136:
752:, creating an air channel in the digestive intestine, thus allowing air to pass unimpeded. The posterior intestine is modified for respiration into a thin-walled and highly vascularized structure by reduction of the thickness of the epithelium, submucosa, and muscle layers; though highly modified to absorb air, it is inefficient for digestive purposes. Air moving through the digestive tract facilitates the movement of digesta to the
683:
114:
1071:
739:
Living habits are varied; the family includes both bottom-foraging and midwater species. Callichthyids inhabit a wide range of habitats, from small, swift, oxygen-rich creeks to big rivers and flooded areas. Their habitats may even include swampy and muddy ones where oxygen may be virtually absent.
719:
The scutes that give these fish their name are one of their most prominent characteristics. The body has two rows of overlapping bony plates on each side. The plates are arranged so they overlap along the rows as well as between the rows, providing protection but also allowing some freedom of
720:
movement. These scutes connect with the solid bones of the head, and the head itself may be covered with bony plates. The upper row of lateral scutes may either meet on the back or a narrow bare area may be filled with small oval or roundish bony platelets.
768:
conditions, callichthyids breathe air under all water conditions. Some callichthyids are able to absorb air through their hind guts to move short distances on land. Air stored in their digestive tracts also accounts for 75% of the necessary air for neutral
799:, fertilization of eggs involves 'sperm drinking'; the female and male form the "T-position" with the female's mouth over the male's genital opening, and then the female drinks the sperm, releasing the sperm and eggs simultaneously.
790:
is reported to have the most complex nest structure. These floating nests are made of foam and plant debris. Spawning and caring for the eggs and larvae takes place in these nests. Parental care in callichthyines is by the male. In
554:, but is unambiguously a member of the subfamily Corydoradinae. It indicates that the lineages leading to the two callichthyid subfamilies occurred at least by the late Paleocene. It also suggests an earlier differentiation of
1576:
1628:
Mazzoldi, C.; Lorenzi, V.; Rasotto, M. B. (2007). "Variation of male reproductive apparatus in relation to fertilization modalities in the catfish families
Auchenipteridae and Callichthyidae (Teleostei: Siluriformes)".
779:
are also variable. Corydoradines breed over the substrate (such as rocks, logs, or leaves) as most catfish. However, the members of the subfamily
Callichthyinae are known for building and guarding floating foam
845:
1016:
716:
have strong spines, and a spine is found at the anterior border of the adipose fin. In many species of this family, these spines are also venomous as an added deterrent to predators.
338:
due to the two rows of bony plates (or scutes) along the lengths of their bodies. It contains some of the most popular freshwater aquarium fish, such as many species in the genus
400:. Within the family Callichthyidae, the two subfamilies have eight genera and about 177 species, accounting for about 7% of all catfish. Most of these species are in the genus
1611:
833:
1937:
1801:
807:
Some species are quite common in South
America and are fished commercially. They are usually cooked in their bony armor. Some callichthyids, especially species of
1827:
1942:
1464:
Persaud, David I.; Ramnarine, Indar W.; Agard, John B. R. (2006). "Trade-off between digestion and respiration in two airbreathing callichthyid catfishes
407:
The subfamily
Corydoradinae includes about 90% of the species in the family Callichthyidae and is one of the most diverse siluriform assemblages in the
1775:
1814:
1047:
1381:
1559:
984:
1889:
1922:
1819:
870:
1017:"Phylogeny of the subfamily Corydoradinae Hoedeman, 1952 (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with a definition of its genera"
135:
1277:
1736:
740:
Callichthyids survive in these conditions by breathing air, collecting and swallowing it at the water's surface. The
662:
system. Representatives of the
Corydoradinae are found in several freshwater environments, ranging from fast-flowing
1320:"Aspidoras mephisto, new species: The first troglobitic Callichthyidae (Teleostei: Siluriformes) from South America"
1278:"Checklist of catfishes, recent and fossil (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes), and catalogue of siluriform primary types"
1832:
1932:
1165:
1106:: A New Species of Neotropical Catfish from the Upper Orinoco and Negro Rivers (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae)".
1035:
376:
940:
364:
212:
858:
1927:
1917:
765:
1666:
1143:
1099:
932:
891:
786:
700:
635:
606:
1853:
497:
1741:
1146:; Kaefer, CĂntia C. (2005). Armbruster, J. W. (ed.). "Two New Species of the Neotropical Catfish Genus
500:
member of the subfamily. In a 2004 study, different relationships among the callichthyines were found:
1871:
1894:
1762:
1713:
1638:
1595:
1524:
1481:
1418:
1331:
1231:
976:
1189:"Historical biogeography and cryptic diversity in the Callichthyinae (Siluriformes, Callichthyidae)"
1704:
971:
832:
Lundberg, John G.; Sullivan, John P.; Rodiles-Hernández, RocĂo; Hendrickson, Dean A. (2007-06-01).
534:
122:
1497:
1255:
1169:
1125:
1039:
452:
130:
1858:
1840:
1749:
1555:
1446:
1359:
1247:
1222:
980:
862:
749:
1881:
1806:
1845:
1646:
1603:
1581:(Siluriformes - Callichthyidae): a synthesis stressing the role of the floating bubble nest"
1532:
1489:
1436:
1426:
1349:
1339:
1294:
1239:
1200:
1161:
1117:
1031:
854:
761:
728:
724:
705:
644:
482:
320:
254:
666:
streams with sandy or rocky bottoms to lowland pools with muddy bottoms. A single species,
682:
659:
630:
574:
558:
in comparison to other catfishes, or a lack of older fossils of other
Neotropical groups.
328:
1187:
Mariguela, Tatiane C.; Alexandrou, Markos A.; Foresti, Fausto; Oliveira, Claudio (2013).
748:. The anterior digestive intestine packages digesta into a string of slightly compressed
723:
Species of the
Corydoradinae are of small size (maximum about 9 cm (3.5 in) in
598:
1642:
1599:
1528:
1485:
1422:
1335:
1235:
1718:
1536:
1441:
1406:
1354:
1319:
1085:
727:) and are easily distinguished from other callichthyids by their deep bodies and short
626:
602:
177:
1607:
708:. The mouth is small and ventral with one or two pairs of well-developed barbels. The
1911:
1650:
1377:
887:
648:
594:
555:
393:
389:
381:
353:
197:
71:
1501:
1259:
1173:
1129:
1043:
1515:
Andrade, D. V.; Abe, A. S. (1997). "Foam nest production in the armoured catfish".
776:
757:
713:
704:, which some sources list as growing to a length of up to 24 cm (9.4 in)
618:
476:
427:
397:
331:
306:
293:
248:
113:
1243:
663:
1754:
1344:
1788:
1698:
812:
781:
464:
301:
236:
46:
1689:
1493:
1298:
709:
590:
513:
488:
408:
260:
91:
56:
936:
866:
1431:
741:
547:
543:
524:. In a 2013 study, Dianema is the sister group of all the remaining genera.
437:
421:
340:
297:
281:
275:
147:
96:
36:
31:
1450:
1363:
1251:
1220:
Cockerell, T. D. A. (1925). "A Fossil Fish of the Family
Callichthyidae".
1728:
1683:
1407:"Diversity, phylogenetic distribution, and origins of venomous catfishes"
1390:
896:
770:
694:
Callichthyids are fairly small catfish, and range in size from some tiny
671:
647:
in the headwaters of the
Amazonas drainage and those rivers draining the
610:
578:
570:
167:
86:
81:
66:
61:
51:
40:
639:
is the only species in
Central America, as it occurs in a few rivers in
1285:
1121:
622:
566:
470:
443:
324:
287:
242:
187:
101:
76:
1205:
1188:
1793:
1152:
1108:
753:
640:
614:
157:
1780:
1660:
380:, 'fish'). Callichthyidae is one of six families in the superfamily
1866:
834:"Discovery of African roots for the Mesoamerican Chiapas catfish,
681:
655:
539:
385:
745:
1664:
1024:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
846:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
1767:
369:
357:
744:
are used to absorb oxygen, and the air is expelled from the
1193:
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
1166:
10.1643/0045-8511(2005)005[0724:TNSOTN]2.0.CO;2
1036:
10.1635/0097-3157(2003)153[0119:POTSCH]2.0.CO;2
1577:"Reproductive biology of the neotropical armoured catfish
1552:
A Complete Introduction to Corydoras and Related Catfishes
859:
10.1635/0097-3157(2007)156[39:DOARFT]2.0.CO;2
411:, with about 170 valid species. It includes two tribes,
698:
species that do not exceed 2 cm (0.79 in) to
1673:
532:The first known fossil species of callichthyid is
654:The subfamily Corydoradinae is found east of the
565:species has also been identified from the middle
1150:(Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae)".
1084:Encyclopedia of Aquarium and Pond Fish (2005) (
838:, requires an ancient intercontinental passage"
1318:Tencatt, Caserta; Bichuette, M. Elina (2017).
8:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
1271:
1269:
1661:
112:
20:
1554:. Neptune City, NJ: T.F.H. Publications.
1440:
1430:
1353:
1343:
1204:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
811:, are popular as ornamental fish in the
550:. This species is tentatively placed in
927:
824:
593:family Callichthyidae is found in most
1938:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte
1575:Hostache, GĂ©rard; Mol, Jan H. (1998).
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
462:The subfamily Callichthyinae contains
643:. Callichthyidae present the highest
352:The family derives its name from the
7:
1872:A31587C7-FFFA-124A-36BD-F93CFC50B252
1015:Britto, Marcelo R. (December 2003).
937:"Callichthyidae. Armored Catfishes"
1943:Extant Thanetian first appearances
1537:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1997.tb01957.x
1102:(2004). Armbruster, J. W. (ed.). "
14:
1072:"Scientific Name - Search Result"
1651:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01300.x
764:that may breathe air only under
134:
1550:Burgess, Dr. Warren E. (1987).
756:. Unlike other catfish such as
690:showing overlapping bony plates
508:form the most basal clade, and
1276:Ferraris, Carl J. Jr. (2007).
1:
1608:10.1016/S0990-7440(98)80114-9
1244:10.1126/science.62.1609.397-a
492:. According to a 1997 paper,
404:, the largest catfish genus.
1345:10.1371/journal.pone.0171309
370:
358:
1959:
969:Nelson, Joseph S. (2006).
375:
363:
1494:10.1007/s10641-006-9019-2
1299:10.11646/zootaxa.1418.1.1
561:A fossil identified as a
447:. Some believe the genus
225:
220:
131:Scientific classification
129:
120:
111:
23:
1380:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
941:Tree of Life Web Project
890:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
419:. Aspidoradini contains
1631:Journal of Fish Biology
1517:Journal of Fish Biology
1432:10.1186/1471-2148-9-282
1104:Callichthys serralabium
892:"Family Callichthyidae"
1579:Hoplosternum littorale
1466:Holposternum littorale
1384:Hoplosternum littorale
803:Relationship to humans
787:Hoplosternum littorale
701:Hoplosternum littorale
691:
688:Hoplosternum littorale
686:Closeup photograph of
636:Hoplosternum punctatum
1923:Fish of South America
1854:Paleobiology Database
977:John Wiley & Sons
900:. March 2007 version.
836:Lacantunia enigmatica
685:
384:, and is sister to a
1588:Aquat. Living Resour
1394:. July 2007 version.
1053:on 28 September 2007
1643:2007JFBio..70..243M
1600:1998AqLR...11..173H
1529:1997JFBio..50..665A
1486:2006EnvBF..76..159P
1423:2009BMCEE...9..282W
1405:Wright, JJ (2009).
1336:2017PLoSO..1271309T
1236:1925Sci....62..397C
1098:Lehmann A., Pablo;
972:Fishes of the World
535:Corydoras revelatus
368:, 'beautiful') and
123:Dianema longibarbis
1122:10.1643/CI-03-129R
692:
668:Aspidoras mephisto
613:Coastal basins in
1905:
1904:
1841:Open Tree of Life
1667:Taxon identifiers
1474:Environ Biol Fish
1230:(1609): 397–398.
1206:10.1111/jzs.12029
729:maxillary barbels
658:and north of the
597:river drainages (
336:armored catfishes
314:
313:
216:
1950:
1933:Catfish families
1898:
1897:
1885:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1862:
1861:
1849:
1848:
1836:
1835:
1823:
1822:
1810:
1809:
1797:
1796:
1784:
1783:
1771:
1770:
1758:
1757:
1745:
1744:
1732:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1662:
1655:
1654:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1610:. Archived from
1585:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1480:(2–4): 159–165.
1470:Corydoras aeneus
1461:
1455:
1454:
1444:
1434:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1357:
1347:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1263:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1148:Lepthoplosternum
1144:Reis, Roberto E.
1140:
1134:
1133:
1100:Reis, Roberto E.
1095:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1046:. Archived from
1021:
1012:
991:
990:
966:
951:
950:
948:
947:
933:Reis, Roberto E.
929:
902:
901:
884:
878:
877:
875:
869:. Archived from
842:
829:
645:species richness
518:Lepthoplosternum
483:Lepthoplosternum
379:
373:
367:
361:
255:Lepthoplosternum
211:
139:
138:
116:
106:
43:
34:
27:Temporal range:
21:
16:Family of fishes
1958:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1893:
1888:
1880:
1878:
1870:
1865:
1857:
1852:
1844:
1839:
1831:
1826:
1818:
1813:
1805:
1800:
1792:
1787:
1779:
1774:
1766:
1761:
1753:
1748:
1740:
1735:
1727:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1669:
1659:
1658:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1330:(3): e0171309.
1317:
1316:
1312:
1303:
1301:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1019:
1014:
1013:
994:
987:
968:
967:
954:
945:
943:
931:
930:
905:
886:
885:
881:
873:
840:
831:
830:
826:
821:
805:
777:Breeding habits
762:trichomycterids
737:
725:standard length
680:
660:Rio de La Plata
587:
575:Magdalena River
530:
350:
304:
300:
296:
292:
279:
258:
252:
246:
240:
210:
133:
107:
105:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
35:
29:
28:
25:
24:Armored catfish
17:
12:
11:
5:
1956:
1954:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1928:Fish of Panama
1925:
1920:
1918:Callichthyidae
1910:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1886:
1876:
1863:
1850:
1837:
1824:
1811:
1798:
1785:
1772:
1759:
1746:
1733:
1723:
1719:Callichthyidae
1710:
1705:Callichthyidae
1695:
1679:
1677:
1675:Callichthyidae
1671:
1670:
1665:
1657:
1656:
1637:(1): 243–256.
1620:
1617:on 2007-07-04.
1594:(3): 173–185.
1567:
1560:
1542:
1523:(3): 665–667.
1507:
1468:(Hancock) and
1456:
1397:
1378:Froese, Rainer
1369:
1310:
1265:
1212:
1199:(4): 308–315.
1179:
1160:(4): 724–731.
1135:
1116:(2): 336–343.
1090:
1086:David Alderton
1077:
1063:
992:
985:
952:
935:(1998-05-14).
903:
888:Froese, Rainer
879:
876:on 2009-03-26.
823:
822:
820:
817:
804:
801:
736:
733:
679:
676:
595:South American
586:
583:
546:, of the late
529:
526:
349:
346:
317:Callichthyidae
312:
311:
272:
271:
233:
232:
230:Callichthyinae
223:
222:
218:
217:
208:Callichthyidae
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
178:Actinopterygii
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
127:
126:
118:
117:
109:
108:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
44:
37:Late Paleocene
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1955:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1896:
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1877:
1873:
1868:
1864:
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1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
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1706:
1700:
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1691:
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1668:
1663:
1652:
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1640:
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1621:
1613:
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1597:
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1568:
1563:
1561:0-86622-264-2
1557:
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1503:
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1471:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:BMC Evol Biol
1408:
1401:
1398:
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1387:
1385:
1379:
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1361:
1356:
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1346:
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1311:
1300:
1296:
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1257:
1253:
1249:
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1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1183:
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1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
988:
986:0-471-25031-7
982:
978:
974:
973:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
953:
942:
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588:
585:Distribution
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493:
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433:Corydoradini
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428:Scleromystax
426:
420:
417:Corydoradini
416:
413:Aspidoradini
412:
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398:Loricariidae
351:
339:
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332:Siluriformes
316:
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307:Scleromystax
305:
294:Gastrodermus
286:
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259:
253:
249:Hoplosternum
247:
241:
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121:
30:58.5–0
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1789:iNaturalist
1699:Wikispecies
1030:: 119–154.
813:fishkeeping
758:loricariids
678:Description
591:Neotropical
573:formation,
510:Callichthys
494:Callichthys
465:Callichthys
453:synonymized
302:Osteogaster
285:(including
267:sub-family
237:Callichthys
228:sub-family
1912:Categories
1417:(1): 282.
1304:2009-06-22
1088:) page 121
1057:2011-08-17
946:2007-07-04
819:References
742:intestines
522:Megalechis
489:Megalechis
451:should be
409:Neotropics
388:formed by
334:), called
261:Megalechis
1472:(Gill)".
1293:: 1–628.
867:0097-3157
809:Corydoras
793:Corydoras
696:Corydoras
631:Magdalena
627:Maracaibo
552:Corydoras
548:Paleocene
544:Argentina
457:Corydoras
438:Corydoras
435:contains
422:Aspidoras
402:Corydoras
341:Corydoras
325:catfishes
298:Hoplisoma
282:Corydoras
276:Aspidoras
213:Bonaparte
154:Kingdom:
148:Eukaryota
1726:BioLib:
1690:Q1045611
1684:Wikidata
1502:20467302
1451:19961571
1391:FishBase
1364:28248959
1324:PLOS ONE
1260:40607318
1252:17832656
1174:85923637
1130:86143425
1044:85655845
897:FishBase
771:buoyancy
672:cavefish
664:piedmont
611:Atlantic
603:Paraguay
579:Colombia
571:La Venta
431:, while
348:Taxonomy
204:Family:
168:Chordata
164:Phylum:
158:Animalia
144:Domain:
1882:4780735
1639:Bibcode
1596:Bibcode
1525:Bibcode
1482:Bibcode
1442:2791775
1419:Bibcode
1355:5331963
1332:Bibcode
1286:Zootaxa
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979:, Inc.
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766:hypoxic
750:boluses
735:Ecology
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577:basin,
569:in the
567:Miocene
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471:Dianema
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174:Class:
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1040:S2CID
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656:Andes
540:Salta
538:from
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377:ἰχθύς
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329:order
319:is a
1828:NCBI
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1781:8975
1776:GBIF
1768:5109
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1556:ISBN
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