1317:(also known as p94) is the gene product responsible for limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A, calpain 10 has been identified as a susceptibility gene for type II diabetes mellitus, and calpain 9 has been identified as a tumour suppressor for gastric cancer. Moreover, the hyperactivation of calpains is implicated in a number of pathologies associated with altered calcium homeostasis such as
4440:
29:
1316:
The structural and functional diversity of calpains in the cell is reflected in their involvement in the pathogenesis of a wide range of disorders. At least two well known genetic disorders and one form of cancer have been linked to tissue-specific calpains. When defective, the mammalian calpain 3
2439:
Koumura A, Nonaka Y, Hyakkoku K, Oka T, Shimazawa M, Hozumi I, Inuzuka T, Hara H (November 2008). "A novel calpain inhibitor, ((1S)-1((((1S)-1-benzyl-3-cyclopropylamino-2,3-di-oxopropyl)amino)carbonyl)-3-methylbutyl) carbamic acid 5-methoxy-3-oxapentyl ester, protects neuronal cells from cerebral
2354:
Lubisch W, Beckenbach E, Bopp S, Hofmann HP, Kartal A, Kästel C, Lindner T, Metz-Garrecht M, Reeb J, Regner F, Vierling M, Möller A (June 2003). "Benzoylalanine-derived ketoamides carrying vinylbenzyl amino residues: discovery of potent water-soluble calpain inhibitors with oral bioavailability".
762:
on its substrates, highlighted calpain’s role as a regulatory, rather than a digestive, protease. When the sequence of this enzyme became known, it was given the name "calpain", to recognize its common properties with two well-known proteins at the time, the calcium-regulated signalling protein,
1401:
that follows ischemic insult to the heart. Upon reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium, there is development of calcium overload or excess in the heart cell (cardiomyocytes). This increase in calcium leads to activation of calpain. Recently calpain has been implicated in promoting high altitude
1252:
have been found to positively regulate the activity of μ-calpains by increasing random coils and decreasing β-sheets in its structure. Phosphorylation improves proteolytic activity and stimulates auto-activation of μ-calpains. However, increased calcium concentration overruns the effects of
1422:
Calpain may be released in the brain for up to a month after a head injury, and may be responsible for a shrinkage of the brain sometimes found after such injuries. However, calpain may also be involved in a "resculpting" process that helps repair damage after injury.
1410:
The exogenous regulation of calpain activity is therefore of interest for the development of therapeutics in a wide array of pathological states. As a few of the many examples supporting the therapeutic potential of calpain inhibition in ischemia, calpain inhibitor
1346:. Increase in concentration of calcium in the cell results in calpain activation, which leads to unregulated proteolysis of both target and non-target proteins and consequent irreversible tissue damage. Excessively active calpain breaks down molecules in the
1325:
formation, as well as secondary degeneration resulting from acute cellular stress following myocardial ischemia, cerebral (neuronal) ischemia, traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury. Excessive amounts of calpain can be activated due to
1240:. Under these physiological conditions, a transient and localized influx of calcium into the cell activates a small local population of calpains (for example, those close to Ca channels), which then advance the signal transduction pathway by
2242:
Wang KK, Nath R, Posner A, Raser KJ, Buroker-Kilgore M, Hajimohammadreza I, Probert AW, Marcoux FW, Ye Q, Takano E, Hatanaka M, Maki M, Caner H, Collins JL, Fergus A, Lee KS, Lunney EA, Hays SJ, Yuen P (June 1996).
1757:
Du, Manting; Li, Xin; Li, Zheng; Shen, Qingwu; Wang, Ying; Li, Guixia; Zhang, Dequan (2018-06-30). "Phosphorylation regulated by protein kinase A and alkaline phosphatase play positive roles in μ-calpain activity".
1856:
Lenzlinger PM, Saatman KE, Raghupathi R, Mcintosh TK (2000). "Chapter 1: Overview of basic mechanisms underlying neuropathological consequences of head trauma". In
Newcomb JK, Miller LS, Hayes RL (eds.).
3090:
1419:
significantly reduced the size of damaged infarct tissue in a rat focal ischemia model. Also, calpain inhibitors are known to have neuroprotective effects: PD150606, SJA6017, ABT-705253, and SNJ-1945.
775:. Shortly thereafter, the activity was found to be attributable to two main isoforms, dubbed μ ("mu")-calpain and m-calpain (or calpain I and II), that differed primarily in their calcium requirements
1476:
Ohno S, Emori Y, Imajoh S, Kawasaki H, Kisaragi M, Suzuki K (1984). "Evolutionary origin of a calcium-dependent protease by fusion of genes for a thiol protease and a calcium-binding protein?".
730:
The history of calpain's discovery originates in 1964, when calcium-dependent proteolytic activities caused by a "calcium-activated neutral protease" (CANP) were detected in
1253:
phosphorylation and dephosphorylation on calpain activity, and thus calpain activity ultimately depends on the presence of calcium. Other reported roles of calpains are in
1303:, m-calpain is found in glia and a small number in axons. Calpain is also involved in skeletal muscle protein breakdown due to exercise and altered nutritional states.
608:
425:
177:
2631:
3075:
627:
444:
3792:
1812:
Tyagi, T.; Ahmad, S.; Gupta, N.; Sahu, A.; Ahmad, Y.; Nair, V.; Chatterjee, T.; Bajaj, N.; Sengupta, S.; Ganju, L.; Singh, S. B.; Ashraf, M. Z. (Feb 2014).
2672:
89:
3170:
1572:"Determination of peptide substrate specificity for mu-calpain by a peptide library-based approach: the importance of primed side interactions"
2593:
2142:"Traumatic axonal injury induces proteolytic cleavage of the voltage-gated sodium channels modulated by tetrodotoxin and protease inhibitors"
1866:
1527:
Glass JD, Culver DG, Levey AI, Nash NR (April 2002). "Very early activation of m-calpain in peripheral nerve during
Wallerian degeneration".
125:
1216:
Although the physiological role of calpains is still poorly understood, they have been shown to be active participants in processes such as
882:. As the first calpain whose three-dimensional structure was determined, m-calpain is the type-protease for the C2 (calpain) family in the
2890:
2304:"The novel calpain inhibitor SJA6017 improves functional outcome after delayed administration in a mouse model of diffuse brain injury"
1882:
Belcastro AN, Albisser TA, Littlejohn B (October 1996). "Role of calcium-activated neutral protease (calpain) with diet and exercise".
4159:
2392:"Inhibition of calpain prevents NMDA-induced cell death and beta-amyloid-induced synaptic dysfunction in hippocampal slice cultures"
1968:"Functional defects of a muscle-specific calpain, p94, caused by mutations associated with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A"
620:
437:
3785:
1280:
Enhanced calpain activity, regulated by CAPNS1, significantly contributes to platelet hyperreactivity under hypoxic environment.
4475:
3108:
3098:
2665:
587:
404:
1359:
563:
380:
4315:
2245:"An alpha-mercaptoacrylic acid derivative is a selective nonpeptide cell-permeable calpain inhibitor and is neuroprotective"
197:
2858:
2829:
4430:
2488:"– 'Biochemical Storm' Following Brain Trauma An Important Factor In Treatment, University of Florida Researcher Finds"
3943:
3938:
3778:
3440:
3249:
2635:
2487:
1398:
794:(formerly CAPN4)), but have distinct large (80 kDa) subunits, known as calpain 1 and calpain 2 (each encoded by the
3686:
2658:
2390:
Nimmrich V, Reymann KG, Strassburger M, Schöder UH, Gross G, Hahn A, Schoemaker H, Wicke K, Möller A (April 2010).
4300:
2303:
4470:
4416:
4403:
4390:
4377:
4364:
4351:
4338:
3812:
786:
To date, these two isoforms remain the best characterised members of the calpain family. Structurally, these two
581:
398:
4310:
4264:
4207:
3809:
3148:
2955:
2925:
2819:
2614:
1331:
688:
681:
474:
291:
2097:
Castillo MR, Babson JR (October 1998). "Ca-dependent mechanisms of cell injury in cultured cortical neurons".
1814:"Altered expression of platelet proteins and calpain activity mediate hypoxia-induced prothrombotic phenotype"
568:
385:
185:
1708:
Jaguva
Vasudevan, AA; Perkovic, M; Bulliard, Y; Cichutek, K; Trono, D; Häussinger, D; Münk, C (August 2013).
1451:
4212:
4003:
3234:
706:) expressed ubiquitously in mammals and many other organisms. Calpains constitute the C2 family of protease
2650:
758:
family of proteases. The calcium-dependent activity, intracellular localization, and the limited, specific
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
1375:
1371:
1339:
1318:
1225:
632:
449:
556:
373:
4233:
4152:
3070:
1343:
4305:
491:
308:
181:
714:
database. The calpain proteolytic system includes the calpain proteases, the small regulatory subunit
94:
3615:
2620:
2256:
1485:
1249:
138:
2054:
Liu J, Liu MC, Wang KK (April 2008). "Calpain in the CNS: from synaptic function to neurotoxicity".
742:. In the late 1960s the enzymes were isolated and characterised independently in both rat brain and
584:
401:
4269:
4096:
3581:
3398:
3053:
2644:
1432:
508:
486:
325:
303:
4465:
4460:
4202:
3661:
3103:
3033:
3023:
2895:
2851:
2706:
2689:
2541:
2465:
2302:
Kupina NC, Nath R, Bernath EE, Inoue J, Mitsuyoshi A, Yuen PW, Wang KK, Hall ED (November 2001).
2122:
2079:
2036:
1948:
1791:
1552:
1509:
1397:
and the influx of more Ca. A significant consequence of calpain activation is the development of
1327:
819:
3008:
1710:"Prototype foamy virus Bet impairs the dimerization and cytosolic solubility of human APOBEC3G"
3805:
3676:
3080:
3062:
2685:
2589:
2572:
2533:
2516:
Liu J, Liu MC, Wang KK (2008). "Calpain in the CNS: from synaptic function to neurotoxicity".
2457:
2421:
2372:
2336:
2284:
2224:
2173:
2114:
2071:
2028:
1989:
1940:
1899:
1862:
1835:
1783:
1775:
1739:
1687:
1650:
1593:
1544:
1501:
1416:
823:
699:
575:
392:
204:
172:
746:. These activities were caused by an intracellular cysteine protease not associated with the
4248:
4243:
4217:
4145:
4116:
4008:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3770:
3671:
3489:
2839:
2562:
2525:
2449:
2411:
2403:
2364:
2326:
2318:
2274:
2264:
2214:
2204:
2163:
2153:
2106:
2063:
2020:
2009:"Reconsider Alzheimer's disease by the 'calpain-cathepsin hypothesis'--a perspective review"
1979:
1930:
1919:"Mutations in the proteolytic enzyme calpain 3 cause limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A"
1891:
1825:
1767:
1729:
1721:
1677:
1642:
1583:
1536:
1493:
1415:
protected against focal ischemic brain damage in rats when administered after ischemia, and
1335:
1245:
1194:
1143:
1126:
1109:
1092:
1075:
863:
739:
651:
544:
361:
3963:
3543:
2784:
1412:
1004:
164:
4295:
4279:
4192:
3754:
2917:
2811:
2749:
1379:
1160:
743:
735:
520:
337:
830:
and small-molecule substrates, the most consistently reported specificity is for small,
479:
296:
2260:
1489:
118:
4444:
4333:
4274:
3726:
2824:
2681:
2453:
2416:
2391:
2219:
2192:
2168:
2141:
1734:
1709:
1394:
1383:
1254:
879:
603:
420:
2110:
1646:
1540:
4454:
4238:
4197:
3744:
3303:
3293:
3219:
2844:
2834:
2697:
2407:
2279:
2244:
1935:
1918:
1363:
1217:
847:
787:
130:
2545:
2469:
2126:
2083:
2040:
2024:
1952:
1556:
1244:
the controlled proteolysis of its target proteins. Additionally, phosphorylation by
57:
4187:
4055:
4051:
3656:
3406:
3365:
3298:
2610:
2158:
1795:
1771:
1612:
1513:
1347:
1262:
160:
2193:"Calpain system and its involvement in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury"
70:
2567:
2554:
1830:
1813:
1682:
1669:
82:
4411:
4346:
4182:
4126:
4121:
4091:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
3711:
3691:
3666:
3288:
3271:
3266:
3038:
3028:
2729:
2719:
1367:
1355:
1233:
855:
831:
826:
are likely responsible for directing cleavage to a specific substrate. Amongst
759:
719:
4439:
2322:
4106:
3920:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3759:
3576:
3375:
3239:
3224:
3187:
3018:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2640:
1300:
1221:
843:
815:
764:
1984:
1967:
1779:
1386:
that have been damaged due to axonal stretch injury, leading to an influx of
4385:
4359:
4111:
4018:
3973:
3968:
3958:
3948:
3915:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3734:
3606:
3591:
3586:
3276:
3244:
3182:
2269:
1284:
1270:
780:
779:. Their names reflect the fact that they are activated by micro- and nearly
755:
2576:
2537:
2491:
2461:
2425:
2376:
2340:
2228:
2177:
2075:
2032:
1839:
1787:
1743:
1691:
1654:
1597:
1588:
1571:
1548:
874:
The Human Genome
Project has revealed that more than a dozen other calpain
2288:
2209:
2118:
1993:
1944:
1903:
1505:
1277:. Detergent fractionation revealed the cytosolic localization of calpain.
134:
28:
4101:
3801:
3739:
3500:
3411:
3229:
3174:
2714:
2331:
1725:
1351:
1322:
1288:
1274:
1258:
1241:
1237:
851:
818:
sequence is uniquely recognized by calpains. Amongst protein substrates,
747:
703:
691:
684:
532:
349:
77:
2529:
2067:
1633:
Huang Y, Wang KK (August 2001). "The calpain family and human disease".
3821:
3749:
3703:
3624:
3421:
3158:
3013:
2965:
1615:. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at the University of Arizona
875:
835:
827:
707:
695:
551:
368:
106:
101:
2368:
718:, also known as CAPN4, and the endogenous calpain-specific inhibitor,
264:
258:
252:
246:
240:
234:
228:
222:
216:
210:
4398:
4168:
3978:
3910:
3905:
3558:
3528:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3432:
3259:
3254:
3212:
3207:
3153:
3141:
3136:
3131:
2935:
2930:
1497:
1391:
1387:
1292:
1266:
1229:
1177:
1058:
883:
839:
791:
772:
768:
715:
711:
615:
527:
515:
503:
432:
344:
332:
320:
192:
113:
1895:
2008:
4372:
3953:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3553:
3548:
3538:
3533:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3482:
3477:
3445:
3416:
3385:
3380:
3370:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3281:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3126:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2625:
2586:
Calpains : Pharmacology and
Toxicology of a Cellular Protease
1040:
1022:
987:
963:
945:
927:
909:
859:
802:
796:
731:
1402:
induced venous thrombosis by mediating platelet hyperactivation.
3681:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
2947:
2905:
2900:
2759:
2754:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2724:
1296:
539:
356:
154:
64:
52:
4141:
3774:
2654:
846:) at the P2 position, and large hydrophobic amino acids (e.g.
1224:
progression, as well as cell-type specific functions such as
854:) at the P1 position. Arguably, the best currently available
2553:
Suzuki K, Hata S, Kawabata Y, Sorimachi H (February 2004).
1668:
Suzuki K, Hata S, Kawabata Y, Sorimachi H (February 2004).
751:
669:
4137:
1917:
Richard I, Broux O, Allamand V, et al. (April 1995).
660:
1966:
Ono Y, Shimada H, Sorimachi H, et al. (July 1998).
1859:
Head trauma: basic, preclinical, and clinical directions
1378:. This can lead to degradation of the cytoskeleton and
1283:
In the brain, while μ-calpain is mainly located in the
973:
ubiquitous (high in colon, small intestine and testis)
33:
Crystal structure of the peptidase core of
Calpain II.
16:
Protease enzyme present in mammals and other organisms
4428:
1570:
Cuerrier D, Moldoveanu T, Davies PL (December 2005).
672:
657:
790:
isoforms share an identical small (28 kDa) subunit (
783:
concentrations of Ca within the cell, respectively.
666:
663:
4324:
4288:
4257:
4226:
4175:
4084:
4017:
3929:
3898:
3820:
3724:
3702:
3614:
3604:
3569:
3498:
3430:
3396:
3169:
3119:
3089:
3061:
3051:
2964:
2946:
2916:
2810:
2705:
2696:
2621:
CaMPDB, Calpain for
Modulatory Proteolysis Database
2140:Iwata A, Stys PK, Wolf JA, et al. (May 2004).
654:
626:
614:
602:
597:
574:
562:
550:
538:
526:
514:
502:
497:
485:
473:
468:
463:
443:
431:
419:
414:
391:
379:
367:
355:
343:
331:
319:
314:
302:
290:
285:
280:
203:
191:
171:
153:
148:
124:
112:
100:
88:
76:
63:
51:
43:
38:
21:
866:), with cleavage occurring at the Phe=Ala bond.
2555:"Structure, activation, and biology of calpain"
1670:"Structure, activation, and biology of calpain"
4153:
3786:
2666:
1851:
1849:
1273:, and appear to be an essential component of
8:
2490:. University of Florida News. Archived from
1390:into the cell. This, in turn, leads to the
1050:exclusive to stomach mucosa and the GI tract
1032:exclusive to stomach mucosa and the GI tract
4160:
4146:
4138:
3793:
3779:
3771:
3611:
3058:
2702:
2673:
2659:
2651:
1168:Sol H (homolog of the drosophila gene sol)
754:, which clearly distinguished it from the
750:and having an optimum activity at neutral
694:) is a protein belonging to the family of
594:
411:
145:
27:
2613:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2566:
2415:
2330:
2278:
2268:
2218:
2208:
2167:
2157:
1983:
1934:
1829:
1733:
1681:
1587:
1070:susceptibility gene for type II diabetes
1053:might be linked to colon polyp formation
1035:might be linked to colon polyp formation
2481:
2479:
955:skeletal muscle retina and lens specific
917:Calpain-1 large subunit, Calpain mu-type
888:
4435:
1807:
1805:
1443:
935:Calpain-2 large subunit, Calpain m-type
460:
277:
18:
7:
1703:
1701:
1102:ubiquitous but high in hair follicle
1269:. Calpains have been implicated in
862:)-Glu-Pro-Leu-Phe=Ala-Glu-Arg-Lys-(
2454:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.09.007
2440:ischemia-induced damage in mice".
958:Limb Girdle muscular dystrophy 2A
14:
4438:
2626:The Calpain Family of Proteases.
2408:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00652.x
650:
3109:Calcium-induced calcium release
2641:Alzheimers and calpain protease
2628:(2001). University of Arizona.
2025:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.02.004
1399:cardiac contractile dysfunction
1382:. Calpain may also break down
1360:microtubule-associated proteins
767:, and the cysteine protease of
2830:Ionotropic glutamate receptors
2159:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0515-03.2004
1772:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.103
1257:function, helping to regulate
1:
2111:10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00070-0
1647:10.1016/S1471-4914(01)02049-4
1541:10.1016/S0022-510X(02)00013-8
149:Available protein structures:
3682:Dentin matrix phosphoprotein
2568:10.2337/diabetes.53.2007.s12
2249:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1936:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90368-2
1831:10.1182/blood-2013-05-501924
1683:10.2337/diabetes.53.2007.s12
978:as it is an ortholog of the
976:might be linked to necrosis,
824:primary amino acid sequences
2191:Neuhof C, Neuhof H (2014).
1452:"the definition of calpain"
4492:
3687:Dentin sialophosphoprotein
2323:10.1089/089771501317095269
1295:and to a lesser extent in
878:exist, some with multiple
698:-dependent, non-lysosomal
4316:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
3149:Sodium-calcium exchangers
2926:Sodium-calcium exchangers
2588:. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
2584:Yuen PW, Wang KW (1999).
1611:Thompson V (2002-02-12).
1248:and dephosphorylation by
593:
410:
144:
26:
4208:Diffusion-limited enzyme
3235:Neuronal calcium sensors
2956:Calcium-sensing receptor
2615:Medical Subject Headings
1985:10.1074/jbc.273.27.17073
1861:. New York: Wiley-Liss.
1332:cerebrovascular accident
1265:, and playing a role in
2634:Info with links in the
2270:10.1073/pnas.93.13.6687
1372:cell adhesion molecules
1199:Calpain small subunit 2
1182:Calpain small subunit 1
1153:Fish and amphibian-only
4476:Penta-EF-hand proteins
3091:Intracellular channels
2636:Cell Migration Gateway
2561:. 53. Suppl 1: S12–8.
2486:White V (1999-10-21).
1676:. 53. Suppl 1: S12–8.
1613:"Calpain Nomenclature"
1589:10.1074/jbc.M506870200
1406:Therapeutic inhibitors
1376:cell surface receptors
1366:. It may also damage
1340:traumatic brain injury
1226:long-term potentiation
858:calpain substrate is (
806:genes, respectively).
4301:Eadie–Hofstee diagram
4234:Allosteric regulation
2210:10.4330/wjc.v6.i7.638
2013:Progress in Neurology
1344:diffuse axonal injury
1307:Clinical significance
822:elements rather than
4311:Lineweaver–Burk plot
3616:Extracellular matrix
2007:Yamashima T (2013).
1726:10.1128/JVI.03385-12
1271:apoptotic cell death
1261:and the diameter of
1250:alkaline phosphatase
982:necrosis gene tra-3
810:Cleavage specificity
4097:Cancer procoagulant
3582:Parathyroid hormone
3570:Indirect regulators
3120:Intracellular pumps
2645:The Proteolysis Map
2530:10.1126/stke.114re1
2261:1996PNAS...93.6687W
2068:10.1126/stke.114re1
1714:Journal of Virology
1490:1984Natur.312..566O
1433:The Proteolysis Map
1338:) or some types of
1319:Alzheimer's disease
995:CAPNX, Calpamodulin
704:proteolytic enzymes
4270:Enzyme superfamily
4203:Enzyme promiscuity
3806:cysteine proteases
3662:Matrix gla protein
3499:Calcium-dependent
3431:Calcium-dependent
3397:Calcium-dependent
3104:Ryanodine receptor
2707:Adhesion molecules
2690:calcium metabolism
1884:Can J Appl Physiol
834:amino acids (e.g.
820:tertiary structure
700:cysteine proteases
262: L:45-344;
256: L:45-344;
250: A:45-344;
244: B:45-344;
238: A:55-353;
232: B:55-354;
226: A:55-354;
220: B:55-354;
214: A:55-354;
4426:
4425:
4135:
4134:
3768:
3767:
3720:
3719:
3704:Secreted hormones
3677:Bone sialoprotein
3600:
3599:
3063:Second messengers
3047:
3046:
2840:Kainate receptors
2686:calcium signaling
2595:978-1-56032-713-4
2369:10.1021/jm0210717
1868:978-0-471-36015-5
1370:, other enzymes,
1209:
1208:
901:Tissue expression
642:
641:
638:
637:
557:metabolic pathway
459:
458:
455:
454:
374:metabolic pathway
276:
275:
272:
271:
198:structure summary
4483:
4471:Protein families
4443:
4442:
4434:
4306:Hanes–Woolf plot
4249:Enzyme activator
4244:Enzyme inhibitor
4218:Enzyme catalysis
4162:
4155:
4148:
4139:
4117:3C-like protease
3795:
3788:
3781:
3772:
3725:Calcium-binding
3612:
3490:Protein kinase C
3059:
2812:Calcium channels
2703:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2652:
2599:
2580:
2570:
2549:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2483:
2474:
2473:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2419:
2396:Br. J. Pharmacol
2387:
2381:
2380:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2308:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2282:
2272:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2222:
2212:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2171:
2161:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1987:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1938:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1853:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1737:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1685:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1582:(49): 40632–41.
1567:
1561:
1560:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1498:10.1038/312566a0
1484:(5994): 566–70.
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1448:
1336:ischemic cascade
1246:protein kinase A
904:Disease linkage
889:
679:
678:
675:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
595:
461:
412:
278:
268: A:42-337
267:
261:
255:
249:
243:
237:
231:
225:
219:
213:
146:
31:
19:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4437:
4429:
4427:
4422:
4334:Oxidoreductases
4320:
4296:Enzyme kinetics
4284:
4280:List of enzymes
4253:
4222:
4193:Catalytic triad
4171:
4166:
4136:
4131:
4080:
4013:
3925:
3894:
3816:
3799:
3769:
3764:
3755:EGF-like domain
3716:
3698:
3596:
3565:
3494:
3426:
3392:
3165:
3115:
3085:
3043:
2960:
2942:
2912:
2806:
2692:
2679:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2583:
2552:
2515:
2511:
2509:Further reading
2506:
2497:
2495:
2485:
2484:
2477:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2363:(12): 2404–12.
2353:
2352:
2348:
2317:(11): 1229–40.
2306:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2255:(13): 6687–92.
2241:
2240:
2236:
2197:World J Cardiol
2190:
2189:
2185:
2152:(19): 4605–13.
2139:
2138:
2134:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1978:(27): 17073–8.
1965:
1964:
1960:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1896:10.1139/h96-029
1881:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1720:(16): 9030–40.
1707:
1706:
1699:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1618:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1429:
1408:
1384:sodium channels
1380:plasma membrane
1314:
1309:
1214:
1119:testis and lung
977:
880:splice variants
872:
870:Extended family
812:
744:skeletal muscle
736:lens of the eye
728:
653:
649:
263:
257:
251:
245:
239:
233:
227:
221:
215:
209:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4489:
4487:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4407:
4394:
4381:
4368:
4355:
4342:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4261:
4259:
4258:Classification
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4142:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3775:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3708:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3621:
3619:
3609:
3605:Extracellular
3602:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3505:
3503:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3448:
3437:
3435:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3304:Synaptotagmins
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3247:
3242:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3056:
3052:Intracellular
3049:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2922:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2845:NMDA receptors
2842:
2837:
2835:AMPA receptors
2827:
2825:5-HT3 receptor
2816:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2711:
2709:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2682:Cell signaling
2680:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2638:
2629:
2623:
2618:
2606:
2605:External links
2603:
2601:
2600:
2594:
2581:
2550:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2475:
2431:
2402:(7): 1523–31.
2382:
2346:
2311:J. Neurotrauma
2294:
2234:
2183:
2132:
2105:(4): 1133–44.
2089:
2046:
1999:
1958:
1909:
1874:
1867:
1845:
1824:(8): 1250–60.
1801:
1760:Food Chemistry
1749:
1697:
1660:
1635:Trends Mol Med
1625:
1603:
1562:
1529:J. Neurol. Sci
1519:
1468:
1456:Dictionary.com
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1407:
1404:
1395:depolarization
1364:neurofilaments
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
993:
990:
984:
983:
974:
971:
969:
966:
960:
959:
956:
953:
951:
948:
942:
941:
939:
936:
933:
930:
924:
923:
921:
918:
915:
912:
906:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
871:
868:
811:
808:
727:
724:
640:
639:
636:
635:
630:
624:
623:
618:
612:
611:
606:
600:
599:
591:
590:
579:
572:
571:
566:
560:
559:
554:
548:
547:
542:
536:
535:
530:
524:
523:
518:
512:
511:
506:
500:
499:
495:
494:
489:
483:
482:
477:
471:
470:
466:
465:
457:
456:
453:
452:
447:
441:
440:
435:
429:
428:
423:
417:
416:
408:
407:
396:
389:
388:
383:
377:
376:
371:
365:
364:
359:
353:
352:
347:
341:
340:
335:
329:
328:
323:
317:
316:
312:
311:
306:
300:
299:
294:
288:
287:
283:
282:
274:
273:
270:
269:
207:
201:
200:
195:
189:
188:
175:
169:
168:
158:
151:
150:
142:
141:
128:
122:
121:
116:
110:
109:
104:
98:
97:
92:
86:
85:
80:
74:
73:
68:
61:
60:
55:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4488:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4432:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4405:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4275:Enzyme family
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4239:Cooperativity
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4198:Oxyanion hole
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4163:
4158:
4156:
4151:
4149:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3899:Fruit-derived
3897:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3796:
3791:
3789:
3784:
3782:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3745:C-type lectin
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3723:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3603:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3395:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3294:Phospholamban
3292:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:Calsequestrin
3218:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3050:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2918:Calcium pumps
2915:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2859:Voltage-gated
2857:
2853:
2852:P2X receptors
2850:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:Cell membrane
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2494:on 2011-06-23
2493:
2489:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2448:(2): 309–18.
2447:
2443:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2332:2027.42/63231
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2203:(6): 638–52.
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1972:J. Biol. Chem
1969:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1890:(5): 328–46.
1889:
1885:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1641:(8): 355–62.
1640:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1614:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1576:J. Biol. Chem
1573:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1535:(1–2): 9–20.
1534:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1330:influx after
1329:
1324:
1320:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1263:blood vessels
1260:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:cell mobility
1211:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
981:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
890:
887:
885:
881:
877:
869:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
848:phenylalanine
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
809:
807:
805:
804:
799:
798:
793:
789:
788:heterodimeric
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
725:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
690:
686:
683:
677:
647:
634:
631:
629:
625:
622:
619:
617:
613:
610:
607:
605:
601:
596:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
573:
570:
567:
565:
561:
558:
555:
553:
549:
546:
543:
541:
537:
534:
533:NiceZyme view
531:
529:
525:
522:
519:
517:
513:
510:
507:
505:
501:
496:
493:
490:
488:
484:
481:
478:
476:
472:
467:
462:
451:
448:
446:
442:
439:
436:
434:
430:
427:
424:
422:
418:
413:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
390:
387:
384:
382:
378:
375:
372:
370:
366:
363:
360:
358:
354:
351:
350:NiceZyme view
348:
346:
342:
339:
336:
334:
330:
327:
324:
322:
318:
313:
310:
307:
305:
301:
298:
295:
293:
289:
284:
279:
266:
260:
254:
248:
242:
236:
230:
224:
218:
212:
208:
206:
202:
199:
196:
194:
190:
187:
183:
179:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
159:
156:
152:
147:
143:
140:
136:
132:
129:
127:
123:
120:
117:
115:
111:
108:
105:
103:
99:
96:
93:
91:
87:
84:
81:
79:
75:
72:
69:
66:
62:
59:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
37:
30:
25:
20:
4412:Translocases
4409:
4396:
4383:
4370:
4357:
4347:Transferases
4344:
4331:
4188:Binding site
3930:
3657:Hemicentin 1
3508:
3407:Calreticulin
3299:Sarcalumenin
3099:IP3 receptor
2891:TRP channels
2820:Ligand-gated
2585:
2558:
2521:
2517:
2496:. Retrieved
2492:the original
2445:
2442:Neuroscience
2441:
2434:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2360:
2357:J. Med. Chem
2356:
2349:
2314:
2310:
2297:
2252:
2248:
2237:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2102:
2099:Neuroscience
2098:
2092:
2062:(14): re 1.
2059:
2055:
2049:
2016:
2012:
2002:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1929:(1): 27–40.
1926:
1922:
1912:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1858:
1821:
1817:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1717:
1713:
1673:
1663:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1617:. Retrieved
1606:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1459:. Retrieved
1455:
1446:
1421:
1409:
1368:ion channels
1348:cytoskeleton
1334:(during the
1315:
1282:
1279:
1215:
979:
873:
814:No specific
813:
801:
795:
785:
776:
729:
645:
643:
521:BRENDA entry
492:702693-80-9
338:BRENDA entry
309:689772-75-6
4183:Active site
4127:Gingipain K
4122:Gingipain R
4092:Clostripain
3712:Osteocalcin
3692:Osteopontin
3667:Osteonectin
3441:CaM kinases
3289:Parvalbumin
3272:Neurocalcin
3267:Hippocalcin
2647:-animation.
2524:(14): re1.
2146:J. Neurosci
2056:Sci. Signal
1356:microtubule
1301:glial cells
1234:cell fusion
856:fluorogenic
832:hydrophobic
760:proteolysis
720:calpastatin
509:IntEnz view
469:Identifiers
326:IntEnz view
286:Identifiers
39:Identifiers
4455:Categories
4386:Isomerases
4360:Hydrolases
4227:Regulation
4107:Autophagin
3921:Actinidain
3890:Caspase 14
3885:Caspase 13
3880:Caspase 12
3875:Caspase 10
3760:Gla domain
3577:Calcitonin
3399:chaperones
3376:Troponin C
3240:Calsenilin
3225:Calretinin
3188:Calmodulin
2518:Sci Signal
2498:2010-08-07
1619:2010-08-06
1439:References
1358:subunits,
1242:catalyzing
1222:cell cycle
1165:Calpain 15
1148:Calpain 17
1136:ubiquitous
1131:Calpain 14
1114:Calpain 13
1097:Calpain 12
1080:Calpain 11
1063:Calpain 10
1015:ubiquitous
980:C. elegans
938:ubiquitous
920:ubiquitous
886:database.
844:isoleucine
816:amino acid
781:millimolar
765:calmodulin
738:and other
578:structures
545:KEGG entry
395:structures
362:KEGG entry
161:structures
4466:Proteases
4461:EC 3.4.22
4265:EC number
4112:Cruzipain
4019:Cathepsin
3916:Bromelain
3870:Caspase 9
3865:Caspase 8
3860:Caspase 7
3855:Caspase 6
3850:Caspase 5
3845:Caspase 4
3840:Caspase 3
3835:Caspase 2
3830:Caspase 1
3802:Proteases
3735:C2 domain
3607:chelators
3592:Vitamin K
3587:Vitamin D
3501:proteases
3277:Recoverin
3245:Frequenin
3183:Calbindin
3175:chelators
3054:signaling
2715:Cadherins
1780:0308-8146
1766:: 33–39.
1312:Pathology
1289:dendrites
1285:cell body
1238:myoblasts
1185:Calpain 4
1045:Calpain 9
1027:Calpain 8
1009:Calpain 7
992:Calpain 6
968:Calpain 5
950:Calpain 3
932:Calpain 2
914:Calpain 1
756:cathepsin
726:Discovery
692:3.4.22.53
685:3.4.22.52
498:Databases
480:3.4.22.53
464:calpain-2
315:Databases
297:3.4.22.52
281:calpain-1
107:PDOC50203
83:IPR001300
4289:Kinetics
4213:Cofactor
4176:Activity
4102:Separase
3740:Cadherin
3672:SIBLINGs
3625:Fibulins
3618:proteins
3509:Calpains
3412:Calnexin
3230:Gelsolin
2966:Annexins
2577:14749260
2559:Diabetes
2546:21992464
2538:18398107
2470:29425598
2462:18835333
2426:20233208
2377:12773044
2341:11721741
2229:25068024
2178:15140932
2127:54228571
2084:21992464
2076:18398107
2041:39292302
2033:23499711
2019:: 1–23.
1953:17565219
1840:24297866
1788:29478550
1744:23760237
1692:14749260
1674:Diabetes
1655:11516996
1598:16216885
1557:22674283
1549:11959150
1461:23 April
1427:See also
1417:MDL28170
1392:neuron's
1352:spectrin
1350:such as
1342:such as
1323:cataract
1275:necrosis
1259:clotting
1212:Function
876:isoforms
852:tyrosine
777:in vitro
748:lysosome
633:proteins
621:articles
609:articles
582:RCSB PDB
450:proteins
438:articles
426:articles
399:RCSB PDB
178:RCSB PDB
78:InterPro
4445:Biology
4399:Ligases
4169:Enzymes
3931:Calpain
3822:Caspase
3750:EF hand
3727:domains
3433:kinases
3422:HSP90B1
3282:Visinin
3171:Sensors
3159:SLC24A5
2643:, PMAP
2632:Calpain
2611:Calpain
2417:2850408
2289:8692879
2257:Bibcode
2220:4110612
2169:6729402
2119:9697120
1994:9642272
1945:7720071
1904:8905185
1796:3538480
1735:3754047
1514:4359635
1506:6095110
1486:Bibcode
1293:neurons
1230:neurons
898:Aliases
895:Protein
836:leucine
828:peptide
740:tissues
710:in the
708:clan CA
696:calcium
646:calpain
569:profile
552:MetaCyc
487:CAS no.
386:profile
369:MetaCyc
304:CAS no.
102:PROSITE
58:PF00648
47:Calpain
22:Calpain
4431:Portal
4373:Lyases
4009:CAPNS2
4004:CAPNS1
3999:CAPN14
3994:CAPN13
3989:CAPN12
3984:CAPN11
3979:CAPN10
3911:Ficain
3906:Papain
3813:3.4.22
3559:CAPN10
3213:CALML5
3208:CALML3
3154:SLC8B1
3142:ATP2A3
3137:ATP2A2
3132:ATP2A1
2936:SLC8A1
2931:SLC3A2
2617:(MeSH)
2592:
2575:
2544:
2536:
2468:
2460:
2424:
2414:
2375:
2339:
2287:
2277:
2227:
2217:
2176:
2166:
2125:
2117:
2082:
2074:
2039:
2031:
1992:
1951:
1943:
1902:
1865:
1838:
1794:
1786:
1778:
1742:
1732:
1690:
1653:
1596:
1555:
1547:
1512:
1504:
1478:Nature
1388:sodium
1374:, and
1362:, and
1321:, and
1267:memory
1195:CAPNS2
1178:CAPNS1
1144:CAPN17
1127:CAPN14
1110:CAPN13
1093:CAPN12
1085:testis
1076:CAPN11
1059:CAPN10
884:MEROPS
864:DABCYL
840:valine
792:CAPNS1
773:papain
769:papaya
716:CAPNS1
712:MEROPS
616:PubMed
598:Search
588:PDBsum
528:ExPASy
516:BRENDA
504:IntEnz
475:EC no.
433:PubMed
415:Search
405:PDBsum
345:ExPASy
333:BRENDA
321:IntEnz
292:EC no.
193:PDBsum
167:
157:
139:SUPFAM
114:MEROPS
71:CL0125
44:Symbol
4325:Types
4085:Other
3974:CAPN9
3969:CAPN8
3964:CAPN7
3959:CAPN6
3954:CAPN5
3949:CAPN3
3944:CAPN2
3939:CAPN1
3650:FBLN5
3645:FBLN4
3640:FBLN3
3635:FBLN2
3630:FBLN1
3554:CAPN9
3549:CAPN8
3544:CAPN7
3539:CAPN6
3534:CAPN5
3529:CAPN4
3524:CAPN3
3519:CAPN2
3514:CAPN1
3483:CAMK4
3478:CAMK3
3451:CAMK2
3446:CAMK1
3417:HSPA5
3386:TNNC2
3381:TNNC1
3371:S100P
3359:SYT14
3354:SYT13
3349:SYT11
3203:CALM3
3198:CALM2
3193:CALM1
3127:SERCA
3081:cADPR
3076:NAADP
3014:A8-L2
2948:GPCRs
2800:CDH17
2795:CDH16
2790:CDH15
2785:CDH14
2780:CDH13
2775:CDH12
2770:CDH11
2765:CDH10
2542:S2CID
2466:S2CID
2307:(PDF)
2280:39087
2123:S2CID
2080:S2CID
2037:S2CID
1949:S2CID
1818:Blood
1792:S2CID
1553:S2CID
1510:S2CID
1413:AK275
1297:axons
1041:CAPN9
1023:CAPN8
1012:palBH
1005:CAPN7
988:CAPN6
964:CAPN5
946:CAPN3
928:CAPN2
910:CAPN1
860:EDANS
803:CAPN2
797:CAPN1
732:brain
564:PRIAM
381:PRIAM
135:SCOPe
126:SCOP2
95:CysPc
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4417:list
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4404:list
4397:EC6
4391:list
4384:EC5
4378:list
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3344:SYT9
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3329:SYT5
3324:SYT4
3319:SYT3
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3309:SYT1
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2901:TRPC
2896:TRPA
2760:CDH9
2755:CDH8
2750:CDH7
2745:CDH6
2740:CDH5
2735:CDH4
2730:CDH3
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2720:CDH1
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2115:PMID
2072:PMID
2029:PMID
1990:PMID
1941:PMID
1923:Cell
1900:PMID
1863:ISBN
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1784:PMID
1776:ISSN
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1594:PMID
1545:PMID
1502:PMID
1463:2018
1299:and
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1255:cell
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1220:and
1161:SOLH
892:Gene
850:and
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800:and
628:NCBI
585:PDBe
540:KEGG
445:NCBI
402:PDBe
357:KEGG
265:1ziv
259:1kfu
253:1kfx
247:1u5i
241:1mdw
235:1zcm
229:2ary
223:1tlo
217:1kxr
211:1tl9
186:PDBj
182:PDBe
165:ECOD
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131:1mdw
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3071:IP3
3039:A13
3034:A12
3029:A11
3024:A10
2563:doi
2526:doi
2450:doi
2446:157
2412:PMC
2404:doi
2400:159
2365:doi
2327:hdl
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2275:PMC
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2215:PMC
2205:doi
2164:PMC
2154:doi
2107:doi
2064:doi
2021:doi
2017:105
1980:doi
1976:273
1931:doi
1892:doi
1826:doi
1822:123
1768:doi
1764:252
1730:PMC
1722:doi
1678:doi
1643:doi
1584:doi
1580:280
1537:doi
1533:196
1494:doi
1482:312
1291:of
1236:in
1228:in
604:PMC
576:PDB
421:PMC
393:PDB
205:PDB
173:PDB
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