229:
of girls. We have heard that this obtains in
Southern Nigeria and among one tribe in Uganda, but we understand that it exists in its worst form among the Kikuyu tribe in Kenya. ... Our Committee has been assured by medical men, and by missionaries who have attended these women in hospital and in their homes, that the rite is nothing short of mutilation. It consists of the actual wholesale removal of parts connected with the organs of reproduction. The operation is performed publicly before one or two thousand people by an old woman of the tribe armed with an iron knife. No anesthetic is given, and no antiseptics are used.
19:
116:
moral and religious implications, quite apart from the operation itself. For the present it is impossible for a member of the tribe to imagine an initiation without clitoridectomy. Therefore the abolition of the surgical element in this custom means to the Gikuyu the abolition of the whole institution.
228:
e have been terribly impressed by what we have learned on a subject on which I put a question to-day to the Under-Secretary of State for the
Colonies, namely, the existence of a pre-marriage rite among young girls, among many African tribes, a rite which is frequently referred to as the circumcision
176:
announced that it would contest elections to the Native
Council, with the defence of Kikuyu culture, including FGM, as its main platform. The following month the church at Tumutumu announced that all baptised members must offer a declaration of loyalty by swearing their opposition to FGM. Several
115:
The real argument lies not in the defence of the surgical operation or its details, but in the understanding of a very important fact in the tribal psychology of the Gikuyu—namely, that this operation is still regarded as the very essence of an institution which has enormous educational, social,
204:
reported that "he medical evidence ... inclined to the view that certain unusual wounds were due to the deliberate mutilation such as might have been caused by the use of a knife employed by native in the form of tribal operation." In
November 1930, the Supreme Court in
1076:
233:
Rathbone asked that the words "or sex" be added to the motion before the House: "Native self-governing institutions should be fostered; and franchise and legal rights should be based upon the principle of equality for all without regard to race, colour, or sex."
54:, the country's largest tribe. According to American historian Lynn M. Thomas, female genital mutilation became a focal point of the movement campaigning for independence from British rule, and a test of loyalty, either to the Christian churches or to the
1081:
1225:
1096:
1220:
1061:
1071:
314:
Strobel, Margaret; Bingham, Marjorie (2004). "Appendix A. World
Studies as an Approach to World History: Female Genital Cutting and Kenyan/Gikuyu Nationalism", in Bonnie G. Smith (ed.).
296:
Thomas, Lynn M. (2000). "'Ngaitana (I will circumcise myself)': Lessons from
Colonial Campaigns to Ban Excision in Meru, Kenya". In Shell-Duncan, Bettina; Hernlund, Ylva (eds.).
1246:
743:
685:
647:
667:
877:
177:
other church missions followed suit. Robert
Strayer and Jocelyn Murray write that the stage was set for a major conflict, with neither side willing to compromise.
882:
1267:
889:
1210:
643:
217:
867:
832:
184:, a Scottish missionary, began referring to the procedures as the "sexual mutilation of women", rather than "female circumcision/initiation", and the
1307:
857:
837:
827:
736:
267:
Lynn M. Thomas (2000): "The years 1929 to 1931 mark what has been termed within Kenyan historiography as the 'female circumcision controversy'."
852:
185:
862:
1302:
1272:
1241:
1215:
872:
842:
729:
384:
248:
276:
Margaret
Strobel and Marjorie Bingham (2004): "The 'female circumcision controversy' played a critical role in Gikuyu nationalism."
506:
103:
Uncut Kikuyu women were outcasts, and the idea of abandoning the practice was unthinkable to the vast majority of
Kikuyus.
356:
The Kikuyu Female
Circumcision Controversy, with special reference to the Church Missionary Society's sphere of influence
1140:
801:
914:
597:
173:
55:
964:
752:
707:
Murray, Jocelyn (1976). "The Church Missionary Society and the 'Female Circumcision' Issue in Kenya, 1929–1932".
126:
43:
1132:
209:, acquitting a man of Stumpf's murder, found no evidence that she had been killed because of the FGM campaign.
169:
80:
between childhood and adulthood. "Irua" consisted largely of three procedures: removal of the clitoral glans (
38:, was a period within Kenyan historiography known for efforts by British missionaries, particularly from the
108:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1091:
1277:
811:
193:
26:, photographed in 1966. Kenyatta was a prominent opponent of efforts to ban female genital mutilation.
1175:
806:
600:(December 1991). "National Bodies, Unspeakable Acts: The Sexual Politics of Colonial Policy-making".
192:, an American missionary who had taken a strong stand against FGM, was murdered in her home near the
1124:
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712:
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617:
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221:
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181:
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Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children
394:
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1005:
781:
77:
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1000:
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437:
243:
81:
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380:
168:
The campaign against female genital mutilation had been led since around 1906 by Dr.
104:
51:
23:
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1045:
1025:
979:
974:
919:
791:
771:
416:
189:
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67:
47:
555:
The Missionary Movement in Colonial Kenya: The Foundation of Africa Inland Church
1167:
1020:
1010:
949:
776:
89:
85:
924:
721:
507:"Scottish Missionaries and the Circumcision Controversy in Kenya, 1900–1960"
334:"Scottish Missionaries and the Circumcision Controversy in Kenya, 1900–1960"
172:
of the Church of Scotland. In March 1928, the issue came to a head when the
92:); and removal of all the external genitalia and the suturing of the wound (
540:
716:
690:
652:
621:
206:
1086:
796:
197:
613:
1226:
Children Act 1989 (Amendment) (Female Genital Mutilation) Act 2019
17:
393:. East African Educational Publishers. p. 92. Archived from
72:
The Kikuyu regarded female genital mutilation, which they called
725:
88:); removal of the clitoral glans and inner labia (excision or
127:
Female genital mutilation § Colonial opposition in Kenya
32:
campaign against female genital mutilation in colonial Kenya
525:"Some Observations on Jomo Kenyatta in Britain, 1929–1930"
1062:
Babiker Bedri Scientific Association for Women's Studies
100:). The Kikuyu practised Type II and sometimes Type III.
456:; for Type III, see pp. 235, 359, n. 54. Also see
390:
Facing Mount Kenya: The Traditional Life of the Gikuyu
421:
Civilizing Women: British Crusades in Colonial Sudan
358:, PhD thesis, University of California, Los Angeles.
1234:
1198:
1159:
1116:
1109:
1054:
993:
905:
898:
820:
759:
482:
The Making of Missionary Communities in East Africa
163:
Kikuyu dance-songs against church opposition to FGM
423:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p.
58:, the largest association of the Kikuyu people.
686:"Colonial Policy In Relation To Coloured Races"
648:"Colonial Policy In Relation To Coloured Races"
226:
136:
113:
50:. The campaign was met with resistance by the
737:
8:
666:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
644:Stewart-Murray, Katherine, Duchess of Atholl
484:, Heinemann Educational Books, p. 36ff.
1247:Activists against female genital mutilation
1211:Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act 1985
440:, World Health Organization, February 2013.
218:Katharine Stewart-Murray, Duchess of Atholl
1113:
902:
744:
730:
722:
472:
470:
476:Strayer, Robert; Murray, Jocelyn (1978).
511:International Review of Scottish Studies
493:
338:International Review of Scottish Studies
318:. University of Illinois Press, p.
224:. The Duchess of Atholl told the House:
151:And you will have to cook him his food.
557:. Göttingen: Cuvillier Verlag, p.
288:
260:
659:
457:
367:
449:
316:Women's History in Global Perspective
7:
1268:Female genital mutilation by country
141:That they may fight with the church,
583:"Murder of a Missionary in Kenya,"
212:The issue of FGM was raised in the
1216:Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003
249:Presbyterian Church of East Africa
14:
478:"The CMS and Female Circumcision"
149:You will be given women's clothes
76:or circumcision, as an important
570:"Murdered Missionary in Kenya,"
1308:Violence against women in Kenya
691:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
653:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
298:Female "Circumcision" in Africa
36:female circumcision controversy
34:(1929–1932), also known as the
385:"Initiation of Boys and Girls"
139:Little knives in their sheaths
1:
709:Journal of Religion in Africa
694:. Commons. col. 606–607.
656:. Commons. col. 600–603.
602:The Journal of Modern History
1141:Possessing the Secret of Joy
802:Pelvic inflammatory disease
529:Cahiers d'Études Africaines
480:, in Robert Strayer (ed.),
438:"Female genital mutilation"
107:, who became Kenya's first
22:African nationalist leader
1324:
915:Raqiya Haji Dualeh Abdalla
174:Kikuyu Central Association
124:
65:
56:Kikuyu Central Association
42:, to stop the practice of
1273:History of women in Kenya
1242:Female genital mutilation
965:Lilian Passmore Sanderson
753:Female genital mutilation
608:(4): (647–680), 656–657.
186:Kenyan Missionary Council
44:female genital mutilation
354:Murray, Joceyln (1974).
332:Mufaka, Kenneth (2003).
111:in 1963, wrote in 1938:
1303:Women's rights in Kenya
1133:Woman, Why Do You Weep?
553:Karanja, James (2009).
216:on 11 December 1929 by
1092:Tahirih Justice Center
970:Marion Scott Stevenson
890:Religious views on FGM
535:(22): (308–329), 312.
231:
154:
145:Elders (of the church)
118:
27:
828:Prevalence by country
812:Vesicovaginal fistula
541:10.3406/cea.1966.3068
194:Africa Inland Mission
125:Further information:
66:Further information:
21:
807:Rectovaginal fistula
684:(11 December 1929).
646:(11 December 1929).
1221:2005 (Scotland) Act
1125:Woman at Point Zero
945:Rose Oldfield Hayes
587:, 27 November 1930.
574:, 18 February 1930.
147:When Kenyatta comes
1097:Zero Tolerance Day
523:Beck, Ann (1966).
143:The time has come.
40:Church of Scotland
28:
1255:
1254:
1206:Matter of Kasinga
1194:
1193:
1105:
1104:
1036:Layli Miller-Muro
838:FGM in the Gambia
682:Rathbone, Eleanor
300:. Lynne. p.
200:in January 1930.
1315:
1184:My Body My Rules
1114:
960:Nawal El Saadawi
955:Edna Adan Ismail
903:
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520:
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505:Kenneth Mufuka,
503:
497:
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441:
435:
429:
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397:on 8 August 2017
377:
371:
370:, p. 129ff.
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222:Eleanor Rathbone
214:House of Commons
182:Marion Stevenson
164:
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1016:Ellen Gruenbaum
1006:Ayaan Hirsi Ali
989:
907:
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833:Laws by country
816:
782:Gishiri cutting
755:
750:
704:
702:Further reading
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680:
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642:
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598:Pedersen, Susan
596:
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78:rite of passage
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1001:Fuambai Ahmadu
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940:Benoîte Groult
937:
935:Asma El Dareer
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899:Writers/groups
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848:colonial Kenya
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787:Husband stitch
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767:Clitoridectomy
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614:10.1086/244384
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561:, n. 631.
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381:Kenyatta, Jomo
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244:Women in Kenya
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109:prime minister
82:clitoridectomy
63:
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48:colonial Kenya
13:
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1298:1932 in Kenya
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1293:1931 in Kenya
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1288:1930 in Kenya
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1283:1929 in Kenya
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1176:Desert Flower
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1041:Comfort Momoh
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985:Amina Warsame
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930:Efua Dorkenoo
928:
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918:
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913:
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910:
908:and activists
906:Early writers
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883:United States
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760:Health issues
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496:, p. 91.
495:
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459:
458:Thomas (2000)
455:
451:
446:
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418:
417:Boddy, Janice
412:
409:
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368:Thomas (2000)
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105:Jomo Kenyatta
101:
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61:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
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25:
24:Jomo Kenyatta
20:
16:
1278:Kenya Colony
1182:
1174:
1166:
1147:
1139:
1131:
1123:
1067:Equality Now
1046:Alice Walker
1026:Gerry Mackie
980:Nahid Toubia
975:Hulda Stumpf
920:Janice Boddy
868:Sierra Leone
847:
797:Keloid scars
792:Infibulation
772:Dysmenorrhea
708:
689:
676:
651:
638:
605:
601:
592:
584:
579:
571:
566:
554:
549:
532:
528:
518:
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489:
481:
450:Boddy (2007)
445:
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420:
411:
399:. Retrieved
395:the original
388:
375:
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341:
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315:
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190:Hulda Stumpf
179:
167:
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155:
138:
132:
114:
102:
94:infibulation
73:
71:
68:Kenya Colony
35:
31:
29:
15:
1199:Legislation
1021:Asha Ismail
1011:Waris Dirie
950:Fran Hosken
858:New Zealand
777:Dyspareunia
196:station in
170:John Arthur
157:— from the
1262:Categories
1235:Categories
821:By country
460:, p.
452:, p.
401:14 January
284:References
62:Background
925:Mary Daly
853:Kurdistan
662:cite book
630:154785842
585:The Times
572:The Times
383:(2015) .
202:The Times
159:Muthirigu
133:Muthirigu
1168:Moolaadé
711:. 3(2).
419:(2007).
344:: 47–58.
238:See also
180:In 1929
121:Campaign
98:Type III
1072:FORWARD
863:Nigeria
717:1594780
622:2938584
207:Nairobi
161:(1929),
90:Type II
1187:(2015)
1179:(2009)
1171:(2004)
1152:(1998)
1144:(1992)
1136:(1982)
1128:(1975)
1087:Tostan
1082:RAINBO
1055:Groups
994:Others
715:
628:
620:
198:Kijabe
86:Type I
52:Kikuyu
1160:Films
1117:Books
1110:Media
873:Sudan
843:India
713:JSTOR
626:S2CID
618:JSTOR
255:Notes
668:link
403:2019
220:and
74:irua
30:The
610:doi
537:doi
462:132
454:243
425:243
302:132
96:or
84:or
46:in
1264::
688:.
664:}}
660:{{
650:.
624:.
616:.
606:63
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