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earlier ethos of Tamil society. This evolution is embedded in the mythohistory of Shaiva legends, which accuse Jain monks of scheming and torturing
Sambandar, Appar and others, followed by a reversal. These legends, states Richard Davis, are better studied as symbolic conflict of ideas, a competition for patronage and transformation of Tamil social ethos through a Brahmin-peasant alliance. The Shaiva literature and songs characterize Jain monks and their ascetic lifestyle as false doctrines with no emotional or spiritual value in this or the next life. They offer a new vision to the Tamil society and culture where devotion to Shiva temple, community and loving engagement to life is the path to liberation.
486:, states Cort, the foundation that transmutes that Vedic tradition into the Agamic ritual tradition of Shaiva Siddhanta. Sambandar and other Nayanars help shift the focus from celebrating the Vedic canonical text into a "magical connection with Siva" whereby every devotee can have a personal, direct connection to Shiva and the essence of Shiva within him or her. It helps shift the spiritual experience from being channeled through Brahmin priests to being channeled through a direct loving connection with one's own Shiva. In effect, states Cort, "the essence of the Veda" displaces the Vedic text itself through the tradition pioneered by Sambandar, Appar and Sundarar.
322:
458:, the canonical works of Tamil Shaiva Siddhanta. His compositions grace Volume I, II and III of the twelve-volume compilation. He has been highly influential on Tamil Shaivism. His ideas and emotional devotion to Shiva are shared by other Nayanars and the Shaiva community they help organize. He is lucid in explaining the link between the Vedic tradition and the temple tradition. According to Cort, Sambandar clearly explains this through his hymn praising the power of the
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44:
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literature, is one where
Jainism is inferred as the heterodox popular religion followed by a revival and triumph of Shaiva Hinduism. The situation was likely more complicated and driven by historical developments and context. The Buddhists denied the "existence of soul", states Nilakanta Sastri, while the Jains recommended "asceticism and suffering" – a period in Tamil culture where such "pessimism" must have been the ethos.
495:
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Shaivism retooled its Vedic roots and transmuted the Vedic ritual into a personalized temple bhakti ritual. Thus, the Shaiva poet-saints such as
Sambandar and Appar emerged with an optimistic, cheerful celebration of Shiva, soul and life with music and songs. This may have represented a change to the
590:
The hymns of
Sambandar include criticism and allegations of persecution of the Shaiva community by Jain monks, along with a "bitter anti-Jain polemic". Sambandar critiques the duplicity he sees. The early studies of this Jain-Hindu interaction, as seen in Sambandar hymns and other early Shaiva
561:
is linked to Tamil Shaiva
Siddhanta philosophy by grouping ninety-nine verses into 10 categories. The category headings are God, soul, bond, grace, divine initiation, methodology, enlightenment, bliss, mantra and liberation - correspond to Umapthi's work,
421:
Sambandar's image is found in almost all Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu. He is depicted as a dancing child or a young teen with his right forefinger pointing upwards, reflecting the legend where he credits
Parvati-Shiva for what he has. A
603:
Francis
Kingsbury and Godfrey Phillips selected and translated 24 out of 383 of Sambandar's hymns into English in 1921. These were published with a small collection of Appar and Sundarar hymns in a book titled
522:
after the daily rituals. These are usually carried out as chorus programmes soon after the divine offering. The singing of
Tevaram was followed by musicals from the music pillars in such temples like
442:
in dancing posture with a height of 52 cm (20 in) dated 1150 has
Sambandar sported with his right feet over a pedestal. Both the bronze images are stored in the Bronze gallery in
506:
The pilgrimage to temples, associated devotional singing with music, and other rituals started by
Sambandar have thrived over the centuries. In contemporary Tamil Shiva temples,
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361:
Many other inscriptions likely are related to the musical bhakti singing tradition founded by Sambandar and other Nayanars. The singers of these hymns were referred to as
306:
appeared before the child. His father saw drops of milk on the child's mouth and asked who had fed him, whereupon the boy pointed to the sky and responded with the song
377:
and made liberal provisions for their maintenance and successors. A few earlier records give details about the gifts rendered to the singers of
202:. Sambandar died when he was sixteen years of age. The surviving compositions of the poet-saint are preserved in the first three volumes of the
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of 16,000 hymns in complex meters, of which 383 (384) hymns with 4,181 stanzas have survived. These narrate an intense loving devotion (
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of Sambandar with a height of 52 cm (20 in) in standing posture dated to about the 12th century was found in
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contain three hundred and eighty-four poems of Sambandar, all that survive out of a reputed more than 10,000 hymns.
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A copper alloy sculpture of Sambandar with forefinger pointing slightly up (symbolically towards Parvati and Shiva)
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According to the Tamil texts, Sambandar was born to Sivapada Hrudiyar and his wife Bhagavathiar who lived in
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posture with his feat on Padmasana and he is sported with jewels around his neck. Another image found in
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who lived sometime in the 7th century CE. According to the Tamil Shaiva tradition, he composed an
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608:, released by the Oxford University Press. They stated that these were some of the hymns from
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612:(Tevaram) that they could hear being chanted in South Indian Shiva temples of their times.
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in Tamil inscriptions from about the 8th to 16th centuries, such as the inscriptions of
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saints who lived between the sixth and the tenth centuries CE. He was a contemporary of
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An exhibition on Chola bronzes - 1000th anniversary of Thanjavur Big temple celebration
318:. Sambandar died in the Tamil month of "Vaigasi" at the age of sixteen at his wedding.
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Indira Peterson has published a more recent translation of many of Sambandar's hymns.
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Periya Puranam: A Tamil Classic on the Great Saiva Saints of South India by Sekkizhar
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249:, the eleventh-century Tamil book on the Nayanars that forms the last volume of the
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Singing the Body of God: The Hymns of Vedantadesika in Their South Indian Tradition
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67:
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B.G.L. Swamy (1975). "The Date of the Tevaram Trio: An Analysis and Reappraisal".
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752:(Report). Chennai: Department of Archaeology & Government Museum. p. 45.
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Amirthakadaieeshwarar temple relief depicting Appar bearing Sambandar's palanquin
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and subsequently expanded to 12 parts and is one of the first anthologies of
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Asceticism and Its Critics: Historical Accounts and Comparative Perspectives
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in the Tiruvallam Bilavaneswara temple records. Rajaraja deputed 48
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offer musical programmes in Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu by singing
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This is part of the refrain found in the Vedic teaching called the
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The royal temple of Rajaraja: an instrument of imperial Cola power
654:
Dehejia, Vidya (1987). "Sambandar: a Child-Saint of South India".
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234:
224:
199:
80:
1192:
The Religion And Philosophy Of Tevaram, Book II (Volumes 3 and 4)
1181:
The Religion And Philosophy Of Tevaram, Book I (Volumes 1 and 2)
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with the establishment of a department. There are records from
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1310:
975:
Open boundaries: Jain communities and culture in Indian history
709:
The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age
1306:
405:
from Nallanyanar temple in South Arcot indicating singing of
999:. USA: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication-Data.
711:. Crows Nest, Australia: G. Allen & Unwin. p. 330.
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of Manickavasagar during special occasion in the temple.
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A History of Indian literature Vol.10 (Tamil Literature)
679:
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957:. New York: State University of New York. p. 151.
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According to tradition: hagiographical writing in India
314:. At the age of three, he is said to have mastered the
1200:R. Champakalakshmi (2007). Meenakshi Khanna (ed.).
209:He is one of the most prominent of the sixty-three
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103:
98:
88:
58:
53:
34:
996:Songs of experience: the poetics of Tamil devotion
454:Sambandar is the first poet-saint featured in the
243:Information about Sambandar comes mainly from the
1261:Bulletin of the Institute of Traditional Cultures
1268:G. Vanmikanathan (1985). N. Mahalingam (ed.).
978:. Albany: State University of New York Press.
955:Modern Indian responses to religious pluralism
1322:
849:
847:
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696:Encyclopaedia of Jainism, Volume 1, page 5468
8:
1226:Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints
932:Callewaert, Winand M.; Rupert Snell (1994).
280:is now lost. The first three volumes of the
385:of the 8th century. A record belonging to
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1228:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
875:. Oxford University Press. pp. 35–68
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358:and the latter's wife Nangai Paravaiyar.
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869:Hymns of the Tamil Śaivite Saints (1921)
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624:
1037:The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess
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729:
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397:and shows the institutionalisation of
1078:, New York: Oxford University Press,
1017:Hinduism and Buddhism, Vol II. (of 3)
574:as a whole, but primarily focuses on
470:and flow with tears as they chant it.
7:
472:It is the essence of the four Vedas,
1098:, New Delhi: Abhinav Publications,
1039:, Delhi: Indiana University Press,
553:. One of the first anthologies of
1302:Sambandar's Thiruvenkattu pathigam
1297:Festivals of Mylapore By Sambandar
1203:Cultural History of Medieval India
1056:Cultural History of Medieval India
662:(1). Taylor & Francis: 53–61.
25:
1074:Prentiss, Karen Pechilis (1992),
1014:Eliot, Charles (September 2007).
914:South Indian shrines: illustrated
707:Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1951).
606:Hymns of the Tamil Śaivite Saints
545:primarily had references only to
1263:. University of Madras: 119–179.
1206:. Delhi: Social Science Press.
1189:Dorai Rangaswamy, M.A. (1959).
1178:Dorai Rangaswamy, M.A. (1958).
1059:. Delhi: Social Science Press.
745:T.S., Dr. Sridhar, ed. (2011).
27:Shaiva poet-saint of Tamil Nadu
917:. Asian Educational Services.
911:Ayyar, P. V. Jagadisa (1993).
599:Translation of Sambandar hymns
525:Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple
350:mentions Sambandar along with
1:
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800:
668:10.1080/02666030.1987.9628355
468:all those who melt with love,
227:, another Shaiva poet-saint.
1222:Peterson, Indira Viswanathan
1157:Steven Paul Hopkins (2002).
329:bronze, 12th century India,
1163:. Oxford University Press.
1142:. Oxford University Press.
1035:Harman, William P. (1992),
735:Vasudevan 2003, pp. 109-110
466:It guides to the good path,
363:Tirupadiyam Vinnapam seyvar
325:The Child Saint Sambandar,
1745:
1136:Oliver Freiberger (2006).
1092:Vasudevan, Geetha (2003),
1053:Khanna, Meenakshi (2007).
1020:. Middlesex: Eco Library.
637:, pp. 19–27, 272–273.
498:Sambandar (Wooden Image),
478:– Translated by John Cort
444:Government Museum, Chennai
1668:
1345:
953:Coward, Harold G (1987).
853:
827:
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570:is another anthology for
310:, the first verse of the
253:, along with the earlier
41:
1076:The embodiment of bhakti
1195:. University of Madras.
1184:. University of Madras.
993:Cutler, Norman (1987).
568:Tirumurai kanda puranam
559:Tevara Arulmuraitirattu
474:Chant our Lord's name,
450:Compositions and legacy
267:Tiru Tondar Tiruvandadi
162:), also referred to as
972:Cort, John E. (1998).
856:, pp. 175–176, 213–217
503:
334:
278:Brahmapureesa Charitam
240:
187:
1625:Thirukkurippu Thondar
866:Kingsbury, F (1921).
788:Bhargava 2006, p. 467
721:Vasudevan 2003, p. 13
497:
434:. He is sported with
432:Nagapattinam district
324:
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1673:Paadal Petra Sthalam
1121:. Otto Harrasowitz.
938:. Otto Harrasowitz.
403:Kulothunga Chola III
393:, the supervisor of
331:Freer Gallery of Art
170:: திருஞானசம்பந்தர்,
1678:Thiruthondar Thogai
656:South Asian Studies
484:Śatarudrīya saṁhita
198:) to the Hindu god
164:Tirujnana Sambandar
779:Ghose 1996, p. 239
586:Tamil Shaiva ethos
529:Nellaiappar Temple
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342:An inscription of
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1281:978-81-7823-148-8
1213:978-81-87358-30-5
1170:978-0-19-802930-4
1149:978-0-1997-1901-3
1066:978-81-87358-30-5
1046:978-1-59884-655-3
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1575:Pugaḻ Thunai
1545:Muniyaraiyar
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1475:Kochengannār
1425:Isaignaniyar
1395:Aenātinathar
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141:saint, Muvar
126:
99:Organization
68:Chola Empire
29:
1729:Chola poets
1660:Viranmindar
1605:Siruttondar
1595:Seruthtunai
1570:Pugal Chola
1465:Kalarsingar
1450:Kanampullar
1440:Kalikkambar
1430:Iyarpagaiār
1380:Arivāttayar
1350:Adipaththar
1244:j.ctt7zvqbj
440:Tiruindalur
417:Iconography
383:Parantaka I
274:hagiography
1719:660 deaths
1714:644 births
1708:Categories
1645:Nilanakkar
1510:Meiporulār
1490:Kulachirai
1410:Gananāthar
1405:Kalikkāmar
904:References
533:Suchindram
512:Sthanikars
428:Velankanni
387:Rajendra I
293:Tamil Nadu
184:Tamil Nadu
104:Philosophy
77:Tamil Nadu
1688:Tirumurai
1630:Tirumular
1620:Sambandar
1600:Sirappuli
1555:Nedumārar
1535:Naminandi
1455:Kannappar
1400:Eripathar
1385:Chandesar
1360:Amarneedi
1355:Aiyadigal
1252:884013180
854:Cort 1998
828:Cort 1998
768:Cort 1998
580:Tirumurai
572:Tirumurai
551:Tirumurai
543:Tirumurai
456:Tirumurai
411:Tiruvalam
389:mentions
348:Tiruvarur
282:Tirumurai
251:Tirumurai
204:Tirumurai
178:), was a
172:romanized
160:Campantar
156:romanized
148:Sambandar
70:(present
36:Sambandar
18:Campantar
1724:Nayanars
1640:Yālpānar
1615:Sundarar
1590:Saktiyār
1585:Sākkiyar
1580:Sadaiyār
1560:Kurumbar
1540:Nantanār
1480:Kutruvar
1415:Idangaḻi
1339:Nayanars
1224:(1989).
1115:(1974).
830:, p. 213
818:, p. 144
803:, p. 140
508:Odhuvars
462:mantra:
375:pidarars
356:Sundarar
300:brahmins
297:Shaivite
289:Sirkazhi
271:Sanskrit
259:Sundarar
211:Nayanars
108:Shaivism
93:Hinduism
89:Religion
73:Sirkazhi
54:Personal
1693:Tevaram
1655:Vāyilār
1565:Pusalar
1530:Murugar
1515:Murkhar
1495:Kalayar
1485:Kotpuli
1420:Māranār
610:Devaram
576:Tevaram
555:moovars
547:Tevaram
520:Tevaram
399:Tevaram
395:Tevaram
379:Tevaram
367:Pidarar
312:Tevaram
304:Parvati
276:called
139:Nayanar
128:Tevaram
1445:Kaliya
1375:Apputi
1365:Āṉāyar
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436:catura
221:bhakti
218:Shaiva
195:bhakti
189:oeuvre
180:Shaiva
135:Honors
112:Bhakti
1550:Nesar
1520:Murti
1390:Dandi
1370:Appar
1240:JSTOR
873:(PDF)
750:(PDF)
619:Notes
514:, or
381:from
352:Appar
327:chola
316:Vedas
269:. A
225:Appar
215:Tamil
200:Shiva
168:Tamil
152:Tamil
81:India
1435:Kāri
1276:ISBN
1248:OCLC
1230:ISBN
1208:ISBN
1165:ISBN
1144:ISBN
1123:ISBN
1100:ISBN
1080:ISBN
1061:ISBN
1041:ISBN
1022:ISBN
1001:ISBN
980:ISBN
959:ISBN
940:ISBN
919:ISBN
881:2014
531:and
409:and
261:and
231:Life
59:Born
1337:63
664:doi
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430:in
365:or
346:at
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