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subject is nearly impossible. Indeed, finding any edges on the negative itself during the developing process is a nearly impossible task. Typically the developing of such a roll of film is an exercise in automatic technique in and of itself, cutting the film by counting sprocket holes alone, with no regard for the images present on the negative. The results have a quality reminiscent of the transitory period in sleep when one dream suddenly becomes another.
425:
36:
712:Ăclaboussure is a process in Surrealist painting where oil paints or watercolours are laid down and water or turpentine is splattered, then soaked up to reveal random splatters or dots where the media was removed. This technique gives the appearance of space and atmosphere. It was used in paintings by
1202:
is an automatic photographic technique whereby a roll of film is used three times (either by the same photographer or, in the spirit of
Exquisite Corpse, three different photographers), causing it to be triple-exposed in such a way that the chances of any single photograph having a clear and definite
739:. Connecting the dots or scratches is drawing technique that aims to stimulate creative process and subconscious associations. Trost believed in transformation of human consciousness through a dialectical process that can lead to a modification of human existence at both the personal and social level.
684:
For a longer work, the third stanza can then begin in the left-hand column as an "opposite" or a phonetic correspondence to what preceded it in the right-hand column. Then the fourth stanza might be an "opposite" or sound correspondence to what preceded it in the left-hand column, and so forth. When
750:
in which dots are made at the sites of impurities in a blank sheet of paper, and lines are then made between the dots; these can be either "curved lines... or straight lines". Ithell
Colquhoun described its results as "the most austere kind of geometric abstraction." It is to be distinguished from
621:
is a process of spreading thick paint upon a canvas then—while it is still wet—covering it with further material such as paper or aluminium foil. This covering is then removed (again before the paint dries), and the resultant paint pattern becomes the basis of the finished painting. The
860:, who was inspired by an ancient wooden floor where the grain of the planks had been accentuated by many years of scrubbing. The patterns of the graining suggested strange images to him. He captured these by laying sheets of paper on the floor and then rubbing over them with a soft pencil.
290:(1919) is one of these pictures. Both conceptually and technically the airbrush painting method presented a new point of departure from a traditional way of painting. Ray recalled, "(âŠ) It was thrilling to paint a picture, hardly touching the surface - a purely cerebral act, as it were."
442:
poetry with the visual depiction of a tie and a watch. The pictorial effect of writing is an invitation to simultaneously process both the visual and verbal aspects of the poem. Designed to be read in a single glance, the text and image are integrated within the readerâs
1102:
which consists of the artist invoking a paranoid state (fear that the self is being manipulated, targeted or controlled by others). The result is a deconstruction of the psychological concept of identity, such that subjectivity becomes the primary aspect of the artwork.
673:" of the poem is written on the left-hand column of a piece of paper divided into two columns. Then the "opposite", or 'echo', of the first stanza, in whatever sense is appropriate to the poem, is composed in the right-hand column of the page. The writing is done
275:
787:" out of the process of creating images and replacing it with chance and scientific rigour. However, the question has arisen whether an algorithm should be used to determine in what order to connect the dots to maintain the "automatic" nature of the method.
855:
is a method of creation in which one takes a pencil or other drawing tool and makes a "rubbing" over a textured surface. The drawing can either be left as it is or used as the basis for further refinement. The technique was developed in 1925 by
782:
they had proposed the further radicalization of surrealist automatism by abandoning images produced by artistic techniques in favour of those "resulting from rigorously applied scientific procedures," allegedly cutting the notion of
498:
is the assemblage of different forms creating a new whole. For example, an artistic collage work may include newspaper clippings, ribbons, bits of colored or hand-made papers, photographs, etc., glued to a solid support or canvas.
1709:
266:
and games to be sources of inspiration only, while others consider them starting points for finished works. Others consider the items created through automatism to be finished works themselves, needing no further refinement.
954:
is a game in which two or more players say what gift they would give to another person - this is usually an historical person who played a role in, or had an influence on, the formation of
Surrealism.
377:(1919), who claimed to be the first collection only written through the automatic method : but recent studies have proven the manuscripts showed many variants and corrections throughout the poems.
1206:
Creativist
Christopher Thurlow claims to have discovered this technique when his urge to continue taking photographs was suddenly challenged by the fact that he had run out of un-exposed film.
262:
The
Surrealist movement has been a fractious one since its inception. The value and role of the various techniques has been one of many subjects of disagreement. Some Surrealists consider
1042:
Surrealism describes as "involuntary sculpture" those made by absent-mindedly manipulating something, such as rolling and unrolling a movie ticket, bending a paper clip, and so forth.
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in the 1950s. The results are achieved by the cutting away of parts of images to encourage a new image, by means of a pair of scissors or any other manipulative sharpened instrument.
485:, composed with the fragments of scraps and torn papers clinching over the canvas. Tearing papers can suggest an act of artistic experience, connoting an emotional or creative crisis.
543:) form, though the physical properties of the materials involved may lead to a conglomeration of discs or spheres. The artist may use a variety of techniques to affect the outcome.
355:. It has probably been the chief surrealist method from the founding of surrealism to the present day. One of the oddest uses of automatic writing by a great writer was that of
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in which liquid paint is blown to inspire or reveal an image. This is sometimes called "soufflage", but Ernst's name was "sifflage". The result can be seen in his
838:) in which players wrote in turn on a sheet of paper, folded it to conceal part of the writing, and then passed it to the next player for a further contribution.
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and allow concepts to develop more freely and in a more random manner. The aim is to break traditional thought patterns and create a more original outcome.
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is a method by which a collection of words or images are collectively assembled. It is based on an old parlour game known by the same name (and also as
1619:
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Exquisite corpse is a method by which a collection of words or images are collectively assembled, the result being known as the exquisite corpse or
1604:
1261:
53:
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uses numerous techniques and games to provide inspiration. Many of these are said to free imagination by producing a creative process free of
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917:, games are important not only as a form of recreation but as a method of investigation. The intention is to cut away the constraints of
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and a form of indecipherable writing, of making pictures by dripping or allowing a flow of some form of liquid down a vertical surface.
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391:. One chapter in the book is written as a single sentence, and at the end of the book Hrabal endorses the use of automatic writing.
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is scattered on the surface of water and then skimmed off by passing a stiff paper or cardboard just under the water's surface.
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In addition to its obvious meaning of writing that is illegibile or for whatever other reason cannot be made out by the reader,
770:") suggests, included nine examples therein. This method of "indecipherable writing" (see below) was supposedly an example of "
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is cut into squares and the squares are then reassembled without regard for the image. The technique was first used by the
2608:
1446:
Oxford dictionary of national biography: in association with the
British Academy: from the earliest times to the year 2000
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2452:
2049:
387:
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1262:"" Le manuscrit des "Champs magnétiques" d'André Breton et Philippe Soupault: le paradoxe de l'écriture automatique. ""
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in which the words or letters make up a shape, particularly a shape connected to the subject of the text or poem.
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1999:
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928:, and newer ones, notably Time Travelers' Potlatch and Parallel Collage, have played a critical role.
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is a literary form or method in which a text is cut up at random and rearranged to create a new text.
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2004:
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646:, rather than in waking life. Sometimes dream résumés contain the achievements of both, however.
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1969:
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in 1972. The poem is composed by one or more persons, working together in a process as follows.
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359:; his wife, a spiritualist, practised it, and Yeats put large chunks of it into his prose work,
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the poem is completed, the echo of the last phrase, line, or sentence, generally serves as the
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1560:"Comment on "The Olmec Bride with the Saturated Eyebrows Bemoans the Inconvenience of Love""
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Surrealist games: exquisite corpse, cut-up machines, word games and creative inspirations.
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is cut into individual words (or perhaps phrases) and then rapidly reassembled; see also
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2009:
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Shingler, Katherine (2011). "Perceiving Text and Image in
Apollinaire's Calligrammes".
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and much of his later poetry, but Yeats was not a surrealist. In French surrealism,
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would blow on the paint, and he said it was like jazz musicians blowing the blues.
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in which surrealist methods would be practiced that "went beyond" automatism. In
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Vision dans le cristal. Oniromancie obsessionelle. Et neuf graphomanies entopiques
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is making of composite picture by cutting and joining a number of photographs.
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were often considered as the pioneers of this technique with their collection
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Exquisitely Simple or
Incredibly Complex: The Theory of Entoptic Phenomena
1006:(and the resulting image, when developed) to distort in a random fashion.
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form which appears as a dialogue between the questions of a character and
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but chronicles its subject's achievements, employment, or the like, in
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is any theory or act of taking automatism to its most absurd limits.
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539:. As the material cools it takes on what appears to be a random (or
348:
244:
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is, as the name suggests, a technique, invented by surrealists from
1844:
Website has several rather surreal games, such as "On a rainy day."
259:
as a source of inspiration is central to the nature of surrealism.
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1135:
972:
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413:
1407:"Trost's Journey from Reality as a Dream to the Dream as Reality"
2724:
901:
on a piece of paper or canvas. This technique was introduced by
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456:
1868:
1853:
1269:
Centre de recherche sur le texte et l'imaginaire. coll. Figura
524:
409:
240:
29:
1864:
805:
is perceived as an additive method of visual poetry whereas
416:. The artist can then develop images based on what is seen.
303:
is a technique in which a 3-dimensional object is used as a
286:
in a series of paintings over the period from 1917 to 1919.
1624:
The AHRB Centre for
Studies of Surrealism and its Legacies
1442:
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray; Harrison, Brian Howard (2004).
1726:"Examples of surrealist techniques used by other artists"
1363:
Craft, Catherine (2012). "Cut, Tear, Scrape, Erase".
774:", the controversial theory put forward by Trost and
385:
used the method of automatic text in his famous book
325:
Automatism was used in different ways for each art:
1034:
and the movement of liquid down a vertical surface.
889:
is a technique in which impressions are made by the
2672:
2581:
2278:
1902:
809:are a reductive method. This was first employed by
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1443:
755:ic" methods of drawing or art-making, inspired by
677:and often the "opposite" stanza is composed of a
1751:"Composition with Clock, Collage by Kaja KĂ€rner"
994:is an automatic technique developed and used by
1507:"Chapter Five: Narcotically Oriented Societies"
975:is scraped off the canvas. It was employed by
622:technique was much employed by artists such as
1772:
1770:
1672:
1670:
1513:(MA thesis). University of Newcastle upon Tyne
1880:
1235:Di Donna, Emmanuel; Sebline, Edouard (2019).
1026:surrealists and falling under the heading of
217:
8:
1837:"0000000 (outgraph)" by applenoire on Flickr
1477:
1475:
1799:MH Did he talk to you about what he called
1618:Henry Moore Institute, Leeds (2003-11-14).
1371:(2). Master Drawings Association: 161â186.
519:made by pouring a molten material (such as
2715:London International Surrealist Exhibition
1887:
1873:
1865:
1587:Marking Place: Walking with locative media
1071:movement of liquid down a vertical surface
1065:Movement of liquid down a vertical surface
1030:. Examples include entoptic graphomania,
224:
210:
133:
1860:Examples of the Time Travellers' Potlatch
1488:Ithell Colquhoun: Magician Born of Nature
1426:
766:, who as the subtitle of his 1945 book ("
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2710:Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme
1821:Oh yes. I know these pictures (laughter)
1641:Hadler, Mona (2011). "Ernst, Jimmy". In
746:is a surrealist and automatic method of
723:
692:This is unrelated to the non-Surrealist
470:
423:
274:
1227:
179:
148:
141:
1790:. The Oral History Project. p. 60
1647:The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art
1237:ENIGMA & DESIRE: MAN RAY PAINTINGS
662:written using a technique invented by
1813:, or rubbing. Soufflage was blowing.
1053:is a game in which an article from a
790:The method has been compared to the "
7:
1607:(in Spanish). Galeria d'Antiretrats.
1239:. Di Donna Gallery. pp. 70â75.
681:correspondence to the first stanza.
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1340:"Modern examples and make your own"
546:This technique is also used in the
1002:is heated from below, causing the
25:
2664:The Surrealist Group in Stockholm
1730:Fliss Taylor: BA Art & Design
998:in which an exposed but unfixed
939:. Later the game was adapted to
792:voronoi mathematical progression
638:takes the form of an employment
34:
1520:– via Entoptic Phenomena.
848:Frottage (surrealist technique)
255:control. The importance of the
45:needs additional citations for
1679:"Jazz and the New York School"
1558:Conroy, Matthew (2005-03-07).
1022:techniques, most developed by
479:âMerz-drawing 85, Zig-Zag Redâ
1:
2609:Bureau of Surrealist Research
967:is a surrealist technique in
882:, 1938, Candle smoke on paper
282:was innovative media used by
27:Techniques used in surrealism
1482:Shillitoe, Richard (2008) .
1405:Finkenthal, Michael (2015).
388:I Served the King of England
1777:Hadler, Mona (2018-02-19).
1324:(in French). Archived from
1098:is a technique invented by
762:The method was invented by
2777:
1681:. In Gabbard, Krin (ed.).
1581:dmacwilliam (2007-11-12).
1392:A Book of Surrealist Games
1318:"Examples of calligrammes"
1296:Edinburgh University Press
1260:Parent, Stéphanie (2001).
1181:
1145:
1088:
867:
845:
820:
780:Dialectique de Dialectique
611:
594:
561:
488:
398:
318:
293:
2735:Paranoiac-critical method
1166:is the technique used by
1096:Paranoiac-critical method
1091:Paranoiac-critical method
1085:Paranoiac-critical method
432:"La cravate et la montre"
2619:Chicago Surrealist Group
2604:British Surrealist Group
1419:Johns Hopkins University
733:"Vision Dans le Cristal"
1651:Oxford University Press
1620:"Involuntary Sculpture"
1531:PrĂŒgel, Roland (2008).
1452:Oxford University Press
1428:10.17077/0084-9537.1303
1077:and said by them to be
971:in which (usually wet)
459:of a type developed by
69:"Surrealist techniques"
2730:Abstract expressionism
2599:Birmingham Surrealists
2288:Maxime Moses Alexandre
2265:Radojica ĆœivanoviÄ Noe
1930:Jacques-André Boiffard
1505:Carr, Suzanne (1995).
1484:"Automatic Techniques"
1016:indecipherable writing
1010:Indecipherable writing
883:
740:
575:in which a picture or
571:is a method of making
486:
448:
375:Les Champs magnétiques
291:
193:Birmingham Surrealists
2756:Surrealist techniques
2700:Surrealist techniques
2685:Surrealist automatism
2629:Fighting Cock Society
2368:Roger Gilbert-Lecomte
2353:Vratislav Effenberger
2293:Guillaume Apollinaire
1842:Experimental Gameplay
1779:"William T. Williams"
1687:Duke University Press
1677:Hadler, Mona (1995).
1583:"entopic graphomania"
1216:Creativity techniques
1038:Involuntary sculpture
1000:photographic negative
877:
727:
474:
461:Guillaume Apollinaire
436:Guillaume Apollinaire
427:
321:Surrealist automatism
278:
2680:Surrealist Manifesto
2634:The Firesign Theatre
2418:Comte de Lautréamont
1390:Brotchie, Alistair.
412:at a blank piece of
188:Surrealist Manifesto
54:improve this article
2568:Marianne Van Hirtum
2543:Simon Watson Taylor
2005:Christian Dotremont
1854:Language Is A Virus
1322:Académie Nancy-Metz
1130:in which dust from
1018:refers to a set of
744:Entopic graphomania
729:Entopic graphomania
720:Entopic graphomania
438:, is an example of
137:Part of a series on
2045:Alberto Giacometti
2035:Gordon Onslow Ford
1970:Leonora Carrington
1850:Surrealist haikus.
1755:Forgotten Heritage
1712:2022-01-09 at the
924:Old games such as
884:
757:entoptic phenomena
741:
487:
449:
351:written using the
335:Automatic painting
292:
2743:
2742:
2720:Women surrealists
2690:Surrealist cinema
2538:Philippe Soupault
2170:BenjamĂn Palencia
1683:Representing jazz
1465:978-0-19-861362-6
1246:978-1-7337640-1-8
878:Wolfgang Paalen,
550:process known as
381:The Czech writer
371:Philippe Soupault
340:Automatic writing
330:Automatic drawing
296:Aerography (arts)
234:
233:
198:Women Surrealists
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2768:
2761:Surrealist works
2695:Surrealist music
2614:Chicago Imagists
2594:Les Automatistes
2533:Louis Scutenaire
2473:VĂtÄzslav Nezval
2313:Georges Bataille
2230:Dorothea Tanning
2215:JindĆich Ć tyrskĂœ
2190:Aminollah Rezaei
2085:Jacqueline Lamba
2075:Gerome Kamrowski
2020:Curt Echtermeyer
1975:Ithell Colquhoun
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1128:Ithell Colquhoun
1059:Cut-up technique
950:Time Travelers'
926:Exquisite corpse
828:Exquisite corpse
823:Exquisite corpse
817:Exquisite corpse
731:, from the book
664:Aurélien Dauguet
602:Cut-up technique
597:Cut-up technique
591:Cut-up technique
353:automatic method
345:Automatic poetry
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2503:Jacques Prévert
2493:Rastko PetroviÄ
2453:Robert Melville
2433:Georges Limbour
2413:Philip Lamantia
2318:Monny de Boully
2280:
2274:
2260:James F. Walker
2250:Albert Valentin
2240:Kristians Tonny
2210:Martin Stejskal
2185:Toni del Renzio
2165:Wolfgang Paalen
2160:MĂ©ret Oppenheim
2140:E. L. T. Mesens
2105:Georges Malkine
2040:Esteban Francés
2000:Ăscar DomĂnguez
1955:Jacques Brunius
1950:Emmy Bridgwater
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110:December 2023
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65:Find sources:
59:
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43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2699:
2659:Refus Global
2654:Monty Python
2573:Roger Vitrac
2553:Dylan Thomas
2523:Marko RistiÄ
2513:Herbert Read
2398:Nelly Kaplan
2393:Alfred Jarry
2383:IrĂšne Hamoir
2378:Julien Gracq
2323:André Breton
2298:Louis Aragon
2205:André Souris
2130:Oscar Mellor
2115:André Masson
1995:Paul Delvaux
1965:Claude Cahun
1925:Hans Bellmer
1920:EugĂšne Atget
1808:
1800:
1798:
1792:. Retrieved
1785:
1758:. Retrieved
1754:
1745:
1734:. Retrieved
1732:. 2012-02-21
1729:
1720:
1700:. Retrieved
1682:
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1636:
1628:the original
1623:
1613:
1599:
1591:the original
1586:
1576:
1568:the original
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1533:
1526:
1515:. Retrieved
1510:
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1492:the original
1487:
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1400:
1391:
1385:
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1364:
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1347:. Retrieved
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1326:the original
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1153:Photomontage
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1148:Photomontage
1142:Photomontage
1126:invented by
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836:Consequences
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636:dream résumé
635:
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630:Dream résumé
619:Decalcomania
618:
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614:Decalcomania
608:Decalcomania
601:
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568:
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535:) into cold
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288:"Seguidilla"
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2448:DuĆĄan MatiÄ
2358:Paul Ăluard
2343:René Daumal
2338:René Crevel
2279:Writers and
2235:Karel Teige
2225:Yves Tanguy
2080:Wifredo Lam
2070:Frida Kahlo
2030:Leonor Fini
1960:Luis Buñuel
1935:Bill Brandt
1910:Eileen Agar
1803:? Well his
1605:"Joan MirĂł"
1454:. pp.
1344:Story About
1168:Jimmy Ernst
1134:or colored
1124:visual arts
1051:Latent news
1046:Latent news
919:rationalism
764:Dolfi Trost
737:Dolfi Trost
698:the answers
669:The first "
583:surrealist
481:(1920), by
453:calligramme
447:experience.
434:(1914), by
429:Calligramme
420:Calligramme
357:W. B. Yeats
257:unconscious
18:Calligramme
2750:Categories
2644:Grup d'Elx
2624:Dau al Set
2478:Paul Nougé
2463:Max Morise
2458:René Ménil
2270:Unica ZĂŒrn
2145:Lee Miller
1896:Surrealism
1794:2019-07-08
1760:2023-12-28
1736:2023-12-28
1702:2019-07-08
1696:0822315947
1517:2023-12-28
1349:2023-12-28
1275:: 139â148.
1222:References
1172:Echo Plasm
1116:surrealist
996:David Hare
915:Surrealism
735:(1945) by
694:echo verse
548:divination
445:perceptual
315:Automatism
301:Aerography
280:Aerography
271:Aerography
264:automatism
249:literature
237:Surrealism
172:Techniques
143:Surrealism
80:newspapers
2639:The Goons
2483:Paul PÄun
2438:LĂ©o Malet
2403:Petr KrĂĄl
2373:Yvan Goll
2281:Theorists
2155:Joan MirĂł
2090:Dora Maar
2025:Max Ernst
1980:Gala DalĂ
1848:Shadoikus
1298:: 66â85.
1288:Paragraph
1120:automatic
1112:Parsemage
1107:Parsemage
1055:newspaper
1020:automatic
981:Joan MirĂł
977:Max Ernst
858:Max Ernst
656:echo poem
650:Echo poem
624:Max Ernst
569:Cubomania
564:Cubomania
558:Cubomania
552:ceromancy
541:aleatoric
529:chocolate
517:sculpture
513:automatic
406:Bulletism
401:Bulletism
395:Bulletism
253:conscious
2589:Acéphale
2195:Kay Sage
1915:Jean Arp
1810:frottage
1801:sifflage
1710:Archived
1421:: 1â21.
1377:41703376
1304:43263771
1210:See also
1164:Sifflage
1159:Sifflage
1132:charcoal
1024:Romanian
1004:emulsion
969:painting
964:Grattage
958:Grattage
952:Potlatch
853:Frottage
842:Frottage
679:phonetic
581:Romanian
573:collages
362:A Vision
2673:Related
2180:Man Ray
1903:Artists
1645:(ed.).
1075:Romania
992:Heatage
987:Heatage
945:collage
941:drawing
803:Collage
748:drawing
509:coulage
503:Coulage
496:Collage
491:Collage
476:Collage
467:Collage
305:stencil
284:Man Ray
149:Aspects
94:scholar
2582:Groups
1805:father
1693:
1657:
1541:
1462:
1417:(14).
1375:
1302:
1243:
1032:fumage
937:French
895:candle
887:Fumage
880:Fumage
870:Fumage
864:Fumage
785:artist
751:"entop
671:stanza
644:dreams
640:résumé
349:poetry
247:, and
245:poetry
180:Groups
167:Humour
157:Cinema
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2245:Toyen
1815:Jimmy
1807:used
1782:(PDF)
1373:JSTOR
1300:JSTOR
1294:(1).
1265:(PDF)
1136:chalk
1114:is a
973:paint
909:Games
893:of a
891:smoke
687:title
658:is a
577:image
537:water
521:metal
414:paper
307:with
162:Music
101:JSTOR
87:books
2725:Dada
1787:BOMB
1691:ISBN
1655:ISBN
1564:SITO
1539:ISBN
1460:ISBN
1241:ISBN
1118:and
1069:The
979:and
943:and
702:Echo
660:poem
634:The
457:poem
369:and
73:news
1819:WTW
1458:-.
1456:786
1423:doi
935:in
913:In
897:or
830:or
794:".
654:An
531:or
525:wax
410:ink
347:is
241:art
239:in
56:by
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