389:
by governing executive parties varies across governments in ways that reflect power-sharing arrangements. The main power-sharing arrangement that impacts pledge fulfillment distinguishes between single-party governments and coalitions, not between governments with and without legislative majorities. We found the highest percentages of pledge fulfillment for governing parties in the United
Kingdom, Sweden, Portugal, Spain, and Canada, most of which governed in single-party executives. We found lower percentages for governing parties in Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Bulgaria, Ireland, and Italy, most of which governed in coalitions. Pledge fulfillment by U.S. presidential parties lies at the higher end of coalition governments, which suggests that U.S. presidents are more constrained than governing parties in single-party parliamentary systems, but less constrained than most governing parties in multiparty coalitions.
113:
36:
298:
411:
388:
Parties that hold executive office after elections generally fulfill substantial percentages, sometimes very high percentages, of their election pledges, whereas parties that do not hold executive office generally find that lower percentages of their pledges are fulfilled. The fulfillment of pledges
811:
p. 116 "Nixon didn't invent the phrase, which originated with a reporter looking for a lead to a story summarizing the
Republican candidate's (hazy) promise to end the war without losing. But neither did he disavow the term, and it soon became a part of the campaign. When pressed for details,
366:
Across the
Western world, political parties aren't highly likely to fulfill their election promises. In the United States, platform positions offer important clues as to the policies that U.S. parties will enact. Over the past 30 years, Democratic and Republican
383:
found that for 12 countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the
Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States) found that political parties fulfill their promises to voters to a considerable extent:
740:, pledged in their manifesto to provide tax exemption for the acquisition of mobile phones and computers for youth in higher education for once without giving details of whether it will apply to imported or domestic products. In August 2023,
537:, he still retained ownership of his company that controls virtually all the Italian private TV stations and a large number of magazines and publishing houses, which have extensively been used in favour of his political party.
591:
mechanism in order to secure a minority government. This has been construed by some as being a broken promise, with debate centering on whether or not a fixed price leading into a trading scheme can be called a
573:'s 2002 election promise to "permanently end all hospital waiting lists" by 2004 and to "create a world class health service" through reform and expanding healthcare coverage with "200,000 extra medical cards".
510:". After a recession began during his term and the deficit widened, Bush agreed to proposals to increase taxes. Although not the only broken promise concerning taxes, it was by far the most famous.
566:
said, "If we don't stop extending our troops all around the world in nation-building missions, then we're going to have a serious problem coming down the road. And I'm going to prevent that."
587:
responded by saying "There will be no carbon tax under the government I lead. What we will do is we will tackle the challenge of climate change." In
February 2011, Gillard then announced a
1276:
1290:
744:
announced that tax exemption for the acquisition of mobile phones and computers for youth would only encompass products produced or assembled in Turkey and have a price cap.
1123:
Thomson, Robert; Royed, Terry; Naurin, Elin; Artés, Joaquín; Costello, Rory; Ennser-Jedenastik, Laurenz; Ferguson, Mark; Kostadinova, Petia; Moury, Catherine (2017-07-01).
46:
326:
1438:
1370:
1206:
1733:
691:
668:
559:
503:
1124:
721:. In September 2021, Johnson announced that National Insurance would be increased by 1.25 percentage points from April 2022 to raise money for the
1220:
849:
Morin, Relman (March 14, 1968). "Nixon Plans to Unfold Peace Plan When He
Campaigns Against LBJ". Press Telegram (Long Beach, Cal.). p. 10.
2440:
832:
Stated evidence suggests that Nixon never used the term, and that it actually came from a question by a voter at a New
Hampshire campaign stop.
733:
555:
policy (the tax package was not implemented that term but was put to the
Australian people at the next election in 1998 that re-elected Howard)
1074:
972:
952:
895:
825:
804:
698:, Trump announced he would not actually charge Clinton with any wrongdoing. The Trump Administration did not take any action against Clinton.
604:
702:
695:
622:
687:
319:
812:
Nixon retreated to the not indefensible position that to tip his hand would interfere with the negotiations that had begun in Paris.";
630:
548:
506:. This was best remembered in a speech at the Republican National Convention when he said "Congress will push and push...and I'll say
1396:
533:
it would have generated, a promise he repeated a number of times in later years, but after 12 years and having served three terms as
871:
683:
450:
428:
80:
2389:
1431:
1194:
675:
1320:
2382:
2170:
1034:
1090:
661:
647:
432:
312:
1101:
729:
615:
634:
2193:
1424:
596:
581:
62:
1305:
769:
655:
552:
507:
421:
2150:
1511:
144:
1689:
1684:
284:
216:
2414:
2351:
2062:
1999:
1941:
1883:
1873:
1586:
1571:
754:
737:
722:
706:
638:
534:
618:
in Cuba, but the prison remained open the entirety of his
Presidency and remains so as of August 2023.
2445:
2067:
1763:
1242:
741:
626:
469:
131:
112:
840:"Nixon: Vietnam Shows Need for 'New Diplomacy'". Cedar Rapids Gazette (Iowa). March 20, 1968. p. 62.
2334:
2286:
2266:
2185:
2175:
1959:
1843:
1171:
58:
1228:
1221:"Bush Sought 'Way' To Invade Iraq?, O'Neill Tells '60 Minutes' Iraq Was 'Topic A' 8 Months Before 9-11"
2301:
2092:
2042:
1778:
1773:
1743:
1606:
888:
The
Decline and Fall of Soviet Empire : Forty Years That Shook The World, From Stalin to Yeltsin
607:" in reference to the EU/IMF deal. After being elected to power the party went on to accept the deal.
530:
483:
229:
176:
156:
2261:
2251:
2208:
1979:
1806:
1768:
1664:
211:
151:
1371:"'Absolutely nobody' will challenge National Insurance hike to pay for social care, says minister"
1125:"The Fulfillment of Parties' Election Pledges: A Comparative Study on the Impact of Power Sharing"
2372:
2135:
2034:
2024:
1974:
1893:
1674:
1669:
1561:
1447:
1018:
927:
759:
718:
465:
394:
368:
169:
104:
2281:
2218:
1994:
1964:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1821:
1801:
1659:
1644:
1596:
1541:
1149:
1070:
968:
948:
891:
867:
821:
800:
518:
514:
499:
256:
97:
2419:
2243:
2223:
2125:
2087:
1863:
1838:
1712:
1694:
1654:
1551:
1466:
1139:
1010:
919:
279:
196:
124:
397:
voted in line with their respective party platforms 74% and 89% of the time, respectively.
371:
voted in line with their respective party platforms 74% and 89% of the time, respectively.
2409:
2394:
2339:
2160:
1936:
1783:
1758:
1723:
1566:
774:
679:
356:
302:
201:
186:
2291:
2155:
2140:
2102:
2082:
2019:
1858:
1833:
1738:
1621:
1601:
1556:
1534:
815:
651:
570:
563:
251:
297:
2434:
2399:
2356:
2165:
2145:
1984:
1728:
1576:
1481:
962:
860:
710:
600:
584:
241:
1344:
1035:
U.S. presidential election, 1900 Misleading Philippine War claims by the Republicans
2404:
2324:
2319:
2203:
2047:
1989:
1969:
1476:
1172:"We asked 8 political scientists if party platforms matter. Here's what we learned"
672:
664:
658:
electoral system before the next federal election. He later rescinded this promise.
611:
588:
1257:"Julia Gillard did not lie about Carbon Tax (There is No Carbon Tax in Australia)"
1094:
910:
Anderson, Terry; Small, Melvin (1990). "Review of Johnson, Nixon, and the Doves".
642:
1063:
2296:
2256:
2107:
2014:
2009:
1878:
1868:
1853:
1679:
1649:
1631:
1496:
793:
544:
410:
17:
2377:
2276:
2233:
2198:
2117:
2057:
1951:
1888:
1707:
1591:
1581:
1506:
1491:
1486:
1461:
1256:
577:
181:
1153:
2097:
2077:
2052:
1931:
1903:
1816:
1753:
1639:
1501:
1471:
764:
540:
522:
496:, in 1987, said that "by 1990 no Australian child will be living in poverty"
493:
489:
472:
393:
Other research on the United States suggests that Democratic and Republican
352:
274:
246:
236:
206:
2228:
2004:
1828:
1811:
1748:
1611:
1529:
1521:
526:
360:
2344:
2329:
2213:
2130:
1848:
1616:
1546:
1261:
1144:
1022:
1001:
Strauss, Robert S. (Summer 1984). "What's Right with U. S. Campaigns".
931:
476:
435: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
348:
2271:
1416:
1014:
964:
Who Spoke Up? American Protest Against the War in Vietnam, 1963-1975
923:
2311:
1911:
713:, pledged in their manifesto to not raise the rate of income tax,
1793:
1420:
714:
404:
29:
45:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
111:
1397:"Öğrenciye vergisiz telefon planı: İlk detaylar belli oldu"
1102:
The Most Controversial Political Campaigns in World History
641:, 21 of 57 Liberal Democrat MPs voted to increase the fees.
1345:"Trump team won't pursue charges against Hillary Clinton"
1277:"Sunday Age publishes fake quote excusing Gillard's lie"
468:'s pledge to cut army spending, before embarking on the
614:
vowed repeatedly during the 2008 election to close the
502:
promised not to raise taxes while president during his
54:
1065:
The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House
1321:"Trump threatens to jail Clinton if he wins election"
2365:
2310:
2242:
2184:
2116:
2033:
1950:
1902:
1792:
1703:
1630:
1520:
1454:
629:candidates took a pledge to oppose any increase in
486:'s 1945 pledge to set up a new ministry of housing.
1062:
859:
792:
633:and campaign for their abolition. After forming a
1118:
1116:
1091:"A New Phase of Bright Spinning Lies About Iraq"
1306:"Obama gives Congress Guantanamo closure plan"
1432:
795:The Devil We Knew: Americans and the Cold War
730:2023 parliamentary and presidential elections
320:
43:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
961:Zaroulis, Nancy and Gerald Sullivan (1984).
1439:
1425:
1417:
521:promised that he would sell his assets in
327:
313:
92:
1143:
451:Learn how and when to remove this message
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
1207:John Howard's a lesson for second coming
27:Promise or guarantee made by a candidate
1112:
103:
1195:How Headline Writers Read Bush's Lips
1165:
1163:
1132:American Journal of Political Science
1089:Solomon, Norman (December 22, 2005).
381:American Journal of Political Science
351:or guarantee made to the public by a
7:
814:Parmet, Herbert S. (December 1989).
791:Parmet, Herbert S. (December 1989).
433:adding citations to reliable sources
1197:, Reading Eagle, July 5, 1990, p.9.
688:2016 Republican National Convention
1304:Kevin Liptak (February 23, 2016).
1243:"Campaign against McCreevy's Cuts"
1209:, The Australian, August 30, 2008.
625:to the U.K. House of Commons, the
25:
1319:Gregory Krieg (10 October 2016).
1219:Rebecca Leung (January 9, 2004).
1053:Kalb, Marvin and Bernard (1974).
648:Canadian federal election in 2015
862:RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon
409:
296:
34:
2083:Party platforms (or manifestos)
1093:. Common Dreams. Archived from
605:Frankfurt's Way or Labour's Way
599:, the then Labour Party leader
560:2000 U.S. Presidential election
420:needs additional citations for
912:The American Historical Review
576:When asked about the issue of
551:would "never ever" be part of
1:
2441:Election campaign terminology
945:Johnson, Nixon, and the Doves
817:Richard Nixon and His America
734:Justice and Development Party
616:Guantanamo Bay detention camp
2171:Rally 'round the flag effect
947:. Rutgers University Press.
943:Small, Melvin (April 1988).
597:2011 Irish general election
401:Examples of broken promises
57:, discuss the issue on the
2462:
1170:Stein, Jeff (2016-07-12).
1061:Hersh, Seymour M. (1983).
770:Read my lips: no new taxes
705:in the United Kingdom the
692:second presidential debate
686:, most notably during the
669:2016 presidential election
508:Read my lips: no new taxes
1512:Manipulation (psychology)
820:. Little Brown & Co.
799:. Little Brown & Co.
671:, promised that he would
359:that is trying to win an
1690:Criticism of advertising
1369:ITV (6 September 2021).
890:. St. Martin's Griffin.
667:, as a candidate in the
654:promised to replace the
2352:Promotional merchandise
2063:Character assassination
2000:Narcotizing dysfunction
1874:Photograph manipulation
1587:Guerrilla communication
1395:CHIP (29 August 2023).
858:Nixon, Richard (1978).
755:Consent of the governed
723:National Health Service
631:university tuition fees
513:In 1994, upon entering
2335:Product demonstrations
1764:Historical negationism
886:Coleman, Fred (1997).
627:Liberal Democrat Party
610:Former U.S. President
391:
132:Grassroots fundraising
116:
2267:Reputation management
2186:Psychological warfare
2035:Political campaigning
1844:Firehose of falsehood
1097:on December 24, 2005.
703:2019 general election
466:British Liberal Party
386:
115:
105:Political campaigning
2302:Corporate propaganda
1231:on January 13, 2004.
1045:Riegle, Don (1972).
1043:Small, p. 166;
738:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
635:coalition government
531:conflict of interest
484:British Labour Party
429:improve this article
379:A 2017 study in the
230:Negative campaigning
63:create a new article
55:improve this article
2390:Media concentration
2262:Non-apology apology
2252:Cult of personality
1980:Emotive conjugation
1734:Burying of scholars
656:first-past-the-post
375:Fulfilling promises
303:Politics portal
212:Post-truth politics
152:Opposition research
2373:Influence-for-hire
2166:National mythology
2136:Crowd manipulation
2025:Tabloid journalism
1894:Video manipulation
1839:Fictitious entries
1562:Civil disobedience
1448:Media manipulation
1145:10.1111/ajps.12313
760:Mandate (politics)
719:National Insurance
707:Conservative Party
529:), because of the
117:
2428:
2427:
2194:Airborne leaflets
2073:Election promises
1927:Product placement
1802:Alternative facts
1542:Alternative media
1291:"Fionnán Sheahan"
1076:978-0-671-44760-1
993:Small p. 179
986:Small p. 162
974:978-0-03-005603-1
954:978-0-8135-1288-4
897:978-0-312-16816-2
827:978-0-316-69232-8
806:978-0-19-509377-3
742:Erdoğan's cabinet
694:. After becoming
684:email controversy
603:infamously said "
547:in 1995 that the
519:Silvio Berlusconi
500:George H. W. Bush
461:
460:
453:
337:
336:
257:Voter suppression
91:
90:
83:
65:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
2453:
2420:Media proprietor
2244:Public relations
2224:Public diplomacy
2209:Information (IT)
2088:Name recognition
1713:Media regulation
1695:Annoyance factor
1552:Call-out culture
1467:Crowd psychology
1441:
1434:
1427:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1227:. Archived from
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1167:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1129:
1120:
1098:
1087:
1080:
1069:. Summit Books.
1068:
1058:
1050:
1042:
1032:
1026:
999:
992:
985:
978:
958:
941:
935:
908:
901:
884:
877:
865:
856:
850:
847:
841:
838:
831:
810:
798:
789:
725:and social care.
515:Italian politics
456:
449:
445:
442:
436:
413:
405:
345:campaign promise
341:election promise
329:
322:
315:
301:
300:
280:Campaign manager
197:Get out the vote
192:Election promise
93:
86:
79:
75:
72:
66:
38:
37:
30:
21:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2415:Media influence
2410:Media franchise
2395:Media democracy
2361:
2306:
2238:
2180:
2161:Loaded language
2112:
2029:
1946:
1898:
1788:
1717:
1699:
1626:
1567:Culture jamming
1516:
1450:
1445:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1354:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1329:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1279:. 30 June 2013.
1275:
1274:
1270:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1178:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1110:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1060:
1052:
1044:
1039:
1029:
1015:10.2307/1148378
1000:
996:
989:
982:
975:
960:
955:
942:
938:
924:10.2307/2164514
909:
905:
898:
885:
881:
874:
857:
853:
848:
844:
839:
835:
828:
813:
807:
790:
786:
783:
775:Social contract
751:
696:President-elect
680:Hillary Clinton
578:carbon taxation
543:Prime Minister
517:, media tycoon
492:Prime Minister
457:
446:
440:
437:
426:
414:
403:
377:
357:political party
333:
295:
290:
289:
270:
262:
261:
232:
222:
221:
202:Gevald campaign
187:Retail politics
172:
162:
161:
147:
137:
136:
127:
98:Politics series
87:
76:
70:
67:
52:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Campaign pledge
15:
12:
11:
5:
2459:
2457:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2292:Understatement
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2156:Indoctrination
2153:
2148:
2143:
2141:Disinformation
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2103:Smear campaign
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2020:Sensationalism
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1960:Agenda-setting
1956:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1834:False document
1831:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1739:Catch and kill
1736:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1572:Demonstrations
1569:
1564:
1559:
1557:Cancel culture
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1526:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1421:
1414:
1413:
1387:
1361:
1336:
1311:
1296:
1282:
1268:
1248:
1234:
1211:
1199:
1187:
1159:
1138:(3): 527–542.
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1082:
1075:
1037:
1027:
1003:Foreign Policy
994:
987:
980:
973:
953:
936:
918:(3): 944–945.
903:
896:
879:
872:
851:
842:
833:
826:
805:
782:
779:
778:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
750:
747:
746:
745:
732:in Turkey the
726:
699:
659:
652:Justin Trudeau
644:
619:
608:
593:
589:carbon pricing
582:Prime Minister
574:
567:
564:George W. Bush
556:
538:
535:prime minister
511:
497:
487:
480:
459:
458:
417:
415:
408:
402:
399:
395:congresspeople
376:
373:
369:congresspeople
335:
334:
332:
331:
324:
317:
309:
306:
305:
292:
291:
288:
287:
285:Campaign staff
282:
277:
271:
268:
267:
264:
263:
260:
259:
254:
252:Smear campaign
249:
244:
239:
233:
228:
227:
224:
223:
220:
219:
217:Text messaging
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
173:
168:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:
154:
148:
143:
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:
128:
123:
122:
119:
118:
108:
107:
101:
100:
89:
88:
49:of the subject
47:worldwide view
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2458:
2447:
2446:Social ethics
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2400:Media ecology
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2383:United States
2381:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2357:Telemarketing
2355:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2146:Fearmongering
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1985:False balance
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1942:Word of mouth
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1729:Broadcast law
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1577:Deplatforming
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1482:False balance
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1297:
1293:. April 2011.
1292:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1059:p. 120;
1056:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
998:
995:
991:
988:
984:
981:
976:
970:
967:. Doubleday.
966:
965:
959:p. 174;
956:
950:
946:
940:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
907:
904:
899:
893:
889:
883:
880:
875:
873:9780448143743
869:
864:
863:
855:
852:
846:
843:
837:
834:
829:
823:
819:
818:
808:
802:
797:
796:
788:
785:
784:
780:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
748:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
724:
720:
716:
712:
711:Boris Johnson
708:
704:
700:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
674:
670:
666:
663:
660:
657:
653:
649:
645:
643:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
623:2010 election
620:
617:
613:
609:
606:
602:
601:Eamon Gilmore
598:
594:
590:
586:
585:Julia Gillard
583:
579:
575:
572:
568:
565:
561:
557:
554:
550:
546:
542:
539:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
509:
505:
504:1988 campaign
501:
498:
495:
491:
488:
485:
481:
478:
474:
471:
467:
463:
462:
455:
452:
444:
434:
430:
424:
423:
418:This section
416:
412:
407:
406:
400:
398:
396:
390:
385:
382:
374:
372:
370:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
330:
325:
323:
318:
316:
311:
310:
308:
307:
304:
299:
294:
293:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
266:
265:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
242:Fearmongering
240:
238:
235:
234:
231:
226:
225:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
174:
171:
166:
165:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
146:
141:
140:
133:
130:
129:
126:
121:
120:
114:
110:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
94:
85:
82:
74:
71:December 2013
64:
60:
56:
50:
48:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2405:Media ethics
2325:Door-to-door
2320:Cold calling
2297:Weasel words
2204:Fifth column
2098:Push polling
2072:
2048:Astroturfing
2010:Pseudo-event
1990:Infotainment
1965:Broadcasting
1884:Urban legend
1807:April Fools'
1680:Testimonials
1650:Infomercials
1477:Dumbing down
1404:. Retrieved
1400:
1390:
1380:17 September
1378:. Retrieved
1374:
1364:
1353:. Retrieved
1351:. 2016-11-22
1348:
1339:
1328:. Retrieved
1324:
1314:
1299:
1285:
1271:
1260:
1251:
1237:
1229:the original
1224:
1214:
1202:
1190:
1179:. Retrieved
1175:
1135:
1131:
1095:the original
1085:
1064:
1057:. Hutchison.
1054:
1051:p. 20;
1049:. Doubleday.
1046:
1040:
1030:
1009:(55): 3–22.
1006:
1002:
997:
990:
983:
963:
944:
939:
915:
911:
906:
887:
882:
861:
854:
845:
836:
816:
794:
787:
665:Donald Trump
612:Barack Obama
569:In Ireland,
447:
438:
427:Please help
422:verification
419:
392:
387:
380:
378:
365:
344:
340:
338:
191:
157:Consultation
96:Part of the
77:
68:
44:
2277:Sound bites
2257:Doublespeak
2108:Wedge issue
2068:Dog whistle
2043:Advertising
1869:Lying press
1854:Gaslighting
1632:Advertising
1607:Occupations
1497:Obfuscation
1487:Half-truths
1406:1 September
1401:CHIP Online
1081:p. 119
979:p. 217
902:p. 203
878:p. 298
646:During the
595:Before the
571:Fianna Fáil
558:During the
545:John Howard
470:Dreadnought
177:Advertising
2435:Categories
2378:Media bias
2234:Subversion
2199:False flag
2176:Techniques
2118:Propaganda
2078:Lawn signs
2058:Canvassing
1952:News media
1708:Censorship
1640:Billboards
1592:Hacktivism
1582:Grassroots
1507:Persuasion
1355:2017-04-23
1330:2017-04-23
1181:2016-07-19
1108:References
1047:O Congress
676:Democratic
562:campaign,
541:Australian
490:Australian
269:Key people
207:Lawn signs
182:Canvassing
145:Management
2340:Promotion
2219:Political
2126:Bandwagon
2053:Attack ad
1932:Publicity
1904:Marketing
1817:Fake news
1779:Religious
1774:Political
1754:Euphemism
1749:Cover-ups
1744:Corporate
1612:Petitions
1502:Orwellian
1472:Deception
1154:1540-5907
1055:Kissinger
765:Manifesto
736:, led by
709:, led by
682:over her
662:President
637:with the
523:Fininvest
494:Bob Hawke
473:arms race
441:July 2015
353:candidate
275:Candidate
247:Push poll
237:Attack ad
59:talk page
2287:Transfer
2229:Sedition
2093:Negative
2005:Newspeak
1995:Managing
1937:Research
1912:Branding
1864:Literary
1829:Fakelore
1822:websites
1812:Deepfake
1769:Internet
1660:Modeling
1617:Protests
1597:Internet
1530:Advocacy
1522:Activism
1375:ITV News
1349:BBC News
1225:CBS News
749:See also
690:and the
678:nominee
673:imprison
527:Mediaset
361:election
53:You may
2366:Related
2345:Spaving
2330:Pricing
2272:Slogans
2214:Lawfare
2151:Framing
2131:Big lie
1922:Product
1917:Loyalty
1849:Forgery
1794:Hoaxing
1675:Slogans
1655:Mobiles
1547:Boycott
1455:Context
1262:YouTube
1023:1148378
932:2164514
728:In the
701:In the
621:In the
553:Liberal
525:(later
477:Germany
349:promise
170:Message
125:Finance
1970:Circus
1879:Racial
1308:. CNN.
1152:
1073:
1021:
971:
951:
930:
894:
870:
824:
803:
639:Tories
592:'tax'.
2312:Sales
2015:Scrum
1975:Cycle
1889:Virus
1759:Films
1724:Books
1665:Radio
1645:False
1622:Youth
1602:Media
1535:group
1492:Media
1128:(PDF)
1019:JSTOR
928:JSTOR
781:Notes
475:with
347:is a
61:, or
2282:Spin
1859:List
1784:Self
1462:Bias
1408:2023
1382:2021
1150:ISSN
1071:ISBN
1033:See
969:ISBN
949:ISBN
892:ISBN
868:ISBN
822:ISBN
801:ISBN
482:The
464:The
1670:Sex
1325:CNN
1176:Vox
1140:doi
1011:doi
920:doi
717:or
715:VAT
549:GST
431:by
355:or
343:or
339:An
2437::
1685:TV
1399:.
1373:.
1347:.
1323:.
1259:.
1223:.
1174:.
1162:^
1148:.
1136:61
1134:.
1130:.
1115:^
1017:.
1007:55
1005:.
926:.
916:95
914:.
866:.
650:,
580:,
363:.
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1410:.
1384:.
1358:.
1333:.
1265:.
1245:.
1184:.
1156:.
1142::
1079:.
1025:.
1013::
977:.
957:.
934:.
922::
900:.
876:.
830:.
809:.
479:.
454:)
448:(
443:)
439:(
425:.
328:e
321:t
314:v
84:)
78:(
73:)
69:(
51:.
20:)
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