185:
38:
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173:
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843:
1173:, a distinguished theologian of the early Church, and eyewitness to the early days of Constantine's edifice, speaks of Golgotha in eight separate passages, sometimes as near to the church where he and his listeners assembled: "Golgotha, the holy hill standing above us here, bears witness to our sight: the Holy Sepulchre bears witness, and the stone which lies there to this day." And just in such a way the
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3130:
158:
1208:
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date to
Hadrian's temple of Aphrodite, Lavas suggested that it could have been the site of the crucifixion, as it would be strong enough to hold in place a wooden trunk of up to 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) in height (among other things). The same restoration work also revealed a crack running across the surface of the rock, which continues down to the
893:
the location of the
Golgotha within a precision of less than two meters, below the circular passage situated a metre away from where the bloodstained shirt of Christ was traditionally recovered and immediately before the stairs leading down to St. Helena's Chapel (the above-mentioned mother of Emperor Constantine), alternatively called St. Vartan's Chapel.
1076:
was struck; surviving parts of the quarry to the north-east of the chapel of St. Helena are now accessible from within the chapel (by permission). Inside the church is a rock, about 7 m long by 3 m wide by 4.8 m high, that is traditionally believed to be all that now remains visible of
1168:
speaks of
Golgotha in 333: "... On the left hand is the little hill of Golgotha where the Lord was crucified. About a stone's throw from thence is a vault (crypta) wherein His body was laid, and rose again on the third day. There, at present, by the command of the Emperor Constantine, has been built
1117:
rock itself would have caused it to jut through the platform level of the
Aphrodite temple, where it would be clearly visible. The reason for Hadrian not cutting the rock down is uncertain, but Virgilio Corbo suggested that a statue, probably of Aphrodite, was placed on it, a suggestion also made by
1104:
by the art historian George Lavas and architect Theo
Mitropoulos, a round slot of 11.5 cm (4.5 in) diameter was discovered in the rock, partly open on one side (Lavas attributes the open side to accidental damage during his repairs); although the dating of the slot is uncertain, and could
1051:
Archaeological excavations under the Church of the Holy
Sepulchre have revealed Christian pilgrims' graffiti, dating from the period that the Temple of Aphrodite was still present, of a ship, a common early Christian symbol and the etching "DOMINVS IVIMVS", meaning "Lord, we went", lending possible
892:
she concluded, through multiple arguments (mainly theological and archaeological), that the true site of
Golgotha was precisely at the vertical of the now buried Constantinian basilica's altar and away from where the traditional rock of Golgotha is situated. The plans published in the book indicate
2505:
Hesemann 1999, pp. 171–172: "....Georg Lavas and ... Theo
Mitropoulos, ... cleaned off a thick layer of rubble and building material from one to 45 cm thick that covered the actual limestone. The experts still argue whether this was the work of the architects of Hadrian, who aimed thereby to adapt
2475:
Hesemann 1999, p. 170: "Von der Stadt aus muß er tatsächlich wie eine Schädelkuppe ausgesehen haben," and p. 190: a sketch; and p. 172: a sketch of the geological findings by C. Katsimbinis, 1976: "der
Felsblock ist zu 1/8 unterhalb des Kirchenbodens, verbreitert sich dort auf etwa 6,40 Meter und
1112:
Based on the late 20th century excavations of the site, there have been a number of attempted reconstructions of the profile of the cliff face. These often attempt to show the site as it would have appeared to
Constantine. However, as the ground level in Roman times was about 4–5 feet
673:
In the 19th century, Wilhelm Ludwig Krafft proposed an alternative derivation of these names, suggesting that the place had actually been known as "Gol Goatha"—which he interpreted to mean "heap of death" or "hill of execution"—and had become associated with the similar sounding
409:
And they bring him unto the place Golgotha, which is, being interpreted, The place of a skull. And they gave him to drink wine mingled with myrrh: but he received it not. And when they had crucified him, they parted his garments, casting lots upon them, what every man should
164:
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On the left hand is the little hill of Golgotha where the Lord was crucified. About a stone's throw from thence is a vault wherein his body was laid, and rose again on the third day. There, at present, by the command of the Emperor Constantine, has been built a
161:
780:. Proponents of the traditional Holy Sepulchre location point to the fact that first-century Jerusalem had a different shape and size from the 16th-century city, leaving the church's site outside the pre-AD 70 city walls. Those opposing it doubt this.
405:
And when they were come unto a place called Golgotha, that is to say, a place of a skull, They gave him vinegar to drink mingled with gall: and when he had tasted thereof, he would not drink. And they crucified him, and parted his garments, casting
902:
1257:, is beneath a cliff that contains two large sunken holes, which Gordon regarded as resembling the eyes of a skull. He and a few others before him believed that the skull-like appearance would have caused the location to be known as Golgotha.
1181:
wrote to the island presbyter Faustus in 440: "Golgotha is in the middle between the Anastasis and the Martyrium, the place of the Lord's passion, in which still appears that rock which once endured the very cross on which the Lord was."
2506:
the rock better to the temple plan, or whether it comes from 7th century cleaning....When the restorers progressed to the lime layer and the actual rock....they found they had removed a circular slot of 11.5 cm diameter".
947:
claims that the location had originally been a Christian place of veneration, but that Hadrian had deliberately buried these Christian sites and built his own temple on top, on account of his alleged hatred for Christianity.
970:, an influential mid-2nd century bishop in the region, described the location as "in the middle of the street, in the middle of the city", which matches the position of Hadrian's temple within the mid-2nd century city.
1290:, identified Mount Zion as being the Western Hill (the current Mount Zion), which is south of both the Garden Tomb and the Holy Sepulchre. Eusebius' comment therefore offers no additional argument for either location.
2927:
1113:(1.2–1.5 m) lower and the site housed Hadrian's temple to Aphrodite, much of the surrounding rocky slope must have been removed long before Constantine built the church on the site. The height of the
416:
And he bearing his cross went forth into a place called the place of a skull, which is called in the Hebrew Golgotha: Where they crucified him, and two other with him, on either side one, and Jesus in the
1188:
reports in 530: "From there (the middle of the basilica), you enter into Golgotha, where there is a large court. Here the Lord was crucified. All around that hill, there are silver screens." (See also:
184:
748:
both note that the location would have been accessible to "passers-by". Thus, locating the crucifixion site involves identifying a site that, in the city of Jerusalem some four decades before
160:
787:(41–44), who built the so-called Third Wall around a newly settled northern district, while at the time of Jesus' crucifixion around AD 30 it would still have been just outside the city.
1862:
Ancient Jerusalem: A New Investigation Into the History, Topography and Plan of the City, Environs, and Temple, Designed Principally to Illustrate the Records and Prophecies of Scripture
2920:
2373:
756:
70, would have been outside a major gate near enough to the city that the passers-by could not only see him, but also read the inscription 'Jesus the Nazarene, King of the Jews'.
1436:
1016:) is located on the crossroads of the West Cardo and what is now El-Bazar/David Street, with the Temple of Aphrodite adjacent, on the intersection of the Western Cardo and the
2892:
1000:
would traditionally be located on the intersection of the two roads, with the main temples adjacent. However, due to the obstruction posed by the Temple Mount, as well as the
804:, stated that "Six graves from the first century were found on the area of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. That means, this place outside of the city, without any doubt…".
2913:
379:
2419:
1052:
support to the statement by Melito of Sardis' asserting that early Christians identified Golgotha as being in the middle of Hadrian's city, rather than outside.
413:
And when they were come to the place, which is called Calvary, there they crucified him, and the malefactors, one on the right hand, and the other on the left.
2476:
verläuft weiter in die Tiefe"; and p. 192, a sketch by Corbo, 1980: Golgotha is distant 10 meters outside from the southwest corner of the Martyrion-basilica
1334:
2936:
2561:
1044:
layout, entirely unintentional, Hadrian is known to have concurrently built pagan temples on top of other holy sites in Jerusalem as part of an overall "
1097:
priest and archaeologist, present at the excavations, suggested that from the city the little hill (which still exists) could have looked like a skull.
3146:
793:(2003) argued that when Hadrian's builders replanned the old city, they "incidentally confirm the bringing of Golgotha inside a new town wall."
2664:
1944:
865:, in 325. Less than 45 meters (150 ft) away, Helena also identified the location of the tomb of Jesus and claimed to have discovered the
2693:
2239:
2122:
2711:"NPNF2-01. Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine – Christian Classics Ethereal Library"
1842:
Institutiones ad fundamenta linguæ Hebrææ: quibus via panditur ad ejusdem analogiam restituendam, et vindicandam: in usum collegii domestici
783:
Defenders of the traditional site have argued that the site of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was only brought within the city limits by
2516:
2087:
620:
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church Constantine built over the remainder of the enclosure was destroyed at the turn of the 11th century, and has not been replaced.
105:. The exact location of Calvary has been traditionally associated with a place now enclosed within one of the southern chapels of the
2460:
2071:
2031:
1727:
631:
2873:
2617:
2586:
1264:, which Gordon proposed as the tomb of Jesus. The Garden Tomb contains several ancient burial places, although the archaeologist
349:
890:
La Jérusalem Nouvelle et les premiers sanctuaires chrétiens de l'Arménie. Méthode pour l'étude de l'église comme temple de Dieu,
2115:
La Jérusalem Nouvelle et les premiers sanctuaires chrétiens de l'Arménie. Méthode pour l'étude de l'église comme temple de Dieu
1415:
858:
548:
121:
3106:
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3195:
3190:
2725:
2263:
1020:. The Northern Forum is located north of the Temple Mount, on the junction of the Via Dolorosa and the Eastern Cardo (the
566:
2423:
1212:
1028:, intentionally built atop the Temple Mount. Another popular holy site that Hadrian converted to a pagan temple was the
765:
109:
42:
2780:
2547:
2013:
1109:; the crack is thought by archaeologists to have been a result of the quarry workmen encountering a flaw in the rock.
790:
683:
1882:. Vol. 1. Mosul; Piscataway, New Jersey: Imprimerie des pères dominicains. p. 117 – via dukhrana.com.
1419:
1268:
has proposed that the tomb dates to the 7th century BC and that the site may have been abandoned by the 1st century.
869:; her son, Constantine, then built the Church of the Holy Sepulchre around the whole site. In 333, the author of the
2815:
1995:
1743:
1586:
1287:
749:
741:
737:
613:
102:
1138:
172:
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1240:
1184:
87:
20:
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During 1973–1978 restoration works and excavations inside the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and under the nearby
2982:
2099:
1165:
871:
829:
24:
2796:
2565:
143:
on Green Hill (now "Skull Hill") about 500 m (1,600 ft) north of the traditional site and historian
37:
2046:
1634:
1618:
1602:
745:
730:
2063:
1177:
often reported in 383: "… the church, built by Constantine, which is situated in Golgotha…" and also bishop
1045:
70:
734:
1717:
1085:
contains the upper foot or so of the rock, while the remainder is in the chapel beneath it (known as the
2897:
1856:
1568:
1244:
1146:
862:
663:
583:
125:
91:
1032:, possibly referenced to in the fifth chapter of the Gospel of John, on which was built the Temple of
1299:
1190:
1090:
773:
655:
521:
95:
2661:
3134:
3060:
2200:
1523:
1499:
1475:
1248:
1235:, was the first to publish a proposal that the rocky knoll north of Damascus Gate was the biblical
1202:
1025:
801:
312:
1224:
700::39 as a place near Jerusalem, although Krafft himself identified that location with the separate
2838:
1630:
1614:
1598:
1582:
1471:
1170:
921:. Constantine's construction took over most of the site of the earlier temple enclosure, and the
769:
390:
383:
361:
322:
113:
2688:
Whalen, Brett Edward, Pilgrimage in the Middle Ages, p. 40, University of Toronto Press, 2011;
1487:
1483:
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817:
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2235:
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2027:
1894:
1860:
1840:
1806:
1782:
1723:
1178:
1122:. Some archaeologists have suggested that prior to Hadrian's use, the rock outcrop had been a
1001:
989:
847:
842:
675:
626:
597:
2905:
2671:, by Eucherius. "What is reported, about the site of the city Jerusalem and also of Judaea";
2229:
2023:
1456:, it has been more common to translate the meaning of the Greek name directly into German as
147:
has more recently proposed a location about 175 m (574 ft) to its south-southeast.
3185:
3020:
2448:
2309:
2295:
Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism: A Parallel History of their Origins and Early Development
1913:
1836:
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1021:
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959:
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679:
514:
279:
275:
196:
2730:. The Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. pp. 103–20 – via archive.org.
1877:
3065:
2972:
2696:; Iteneraria et alia geographica, Corpus Christianorum Series Latina, vol. 175 (Turnhout,
2668:
2231:
The Bar Kokhba war reconsidered: new perspectives on the second Jewish revolt against Rome
1423:
1261:
1041:
529:
513:) meaning "to roll". The form preserved in the Greek text, however, is actually closer to
490:
302:
292:
265:
1722:. Resources for Biblical Study 41. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. p. 115.
559:
or "Place of the Skull", the Greek forms of the name grammatically refer to the place of
2745:
2624:
2593:
800:, the former City Archaeologist of Jerusalem and Professor of Land of Israel Studies at
2997:
2868:
2810:
2293:
Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1996). "Judaism to Mishnah: 135–220 C.E". In Hershel Shanks (ed.).
1796:
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394:
144:
52:
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1543:
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1653:
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426:
398:
333:
329:
289:
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2329:
The Jews under Roman rule: from Pompey to Diocletian, a study in political relations
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Christian tradition since the fourth century has favoured a location now within the
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2314:
1703:
1453:
1150:
1017:
993:
715:
651:
605:
261:
117:
1527:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1040:. While the positioning of the Temple of Aphrodite may be, in light of the common
2017:
1901:. Vol. 1. Oxford: The Calerndon Press. p. 324 – via dukhrana.com.
1800:
1776:
1719:
Building Your Biblical Hebrew Vocabulary Learning Words by Frequency and Cognate
1216:
1157:
697:
667:
639:
634:, the 9th-century patriarch of Alexandria. The usual form of the legend is that
422:
189:
140:
136:
106:
2271:
1352:
3081:
3050:
2675:"Eucherii, Quae fertur, de situ Hierusolimitanae urbis atque ipsius Iudaeae."
1253:
1094:
1072:, it was found that the area was originally a quarry, from which white Meleke
974:
931:
901:
866:
659:
245:
203:
3161:
3148:
2345:
1563:
909:: Two main east–west roads were built, as well as two main north–south roads.
3129:
3030:
3025:
2967:
2957:
1699:
1683:
1649:
1400:
1384:
1368:
1207:
1153:
1073:
1033:
977:
918:
851:
797:
609:
525:
241:
235:
216:
208:
129:
547:
can mean either "a skull" or "the skull" depending on context and numerous
835:
Disc marking traditional place, under the altar, where Jesus' cross stood.
260::17. Versions of these names have been used in English since at least the
3116:
3045:
2992:
2496:(proceedings of the 5th International Seminar in Jewish Art), pp. 147–150
2137:
1931:
1283:
1271:
1069:
1013:
988:(which is now the Suq Khan-ez-Zeit), and an east–west arterial road, the
940:
926:
881:
711:
576:
369:
325:
1286:, the first-century AD historian who knew the city as it was before the
857:
The traditional location of Golgotha derives from its identification by
823:
Pilgrims queue to touch the rock of Calvary in Chapel of the Crucifixion
101:
Since at least the early medieval period, it has been a destination for
3111:
3055:
3015:
2952:
2944:
2697:
2379:
1396:
1380:
1364:
1348:
1232:
1228:
1037:
906:
572:
357:
257:
253:
249:
200:
31:
1247:
endorsed this view; subsequently the site has sometimes been known as
733:
describes the crucifixion site as being "near the city". According to
227:
219:
3101:
3040:
1119:
914:
601:
587:
372:
since at least the 6th century. It has thus often been referenced as
1274:
comments that Golgotha was in his day (the 4th century) pointed out
888:
In Nazénie Garibian de Vartavan's doctoral thesis, now published as
90:'s walls where, according to Christianity's four canonical gospels,
2885: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2874:
Polish Calvaries: Architecture as a Stage for the Passion of Christ
1920:. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. p. 60 – via dukhrana.com.
3007:
1206:
1137:
1127:
1059:
985:
900:
841:
528::18, although the term is traditionally considered to derive from
183:
177:
171:
156:
36:
2494:
The Real and Ideal Jerusalem in Jewish, Christian and Islamic Art
2405:
Archaeological researches in Palestine during the years 1873–1874
2188:
Archaeological researches in Palestine during the years 1873–1874
1879:
Treasure of the Syriac Language: A Dictionary of Classical Syriac
2987:
2962:
2679:
XXXIX Itinera Hierosolymitana, Saeculi IIII–VIII, P. Geyer, 1898
2519:, photo by Paul Badde: der steinere Ring auf dem Golgothafelsen.
2060:
The Church in Ancient Society: From Galilee to Gregory the Great
1142:
643:
635:
365:
2909:
1327:
1211:
Rocky escarpment resembling a skull, located northwest of the
1012:, two forums, and several temples. The Western Forum (now the
579:
since antiquity to refer to skulls and heads more generally.)
1282:
was used previously in reference to the Temple Mount itself,
705:
564:
484:
474:
464:
454:
444:
434:
2374:"Ship hangs in balance at Pella Evangelical Lutheran Church"
586:
offered various interpretations of the name and its origin.
264:, a tradition shared with most European languages including
81:
2297:. Washington DC: Biblical Archaeology Society. p. 196.
2864:
1169:
a basilica, that is to say, a church of wondrous beauty",
1064:
Natural stone of Golgotha in the Chapel of Adam below site
962:
had been built, Christians associated it with the site of
929:(which was replaced after the 12th century by the present
135:
Other locations have been suggested: in the 19th century,
2517:
Vatican 3/2007, p. 11, here p. 3 photo No. 4, quite right
1802:
The Harmony, Chronicle, and Order of the New Testament...
1572:. Vol. III. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1908.
520:, which also appears in reference to a head count in the
2543:
Does the Holy Sepulchre Church Mark the Burial of Jesus?
2778:
Barkay, Gabriel (March–April 1986). "The Garden Tomb".
1004:
encampment on the Western Hill, Hadrian's city had two
939:) roughly overlap with the temple building itself; the
2310:
Christianity in the second century: the case of Tatian
913:
Prior to Helena's identification, the site had been a
726:
There is no consensus as to the location of the site.
2562:"Bordeaux Pilgrim – Text 7b: Jerusalem (second part)"
1932:
various translations of Matthew 27:33 at Biblehub.com
1755:
1753:
642:
retrieved the body of Adam from the resting place of
232:(all meaning "place of the Skull" or "a Skull"), and
1781:(3rd ed.), New York: Charles Scribner, p.
575:, the upper part of the skull, but it has been used
3074:
3006:
2943:
2618:"Cyril, Catechetical Lectures, year 347, lecture X"
1744:"H1538 - gulgoleth - Strong's Hebrew Lexicon (KJV)"
1219:
with c. 1900s picture posted on pole for comparison
604:associated it with legends concerning the skull of
2361:Ship as a Symbol of the Church (Bark of St. Peter)
1260:Nearby is an ancient rock-cut tomb known today as
2420:"Exploring Aelia Capitolina, Hadrian's Jerusalem"
2173:Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire
973:The Romans typically built a city according to a
590:considered it a place of execution by beheading (
2515:Vatican-magazin.com, Vatican 3/2007, pp. 12/13;
2270:. The University of South Dakota. Archived from
1435:Cf. Bavarian State Library MS. Rar. 880 (1494),
875:, entering from the east, described the result:
316:
139:scholars proposed a different location near the
2268:The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces
2166:
2164:
2162:
2019:An Essay on the Ancient Topography of Jerusalem
1126:– a Jewish funeral monument, equivalent to the
877:
600:describes it as a place resembling a head, and
563:skull and a place named Skull. (The Greek word
19:"Golgotha" redirects here. For other uses, see
2443:
2441:
1145:of Jesus being led to Golgotha, 16th century,
884:; that is to say, a church of wondrous beauty.
2921:
2765:A Special Place: The Story of the Garden Tomb
1251:. The location, usually referred to today as
283:
8:
1645:
1643:
1457:
1338:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
776:and were rebuilt in the 16th century by the
691:
536:
508:
498:
306:
296:
269:
2262:Lehmann, Clayton Miles (22 February 2007).
1972:
1970:
1912:Payne Smith, J. (Mrs. Margoliouth) (1903).
591:
542:
233:
225:
214:
206:
199:names Calvary and Golgotha derive from the
60:
2937:New Testament places associated with Jesus
2928:
2914:
2906:
2739:
2737:
1822:Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament
1081:; the design of the church means that the
2750:Zeitschrift für die historische Theologie
1664:
1662:
1227:, a theologian and biblical scholar from
1100:During a 1986 repair to the floor of the
168:Altar at the traditional site of Golgotha
2623:. p. 160, note 1221. Archived from
2484:
2482:
2088:in German television ZDF, April 11, 2007
1845:(in Latin). Johannes Luzac. p. 334.
658:to Golgotha, a skull-shaped hill at the
2652:, ccel.org. Accessed February 25, 2024.
1865:. Macmillan & Company. p. 272.
1679:
1677:
1315:
1239:. He relied heavily on the research of
608:. This buried skull of Adam appears in
360:merely identify Golgotha as a "place",
2592:. p. 51, note 313. Archived from
2363:Jesus Walk, accessed 11 February 2015.
958:, at least as early as 30 years after
662:where Adam had previously crushed the
2867:– proposes that Golgotha was outside
1824:, United Bible Societies, p. 834
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1411:
1409:
768:. This places it well within today's
503:, "skull"), ultimately from the verb
7:
2901:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2752:(in German) – via archive.org.
2455:(in German). Freiburg. p. 170.
2418:followinghadrian (5 November 2014).
537:
188:Chapel of Mount Calvary, painted by
41:Traditional site of Golgotha in the
2677:Corpus Scriptorum Eccles. Latinorum
1134:Pilgrimages to Constantine's Church
740:, it was "outside the city gate".
692:
621:Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan
509:
499:
180:at the traditional site of Golgotha
2891:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
1775:Alexander, Joseph Addison (1863),
686:identified this "Goatha" with the
14:
2113:Garibian de Vartavan, N. (2008).
951:There is certainly evidence that
905:Jerusalem after being rebuilt by
86:) was a site immediately outside
3128:
2880:
2746:"Golgatha et Sanctum Sepulchrum"
2673:Epistola Ad Faustum Presbyterum.
1820:Louw, J.P.; et al. (1996),
828:
816:
714:, the "Garden Gate" west of the
612:medieval legends, including the
571:does more specifically mean the
364:has described the location as a
328:the Latin forms directly, while
2727:Golgotha and The Holy Sepulchre
2662:Letter To The Presbyter Faustus
2530:The Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem
1977:Krafft, Wilhelm Ludwig (1846),
1918:A Compendious Syriac Dictionary
429:, the relevant terms appear as
116:to have been recognized by the
2893:Congregations of Mount Calvary
2317:, Psychology Press, 2003, p. 7
2234:. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 36–.
1958:Five Books in Reply to Marcion
1288:Roman destruction of Jerusalem
846:The Holy Sepulchre (1) in the
1:
1805:, London: J.F. Dove, p.
1462:, equivalent to "Skullplace".
1024:), adjacent to the Temple of
952:
551:render the relevant passages
153:Biblical references and names
2851:– via jewishbible.org.
1893:Payne Smith, Robert (1879).
1778:The Gospel According to Mark
1243:. In 1882–83, Major-General
1213:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
808:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
766:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
760:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
110:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
82:
43:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
2826:– via britannica.com.
2781:Biblical Archaeology Review
2724:Wilson, Charles W. (1906).
2548:Biblical Archaeology Review
2403:Clermont-Ganneau, Charles.
2186:Clermont-Ganneau, Charles.
1979:Die Topographie Jerusalems
3212:
1876:Audo, Toma, ed. (2008) ].
1716:Lande, George M. (2001) .
1200:
706:
565:
541:) instead. Although Latin
485:
475:
465:
455:
445:
435:
128:, during her visit to the
74:
29:
18:
16:Location outside Jerusalem
3125:
2351:, accessed 25 March 2014.
1732:– via sbl-site.org.
1185:Breviarius de Hierosolyma
21:Golgotha (disambiguation)
2983:Mount of Transfiguration
2839:"The Unknown Mount Zion"
2587:"St. Cyril of Jerusalem"
2100:Itinerarium Burdigalense
1166:Itinerarium Burdigalense
872:Itinerarium Burdigalense
30:Not to be confused with
25:Calvary (disambiguation)
3135:Christianity portal
2816:Encyclopædia Britannica
2349:New Advent encyclopedia
2117:. London: Isis Pharia.
2064:Oxford University Press
1335:Encyclopædia Britannica
1196:
244:in his translations of
2744:Thenius, Otto (1842).
2492:, published (1996) in
2228:Peter Schäfer (2003).
2212:Jerome Murphy-O'Connor
1857:Thrupp, Joseph Francis
1763:. Abarim Publications.
1746:. blueletterbible.org.
1458:
1220:
1161:
1133:
1065:
980: – a north–south
910:
886:
854:
592:
543:
332:and other translators
317:
307:
297:
284:
270:
234:
226:
215:
207:
192:
181:
169:
61:
56:
45:
3162:31.77861°N 35.22944°E
2898:Catholic Encyclopedia
2865:Golgotha Rediscovered
2058:Chadwick, H. (2003).
2022:, J. Weale, pp.
1569:Catholic Encyclopedia
1245:Charles George Gordon
1210:
1147:Theophanes the Cretan
1141:
1063:
904:
863:Constantine the Great
845:
772:, which surround the
678:words for "skull" in
584:Fathers of the Church
187:
175:
167:
126:Constantine the Great
40:
3196:New Testament places
3191:Crucifixion of Jesus
2763:White, Bill (1989).
2336:Brill, 1981, p. 460.
2264:"Palestine: History"
2000:Strong's Concordance
1300:Crucifixion of Jesus
549:English translations
493:equivalent would be
3158: /
2490:The Rock of Calvary
2426:on 18 February 2017
2142:Life of Constantine
1962:Ante-Nicene Fathers
1761:"The Name Golgotha"
1276:north of Mount Zion
1026:Jupiter Capitolinus
945:Christian tradition
897:Temple to Aphrodite
859:Queen Mother Helena
802:Bar-Ilan University
660:center of the earth
630:, and the works of
362:Christian tradition
336:them in forms like
107:multidenominational
3167:31.77861; 35.22944
2700:1965), pp. 109–112
2667:2008-06-13 at the
2649:Iteneraria Egeriae
2326:E. Mary Smallwood
2153:Melito of Sardis,
1947:. Perseus Project.
1899:Thesaurus Syriacus
1221:
1171:Cyril of Jerusalem
1162:
1066:
992:(which is now the
911:
855:
770:walls of Jerusalem
593:locum decollatorum
555:place of the skull
391:King James Version
323:King James Version
193:
182:
170:
46:
3141:
3140:
3092:Caesarea Philippi
3087:Caesarea Maritima
2694:978-1-4426-0199-4
2449:Hesemann, Michael
2307:Emily Jane Hunt,
2241:978-3-16-148076-8
2124:978-0-9527827-7-3
1964:, Vol. 4, p. 276.
1837:Schultens, Albert
1416:Đa Halgan Godspel
1179:Eucherius of Lyon
1010:Decumanus Maximus
990:Decumanus Maximus
848:Christian Quarter
627:Cave of Treasures
615:Book of the Rolls
598:Pseudo-Tertullian
522:Samaritan version
348:which were later
165:
80:
3203:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3133:
3132:
3107:Road to Damascus
3061:Jerusalem Temple
2930:
2923:
2916:
2907:
2902:
2884:
2883:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2843:
2837:Zanger, Walter.
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2807:
2801:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2701:
2686:
2680:
2659:
2653:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2629:
2622:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2598:
2591:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2564:. Archived from
2558:
2552:
2539:
2533:
2528:Virgilio Corbo,
2526:
2520:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2486:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2445:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2422:. Archived from
2415:
2409:
2408:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2343:
2337:
2324:
2318:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2274:on 10 March 2008
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2225:
2219:
2209:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2110:
2104:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2055:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2014:Fergusson, James
2010:
2004:
2002:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1974:
1965:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1713:
1707:
1697:
1691:
1681:
1672:
1666:
1657:
1654:Maththaion 27:33
1647:
1638:
1628:
1622:
1612:
1606:
1596:
1590:
1587:Matthew 27:33–35
1580:
1574:
1573:
1560:
1547:
1537:
1531:
1521:
1515:
1497:
1491:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1446:
1440:
1433:
1427:
1413:
1404:
1394:
1388:
1378:
1372:
1362:
1356:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1331:
1320:
1249:Gordon's Calvary
1203:Gordon's Calvary
1197:Gordon's Calvary
1030:Pool of Bethesda
968:Melito of Sardis
960:Hadrian's temple
957:
954:
832:
820:
755:
709:
708:
695:
694:
680:folk etymologies
654:and were led by
595:
570:
569:
558:
546:
540:
539:
512:
511:
502:
501:
488:
487:
478:
477:
468:
467:
458:
457:
448:
447:
438:
437:
421:In the standard
377:
320:
310:
300:
287:
273:
239:
231:
223:
212:
166:
85:
79:romanized:
78:
76:
64:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3176:
3175:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3137:
3127:
3121:
3070:
3066:Mount of Olives
3002:
2939:
2934:
2890:
2881:
2861:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2821:
2819:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2793:
2789:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2743:
2742:
2735:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2687:
2683:
2669:Wayback Machine
2660:
2656:
2646:
2642:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2571:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2540:
2536:
2527:
2523:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2487:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2453:Die Jesus-Tafel
2447:
2446:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2344:
2340:
2325:
2321:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2218:, (2008), p. 29
2210:
2206:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2171:Ball, Warwick.
2170:
2169:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1956:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1929:
1925:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1797:Lightfoot, John
1795:
1794:
1790:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1698:
1694:
1682:
1675:
1667:
1660:
1648:
1641:
1629:
1625:
1613:
1609:
1597:
1593:
1581:
1577:
1564:"Mount Calvary"
1562:
1561:
1550:
1538:
1534:
1522:
1518:
1498:
1494:
1470:
1466:
1447:
1443:
1434:
1430:
1414:
1407:
1395:
1391:
1379:
1375:
1363:
1359:
1353:Matthaeum 27:33
1347:
1343:
1329:"Calvary"
1322:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1296:
1262:the Garden Tomb
1241:Edward Robinson
1205:
1199:
1136:
1058:
955:
899:
840:
839:
838:
837:
836:
833:
825:
824:
821:
810:
762:
753:
750:its destruction
724:
696:) mentioned in
684:James Fergusson
552:
393:, the relevant
373:
157:
155:
62:Calvariae locus
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3209:
3207:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3178:
3177:
3139:
3138:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2998:Sea of Galilee
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2860:
2859:External links
2857:
2855:
2854:
2829:
2802:
2787:
2770:
2755:
2733:
2716:
2702:
2681:
2654:
2640:
2609:
2578:
2553:
2534:
2521:
2508:
2498:
2488:George Lavas,
2478:
2468:
2461:
2437:
2410:
2407:. p. 103.
2395:
2384:. 10 June 2008
2365:
2353:
2338:
2319:
2300:
2285:
2254:
2240:
2220:
2204:
2193:
2178:
2175:. p. 294.
2158:
2146:
2130:
2123:
2105:
2103:, pp. 593, 594
2091:
2079:
2072:
2066:. p. 21.
2050:
2039:
2032:
2005:
1987:
1966:
1950:
1936:
1930:Cf. e.g., the
1923:
1904:
1885:
1868:
1848:
1828:
1812:
1788:
1767:
1749:
1735:
1728:
1708:
1692:
1673:
1658:
1639:
1623:
1607:
1591:
1575:
1548:
1532:
1516:
1492:
1464:
1441:
1428:
1405:
1389:
1373:
1357:
1341:
1326:, ed. (1911).
1324:Chisholm, Hugh
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1266:Gabriel Barkay
1201:Main article:
1198:
1195:
1175:pilgrim Egeria
1135:
1132:
1107:Chapel of Adam
1102:Calvary Chapel
1091:Virgilio Corbo
1083:Calvary Chapel
1057:
1054:
937:Calvary chapel
898:
895:
834:
827:
826:
822:
815:
814:
813:
812:
811:
809:
806:
791:Henry Chadwick
778:Ottoman Empire
761:
758:
723:
720:
666:following the
664:serpent's head
489:). Golgotha's
419:
418:
414:
411:
407:
154:
151:
71:Biblical Greek
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3208:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3174:
3171:
3136:
3131:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2919:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2887:public domain
2879:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2840:
2833:
2830:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2728:
2720:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2630:on 2007-06-16
2626:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2599:on 2007-06-16
2595:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2568:on 2016-05-13
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2551:May/June 1986
2550:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2462:3-451-27092-7
2458:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2411:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2383:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2332:, p. 460, at
2331:
2330:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2289:
2286:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2255:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2216:The Holy Land
2213:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2073:0-19-926577-1
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2033:9780524050347
2029:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1996:"H1601: Goah"
1991:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1945:"κρανίον, τό"
1940:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1729:1-58983-003-2
1725:
1721:
1720:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1659:
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1640:
1636:
1635:John 19:17–18
1632:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1603:Mark 15:22–24
1600:
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1476:Matthew 27:33
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1455:
1451:
1450:Martin Luther
1445:
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486:Κρανίου τόπον
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461:Kraníou tópos
456:κρανίου τόπος
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451:kraníou tópos
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432:
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427:New Testament
425:texts of the
424:
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412:
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404:
403:
402:
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399:New Testament
396:
392:
387:
385:
381:
380:English hymns
376:
375:Mount Calvary
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1669:Iōanēn 19:17
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1621:. (1769 ed.)
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614:
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2797:Onomasticon
2541:Dan Bahat,
2430:28 February
2313:, p. 7, at
2201:John 5:1–18
1504:Maþeu 23:33
1480:Marke 15:22
1454:translation
1437:Lucas 23:33
1420:Lucas 23:33
1385:Lucam 23:33
1217:Garden Tomb
1215:, near the
1158:Mount Athos
975:Hippodamian
698:Jeremiah 31
668:Fall of Man
640:Melchizedek
500:גֻּלְגֹּלֶת
423:Koine Greek
190:Luigi Mayer
145:Joan Taylor
141:Garden Tomb
3180:Categories
3153:35°13′46″E
3150:31°46′43″N
3051:Gethsemane
2978:Gennesaret
2794:Eusebius,
2634:2007-06-12
2603:2007-06-12
2572:2011-10-25
2247:4 December
2086:Dan Bahat
2062:. Oxford:
2047:John 19:20
1985:. (German)
1960:, Book 2,
1914:"Golgotha"
1895:"Golgotha"
1619:Luke 23:33
1544:Luke 23:33
1528:Mark 15:22
1512:Joon 19:17
1508:Luke 23:33
1488:John 19:17
1484:Luke 23:33
1439:. (German)
1311:References
1280:Mount Zion
1254:Skull Hill
1095:Franciscan
1048:" policy.
956: 160
932:Catholicon
867:True Cross
746:Mark 15:29
384:literature
334:anglicized
318:Kalvarijos
313:Lithuanian
246:Matthew 27
137:Protestant
103:pilgrimage
3082:Bethabara
3031:Bethphage
3026:Bethlehem
2968:Capernaum
2958:Bethsaida
2388:3 January
2155:On Easter
1706:. (Greek)
1690:. (Greek)
1671:. (Greek)
1656:. (Greek)
1403:. (Latin)
1387:. (Latin)
1371:. (Latin)
1355:. (Latin)
1223:In 1842,
1193:in 338.)
1154:Monastery
1074:limestone
1034:Asclepius
1022:Tyropoeon
978:grid plan
919:Aphrodite
852:Jerusalem
798:Dan Bahat
632:Eutychius
526:Numbers 1
441:Golgathân
256::33, and
217:Calvariae
209:Calvariae
130:Holy Land
112:, a site
96:crucified
88:Jerusalem
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3117:Umm Qais
3046:Gabbatha
3021:Bethesda
2993:Nazareth
2973:Chorazin
2665:Archived
2451:(1999).
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2378:Sidney (
2278:18 April
2138:Eusebius
2016:(1847),
1859:(1855).
1839:(1737).
1799:(1822),
1524:Wycliffe
1500:Wycliffe
1452:'s 1522
1294:See also
1284:Josephus
1278:. While
1272:Eusebius
1237:Golgotha
1191:Eusebius
1115:Golgotha
1079:Golgotha
1070:Muristan
1056:Rockface
1014:Muristan
964:Golgotha
941:basilica
927:cloister
882:basilica
796:In 2007
774:Old City
722:Location
712:Josephus
567:κρᾱνῐ́ον
544:calvaria
518:Golgolta
495:Gulgōleṯ
446:Γολγοθᾶν
431:Golgothâ
370:mountain
342:Caluerie
338:Caluarie
330:Wycliffe
326:borrowed
308:Kalwaria
298:Calvarie
290:Lutheran
285:Calvario
271:Calvaire
240:used by
236:Golgotha
132:in 325.
120:empress
83:Golgothâ
67:Golgotha
3186:Calvary
3056:Jericho
3036:Calvary
3016:Bethany
2945:Galilee
2889::
2698:Brepols
2380:Montana
1540:Tyndale
1397:Vulgate
1381:Vulgate
1365:Vulgate
1349:Vulgate
1233:Germany
1229:Dresden
1042:Colonia
1038:Serapis
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923:Rotunda
907:Hadrian
735:Hebrews
702:Gennáth
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573:cranium
533:Gāgūlṯā
515:Aramaic
479:), and
476:Κρανίον
471:Kraníon
436:Γολγοθᾶ
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397:of the
358:Gospels
354:Calvary
346:Calueri
311:), and
288:), pre-
280:Italian
276:Spanish
258:John 19
254:Luke 23
250:Mark 15
201:Vulgate
197:English
75:Γολγοθᾶ
49:Calvary
32:cavalry
3112:Sychar
3102:Gerasa
3041:Emmaus
2811:"Zion"
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1983:, Bonn
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1700:Nestle
1684:Nestle
1650:Nestle
1448:After
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1124:nefesh
1120:Jerome
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984:, the
915:temple
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707:Γεννάθ
693:גֹּעָה
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618:, the
602:Origen
588:Jerome
538:ܓܓܘܠܬܐ
530:Syriac
491:Hebrew
417:midst.
395:verses
344:, and
303:Polish
293:German
266:French
242:Jerome
122:Helena
3097:Egypt
3075:Other
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2953:Aenon
2842:(PDF)
2800:, 365
2628:(PDF)
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410:take.
401:are:
252::22,
248::33,
228:locum
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178:altar
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2824:2021
2690:ISBN
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2249:2011
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