42:
270:
293:) was also the English king at the time of Calvin's birth—meaning that Robert Calvin, in the judgement of the court, was just as much a subject of the king of England as if he had been born in England instead of Scotland. The judges of the court cited existing statutes—including particularly a 1351 statute,
198:
owed to a king by his subjects—connected as it was to the holding of interests in land—ruled out the possibility of any given individual holding land in two different kingdoms. Robert Calvin, born in
Scotland in November 1605, was granted estates in England, but his rights to that were challenged on
237:
used the occasion to discuss the position of "perpetual enemies", specifying "All
Infidels are in Law perpetui inimici (perpetual enemies)" (166). Having accepted that a king who conquers a Christian kingdom is constrained by the continuance of such laws as exist until new laws are put in place, he
496:
Coke's report of Calvin's Case was one of the most important
English common-law decisions adopted by courts in the early history of the United States. Rules of citizenship derived from Calvin's Case became the basis of the American common-law rule of birthright
770:
299:, which granted the benefits of subject status to foreign-born children of the king's subjects—as supporting the concept that allegiance was tied to the person of the king, rather than to the kingdom itself or its laws.
329:)—but these legislative efforts had been unsuccessful. Concerns had been expressed that extending the privileges of English subjects to all Scots would cause England to be flooded by "an influx of 'hungry Scots
471:
Calvin's Case 7 Co. Rep. 1a, 77 ER 377, reprinted in The
Reports of Sir Edward Coke, In Thirteen Parts, A New Edition, vol. 4, p. 1 (London, Joseph Butterworth and Son 1826).
931:
226:
ruled in Calvin's favour, finding that he was not an alien and did have the right to hold land in
England. Two of those dissented: Sir Thomas Foster (1548–1612) and
941:
202:
As it happened, the child "Robert Calvin" was actually named Robert
Colville; he was the son of Robert Colville, Master of Culross, and grandson of the courtier
203:
169:
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820:
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in relation to
England, on the theory that King James had not yet become the king of England at the time of their birth. Attempts had been made in the
911:
976:
803:
424:
971:
886:
Francis Bacon's Case of the Post-Nati:(1608); Foundations of Anglo-American
Constitutionalism; An Application of Critical Constitutional Theory
333:". Objections were also raised that granting naturalisation to all the Scots would have encouraged the legal philosophy, espoused by James, of
585:
526:
219:
90:
242:
the Laws of the
Infidel are abrogated, for that they be not only against Christianity, but against the Law of God and of Nature." (170).
683:
412:
157:
966:
860:
946:
652:
610:
956:
372:"claim all the rights and protections of English citizenship". In fact, one scholar asserts that the legal apologists for the
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436:
238:
continues, however, "if a
Christian King should conquer a kingdom of an Infidel, and bring them under his subjection, there
951:
407:
901:
396:
405:
as the primary determining factor controlling the acquisition of citizenship by birth, for example in the 1898 case
926:
906:
961:
852:
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in 1603—and on the fact that the monarch into whose allegiance he was born (the same James, in his capacity as
921:
399:
and by state courts transformed it into a rule regarding American citizenship and solidified the concept of
273:
James, King of Scots, inherited the throne of England in 1603, uniting both kingdoms under a single monarch.
247:
227:
168:
was eventually adopted by courts in the United States, and the case played an important role in shaping the
114:
646:
845:"Revising Custom, Embracing Choice: Early American Legal Scholars and the Republicanization of Common Law"
321:, to naturalise all of James's Scottish subjects—both those born after his English accession in 1603 (the
243:
94:
376:
claimed they had "improved on the rights of Englishmen" by creating additional, purely American rights.
338:
110:
41:
411:. The case has also been cited as providing legal justification for the restriction of legal rights to
106:
795:
533:
Nearly all scholarship on the origins of American citizenship acknowledges the singular importance of
916:
470:
416:
361:
395:
was well known in the early judicial history of the United States. Consideration of the case by the
388:
373:
295:
145:
420:
384:
314:
446:, an alternative theory of citizenship based on inheriting citizenship from a parent or parents
856:
689:
679:
581:
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in shaping the legal and philosophical principles upon which American citizenship was founded.
522:
379:
Owing to its inclusion in the standard legal treatises of the nineteenth century (compiled by
334:
223:
102:
52:
518:
796:"The Ancient Constitution and the Expanding Empire: Sir Edward Coke's British Jurisprudence"
615:
557:
807:
697:
454:, a legal principle whereby new decisions should be consistent with established precedents
286:
215:
179:
144:, was a 1608 English legal decision establishing that a child born in Scotland, after the
98:
672:
645:
149:
831:(University of California Press), pp. 31–32 – via Google Books. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
285:—subjects born into the allegiance of the Scottish king James after he had become the
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511:
450:
442:
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191:
74:
250:
to dispense with affording Native Americans any rights as they settled in Virginia.
627:
483:
17:
380:
310:
246:
argues that Coke used this occasion to quietly provide a legal sanction for the
234:
178:("law of the soil", or citizenship by virtue of birth within the territory of a
161:
619:
345:, the English Parliament could have enacted a naturalisation bill covering the
641:
195:
153:
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701:
368:
fit America's situation, and thus reasoned that the 18th century colonists
401:
174:
199:
the grounds that, as a Scot, he could not legally own English land.
268:
849:
Empire and Nation: The American Revolution In The Atlantic World
771:"Natural Law and Birthright Citizenship in Calvin's Case (1608)"
484:"Natural Law and Birthright Citizenship in Calvin's Case (1608)"
863:, p. 102, n. 33 – via Google Books. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
564:(Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2003). Vol. 1. 31 March 2017.
138:(1608), 77 ER 377, (1608) Co Rep 1a, also known as the
560:
The Selected Writings and Speeches of Sir Edward Coke
577:
The Discourse of Legitimacy in Early Modern England
121:
86:
81:
66:
58:
48:
34:
671:
510:
656:. Vol. 59. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
802:21.3: para. 28–33 – via History Cooperative.
790:
788:
678:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
305:did not extend English subject status to the
8:
674:The American Indian in Western Legal Thought
614:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
233:Although not directly relevant to the case,
204:James Colville, 1st Lord Colville of Culross
364:. Some scholars believed that the case did
839:
837:
665:
663:
580:. Stanford University Press. p. 321.
309:(Scots born prior to 1603). They remained
40:
31:
847:. In Eliga H. Gould, Peter S. Onuf, ed.,
608:Williamson, Arthur H. "Colville, James".
775:Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities
281:hinged on Calvin's status as one of the
611:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
463:
425:federal government of the United States
325:) and also those born before 1603 (the
170:American rule of birthright citizenship
942:United Kingdom constitutional case law
829:England's Rise to Greatness, 1660–1763
517:. Cambridge University Press. p.
488:Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities
222:, alongside 14 judges gathered in the
932:Court of King's Bench (England) cases
220:Thomas Egerton, 1st Viscount Brackley
7:
360:contributed to the concept of the
152:in 1603, was considered under the
77:, (1608) Co Rep 1a, Trin. 6 Jac. 1
25:
827:. In Stephen Bartow Baxter, ed.,
653:Dictionary of National Biography
160:and entitled to the benefits of
912:1608 in international relations
794:Hulsebosch, Daniel J. (2003).
437:United Kingdom immigration law
1:
972:United States nationality law
843:Ellen Holmes Pearson (2005).
825:: New Light on an Old Debate"
574:Robert Zaller (14 May 2007).
408:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
670:Williams, Robert A. (1990).
628:UK public library membership
509:Swain, Carol Miller (2007).
397:United States Supreme Court
93:, and 14 judges, including
27:1608 English legal decision
993:
977:England–Scotland relations
872:Price (1997), p. 138–139.
819:Arthur J. Slavin (1983).
714:Price (1997), p. 101–102.
647:"Walmesley, Thomas"
126:
111:Sir Christopher Yelverton
39:
967:Legal history of England
853:Johns Hopkins University
810:. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
769:Price, Polly J. (1997).
750:Price (1997), pp. 98–99.
548:Price (1997), pp. 81–82.
482:Price, Polly J. (1997).
947:British nationality law
349:, but it never did so.
248:London Virginia Company
957:History of nationality
806:29 August 2012 at the
800:Law and History Review
620:10.1093/ref:odnb/67449
274:
244:Robert A. Williams Jr.
937:English land case law
759:Price (1997), p. 119.
723:Price (1997), p. 117.
339:divine right of kings
272:
103:Sir Lawrence Tanfield
952:Feudalism in England
741:Price (1997), p. 97.
732:Price (1997), p. 96.
562:, ed. Steve Sheppard
513:Debating Immigration
362:Rights of Englishmen
141:Case of the Postnati
902:1608 in English law
419:and confinement in
374:American Revolution
296:De Natis Ultra Mare
228:Sir Thomas Walmsley
146:Union of the Crowns
115:Sir Thomas Walmsley
385:William Blackstone
315:English Parliament
275:
95:Sir Thomas Fleming
62:Trinity Term, 1608
18:Calvin's case
927:Edward Coke cases
907:1600s in case law
626:(Subscription or
587:978-0-8047-5504-7
558:Sir Edward Coke,
528:978-0-521-69866-5
335:absolute monarchy
224:Exchequer Chamber
131:
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107:Sir Thomas Foster
53:Exchequer Chamber
16:(Redirected from
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82:Court membership
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353:Later influence
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287:king of England
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216:lord chancellor
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99:Sir Edward Coke
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29:
917:1608 in law
642:Lee, Sidney
381:Edward Coke
317:, prior to
235:Edward Coke
162:English law
148:under King
127:Citizenship
896:Categories
879:References
630:required.)
593:18 October
389:James Kent
240:ipso facto
196:allegiance
190:Under the
154:common law
156:to be an
75:77 ER 377
67:Citations
855:Press),
804:Archived
702:2058188M
694:18948630
431:See also
417:conquest
402:jus soli
347:antenati
337:and the
327:antenati
323:postnati
307:antenati
283:postnati
264:antenati
260:Postnati
210:Judgment
175:jus soli
122:Keywords
73:(1608),
423:by the
59:Decided
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494:: 74.
387:, and
311:aliens
194:, the
781:: 73.
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370:could
186:Facts
49:Court
857:ISBN
690:OCLC
680:ISBN
595:2012
582:ISBN
523:ISBN
262:and
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