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Sundarar to serve the petitioner, who then mysteriously vanishes into Shiva shrine. Sundarar views this as a command to serve Shiva in the
Tiruvarur temple. Later he meets dancer Paravai, they marry, and together they serve the Shaiva pilgrims and take care of the temple duties. He goes to visit Tiruvorriyur, meets and is enamoured with Cankali. With the help of Shiva, this leads to Sundarar's second marriage, but only after his wedding vows include never leaving Cankali and Tiruvorriyur. Sundarar misses his first wife Paravai, does not keep his word, and leaves for Tiruvarur. The broken vow causes him to go blind before he reaches Tiruvarur. His suffering thereafter are part of several Tevaram hymns. As a blind man, he visits many Shiva shrines and sings there. Slowly in stages, he becomes closer to Shiva and recovers his sight.
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1676:, verses). Predominantly all hymns of Tevaram contain ten or eleven verses. Each verse is a four line melodic stanza with an embedded refrain. The hymns of Sambandar and Sundarar also embed a signature or coda in the last verse, where the poet-saint shares some personal information, or the benefits of listening to or singing that hymn, or the context of that hymn. The hymns of Appar too include a signature or coda in the last verse, but they characteristically are linked to the
2326:: "God well-versed in Vedic love who destroyed the precious life of the Kālaṉ (God of death) who came without any regard, to bind by the noose Markaṇṭeyaṉ the bachelor who fell prostrate at the feet of Shiva (Civaṉ) with flowers from which fragrance was spreading, with the leg! the god in Tirumullaivāyil of great wealth! the spiritual preceptor who gave out the meanings of the Vedas (Vētams) which are eternal; root out the sufferings that I your slave have to undergo.
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divine interventions, magic cures people's diseases, stone statues spring to life to help the kind and gentle Shaiva people suffering persecution, gigantic forms of living animals such as cruel elephants become small peaceful stone statues, and other such events happen in the context of loving and intense devotion to Shiva. This myth-filled context has created much controversy and speculations on their reliability, even the centuries in which these saints lived.
1352:(sacred ash) and the five syllable mantra "namaccivaya" (Namah Shivaya). Then together they went together to a Shiva temple in Atikai, where he spontaneously composed his first hymn of Tevaram. As he sang the second verse, he was miraculously cured of his stomach illness. Thereafter, he came to be known as Navukkaracar (from Skt: Vagisa, "king of speech") or more popularly just Appar. He had thus left Jainism, and become a devout Shaiva.
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1385:). Other Appar destinations mentioned in the Tevaram include Nallur, Tinkalur, Tiruvarur, Tiruvavatuturai where he described the Tiruvatirai festival, Maraikkatu, Vaymur, Tiruvaiyaru, and mount Kailash in the Himalayan north. This was also a period of resurrection of the smaller Shiva temples. Appar sanctified all these temples with his verses and was also involved in cleaning of the dilapidated temples in a ritual known as
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across the Indian subcontinent. The poems do not represent social space as a contested space, rather they were spaces for sharing of religious ideas, movement and social service to pilgrims. According to
Prentiss, the hymns show that the hymnists were free to wander and to offer their praise of Shiva. The emotional intensity of the hymns represent spontaneous expression of thought as an emotional responses to God.
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egocentricism, by militancy and great ardour, by a warm feeling for the greatness and beauty of Tamil language with scholarly experimentation in meters showing familiarity with
Sanskrit forms. Zvelebil quotes a current Tamil saying, "My Appar sang of me, Sambandar sang of himself, Sundarar sang of women". The lyrical beauty of the original Tamil verses is often untranslatable into English.
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2312:: "one who dwells in Neṭuṅkaḷam, you who have the Vedas (Vetams) as your word! whose dress is a skin! who has on his long caṭai a prospering crescent! unless people praise you in the above mentioned manner; you do not mind the faults of people who have defects; weed out the affliction of those who have moral firmness and who are superior by their principles.;"
1875:(Pallavamalla) inscription of the 8th century confirms Tevaram hymns singing at a Shiva temple. Another inscription attributed to Vijayanandi Vikramavarma from the 9th century makes provision for singers of Patiyams in the temple. Similarly, two 10th-century donor inscription of Uttama Cola, who preceded Rajaraja, mentions Shaiva hymn singers.
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Appar's poems are emotional, very personal form of Shiva worship. The metaphors used in the poems have deep agrarian influence that is considered one of the striking chords for common people to get accustomed to the verse. The quote below is a popular song of Appar glorifying Shiva in simple diction:
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Sundarar with restored eye sight then lives with his two wives. In his later hymns, he presents his spiritual discussions with Shiva on how to achieve both spiritual succor and material wealth in life. He seeks the latter to provide for his family and to pay for the charitable temple kitchen that fed
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court. There the Jain monks allegedly attempt to burn the house he was staying in, but he remains unharmed. Then he is challenged to a debate by the Jain monks with the condition that the losing side convert to the winning side, or commit suicide by impaling themselves to death. Sambandar defeats the
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tradition, states
Champakalakshmi. Yet they extend rather than reject the Vedic tradition. The hymns, states Peterson, directly praise the four Vedas and Sanskrit, adding that devotion to Shiva is same as these. For example, in Appar VI.301.1, the Tevaram states "See him who is Sanskrit of the North,
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Tevaram text has been called as a Shaiva "Tamil-vētam" (a Tamil Veda) in Volume 4 of the Madras Tamil
Lexicon. This equivalence with the ancient Hindu Vedas has been explained by the Tamil Shaiva scholars in that the Tevaram "resembles the Vedic hymns" by being poetry of the "highest order" that also
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In the first part of his life, the arranged marriage of
Sundarar is cancelled after a mad old man mysteriously appears and produces a palm leaf document. The document stated that Sundarar was bonded to serve him, his master. A court of elders then reviews the document and finds it authentic, demands
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Appar's hymn are intimately devotional to Shiva, but occasionally include verses where he repents the Jain period of his life. In
Tevaram hymn IV.39 and others, he criticizes the Jain monastic practice of not brushing teeth, the lack of body hygiene, their barbaric ascetic practices, the doctrine of
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through the 10th century, with some evidence of these poems being written on palm leaf manuscripts. The actual compilation into
Tevaram was completed in the 11th century, starting around 1000 CE. The Tevaram trio themselves credit an older tradition and "speak of saints who lived before them", which
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recites numerous examples of Jain monks allegedly destroying Shiva temples, persecuting Shaiva people and torturing Shaiva poet-saints. Example quotes: "How long this joint tour took, one cannot say; but much must have been said by Appar to
Sambandhar about the cruel supremacy of Jainism and of the
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Unlike his sister, Appar turned to
Jainism. He left home, joined a Jain monastery, where he was renamed Dharmasena (Tarumacenar). He studied Jainism and became the head of the Jain monastery in Tiruppatirippuliyur. After a while, afflicted by a painful stomach illness, Dharmasena returned home. His
1712:
Several of these poems refer to historic references pointing to the saints own life, voice of devotee persona, using interior language of the mystic. Of the three, Sambandar's life is better interpreted by his verses. According to Zvelebil, the child-prodigy Sambandar's lyrics are characterized by
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The texts about the Tevaram trio are hagiographies full of mythistory where devotion leads to miracles, objects float upstream in a river, cruel Jains of the Chola kingdom repeatedly scheme to hurt and kill peaceful Shaiva saints in the Pandya kingdom, the Shiva devotees survive and thrive through
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His life and his hymns in the Tevaram are broadly grouped in four stages. First, his cancelled arranged marriage through the intervention of Shiva in the form of a mad petitioner and his conversion into a Shaiva devotee. Second, his double marriage to temple dancers Paravai and Cankali with their
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towards the end of the 7th century. He was adopted by the Pallava feudatory family of Naracinka Munaiyaraiyar, an adoption that gave him a luxurious childhood and the last name "Arurar" after Shiva in Tiruvarur. As he grew into an adult in Tiruvarur, he was called "Sundarar" meaning "the handsome
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The Tevaram hymns incorporate names of Shiva temple pilgrimage sites. The poems also involved glorifying the feat of Shiva in the particular location. These hymns helped create a sacred geography of Tamil Shaivism, interconnecting this regional Shaiva community within and to the broader Shaivism
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The hymns provide a window into the types of Shiva temples in the 7th century CE, artwork and the iconography prevalent then. They confirm that the iconography of Nataraja – the dancing form of Shiva, and the Shiva linga, were already well established by the time of Sambandar, complementing each
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Appar was a dedicated pilgrim, who travelled to distant Shiva shrines. Of particular note are Shiva temples sites that were important turning points to his life and these remain important to contemporary Tamil Shaivas. These include Tunkanaimatam, Chidambaram, Sirkazhi where he met the child
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caste, he was an orphan raised by his sister. He spent his childhood in Tiruvamur village near Atikai by most accounts. His childhood name was Marunikkiyar (Marulneekiar). Zvelebil dates his birth to between 570–596 CE. Details of Appar's life are found in his own hymns and in Sekkizhar's
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various forms of tortures he suffered at the hands of the Jain monks"; "The aged Appar, still bearing the indelible scars of the scourgings and other forms of torture by the Jain monks, was scared for the safety of the Child and tried to dissuade him from his resolve to go to Madurai."
1141:. Appar and Sambandar lived around the 7th century, while Sundarar lived in the 8th century. It is likely that the lives of Appar and Sambandar overlapped sometime between 570 and 670 CE, while Sundarar lived in late 7th or the early 8th century. All three are among the 63
2319:: "(My mind!) worship with folded hands sincerely early in life, Shiva (Civaṉ) who chants the four Vedas (Vētams) which contain good things, who receives alms in the teethless white skull, who is in tillai (citamparam), and the god who is in parāittuṟai in the south;
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in his court. He sought the help of Nambi Andar Nambi, who was a priest in a temple. It is believed that by divine intervention Nambi found the presence of scripts, in the form of cadijam leaves half eaten by white ants in a chamber inside the second precinct of the
1401:
Sundarar, also known as Nampi Arurar or Cuntaramurtti or Cuntarar, is the third of the Tevaram trio. His Tevaram hymns provide more biographical specifics than the hymns of Sambandar and Appar. Sundarar was born in Tirunavalur in a Shaiva Brahmin family to
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is attributed to three Tamil Shaiva poet–saints, sometimes referred to as the "Tevaram trio" (Mūvar). They lived between the 6th and 8th century CE, state Peterson and Prentiss, while Champakalakshmi dates them in the 7th to 9th century. They are among the
1171:, pioneering the tradition of an emotional devotion to Shiva through ritual singing in temples and public places. This was an era where Hindus, Jains and Buddhists were rivals in seeking patronage and influence in royal and urban circles of South India.
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to take revenge on Appar for his desertion. Appar is summoned to the court and allegedly tortured. Appar remains in good spirit despite the persecution. Thus, Appar persuaded Mahendravarman of the folly in Jainism, and converted the king to Shaivism.
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and southern Tamil, and the four Vedas". Such themes appear repeatedly in this text. Thus, Tevaram is not antagonistic to the Vedic tradition, it compliments and redirects the devotee to bhakti through songs and music, for the same spiritual pursuit.
2305:: "the god in kāḻi who pressed down angrily by gently fixing his toe to crush the arakkaṉ who lifted (the mountain), the pure one who smears the ash which is dust, took pity (on him) as he began to praise god by singing Sama Veda (cāma vētam);"
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hundreds of Shaiva pilgrims. Shiva becomes his patron king, grants him grain, gold and a flashing sword. This is embedded symbolism to inspire regional kings and wealthy patrons to support the spiritual and charitable works at Shiva temples.
1264:. As a child poet-saint, he attracted throngs of audiences, travelled through Tamil lands to Shiva temples accompanied by musician Tirunilakantayalppanar, composing melodious hymns in complex meters and rhythms. The hymn III.345 of
1871:), devotional singing at temples. The inscriptions found in stone temples of Shiva over the centuries, confirm that this became a lasting historic practice by at least the 8th century CE. For example, states Dorai Rangaswamy, the
1260:, Sambandar is said to have been a child prodigy, one who began composing hymns as soon as he started speaking as a baby and who mastered the Vedas by age three. His gifts were attributed to being breastfed by the Shakti goddess
945:, Tamil Shaivism acquired a canonical set of sacred texts on ritual, philosophy, and theology. This marked its coming of age alongside the expansion and consolidation of Chola imperial power in the 11th century CE.
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The Tevaram includes 383 or 384 hymns composed by Sambandar over volumes I–III, 313 hymns by Appar over volumes IV–VI, and 100 hymns by Sundarar in volume VII. Information about Tevaram Trio comes mainly from the
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Many more inscriptions over the centuries mention Tevaram singers in Shiva temples. For example, SII inscription 433 of 1903, 423 of 1908, 624 of 1909, 349 of 1918, 129 of 1924, 99 of 1989, 149 of 1937, and
1389:. Appar is believed to have died around the age of 81 in Tirupugalur. He extolled Shiva in 49,000 stanzas, out of which 3,130 have survived. These are compiled in the fourth, fifth, and sixth volumes of the
1031:
3037:, pp. 292–293, Quote: "The Saiva hagiographers speak of several incidents in which the Jains used their influence on the Pallava king in Kanchipuram to take revenge on Appar for his desertion"..
992:(leaders), and considered the "principal saint-leaders" of Tamil Shaivism. Like the ancient Sanskrit texts of India as well as the Vaishnava bhakti tradition, the early Nayanar poetry was largely an
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philosophy by grouping ninety-nine verses into 10 categories. The category headings are God, soul, bond, grace, guru, methodology, enlightenment, bliss, mantra and liberation–corresponding to
1100:, all dated between about the 2nd century BCE and the 5th century CE, states Peterson. The melodic prosody, structure and genre that the Tevaram exemplifies has roots and illustrations in the
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manuscript copied in a Tamil Shiva temple about 1700 CE. The manuscript, like many Hindu texts found in South India, starts with a contents list. The title of the hymns set is in its
1801:
Sundarar's hymns had a touch of humour. In one of the verses, he playfully draws an analogy between Shiva and himself, both having two wives and the needs of nagging wives:
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can be interpreted in two ways. First, as "Tēva" and "Āram" which means "the garland of the lord ". Second, as "Tē" and "Vāram" which means "create love towards the lord".
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1991:) in the temple opposed the mission, but Rajaraja intervened by consecrating the images of the saints through the streets of Chidambaram. Rajaraja thus became known as
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provided for in Tiruvallam Bilavaneswara temple records dating from the 8th century. A few earlier records also give details about the gifts rendered to the singers of
2917:, pp. 180–181, Quote: "Needless to say, the king is converted. The Jains have chosen to die if they get defeated. Their chosen death is by impalement on stakes.".
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1999:". Thus far Shiva temples only had images of god forms, but after the advent of Rajaraja, the images of the Nayanar saints were also placed inside the temple.
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1360:(anekantavada) as self-contradictory relativism, the hypocrisy of running away from the world and work yet begging for food in that same world, and others.
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in the aftermath. Sambandar died around 655 CE at the age of 16, on the day of his wedding when Shiva met him and took his relatives and him to his abode.
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and thus set aside the primacy of Sanskrit liturgies in religious matters. Tevaram made the direct devotion to Shiva more easily accessible to the people.
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singers, and thereafter came a conscious 11th-century structuring of these poems into a canonized text. The last stage was assisted by the pontiffs of the
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near Chidambaram. Little is known with any certainty about Sambandar actual life. The last hymns of Tevaram volume III provide some information. The
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Appar, also known as Tirunavukkaracar, was born in the late 6th century or the early 7th century in a Vellala peasant family. From the Shaiva
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Like Sambandar, there is a call for self-independence, militancy or pressing for one's rights, without fearing anyone in Appar compositions:
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The Tevaram helped structure a devotional tradition with its own authoritative canon, and thereby negated the primacy of Vedic orthodoxy and
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contains 796 hymns made up of 8,284 stanzas. These hymns continue to be devotionally sung in contemporary times in many Shiva temples of
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One of the earliest mentions of Tevaram singers is found in the 8th century Nandivarman II Tiruvallam inscription on the north wall of
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contain 383 poems (some editions 384), composed of 4,181 stanzas, attributed to Sambandar, which are all that survive out of a reputed
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stay together in Tiruvarur. Third, his blindness and then return of his sight. Finally, his reflections on wealth and material goods.
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Indira V. Peterson (1982). "Singing of a Place: Pilgrimage as Metaphor and Motif in the Tēvāram Songs of the Tamil Śaivite Saints".
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systematically builds the philosophical foundations of Shaivism. It differs from the ancient Vedas in that it focuses on intense
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of the labours of the 63 Nayanar saints–and Nambi's own hymns as the eleventh book. The first seven books were later called as
1709:. Professional singing of the Tevaram hymns at large Shiva temples has been a Tamil tradition since at least the 11th century.
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caste who learned the mode of divine revelation. She returned to Chidambaram with Nambi, where she sang and danced for Shiva.
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2050:, "the holy book". Thus Shaiva literature which covers about 600 years of religious, philosophical and literary development.
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after the daily rituals. These are usually carried out as a chorus programme soon after the divine offering. The singing of
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provide more extended context for the life stories of the Tevaram trio and other poet-saints. All these texts including the
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The List of the Holy Servants) and other poetry which is generally dated to the 8th century. Other Tamil texts such as the
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other in large Shiva temples. These hymns also provide evidence of the Shaiva poet-saints cherishing the Vedic heritage.
1832:(line 32). Above is a portion of early Tiruvallam inscriptions (Tamil and Sanskrit languages, Tamil and Grantha scripts).
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depicts Jain monks persecuting him and trying to burn a palm-leaf manuscript of his hymn, but the fire does not burn it.
1004:: first was the composition of the hymns by the Tevaram trio, then these were adopted in temple rituals and festivals by
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and subsequently expanded to 12 parts. One of the first anthologies of Sambandar, Appar, and Sundarar's hymns, the
1344:. His sister Thilagavathiar was betrothed to a military commander who died in war. She devoted herself to Shaivism.
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of Manikkavacakar during special occasion in the temple. From the 13th century, the texts were passed on to the
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regards this poem by Sambandar as exemplifying the structural and thematic distinctiveness of bhakti poetry:
1050:(beat) are included on the manuscript leaves to guide the singers and musicians. The above set is one of 230
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states Peterson suggests that parts of the Tevaram poetry may have more ancient roots than the 6th century.
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2866:, Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India, Volume 5, Epigraphical Society of India Mysore, pp. 69-83
2841:, Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India, Volume 5, Epigraphical Society of India Mysore, pp. 69-70
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There is some disagreement on the centuries, with Champakalakshmi dating Sundarar in 8th to 9th-century.
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Thirugnana Sambandar, sometimes spelled as Campantar or Ñāṉacampantar, was born into a family of Shaiva
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volumes contain the works of the three most prominent Shaiva Tamil saints of the 7th and 8th centuries:
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1705:, and they are meant to be sung while accompanied with a stringed musical instrument such as the Tamil
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According to Sabaratnam, the Tevaram verses were more oriented towards the folk tradition. It used the
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Chettiar, C. M. Ramachandran (1941). "Geographical Distribution of Religious Places in Tamil Nad".
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are additional early records and provide a comprehensive hagiography on him. Other sources are the
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ensures the perpetuation of the Vedic religion's emphasis on the efficacy of ritual as per Davis.
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In 1918, 11 more songs were found engraved in stone temple in Tiruvidavayil in a village close to
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Nambi arranged the hymns of three saints Sambandar, Appar and Sundarar as the first seven books,
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4288:. Shivdasani Conference 2007, 20–21 October. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 85–106.
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Ignatius Hirudayam, "Canonical Books of Saivism and Vaishnavism in Tamil and Sanskrit" in
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A Critical Study of Early Tamil Saiva Bhakti Literature with Special Reference to Tevaram
1974:(985-1013 CE) embarked on a mission to recover the hymns after hearing short excerpts of
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and made liberal provisions for their maintenance and successors. A record belonging to
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Periya Puranam: A Tamil Classic on the Great Saiva Saints of South India by Sekkizhar
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A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
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are places that are mentioned casually in the hymns. The focus of the hymns suggests
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Vellala were among the traditional tillers, agriculture labor; classified as Shudra.
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3861:. Vol. III (Third ed.). Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 326–340.
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According to Champakalakshmi, there were at least three stages in the evolution of
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4300:. Philadelphia: Dept. of South Asia Regional Studies, University of Pennsylvania.
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B.G.L. Swamy (1975). "The Date of the Tevaram Trio: An Analysis and Reappraisal".
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5435:
5372:
4713:
4688:
4512:
4265:
2285:
The colonial era literature and some contemporary publications spell Tevaram as
2119:
2062:
2012:
1919:: in addition to temples, the hymnists make classificatory lists of places like
1301:
887:
725:
718:
706:
614:
483:
479:
442:
4153:
Spencer, George W. (1970). "The Sacred Geography of the Tamil Shaivite Hymns".
1915:(worship) offering. Both human structures and natural places find a mention in
1697:. The traditional manuscripts arrange the hymns according to musical modes, or
5753:
5528:
5481:
5194:
4944:
4698:
3790:
2864:
Religious conflict in the Tamil Country: A Re-appraisal of Epigraphic Evidence
2839:
Religious conflict in the Tamil Country: A Re-appraisal of Epigraphic Evidence
2131:
1988:
1905:
1637:
1591:
1168:
950:
922:
536:
279:
274:
87:
4242:. A History of Indian Literature. Vol. 10. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrasowitz.
4010:
3656:
2016:
as the eighth book, the 28 hymns of nine other saints as the ninth book, the
224:
5518:
5306:
5233:
5189:
5039:
4797:
4754:
4703:
4432:
4359:
4315:
4166:
3972:
2039:
2023:
1952:
1614:
1512:
1458:
1130:
1106:
895:
874:
794:
741:
551:
531:
521:
424:
375:
307:
214:
176:
129:
4802:
4002:
3926:
1680:
through Ravana's mythical devotion before he lost his way and turned evil.
493:
1208:
5513:
5476:
5413:
5238:
5199:
5184:
5174:
5164:
5132:
4871:
3413:
Xavier Irudayaraj, "Self-Understanding of Saiva Siddanta Scriptures," in
2180:
2123:
2091:
followed in Shiva temples. Though these two systems are overlapping, the
2069:
1960:
1948:
1540:
1522:
1482:
1478:
1261:
1230:
1142:
1138:
1084:(praise poem) of the Tevaram are "closely associated with early Sanskrit
903:
746:
541:
380:
77:
72:
33:
861:
41:
5765:
5228:
5221:
4774:
4174:
4114:
Of Death and Birth: Icakkiyamman̲, a Tamil Goddess, in Ritual and Story
2170:
1364:
1276:
1226:
1073:
883:
879:
581:
488:
446:
302:
124:
101:
4279:"Cholas, Pandyas, and 'Imperial Temple Culture' in Medieval Tamilnadu"
4069:
Ethnic Attachments in Sri Lanka: Social Change and Cultural Continuity
4039:
3822:
The Tyāgarāja Cult in Tamilnāḍu: A Study in Conflict and Accommodation
3608:
Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories. 25. Tamil Nadu
2570:
2568:
2298:
For a few additional examples (Translator: V.M.Subramanya Ayyar), see:
5760:
5748:
5418:
5321:
5317:
5206:
5179:
4769:
4374:
3715:
A History of Indian Literature, 500-1399: From Courtly to the Popular
2265:. It is the first of the works to refer the collection of volumes as
1730:
In Tiruvaiyar, where the girls dance around, and the drumbeats sound,
1336:
1085:
971:
has also been interpreted as "private ritual worship", with the term
609:
604:
561:
498:
344:
340:
331:
94:
2211:
is followed by musicals from the music pillars in such temples like
975:
appearing in temple inscriptions with the sense of "lord's shrine".
4031:
2203:
offer musical programmes in Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu by singing
1951:
with Manikkavasakar - collectively called the Naalvar: (from left)
1844:
with gleaming gopuras in each direction to the number of the Vedas,
5243:
5159:
4749:
4215:
The Royal Temple of Rajaraja: An Instrument of Imperial Cola Power
2481:
2479:
2477:
2164:
2087:
was one of the sole reasons for converting Vedic ritual to Agamic
1943:
1942:
1823:
1413:
1317:
1207:
1185:. The first two Saints are mentioned in the third poet Sundarar's
1134:
1010:
907:
899:
872:, denotes the first seven volumes of the twelve-volume collection
327:
241:
236:
157:
111:
82:
65:
4387:
3768:
The Religion And Philosophy Of Tevaram, Book II (Volumes 3 and 4)
1854:
Him who constantly performs His dance, there is Sheath of Bliss,
1732:
The monkeys fear the rain, run up the trees, and scan the clouds.
4969:
4592:
4381:'s web site giving the transliteration & translation of the
4298:
Songs of the Harsh Devotee: The Tēvāram of Cuntaramūrttināyan̲ār
3757:
The Religion And Philosophy Of Tevaram, Book I (Volumes 1 and 2)
1701:. The Tevaram hymns are set to 23 of the 103 pan scale modes of
1685:
1307:
467:
336:
264:
116:
5105:
4391:
3670:
Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Culture in Indian History
2689:
2687:
2146:
with the establishment of a department. There are records from
3129:
3127:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3072:
3070:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
1742:
1363:
The Tamil hagiographies allege that Jain monks approached the
1096:, some compositions of Kalidasa and some chapters of the epic
2150:
from Nallanyanar temple in South Arcot indicating singing of
1726:
In the hour when our senses grow confused, the way grows dim,
1724:
In the temple where he is throned, who bids us not lose heart
890:
account of early Shaiva saints set in devotional poetry. The
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
2874:
2872:
2585:
2583:
1462:
1449:
5101:
4135:
The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India
2536:
2534:
1288:
king and some Jains convert to Shaivism. Other Jain monks
1110:, an ancient prototypical devotional hymn to Rudra-Shiva.
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2528:, Volume 3, Part 1, Archaeological Survey of India, p. 93
2057:. He accomplished this by visiting the native village of
1728:
Our wisdom fails, and mucus chokes our struggling breath,
3316:, pp. 17–18 with footnote 58, 23–28 with footnotes.
2508:
2506:
1794:
Forever His, His; who does reign, our Sankara, in bliss.
3629:
According to Tradition: Hagiographical Writing in India
1846:
with five halls, which are the sheaths of the Brahman,
837:
1445:
1434:
Sundarar is the author of 1,026 poems compiled as the
1163:) who are revered poet-saints of Shaivism. During the
673:
2773:
2771:
2053:
Nambi was also involved in setting musical modes for
929:, these saints' hymns were collected and arranged by
4334:
Jagadguru Shri Chandrasekharendra Saraswati Swamigal
2046:(1135 CE) as the twelfth volume, is wholly known as
2038:, and the whole Shaiva canon, which came to include
2026:
as the tenth book, and 40 hymns by 12 other saints,
1376:
poet-saint Sambandar who lovingly called him Appar (
1249:
and a few inscriptions in Tamil Shiva temples about
5741:
5686:
5613:
5575:
5537:
5499:
5490:
5459:
5396:
5316:
5268:
5150:
5053:
5032:
5006:
4978:
4927:
4884:
4847:
4831:
4788:
4737:
4674:
4633:
4626:
4605:
4580:
4564:
4536:
4495:
4488:
4425:
3877:R. Champakalakshmi (2007). Meenakshi Khanna (ed.).
3785:. Vol. II. Middlesex: Edward Arnold & Co.
4362:, a repository of ancient Tamil literature in PDFs
3691:Songs of Experience: The Poetics of Tamil Devotion
3349:
2705:
2630:
2606:
2574:
2485:
2168:and there was no more control by the kings or the
1891:are 275 temples that are revered in the verses of
1253:singers that can be dated around the 9th century.
1054:folios currently preserved in the British Library.
1014:(monasteries) who incorporated the hymns into the
4184:Bulletin of the Institute of Traditional Cultures
3605:Bhargava, Gopal K.; Bhatt, Shankarlal C. (2006).
1767: like the gently breeze and the young spring
4353:, contains an English translation of the entire
3313:
3301:
3289:
2813:
2801:
2789:
2184:community and were trained in ritual singing in
1852:Devi, Visnu, Elephant-faced Vinayaka and Skanda,
1792:It's joy for us, joy day by day, for we are His.
1305:of 16,000 hymns. His verses were set to tune on
4371:, audio files of hymns available at Shaivam.org
3418:
3207:
2404:
1863:The Tevaram hymns celebrate charitable giving (
1850:and with the shrines of the Blessed Mulasthana,
1839:
1803:
1783:
1721:
4191:G. Vanmikanathan (1985). N. Mahalingam (ed.).
3673:. Albany: State University of New York Press.
5117:
4403:
4286:Archeology and Text: The Temple in South Asia
3626:Callewaert, Winand M.; Snell, Rupert (1994).
3537:
3470:
3468:
3455:
3453:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3203:
3201:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
1786:To none are we subject! Death we do not fear!
1216:statue depicting Sambandar, late 11th century
655:
8:
4096:. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation.
3985:Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints
3858:The History and Culture of the Indian People
3397:
3395:
3393:
2825:
2072:, and it was the first instance found where
3919:St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India
3277:
1147:
5496:
5124:
5110:
5102:
4630:
4492:
4410:
4396:
4388:
3939:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3497:
3495:
3325:
3253:
3237:
3235:
2678:
2497:
2439:
1909:(seeing and being seen by God) within the
1311:or lute by Sambandar's constant companion
836:
662:
648:
20:
3987:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
3801:The First Spring: The Golden Age of India
3694:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
3563:
3561:
3548:
3546:
3513:
3444:
3414:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3010:
2693:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2400:
1848:food and the others with the holy waters,
1842:His house is resplendent with five walls,
1167:these three travelled extensively around
921:In the 10th century, during the reign of
4666:Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition
4020:Journal of the American Oriental Society
3567:
3552:
3459:
3384:
3368:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3226:
3192:
3169:
3157:
3145:
3133:
3118:
3097:
3076:
3046:
3034:
3022:
2986:
2957:. Pearson Education India. p. 592.
2902:
2890:
2878:
2850:
2762:
2738:
2717:
2666:
2654:
2642:
2589:
2559:
2540:
2427:
1790:No tremblings know we, and no illnesses.
3736:Studies in Tamil Literature and History
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3380:
3337:
2926:
2618:
2512:
2451:
2380:
2278:
32:
3932:
3900:The Sacred Marriage of a Hindu Goddess
3474:
3401:
2777:
2750:
2415:
2142:and shows the institutionalisation of
1771: are my lord's twin feet's shadow
1683:The hymns are set to music denoted by
1201:were finalized a few centuries later.
4618:World Classical Tamil Conference 2010
4051:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3525:
3486:
2938:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2261:as a whole, but primarily focuses on
7:
3501:
2914:
2468:
2387:
825:Tamil history from Sangam literature
4218:. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications.
3265:
3241:
2998:
2233:, primarily had references only to
2076:verses were found in inscriptions.
1378:
4330:The Authenticity of Sthala Puranas
3921:. Vol. III. Trichur, Kerala.
3880:Cultural History of Medieval India
3733:Dikshitar, VR Ramachandra (1936).
3160:, pp. 305–312 with footnotes.
3025:, pp. 286–293 with footnotes.
1656:has 796 hymns. Each hymn contains
1080:In their structure and focus, the
14:
5081:Ancient manuscript digitalisation
4284:. In Ray, Himanshu Prabha (ed.).
4047:Prentiss, Karen Pechilis (1999).
3632:. Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz Verlag.
3587:South Indian Shrines: Illustrated
5793:
5784:
5783:
5259:
4186:. University of Madras: 119–179.
2792:, pp. 203–232, 239–240 etc.
1858:– Sambandar (Translator: Smith)
1856:Whose foot is curved, I worship.
1023:
631:
40:
5830:Texts related to Nayanar saints
5061:Standardisation of Tamil script
4351:French Institute of Pondicherry
4066:Sabaratnam, Lakshmanan (2001).
3957:. New Delhi: South Asia Books.
3917:Menachery, George, ed. (2010).
3883:. Delhi: Social Science Press.
3765:Dorai Rangaswamy, M.A. (1959).
3754:Dorai Rangaswamy, M.A. (1958).
1810:Full well canst thou comprehend
1796:– Appar (Translator: Zvelebil)
1750:வீசு தென்றலும் வீங்கிள வேனிலும்
1295:The first three volumes of the
4138:. Cambridge University Press.
3902:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
3825:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
3611:. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications.
3590:. Asian Educational Services.
3584:Ayyar, P. V. Jagadisa (1993).
2893:, pp. 20 with footnote 4.
2213:Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple
2061:, where he met a woman of the
1897:Shiva temples of the continent
1752:மூசு வண்டறை பொய்கையும் போன்றதே
1:
1895:and are amongst the greatest
1769: like a bee-humming lake
1748:மாசில் வீணையும் மாலை மதியமும்
1279:to counter the Jain monks in
3981:Peterson, Indira Viswanathan
3898:Harman, William P. (1992) .
3718:. Chennai: Sahitya Akademi.
1806:Thou art half woman. Thyself
1290:die in Madurai of impalement
4935:Megalithic graffiti symbols
4694:Nālāyira Tivviya Pirapantam
3649:Indian Geographical Journal
3208:Callewaert & Snell 1994
2108:Tirupadiyam Vinnapam Seyvar
1995:meaning "one who saved the
1981:Chidambaram Nataraja temple
1125:The first three volumes of
1018:canon in the 13th century.
862:
5851:
5076:Printing in Tamil language
4212:Vasudevan, Geetha (2003).
3866:Kandiah, Arumugam (1973).
3819:Ghose, Rajeshwari (1996).
2862:R Champakalakshmi (1978),
2837:R Champakalakshmi (1978),
2102:hymns were referred to as
1808:Ganga is in thy long hair,
916:early medieval South India
778:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
5820:Tamil-language literature
5779:
5460:Festivals and observances
5300:Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta
5257:
5139:
4111:Schüler, Barbara (2009).
4093:A Social History of India
3538:Bhargava & Bhatt 2006
2526:South Indian Inscriptions
2257:is another anthology for
2028:Tirutotanar Tiruvanthathi
1788:We do not grieve in hell.
1746:
1665:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1620:
1481:hymns of the sixty-three
1473:
1448:
857:
835:
802:
769:
733:
691:
684:
676:
5719:Meenakshi Sundareshwarar
5279:Shvetashvatara Upanishad
4823:Tamil Lexicon dictionary
4503:Bangalore Tamil dialects
4197:. Sri Ramakrishna Math.
4049:The Embodiment of Bhakti
3841:Iyengar, K. R. Srinivasa
3739:. University of Madras.
2753:, pp. 24–29, 39–43.
2098:The earliest singers of
2059:Tiru Nilakanta Yazhpanar
1761:like the sweet-sounding
1754:ஈசன் எந்தை இணையடி நீழலே
1313:Tiru Nilakanta Yazhpanar
1271:On the request of queen
1088:" of the types found in
5071:Simplified Tamil script
4719:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
4340:translated into English
4277:Orr, Leslie C. (2010).
4270:Encyclopædia Britannica
4167:10.1163/156852770X00063
3872:. University of London.
3798:Eraly, Abraham (2011).
3771:. University of Madras.
3760:. University of Madras.
3688:Cutler, Norman (1987).
3383:, p. 240, quoting
3350:Indira V. Peterson 1982
2706:R. Champakalakshmi 2007
2631:R. Champakalakshmi 2007
2607:R. Champakalakshmi 2007
2575:R. Champakalakshmi 2007
2486:R. Champakalakshmi 2007
2255:Tirumurai Kanda Puranam
2239:Tevara Arulmuraitirattu
1830:Vilwanatheswarar temple
1812:Burden of woman so fair
1247:Tiru Tondar Tiruvandadi
937:along with the rest of
758:Udayana Kumara Kaviyam
5835:Tamil Hindu literature
5600:Tiruvanaikaval (Water)
4808:Purapporul Venbamaalai
4613:World Tamil Conference
4072:. Palgrave Macmillan.
2951:Upinder Singh (2008).
2247:Umapathi Shivachariyar
1993:Tirumurai Kanda Cholan
1968:
1861:
1833:
1820:Early Shaiva Siddhanta
1817:
1799:
1765:and cool night's moon,
1759:
1737:
1474:The twelve volumes of
1468:
1455:
1419:
1327:
1315:(Nilakantaperumanar).
1300:
1217:
882:narrative of epic and
5595:Tiruvannamalai (Fire)
4839:Yāḻpāna Vaipava Mālai
4508:Central Tamil dialect
4458:Proto-South Dravidian
3782:Hinduism and Buddhism
3314:Dorai Rangaswamy 1958
3302:Dorai Rangaswamy 1958
3290:Dorai Rangaswamy 1958
2814:G. Vanmikanathan 1985
2802:G. Vanmikanathan 1985
2790:G. Vanmikanathan 1985
2241:, is linked to Tamil
2106:, and were among the
1946:
1889:Paadal Petra Sthalams
1867:), food to pilgrims (
1827:
1466:
1453:
1417:
1321:
1284:monks in debate, the
1211:
1195:Tiruvilaiyatarpuranam
1137:, and the seventh by
1034:A palm-leaf folio of
886:heroes, as well as a
5577:Pancha Bhuta Sthalam
4904:Indo-Aryan languages
4729:Tamil Ganaptya texts
4661:List of Sangam poets
4606:Global organizations
4379:Dharmapuram Adheenam
4161:(Fasc. 3): 232–244.
4132:David Smith (2003).
4117:. Otto Harrasowitz.
2524:E. Hultzsch (1929),
2148:Kulothunga Chola III
2138:, the supervisor of
1631:Paadal Petra Sthalam
1623:Paadal Petra Sthalam
1275:, Sambandar went to
1133:, the next three by
941:and ending with the
933:. Starting with the
735:The Five Minor Epics
192:Siddhanta Shikhamani
152:Scriptures and texts
5605:Kanchipuram (Earth)
5590:Tirukalahasti (Air)
5585:Chidambaram (Ether)
5286:Shivarahasya Purana
4909:Dravidian languages
4709:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
4294:Shulman, David Dean
3172:, pp. 313–319.
3148:, pp. 305–307.
3136:, pp. 303–304.
3121:, pp. 302–303.
3079:, pp. 296–299.
3049:, pp. 292–295.
2989:, pp. 283–287.
2941:, pp. 859–860.
2929:, pp. 234–235.
2905:, pp. 272–273.
2696:, pp. 150–151.
2221:Thanumalayan Temple
1703:Ancient Tamil music
830:Ancient Tamil music
754:Naga Kumara Kaviyam
638:Hinduism portal
5704:Kailash Mansarovar
5409:Pashupata Shaivism
5387:Hara Hara Mahadeva
5066:Tanittamil Iyakkam
5019:Tamil onomatopoeia
4646:Tamil books of Law
3447:, pp. 109–110
3340:, p. 232–244.
2217:Nellaiappar Temple
1969:
1927:(port or refuge),
1834:
1469:
1467:Om symbol in Tamil
1456:
1438:s seventh volume.
1420:
1328:
1322:Appar depicted in
1273:Mangayarkkarasiyar
1218:
979:Date and evolution
763:Yashodhara Kaviyam
409:Non - Saiddhantika
5807:
5806:
5737:
5736:
5099:
5098:
5086:Formation of CICT
4880:
4879:
4857:Asthana Kolahalam
4641:Sangam literature
4601:
4600:
4204:978-81-7823-148-8
4145:978-0-521-52865-8
4124:978-3-447-05844-5
3890:978-81-87358-30-5
3811:978-0-670-08478-4
3804:. Penguin Books.
3304:, pp. 23–24.
3292:, pp. 17–18.
3280:, pp. 51–52.
3195:, pp. 22–23.
2964:978-81-317-1120-0
2881:, pp. 19–21.
2853:, pp. 19–27.
2826:B.G.L. Swamy 1975
2765:, pp. 43–45.
2720:, pp. 19–18.
2669:, pp. 26–27.
2657:, pp. 24–26.
2645:, pp. 69–74.
2621:, pp. 16–17.
2592:, pp. 15–19.
2577:, pp. 57–58.
2243:Shaiva Siddhantha
1972:Raja Raja Chola I
1931:(water tank) and
1779:
1778:
1650:
1649:
1645:Nambiyandar Nambi
1528:Thirunavukkarasar
1243:Nambiyandar Nambi
931:Nambiyandar Nambi
844:
843:
840:
771:Bhakti Literature
686:Sangam Literature
672:
671:
5842:
5797:
5787:
5786:
5497:
5441:Siddha Siddhanta
5404:Shaiva Siddhanta
5331:Om Namah Shivaya
5263:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5103:
4993:Tamil honorifics
4724:Vinayagar Agaval
4689:Kampa Irāmāyaṉam
4651:Five Great Epics
4631:
4493:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4389:
4332:, an excerpt of
4319:
4289:
4283:
4273:
4266:"Karnatak music"
4253:
4239:Tamil Literature
4229:
4208:
4187:
4178:
4149:
4128:
4107:
4088:Sadasivan, S. N.
4083:
4062:
4043:
4014:
3976:
3944:
3938:
3930:
3913:
3894:
3873:
3862:
3836:
3815:
3794:
3772:
3761:
3750:
3729:
3710:Das, Sisir Kumar
3705:
3684:
3660:
3643:
3622:
3601:
3571:
3565:
3556:
3550:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3516:, pp. 56–57
3511:
3505:
3499:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3463:
3457:
3448:
3442:
3421:
3420:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3388:
3378:
3372:
3371:, pp. 51–52
3366:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3328:, pp. 27–28
3323:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3278:David Smith 2003
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3230:
3224:
3211:
3205:
3196:
3190:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3122:
3116:
3101:
3095:
3080:
3074:
3065:
3059:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2969:
2968:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2867:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2780:, pp. 42–43
2775:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2609:, pp. 56–57
2604:
2593:
2587:
2578:
2572:
2563:
2557:
2544:
2538:
2529:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2472:
2466:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2327:
2323:Tevaram VII.69.9
2296:
2290:
2283:
2093:Agamic tradition
1957:Tirunavukkarasar
1879:Pilgrimage sites
1743:
1668:), also spelled
1667:
1509:Thirukadaikkappu
1446:
1384:
1380:
1348:sister gave him
1239:Tiruttondartokai
1187:Tiruttondartokai
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1027:
1016:Shaiva Siddhanta
868:), also spelled
867:
859:
818:Sangam landscape
714:Civaka Cintamani
694:Five Great Epics
679:Tamil literature
674:
664:
657:
650:
636:
635:
634:
415:Kashmir Shaivism
209:Three Components
44:
21:
16:Tamil Hindu text
5850:
5849:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5775:
5733:
5729:Vadakkum Nathan
5682:
5609:
5571:
5533:
5524:Madhyamaheshwar
5486:
5472:Maha Shivaratri
5455:
5392:
5345:Mahāmrityunjaya
5312:
5264:
5255:
5212:Ardhanarishvara
5146:
5135:
5130:
5100:
5095:
5091:Project Madurai
5049:
5033:Transliteration
5028:
5014:Tamil phonology
5002:
4980:
4974:
4955:Pallava grantha
4923:
4887:other languages
4886:
4876:
4850:natural science
4849:
4848:Mathematics and
4843:
4827:
4790:
4784:
4733:
4676:
4670:
4656:Ponniyin Selvan
4622:
4597:
4576:
4572:Malaysian Tamil
4565:Southeast Asian
4560:
4532:
4484:
4453:Proto-Dravidian
4421:
4416:
4360:Project Madurai
4326:
4308:
4292:
4281:
4276:
4272:. 1 April 2020.
4264:
4261:
4259:Further reading
4256:
4250:
4234:Zvelebil, Kamil
4232:
4226:
4211:
4205:
4190:
4181:
4152:
4146:
4131:
4125:
4110:
4104:
4086:
4080:
4065:
4059:
4046:
4017:
3995:
3979:
3965:
3947:
3931:
3916:
3910:
3897:
3891:
3876:
3865:
3849:Majumdar, R. C.
3839:
3833:
3818:
3812:
3797:
3775:
3764:
3753:
3747:
3732:
3726:
3708:
3702:
3687:
3681:
3663:
3646:
3640:
3625:
3619:
3604:
3598:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3566:
3559:
3551:
3544:
3536:
3532:
3524:
3520:
3512:
3508:
3500:
3493:
3485:
3481:
3473:
3466:
3458:
3451:
3443:
3424:
3412:
3408:
3400:
3391:
3379:
3375:
3367:
3356:
3348:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3326:Sabaratnam 2001
3324:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3300:
3296:
3288:
3284:
3276:
3272:
3264:
3260:
3254:Sabaratnam 2001
3252:
3248:
3240:
3233:
3225:
3214:
3206:
3199:
3191:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3144:
3140:
3132:
3125:
3117:
3104:
3096:
3083:
3075:
3068:
3060:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3009:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2985:
2972:
2965:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2877:
2870:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2845:
2836:
2832:
2824:
2820:
2812:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2788:
2784:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2737:
2724:
2716:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2692:
2685:
2679:Sabaratnam 2001
2677:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2596:
2588:
2581:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2547:
2543:, pp. 3–4.
2539:
2532:
2523:
2519:
2511:
2504:
2498:Sabaratnam 2001
2496:
2492:
2484:
2475:
2467:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2440:Sabaratnam 2001
2438:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2302:Tevaram I.24.10
2299:
2297:
2293:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2112:Nandivarman III
2082:
1947:The 3 foremost
1941:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1717:Sisir Kumar Das
1672:(from Sanskrit
1574:
1554:
1444:
1404:Sadaiya Nayanar
1399:
1382:
1333:
1237:and Sundarar's
1223:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1123:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1033:
1028:
981:
959:
912:Bhakti movement
783:Kamba Ramayanam
668:
632:
630:
625:
624:
595:
587:
586:
517:
509:
508:
457:
385:
360:
358:
350:
349:
323:Maha Shivaratri
298:
290:
289:
249:
205:
197:
196:
153:
145:
144:
121:
61:(Supreme being)
59:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5848:
5846:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5825:Carnatic music
5822:
5812:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5791:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5745:
5743:
5742:Related topics
5739:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5699:Brihadeeswarar
5696:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5658:Ramanathaswamy
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5619:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5581:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5543:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5505:
5503:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5451:Shaiva Smartas
5448:
5443:
5438:
5436:Veera Shaivism
5433:
5431:Trika Shaivism
5428:
5427:
5426:
5421:
5411:
5406:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5341:
5334:
5326:
5324:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5303:
5296:
5289:
5282:
5274:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5231:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5156:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5121:
5114:
5106:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4998:Tamil numerals
4995:
4990:
4984:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4890:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4867:Kaṇita Tīpikai
4864:
4862:Kaṇakkatikāram
4859:
4853:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4794:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4680:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4637:
4635:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4542:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4499:
4497:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4419:Tamil language
4417:
4415:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4372:
4363:
4357:
4341:
4325:
4324:External links
4322:
4321:
4320:
4306:
4290:
4274:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4248:
4230:
4224:
4209:
4203:
4188:
4179:
4150:
4144:
4129:
4123:
4108:
4102:
4084:
4078:
4063:
4057:
4044:
4032:10.2307/601112
4015:
3993:
3977:
3964:978-8170130284
3963:
3945:
3914:
3908:
3895:
3889:
3874:
3863:
3837:
3831:
3816:
3810:
3795:
3777:Eliot, Charles
3773:
3762:
3751:
3745:
3730:
3724:
3706:
3700:
3685:
3679:
3661:
3651:(XVI): 42–50.
3644:
3638:
3623:
3617:
3602:
3596:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3557:
3542:
3530:
3518:
3514:Vasudevan 2003
3506:
3491:
3479:
3464:
3449:
3445:Vasudevan 2003
3422:
3415:Menachery 2010
3406:
3389:
3373:
3354:
3342:
3330:
3318:
3306:
3294:
3282:
3270:
3258:
3246:
3231:
3212:
3197:
3174:
3162:
3150:
3138:
3123:
3102:
3081:
3066:
3062:Vasudevan 2003
3051:
3039:
3027:
3015:
3011:Nagaswamy 1989
3003:
2991:
2970:
2963:
2943:
2931:
2919:
2907:
2895:
2883:
2868:
2855:
2843:
2830:
2818:
2816:, p. 229.
2806:
2804:, p. 220.
2794:
2782:
2767:
2755:
2743:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2694:Sadasivan 2000
2683:
2671:
2659:
2647:
2635:
2623:
2611:
2594:
2579:
2564:
2545:
2530:
2517:
2502:
2490:
2473:
2456:
2444:
2432:
2420:
2408:
2401:Menachery 2010
2392:
2390:, p. 177.
2379:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2360:
2351:
2346:Periya Puranam
2337:
2328:
2316:Tevaram V.30.6
2309:Tevaram I.52.1
2291:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2251:Tiruvarutpayan
2227:Periya Puranam
2178:were from the
2081:
2078:
2044:Periya Puranam
2004:Manikkavacakar
1965:Manikkavacakar
1940:
1937:
1901:Vaippu Sthalam
1881:
1880:
1873:Nandivarman II
1840:
1822:
1821:
1804:
1784:
1777:
1776:
1757:
1722:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1610:Periya Puranam
1607:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1587:Thirumandhiram
1584:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:Tiruppallaandu
1568:
1564:
1563:
1561:Manickavasagar
1558:
1556:Thirukkovaiyar
1548:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1471:
1470:
1443:
1440:
1398:
1395:
1387:uzhavaarappani
1369:Mahendravarman
1342:Periya Puranam
1332:
1329:
1326:, 12th century
1258:Periya Puranam
1235:Periya Puranam
1222:
1219:
1199:Periya Puranam
1178:Periya Puranam
1165:Pallava period
1158:hounds of Siva
1122:
1119:
1115:Tamil language
1061:
1058:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1021:
1020:
994:oral tradition
980:
977:
958:
955:
943:Periya Puranam
842:
841:
833:
832:
827:
821:
820:
815:
809:
808:
800:
799:
797:
792:
786:
785:
780:
774:
773:
767:
766:
764:
760:
759:
756:
750:
749:
744:
738:
737:
731:
730:
728:
722:
721:
716:
710:
709:
704:
702:Silappatikaram
698:
697:
689:
688:
682:
681:
670:
669:
667:
666:
659:
652:
644:
641:
640:
627:
626:
623:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
596:
593:
592:
589:
588:
585:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
547:Manikkavacakar
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
518:
515:
514:
511:
510:
507:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
477:
476:
475:
464:
463:
456:
455:
454:
453:
432:
427:
422:
406:
405:
394:
393:
384:
383:
378:
373:
367:
366:
359:
356:
355:
352:
351:
348:
347:
334:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
299:
296:
295:
292:
291:
288:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
256:
255:
251:
250:
244:
239:
233:
232:
231:Three bondages
228:
227:
222:
217:
211:
210:
206:
203:
202:
199:
198:
195:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
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142:
137:
135:Forms of Shiva
132:
127:
120:
119:
114:
109:
104:
98:
97:
91:
90:
85:
80:
75:
69:
68:
53:
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
30:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5847:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5790:
5782:
5781:
5778:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5740:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5668:Trimbakeshwar
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5643:Mahakaleshwar
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5539:Pancha Sabhai
5536:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5492:Shiva temples
5489:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5446:Shiva Advaita
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5380:Shiva Mahimna
5377:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5352:Shiva Tandava
5349:
5347:
5346:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5262:
5252:
5249:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5170:Dakshinamurti
5168:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5144:
5138:
5134:
5127:
5122:
5120:
5115:
5113:
5108:
5107:
5104:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5025:
5024:Tamil prosody
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4988:Tamil grammar
4986:
4985:
4983:
4977:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4965:Tamil Braille
4963:
4961:
4960:Modern script
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4883:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4846:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4787:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4673:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4625:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4588:Brahmin Tamil
4586:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4523:Madurai Tamil
4521:
4519:
4518:Madras Bashai
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4473:Second Sangam
4471:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4463:Tamil Sangams
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4413:
4408:
4406:
4401:
4399:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4375:Thevaaram.org
4373:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4307:9780936115078
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4251:
4249:3-447-01582-9
4245:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4225:81-7017-383-3
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4206:
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4196:
4195:
4189:
4185:
4180:
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4164:
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4156:
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4147:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4109:
4105:
4103:81-7648-170-X
4099:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4079:0-312-29348-8
4075:
4071:
4070:
4064:
4060:
4058:0-19-512813-3
4054:
4050:
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4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3994:9780691067674
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3949:Nagaswamy, R.
3946:
3942:
3936:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3909:9788120808102
3905:
3901:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3832:81-208-1391-X
3828:
3824:
3823:
3817:
3813:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3752:
3748:
3746:9780343282882
3742:
3738:
3737:
3731:
3727:
3725:81-260-2171-3
3721:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3701:0-253-35334-3
3697:
3693:
3692:
3686:
3682:
3680:0-7914-3786-8
3676:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3665:Cort, John E.
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3639:3-447-03524-2
3635:
3631:
3630:
3624:
3620:
3618:81-7835-381-4
3614:
3610:
3609:
3603:
3599:
3597:81-206-0151-3
3593:
3589:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3570:, p. 144
3569:
3568:Prentiss 1999
3564:
3562:
3558:
3555:, p. 140
3554:
3553:Prentiss 1999
3549:
3547:
3543:
3540:, p. 467
3539:
3534:
3531:
3528:, p. 239
3527:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3507:
3504:, p. 176
3503:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3480:
3477:, p. 192
3476:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3462:, p. 191
3461:
3460:Zvelebil 1974
3456:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3385:Chettiar 1941
3382:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3369:Prentiss 1999
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3346:
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3339:
3334:
3331:
3327:
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3315:
3310:
3307:
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3298:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3227:Zvelebil 1974
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3210:, p. 199
3209:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3193:Peterson 1989
3189:
3187:
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3179:
3175:
3171:
3170:Peterson 1989
3166:
3163:
3159:
3158:Peterson 1989
3154:
3151:
3147:
3146:Peterson 1989
3142:
3139:
3135:
3134:Peterson 1989
3130:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3119:Peterson 1989
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
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3103:
3099:
3098:Zvelebil 1974
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3077:Peterson 1989
3073:
3071:
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3047:Peterson 1989
3043:
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3031:
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3019:
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2983:
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2903:Peterson 1989
2899:
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2887:
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2879:Peterson 1989
2875:
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2763:Prentiss 1999
2759:
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2747:
2744:
2741:, p. 95.
2740:
2739:Zvelebil 1974
2735:
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2718:Peterson 1989
2714:
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2651:
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2590:Peterson 1989
2586:
2584:
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2576:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2562:, p. 43.
2561:
2560:Prentiss 1999
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2541:Peterson 1989
2537:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2515:, p. 16.
2514:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2491:
2488:, p. 55.
2487:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2471:, p. 178
2470:
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2463:
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2136:Tevaranayakan
2133:
2129:
2125:
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1597:
1596:
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1571:Thiruvisaippa
1569:
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1477:
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1452:
1447:
1441:
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1437:
1432:
1428:
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1416:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1383: father
1381:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1281:her husband's
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
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1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
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1196:
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1188:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1172:
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1166:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:Bhagavad Gita
1087:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1019:
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1007:
1003:
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986:
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976:
974:
970:
966:
964:
956:
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948:
944:
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936:
932:
928:
927:Chola dynasty
924:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
876:
871:
866:
865:
855:
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839:
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751:
748:
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736:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
720:
717:
715:
712:
711:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
696:
695:
690:
687:
683:
680:
675:
665:
660:
658:
653:
651:
646:
645:
643:
642:
639:
629:
628:
621:
620:Shiva Temples
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
591:
590:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
527:Abhinavagupta
525:
523:
520:
519:
513:
512:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
481:
478:
474:
471:
470:
469:
466:
465:
462:
459:
458:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
416:
413:
412:
411:
410:
404:
401:
400:
399:
398:
392:
391:
387:
386:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
368:
365:
362:
361:
354:
353:
346:
342:
338:
335:
333:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
300:
294:
293:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
257:
254:other aspects
253:
252:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
234:
230:
229:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
208:
207:
201:
200:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
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168:
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161:
159:
156:
155:
149:
148:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
122:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
63:
62:
58:
57:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
5724:Tiruchengode
5628:Grishneshwar
5623:Bhimashankar
5615:Jyotirlingas
5467:Kanwar Yatra
5385:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5338:Rudrashtakam
5336:
5329:
5305:
5298:
5293:Shiva Purana
5291:
5284:
5277:
5141:
4940:Tamil-Brahmi
4818:Caturakarāti
4791:dictionaries
4789:Grammars and
4684:Cīrappurānam
4528:Nellai Tamil
4478:Third Sangam
4468:First Sangam
4448:Manipravalam
4443:Modern Tamil
4438:Middle Tamil
4382:
4366:
4354:
4345:
4338:Hindu Dharma
4337:
4297:
4285:
4269:
4238:
4214:
4193:
4183:
4158:
4154:
4134:
4113:
4092:
4068:
4048:
4026:(1): 69–90.
4023:
4019:
3984:
3953:
3918:
3899:
3879:
3868:
3856:
3852:
3821:
3800:
3781:
3767:
3756:
3735:
3714:
3690:
3669:
3648:
3628:
3607:
3586:
3577:Bibliography
3533:
3521:
3509:
3489:, p. 23
3482:
3409:
3404:, p. 50
3387:, p. 45
3381:Spencer 1970
3376:
3345:
3338:Spencer 1970
3333:
3321:
3309:
3297:
3285:
3273:
3268:, p. 34
3261:
3256:, p. 27
3249:
3244:, p. 35
3229:, p. 95
3165:
3153:
3141:
3100:, p. 96
3064:, p. 13
3042:
3030:
3018:
3006:
3001:, p. 33
2994:
2953:
2946:
2934:
2927:Spencer 1970
2922:
2910:
2898:
2886:
2863:
2858:
2846:
2838:
2833:
2821:
2809:
2797:
2785:
2758:
2746:
2713:
2701:
2681:, p. 26
2674:
2662:
2650:
2638:
2633:, p. 53
2626:
2619:Kandiah 1973
2614:
2525:
2520:
2513:Kandiah 1973
2500:, p. 24
2493:
2454:, p. 32
2452:Schüler 2009
2447:
2442:, p. 25
2435:
2430:, p. 92
2423:
2411:
2395:
2383:
2363:
2354:
2345:
2340:
2331:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2294:
2286:
2281:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2208:
2204:
2201:kattalaiyars
2200:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2152:Tiruvempavai
2151:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2084:
2083:
2073:
2067:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2030:–the sacred
2027:
2019:Tirumandiram
2017:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1975:
1970:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1899:, while the
1892:
1886:
1882:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1841:
1835:
1805:
1800:
1785:
1780:
1762:
1760:
1747:
1738:
1734:– Sambandar
1723:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1621:
1551:Thiruvasakam
1499:
1494:
1489:
1457:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1408:Isaignaniyar
1400:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1374:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1270:
1265:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1214:copper alloy
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1146:
1126:
1124:
1112:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1079:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1060:Significance
1051:
1047:
1046:(scale) and
1043:
1035:
1009:
1005:
1001:
999:
989:
984:
982:
972:
968:
967:
962:
960:
946:
942:
938:
934:
920:
891:
888:hagiographic
873:
869:
863:
848:
847:
845:
805:Tamil people
803:
789:
770:
734:
692:
460:
420:Pratyabhijna
408:
407:
397:Saiddhantika
396:
395:
390:Mantra marga
388:
363:
313:Panchakshara
270:Satkaryavada
187:Svetasvatara
60:
56:Parameshvara
54:
18:
5771:Other names
5653:Omkareshwar
5638:Mallikarjun
5501:Panch Kedar
5373:Shri Rudram
5359:Sahasranama
4813:Tolkāppiyam
4714:Thiruppugal
4513:Kongu Tamil
4003:j.ctt7zvqbj
3954:Siva Bhakti
3475:Cutler 1987
3402:Cutler 1987
2778:Harman 1992
2751:Harman 1992
2418:, p. 4
2416:Cutler 1987
2126:deputed 48
2120:Parantaka I
2063:Tamil Panar
2013:Tiruvacakam
2008:Tirukovayar
1939:Compilation
1814:– Sundarar
1102:Satarudriya
1098:Mahabharata
1069:for Shiva.
726:Kundalakesi
719:Valayapathi
707:Manimekalai
615:Jyotirlinga
484:Lingayatism
480:Veerashaiva
403:Siddhantism
172:Shivasutras
5814:Categories
5754:Rasalingam
5678:Vishwanath
5673:Vaidyanath
5529:Kalpeshwar
5482:Shiva Puja
5397:Traditions
5195:Tatpurusha
4950:Vatteluttu
4677:literature
4675:Devotional
4627:Literature
4581:Sociolects
4551:Batticaloa
4538:Sri Lankan
3853:Literature
3791:1045978866
3526:Ghose 1996
3487:Ayyar 1993
2939:Eraly 2011
2376:References
2197:sthanikars
2132:Rajendra I
2080:In culture
1989:Dikshitars
1923:(forest),
1638:Rajaraja I
1592:Thirumular
1537:Thirupaatu
1436:Tirumurai'
1169:Tamil Nadu
951:Tamil Nadu
923:Rajaraja I
677:Topics in
537:Utpaladeva
504:Indonesian
489:Siddharism
280:Svatantrya
275:Abhasavada
260:36 Tattvas
204:Philosophy
88:Virabhadra
5714:Lingaraja
5709:Katas Raj
5648:Nageshvar
5633:Kedarnath
5519:Rudranath
5509:Kedarnath
5307:Tirumurai
5234:Kartikeya
5190:Sadyojata
5007:Phonology
4979:Lexis and
4945:Koleḻuttu
4885:Tamil and
4798:Agattiyam
4755:Iraichchi
4704:Tirumurai
4699:Tēmpāvaṉi
4433:Old Tamil
4383:Tirumurai
4011:884013180
3935:cite book
3843:(1970) .
3657:0019-4824
3502:Cort 1998
2915:Cort 1998
2469:Cort 1998
2388:Cort 1998
2267:Tirumurai
2259:Tirumurai
2231:Tirumurai
2188:schools.
2171:brahmanas
2165:adheenams
2156:Tiruvalam
2134:mentions
2048:Tirumurai
2040:Sekkizhar
2024:Tirumular
1997:Tirumurai
1985:brahmanas
1953:Sambandar
1935:(field).
1615:Sekkizhar
1513:Sambandar
1459:Tirumurai
1454:Om symbol
1442:The hymns
1391:Tirumurai
1297:Tirumurai
1221:Sambandar
1183:Tirumurai
1131:Sambandar
1107:Yajurveda
961:The word
939:Tirumurai
896:Sambandar
875:Tirumurai
795:Tirumurai
742:Neelakesi
572:Srikantha
552:Meykandar
532:Vasugupta
522:Lakulisha
494:Sroutaism
473:Inchegeri
376:Kalamukha
371:Pashupata
364:Ati marga
308:Rudraksha
297:Practices
177:Tirumurai
130:Kartikeya
5789:Category
5694:Amarnath
5567:Chitiram
5562:Thamiram
5547:Rathinam
5514:Tungnath
5477:Pradosha
5414:Kapalika
5239:Devasena
5200:Vamadeva
5185:Nataraja
5175:Harihara
5165:Bhairava
5133:Shaivism
4872:Yerambam
4634:Classics
4489:Dialects
4344:Digital
4316:21227471
4296:(1990).
4236:(1974).
4090:(2000).
3983:(1989).
3973:20573439
3951:(1989).
3779:(1921).
3712:(2005).
3667:(1998).
3417:, p. 14
3266:Das 2005
3242:Das 2005
2999:Das 2005
2403:, p. 16
2249:'s work
2193:odhuvars
2176:odhuvars
2160:odhuvars
2128:pidarars
2124:Rajaraja
2104:pidarars
2070:Nannilam
2032:anthathi
1961:Sundarar
1949:Nayanars
1773:– Appar
1699:panmurai
1678:Ramayana
1658:pathikam
1601:Various
1578:Various
1541:Sundarar
1523:Thevaram
1483:Nayanars
1418:Sundarar
1397:Sundarar
1358:pallurai
1350:Tirunuru
1231:Sirkazhi
1227:Brahmins
1143:Nayanars
1139:Sundarar
1082:patikams
1040:colophon
990:Nayanars
904:Sundarar
870:Thevaram
747:Culamani
605:Tantrism
557:Nirartha
542:Nayanars
516:Scholars
430:Dakshina
381:Kapalika
182:Vachanas
78:Bhairava
73:Sadasiva
34:Shaivism
26:a series
24:Part of
5766:Vibhuti
5663:Somnath
5366:Chalisa
5229:Ganesha
5222:Parvati
5152:Deities
5143:History
4981:grammar
4928:Scripts
4899:Sinhala
4894:English
4832:History
4775:Ullurai
4546:Negombo
4426:History
4367:Tevaram
4355:Tevaram
4346:Tevaram
4175:3269705
3927:1237836
3851:(ed.).
3845:"Tamil"
3013:, ch. 2
2368:others.
2287:Devaram
2263:Tevaram
2235:Tevaram
2209:Tevaram
2205:Tevaram
2191:Today,
2186:Tevaram
2181:vellala
2162:by the
2144:Tevaram
2140:Tevaram
2116:Tevaram
2100:Tevaram
2085:Tevaram
2074:Tevaram
2055:Tevaram
2036:Tevaram
1983:. The
1976:Tevaram
1917:Tevaram
1906:darshan
1893:Tevaram
1689:with a
1670:patikam
1654:Tevaram
1411:lord".
1379:transl.
1365:Pallava
1277:Madurai
1266:Tevaram
1262:Umadevi
1256:In the
1251:patikam
1152:
1129:are by
1127:Tevaram
1104:of the
1094:Bharavi
1086:strotas
1074:Smartha
1052:Tevaram
1036:Tevaram
1006:patikam
1002:Tevaram
985:Tevaram
969:Tevaram
963:Tēvāram
947:Tevaram
935:Tevaram
925:of the
914:in the
892:Tevaram
884:Puranic
864:Tēvāram
858:தேவாரம்
849:Tevaram
790:Tevaram
594:Related
582:Navnath
577:Appayya
567:Sharana
447:Kubjika
357:Schools
332:Niyamas
303:Vibhuti
167:Tantras
125:Ganesha
102:Parvati
51:Deities
5799:Portal
5761:Siddha
5749:Lingam
5687:Others
5419:Aghori
5322:Stotra
5318:Mantra
5207:Shakti
5180:Ishana
5054:Events
4919:Korean
4803:Nannūl
4770:Thinai
4738:Poetry
4556:Jaffna
4496:Indian
4314:
4304:
4246:
4222:
4201:
4173:
4142:
4121:
4100:
4076:
4055:
4040:601112
4038:
4009:
4001:
3991:
3971:
3961:
3925:
3906:
3887:
3829:
3808:
3789:
3743:
3722:
3698:
3677:
3655:
3636:
3615:
3594:
2961:
2174:. The
1666:பதிகம்
1500:Author
1337:Shudra
1324:bronze
1302:oeuvre
1286:Pandya
1121:Saints
1092:, the
1067:bhakti
1042:. The
1011:mathas
902:, and
880:Shaiva
813:Sangam
610:Bhakti
562:Basava
499:Aghori
461:Others
443:Yamala
345:Jangam
140:Others
95:Shakti
5557:Velli
5424:Kaula
5270:Texts
5251:Nandi
5244:Valli
5160:Shiva
4914:Malay
4765:Puram
4750:Venpa
4745:Kural
4369:songs
4349:, by
4282:(PDF)
4171:JSTOR
4155:Numen
4036:JSTOR
3999:JSTOR
3847:. In
2273:Notes
2199:, or
2118:from
2110:that
1933:kalam
1929:kulam
1925:turai
1865:danam
1763:Veena
1695:talam
1691:ragam
1686:panns
1674:padya
1662:Tamil
1573:&
1553:&
1519:4,5,6
1506:1,2,3
1490:Parts
1479:Śaiva
1476:Tamil
1367:king
1331:Appar
1135:Appar
1048:talam
1044:ragam
973:varam
908:Shiva
900:Appar
854:Tamil
838:edit
600:Nandi
451:Netra
439:Trika
435:Kaula
341:Linga
328:Yamas
318:Bilva
242:Karma
237:Anava
225:Pasam
220:Pashu
163:Agama
158:Vedas
112:Durga
83:Rudra
66:Shiva
5217:Sati
5045:Moḻi
4970:Arwi
4760:Akam
4593:Arwi
4312:OCLC
4302:ISBN
4244:ISBN
4220:ISBN
4199:ISBN
4140:ISBN
4119:ISBN
4098:ISBN
4074:ISBN
4053:ISBN
4007:OCLC
3989:ISBN
3969:OCLC
3959:ISBN
3941:link
3923:OCLC
3904:ISBN
3885:ISBN
3827:ISBN
3806:ISBN
3787:OCLC
3741:ISBN
3720:ISBN
3696:ISBN
3675:ISBN
3653:ISSN
3634:ISBN
3613:ISBN
3592:ISBN
2959:ISBN
2344:The
2219:and
2154:and
2089:puja
2010:and
1921:katu
1912:puja
1887:The
1869:anna
1693:and
1652:The
1495:Name
1406:and
1191:lit.
1148:lit.
983:The
957:Name
878:, a
846:The
468:Nath
425:Vama
337:Guru
285:Aham
265:Yoga
247:Maya
215:Pati
117:Kali
107:Sati
5552:Pon
5040:ISO
4780:Ulā
4336:'s
4163:doi
4028:doi
4024:102
3419:ff.
2405:ff.
2042:'s
2022:of
2006:'s
1707:yal
1308:yal
1245:'s
1229:in
5816::
4377:,
4310:.
4268:.
4169:.
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4157:.
4034:.
4022:.
4005:.
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3933:{{
3855:.
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3234:^
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3200:^
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2725:^
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2215:,
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1963:,
1959:,
1955:,
1664::
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1598:11
1583:10
1393:.
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918:.
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860:,
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5320:/
5125:e
5118:t
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4177:.
4165::
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4082:.
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3929:.
3912:.
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3835:.
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3728:.
3704:.
3683:.
3659:.
3642:.
3621:.
3600:.
3352:.
2967:.
2828:.
2708:.
2289:.
1987:(
1967:.
1660:(
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1547:8
1534:7
1189:(
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339:-
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