
772:
769:
765:
761:extinguished
758:
750:Justice Hall
739:
736:
725:
711:
710:
709:
463:Demographics
446:Country food
333:
329:Idle No More
233:
226:
219:
193:
121:
114:
53:
33:
1526:Plains Cree
1521:Wahkohtowin
1422:R v Sparrow
1228:Land claims
1178:White Paper
1103:(1869–1876)
1092:(post-1867)
1023:(1857–1869)
1009:(1764–1784)
1003:(1725–1779)
830:R v Sparrow
774:R v Sparrow
572:Chinuk pipa
552:Chinuk Wawa
536:Linguistics
519:Territories
489:Atlantic CA
353:Land claims
172:Concurrence
153:Bora Laskin
141:Emmett Hall
1555:Categories
1429:Re Eskimos
1401:R v Guerin
1380:R v Gladue
1317:Kruger v R
1268:R v Badger
1171:Indian Act
976:(pre-1867)
849: and
793:land claim
625:Indigenous
363:Land title
335:Indian Act
1064:Treaty 45
1015:(1850–54)
787:Aftermath
726:In 1969,
589:Religions
348:Land Back
202:in Canada
62:Citations
1253:Case law
1033:treaties
824:See also
730:and the
413:Politics
403:Case law
398:Genocide
303:Politics
274:Genocide
262:Genetics
252:Timeline
175:Pigeon J
164:Majority
1576:Nisga'a
1492:Miꞌkmaq
1408:R v Jim
985:(1670s)
425:Culture
246:History
180:Dissent
95:Holding
78:in the
66:SCR 313
1212:(2002)
1204:(1998)
1198:(1995)
1192:(1993)
1186:(1975)
1180:(1969)
1072:(1836)
1066:(1836)
1060:(1827)
1054:(1815)
1048:(1798)
1042:(1787)
997:(1701)
991:(1701)
851:CanLII
100:While
87:Ruling
1514:Inuit
847:LexUM
645:Stubs
640:Métis
635:Inuit
614:Index
482:Métis
451:Music
235:Métis
228:Inuit
1196:RCAP
971:Pre-
894:and
562:NAPA
473:AB
431:Art
1557::
1163:11
1158:10
756:.
514:SK
509:QC
504:ON
499:MB
494:BC
477:FN
151:,
147:,
143:,
139:,
135:,
131:,
127:,
1528:)
1524:(
1516:)
1512:(
1504:)
1500:(
1494:)
1490:(
1153:9
1148:8
1143:7
1138:6
1133:5
1128:4
1123:3
1118:2
1113:1
884:e
877:t
870:v
699:e
692:t
685:v
82:.
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