182:
124:
210:
136:
27:
324:
217:
The crystal ball is typically 10 cm (4 inches) in diameter, and is designed to focus the rays from the Sun onto a card mounted at the back and is set on a stand. The card is held in place by grooves of which there are three overlapping sets, to allow for the altitude of the Sun during different
262:
When the Sun is low in the sky it may not have enough strength to properly burn the card and thus can only measure the amount of bright sunshine as opposed to visible sunshine. This often occurs at dawn and dusk. Rain may cause the card to be torn when removing it and thus making it difficult to
275:
The single biggest problem is in the reading of the cards. On days when the Sun is alternately covered and exposed by clouds, the amount of burn on the card may be the same for 30 seconds as for 5 minutes. Thus, the reading of the card may differ from one observer to another. Comparisons with
271:
the sphere may be difficult to clean and may not be removed before the Sun is shining again. It is also susceptible to external, non-weather factors such as dust, dirt or dried bird droppings accumulating on the glass sphere which requires frequent inspection and cleaning.
276:
automatic instruments at German stations revealed that during summer the differences of the two measurement systems can reach up to 4 h per day. The mean difference was −0.23 h, i.e. the measurements of the
Campbell–Stokes recorder are larger than the automatic.
249:
The major advantage of this type of recorder is its simplicity and ease of use. There are no moving parts and it thus requires very little maintenance. The unit can be used anywhere in the world with little or no modification to the design. Electrically operated
226:
cards from 1 March to 11 April and 3 September to 14 October. The summer cards are therefore used from 12 April to 2 September. Each card is marked as to the hour, with local noon being in the centre, and is read in tenths.
234:, the unit is set in a stand facing south to enable the maximum amount of Sun to be recorded. It is important to place the unit in an area where the Sun will not be blocked by buildings, trees or flagpoles.
295:
Hannak, L., Friedrich, K., Imbery, F., and Kaspar, F.: Comparison of manual and automatic daily sunshine duration measurements at German climate reference stations, Adv. Sci. Res., 16, 175–183,
357:
171:
set into a wooden bowl with the Sun burning a trace on the bowl. Stokes's refinement was to make the housing out of metal and to have a card holder set behind the sphere.
44:
397:
345:
91:
241:
is the addition of a second, north facing, sphere and card, to record the sunlight during the summer when it remains in the sky for 24 hours.
363:
63:
70:
110:
77:
59:
48:
328:
468:
390:
383:
422:
334:
312:
Department of
Transport – Meteorological Branch (Canada) – Sunshine Recorders – Manual 81, Second Edition, 1966.
437:
432:
427:
198:
194:
447:
84:
37:
442:
164:
160:
231:
219:
181:
351:
406:
189:
This basic unit is still in use today with very little change. It is widely used outside the
175:
156:
128:
123:
209:
462:
268:
190:
140:
238:
251:
135:
26:
339:
168:
354:– provides examples of exposed record cards and photos of the recorder unit
323:
296:
218:
seasons of the year. The recording of each day goes onto one card. In the
254:
can do the same work, but the
Campbell–Stokes recorder uses solar power.
223:
375:
264:
208:
180:
134:
122:
379:
369:
222:
the winter cards are used from 15 October to 29 February, the
20:
342:(requires QuickTime) – Alistair Fraser, Penn State University
358:
Photograph of an 1876 version of the
Campbell recorder
167:. The original design by Campbell consisted of large
346:
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
213:Sunshine card for the Campbell-Stokes recorder
139:A Campbell–Stokes recorder adapted for use in
391:
8:
398:
384:
376:
364:Photograph of the Campbell–Stokes recorder
352:Los Angeles Pierce College Weather Station
178:which will burn a hole through the card.
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
237:A modification to the standard unit for
197:is generally the instrument used by the
297:https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-16-175-2019
288:
340:3D view of a Campbell–Stokes recorder
7:
163:in 1853 and modified in 1879 by Sir
49:adding citations to reliable sources
185:A Campbell–Stokes sunshine recorder
174:The unit is designed to record the
127:Campbell–Stokes recorder used in a
370:Blake-Larsen Sun Recorder Web Site
143:(The right sphere is facing south)
14:
348:– American Meteorological Society
322:
279:Instruments cost $ US500–2,000.
25:
36:needs additional citations for
423:Blake-Larsen sunshine recorder
360:– National Maritime Museum, UK
1:
199:U.S. National Weather Service
372:– Blake Larsen Sun Recorder
335:Campbell's manuscript notes
485:
60:"Campbell–Stokes recorder"
428:Elektor sunshine recorder
413:
16:Type of sunshine recorder
448:Sunshine sensor type BF3
438:Marvin sunshine recorder
433:Jordan sunshine recorder
418:Campbell–Stokes recorder
195:Marvin sunshine recorder
176:hours of bright sunshine
149:Campbell–Stokes recorder
263:read. In areas of high
443:Pers sunshine recorder
267:and during periods of
214:
186:
159:. It was invented by
144:
132:
212:
184:
165:George Gabriel Stokes
161:John Francis Campbell
138:
126:
366:– Environment Canada
331:at Wikimedia Commons
151:(sometimes called a
45:improve this article
232:northern hemisphere
220:northern hemisphere
469:Sunshine recorders
407:Sunshine recorders
329:Sunshine recorders
215:
187:
145:
133:
456:
455:
327:Media related to
157:sunshine recorder
121:
120:
113:
95:
476:
400:
393:
386:
377:
326:
300:
293:
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
484:
483:
479:
478:
477:
475:
474:
473:
459:
458:
457:
452:
409:
404:
319:
309:
307:Further reading
304:
303:
294:
290:
285:
260:
247:
207:
155:) is a type of
129:tropical region
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
482:
480:
472:
471:
461:
460:
454:
453:
451:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
414:
411:
410:
405:
403:
402:
395:
388:
380:
374:
373:
367:
361:
355:
349:
343:
337:
332:
318:
317:External links
315:
314:
313:
308:
305:
302:
301:
287:
286:
284:
281:
259:
256:
246:
243:
206:
203:
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
481:
470:
467:
466:
464:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
415:
412:
408:
401:
396:
394:
389:
387:
382:
381:
378:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
336:
333:
330:
325:
321:
320:
316:
311:
310:
306:
298:
292:
289:
282:
280:
277:
273:
270:
269:freezing rain
266:
258:Disadvantages
257:
255:
253:
244:
242:
240:
239:polar regions
235:
233:
228:
225:
221:
211:
204:
202:
200:
196:
192:
191:United States
183:
179:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
153:Stokes sphere
150:
142:
141:polar regions
137:
130:
125:
115:
112:
104:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
417:
291:
278:
274:
261:
252:pyranometers
248:
236:
229:
216:
188:
173:
152:
148:
146:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
283:References
245:Advantages
205:Technology
71:newspapers
169:ball lens
101:June 2024
463:Category
299:, 2019.
230:In the
224:equinox
85:scholar
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
265:frost
193:(the
92:JSTOR
78:books
147:The
64:news
201:).
47:by
465::
399:e
392:t
385:v
131:.
114:)
108:(
103:)
99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
68:·
41:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
