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are described as oligogynous because they have a number of fertile queens which are intolerant of each other and must therefore spread to different areas of the nest. Some aggressive interactions have been known to take place between queens, but not necessarily through workers. Queens become aggressive mainly to other queens if they trespass on a marked territory. Queens in a given colony can work together in brood care and the workers tend to experience higher rates of survival in colonies with multiple queens. Some researchers still subscribe to the notion that carpenter ant colonies are only monogynous.
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static food supply. More often, they develop a systemic way to visit the food source, with alternating trips by different individual ants or groups. This allows them to decrease the gains of intruders because the intruders tend to visit in a scattered, random, and unorganized manner. The ants, however, visit the sources systematically so that they reduce the average crop remaining. They tend to visit more resource-dense food areas in an attempt to minimize resource availability for others. That is, the more systematic the foraging behavior of the ants, the more random that of its competitors.
727:. They emerge from their satellite nests and females mate with a number of males while in flight. The males die after mating. These newly fertilized queens discard their wings and search for new areas to establish primary nests. The queens build new nests and deposit around 20 eggs, nurturing them as they grow until worker ants emerge. The worker ants eventually assist her in caring for the brood as she lays more eggs. After a few years, reproductive winged ants are born, allowing for the making of new colonies. Again, satellite nests will be established and the process will repeat itself.
1387:-damaged areas, which have mud packed into the hollowed-out areas. Carpenter ants can be identified by the general presence of one upward protruding node, looking like a spike, at the "waist" attachment between the thorax and abdomen (petiole). Control involves application of insecticides in various forms including dusts and liquids. The dusts are injected directly into galleries and voids where the carpenter ants are living. The liquids are applied in areas where foraging ants are likely to pick the material up and spread the poison to the colony upon returning.
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553:-based shell is left behind. Occasionally, the ants bring the chitinous head of the insect back to the nest, where they also extract its inner tissue. The ants can forage individually or in small or large groups, though they often opt to do so individually. Different colonies in close proximity may have overlapping foraging regions, although they typically do not assist each other in foraging. Their main food sources normally include
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445:, they do not consume wood, but instead discard a material that resembles sawdust outside their nest. Sometimes, carpenter ants hollow out sections of trees. They also commonly infest wooden buildings and structures, causing a widespread problem: they are a major cause of structural damage. Nevertheless, their ability to excavate wood helps in forest decomposition. The genus includes over 1,000 species. They also farm
942:
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790:, a high level of relatedness is necessary between two individuals. Carpenter ants, like many social insect species, have mechanisms by which individuals determine whether others are nestmates or not. They are useful because they explain the presence or absence of altruistic behavior between individuals. They also act as evolutionary strategies to help prevent
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must, as an adult, go through specific interactions with older members of the nest. This process is also necessary in order for the ant to recognize and distinguish other individuals. If these interactions do not occur in the beginning of adult life, the ant will be unable to be distinguished as a nestmate and unable to distinguish nestmates.
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561:. Instances of carpenter ants bleeding Chinese elm trees for the sap have been observed in northern Arizona. These instances may be rare, as the colonies vastly exceeded the typical size of carpenter ant colonies elsewhere. When workers find food sources, they communicate this information to the rest of the nest. They use biochemical
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one. The larger the value, the more two individuals are "related". Carpenter ants are social hymenopteran insects. This means the relatedness between offspring and parents is disproportionate. Females are more closely related to their sisters than they are to their offspring. Between full sisters, the coefficient of relatedness is
1421:. It is a particular favourite source of sugar for Australian Aborigines living in arid regions, partially digging up their nests instead of digging them up entirely, in order to preserve this food source. The honey also has antimicrobial properties which the aboriginal population use to their advantage to cure colds.
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Carpenter ant species reside both outdoors and indoors in moist, decaying, or hollow wood, most commonly in forest environments. They cut "galleries" into the wood grain to provide passageways to allow for movement between different sections of the nest. Certain parts of a house, such as around and
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often is associated with many social insect species, and usually is characterized by limited mating flights, small queen size, and other characteristics. However, carpenter ants have "extensive" mating flights and relatively large queens, distinguishing them from polygynous species. Carpenter ants
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Recognition allows for the presence of kin-specific interactions, such as kin altruism. Altruistic individuals increase other individuals' fitness at the expense of their own. Carpenter ants perform altruistic actions toward their nestmates so that their shared genes are propagated more readily or
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The process of recognition for carpenter ants requires two events. First, a cue must be present on a "donor animal". These cues are called "labels". Next, the receiving animal must be able to recognize and process the cue. In order for an individual carpenter ant to be recognized as a nestmate, it
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and promote kin selection. Social carpenter ants recognize their kin in many ways. These methods of recognition are largely chemical in nature, and include environmental odors, pheromones, "transferable labels", and labels from the queen that are distributed to and among nest members. Because they
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is the probability that a gene in one individual is an identical copy, by descent, of a gene in another individual. It is essentially a measure of how closely related two individuals are with respect to a gene. It is quantified by the coefficient of relatedness, which is a number between zero and
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Although carpenter ants do not tend to be extremely aggressive, they have developed mechanisms to maximize what they take from a food source when that same food source is also visited by competing organisms. This is accomplished in different ways. Sometimes they colonize an area near a relatively
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to mark the shortest path that can be taken from the nest to the source. When a sizable number of workers follows this trail, the strength of the cue increases and a foraging trail is established. This ends when the food source is depleted. The workers will then feed the queen and the larvae by
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Carpenter ants work to build the nests that house eggs in environments with usually high humidity due to their sensitivity to environmental humidity. These nests are called primary nests. Satellite nests are constructed once the primary nest is established and has begun to mature. Residents of
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Carpenter ants have been known to construct extensive underground tunneling systems. These systems often end at some food source – often aphid colonies, where the ants extract and feed on honeydew. These tunneling systems also often exist in trees. The colonies typically include a central
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Most species of carpenter ants forage at night. When foraging, they usually collect and consume dead insects. Some species less commonly collect live insects. When they discover a dead insect, workers surround it and extract its body fluids to be carried back to the nest. The remaining
820:, which can have different effects. Some pheromones have been known to calm workers, while others have been known to excite them. Pheromonal cues from ovipositing queens have a stronger effect on worker ants than those of virgin queens.
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more often. In many social insect species like these ants, many worker animals are sterile and do not have the ability to reproduce. As a result, they forgo reproduction to donate energy and help the fertile individuals reproduce.
709:, workers, and the queen reside in the primary nests. As satellite nests do not have environmentally sensitive eggs, the ants can construct them in rather diverse locations that can actually be relatively dry. Some species, like
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Carpenter ants are considered both predators and scavengers. These ants are foragers that typically eat parts of other dead insects or substances derived from other insects. Common foods for them include insect parts,
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with antimicrobial activity have been found to exist in regurgitated material. Communal sharing of immune response capability is likely to play a large role in colonial maintenance during highly pathogenic periods.
832:, exists in carpenter ants. It is mediated through the feeding of other individuals by regurgitation. The regurgitate can have antimicrobial activity, which would be spread amongst members of the colony. Some
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University of Utah graduate student Steve Cook explained "They've been called kamikaze ants by other researchers because they tend to explode or self-destruct when they're attacked or harassed in any way."
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Colony Size and
Polygyny in Carpenter Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Roger D. Akre, Laurel D. Hansen and Elizabeth A. Myhre Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society , Vol. 67, No. 1 (January 1994), pp.
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Carpenter ants are generally large ants: workers are 4–7 mm long in small species and 7–13 mm in large species, queens are 9–20 mm long and males are 5–13 mm long. The bases of the
449:. In their farming, the ants protect the aphids from predators (usually other insects) while they excrete a sugary fluid called honeydew, which the ants get by stroking the aphids with their antennae.
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from plants. They are also known for eating other sugary liquids such as honey, syrup, or juices. Carpenter ants can increase the survivability of aphids when they tend them.
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2047:"Relatedness within colonies of three North American species of carpenter ants (Subgenus: Camponotus) and a comparison with relatedness estimates across Formicinae"
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871:, workers feature greatly enlarged mandibular glands that run the entire length of the ant's body. They can release their contents suicidally by performing
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have a chemical basis for emission and recognition, odors are useful because many ants can detect such changes in their environment through their antennae.
875:, thereby rupturing the ant's body and spraying a toxic substance from the head, which gives these species the common name "exploding ants". The enlarged
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As in most other social insect species, individual interaction is heavily influenced by the queen. The queen can influence individuals with odors called
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gland, which is many times the size of that of a normal ant, produces a glue. The glue bursts out and entangles and immobilizes all nearby victims.
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under windows, roof eaves, decks and porches, are more likely to be infested by carpenter ants because these areas are most vulnerable to moisture.
2089:"Breeding systems and genetic diversity in tropical carpenter ant colonies: different strategies for similar outcomes in Brazilian Cerrado savanna"
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1972:"Transovarian Transmission of Blochmannia and Wolbachia Endosymbionts in the Neotropical Weaver Ant Camponotus textor (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)"
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They build nests inside wood, consisting of galleries chewed out with their mandibles or jaws, preferably in dead, damp wood. However, unlike
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Gadau, Jürgen; Gertsch, Pia J.; Heinze, Jürgen; Pamilo, Pekka; Hölldobler, Bert (1998). "Oligogyny by unrelated queens in the carpenter ant,
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Mayr of
Australia. In: Snelling, R.R., B.L. Fisher and P.S. Ward (eds). Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): homage to
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Morel, Laurence; Vander Meer, Robert K.; Lavine, Barry K. (1988). "Ontogeny of nestmate recognition cues in the red carpenter ant (
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Viaggio di
Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XX. Formiche di Birmania e del Tenasserim raccolte da Leonardo Fea (1885–87)
1970:
Ramalho, Manuela
Oliviera; Vieira, Alexsandro Santana; Pereira, Mayara Cristina; Moreau, Corrie Saux; Bueno, Odair Correa (2018).
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Carlin, Norman F.; Schwartz, Peter H. (July 1989). "Pre-imaginal experience and nestmate brood recognition in the carpenter ant,
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Azevedo-Silva, Marianne; Mori, Gustavo M.; Carvalho, Carolina S.; Côrtes, Marina C.; Souza, Anete P.; Oliveira, Paulo S. (2020).
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Feldhaar, Heike; Straka, Josef; Krischke, Markus; Berthold, Kristina; Stoll, Sascha; Mueller, Martin J; Gross, Roy (2007).
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An online supplemental to "Carpenter Ants: Biology and
Control" by Laurel Hansen, Ph.D. of Spokane Falls Community College
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Carlin, N. F.; Hölldobler, B. (2 December 1983). "Nestmate and kin recognition in interspecific mixed colonies of ants".
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In many social insect species, social behavior can increase the disease resistance of animals. This phenomenon, called
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705:, pupae, and some winged individuals, such as male ants (drones), or future queen ants. Only eggs, the newly hatched
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Bequaert J (1921). "Insects as food: How they have augmented the food supply of mankind in early and recent times".
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Pricer, John. The Life
History of the Carpenter Ant. Biological Bulletin , Vol. 14, No. 3 (Feb., 1908), pp. 177-218
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H.G. Fowler and R. B. Roberts
Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, Vol. 55, No. 3 (July 1982), pp. 568–570
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Meadows, B. A.; Emad, M.; Hruska, J. P.; Silva, J.; Behrends, G. J.; Girón, J. C.; Manthey, J. D. (1 June 2023).
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751:= 0.5, because, given the event in meiosis, a certain gene has a 50% chance of being passed on to the offspring.
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Pararas — Carayannis, Carolyn. "Carpenter Ants". Colony
Behaviors of Carpenter Ants. Web. October 1, 2013.
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Yamamoto, Marcela & Del-Claro, Kleber (2008). "Natural history and foraging behavior of the carpenter ant
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Feldhaar, H.; Straka, Josef; Krischke, M; Berthold, K; Stoll, S; Mueller, M.J.; Gross, R; et al. (2007).
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Hahn, Jeff. "Carpenter Ants": Insects: University of
Minnesota Extension. N.p., n.d. Web. October 1, 2013.
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that provides clues to their nesting location. Carpenter ant galleries are smooth and very different from
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Crozier, Ross H. (1988). "Kin
Recognition Using Innate Labels: A Central Role for Piggybacking?".
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Contrary to popular belief, carpenter ants do not actually eat wood, as they are unable to digest
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2009:
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1835:"Carpenter Ants: 3 Consistent Patterns That Make Their Competition's Foraging More Unpredictable"
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1971:
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774:). Distinct reproductive strategies may generate similar patterns of genetic diversity in ants.
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This structural board was destroyed by carpenter ants. They left the dense "late wood" of each
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Carpenter ants can damage wood used in the construction of buildings. They can leave behind a
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Carpenter ants and their larvae are eaten in various parts of the world. In Australia, the
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Petit, Sophie; Stonor, M. Bernard; Weyland, John J.; Gibbs, Joan; Amato, Bianca (2020).
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and other nutrients. This suggests the bacterium plays a role in ant nutrition. Many
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Dong, Andrew Z.; Cokcetin, Nural; Carter, Dee A.; Fernandes, Kenya E. (July 2023).
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2013:
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Davis, Ryan; Young, Deborah; Johnson, Kelsie; Armenta, Roberta; Berry, Genevieve.
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genetic system). Between parent and offspring, the coefficient of relatedness is
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or urine-stained sand. This may be beneficial in nitrogen-limited environments.
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within colonies, which can increase with the co-occurrence of multiple queens (
1987:
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When conditions are warm and humid, winged males and females participate in a
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1458:, carpenter ants are among a vast number of species that are consumed by the
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border by a distance of at least the antennal scape's maximum diameter. The
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2005:
1956:
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Dreisig, H. (2000). "Defense by exploitation in the Florida carpenter ant,
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Guérin, 1838 (Formicinae, Campotonini) in the Brazilian tropical savanna".
1645:
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the food at the nest. Foraging trails can be either under or above ground.
512:"parent" colony surrounded and supplemented by smaller satellite colonies.
2733:"Unique antimicrobial activity in honey from the Australian honeypot ant (
2380:
1812:
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for relatedness, for relative-specific interactions to occur, such as kin
17:
3105:
3036:
2650:. Utah State University Extension and Colorado State University Extension
1917:"Nutritional upgrading for omnivorous carpenter ants by the endosymbiont
1606:"Nutritional upgrading for omnivorous carpenter ants by the endosymbiont
1454:
ate the tickling, acid gasters of the large jet-black carpenter ants. In
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is associated with the nurse cells in the queen's ovaries in the species
600:
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554:
466:
99:
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79:
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1996:
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Jones, T.H.; Clark, D.A.; Edwards, A.A.; Davidson, D.W.; Spande, T.F.;
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2312:"Trophallaxis and prophylaxis: social immunity in the carpenter ant
1870:"Camponotus ants mine sand for vertebrate urine to extract nitrogen"
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2579:
Robert S. Anderson; Richard Beatty; Stuart Church (January 2003).
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Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria (Genova)
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630:, another endosymbiont that is widespread across insect groups.
3017:
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2788:"Traditional insect bioprospecting-As human food and medicine"
685:
Pileated Woodpecker holes in a tree occupied by carpenter ants
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213:
1723:
1721:
584:
Some carpenter ant species can obtain nitrogen by feeding on
2529:"The Malaysian ant teaches us all how to go out with a bang"
1785:
B.Colyott, firsthand observation over a several year period.
1580:"Carpenter ants: Insects: University of Minnesota Extension"
596:
All ants in this genus, and some related genera, possess an
612:. This bacterium has a small genome, and retains genes to
2310:
Hamilton, C; Lejeune, B. T.; Rosengaus, R. B. (2011).
1708:"Carpenter Ant Damage In The Home - Four Common Areas"
1684:"Key to North American Genera of Formicinae - AntWiki"
2786:
Srivastava, S.K.; Babu, Naresh; Pandey, Hema (2009).
469:
in profile usually forms a continuous curve from the
2670:"Maxforce Carpenter Ant Bait Gel Directions for Use"
2641:"Common Structural and Health-Related Pests of Utah"
2552:(Second ed.). Blackwell Publishing. p. 3.
2414:; Roy, R. (2004). "The Chemistry of Exploding Ants,
2149:
2147:
640:, which results in the worker larva being infected.
3026:
1555:
Bugs Rule!: An Introduction to the World of Insects
3004:with information on habits, habitat and prevention
715:, build the nest in a dry place, usually in wood.
30:"Camponotus" redirects here. For the cricket, see
957:for a complete listing of species and subspecies.
2585:. Vol. 9. Marshall Cavendish. p. 543.
2082:
2080:
581:. They only create tunnels and nests within it.
2963:Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute
2284:"Altruism In Social Insects Is A Family Affair"
1582:. Extension.umn.edu. 2012-10-15. Archived from
2718:
2606:Bonasio, R.; et al. (November 12, 2011).
2943:(1861): Die europäischen Formiciden. Vienna.
2608:"Genome data from the Florida carpenter ant (
1140:, Florida carpenter ant, genome 90% sequenced
945:A closeup of carpenter ant created galleries.
770:) or with multiple mating by a single queen (
8:
2988:University of Kentucky Extension Fact Sheet
3014:
2993:Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet
125:
38:
2893:Resh, Vincent H.; Cardé, Ring T. (2009).
2859:. Springer Science & Business Media.
2762:
2752:
2706:
2623:
2339:
2093:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1995:
1946:
1936:
1635:
1625:
1552:Cranshaw, Whitney; Richard Redak (2013).
2694:
2031:
2029:
1509:Johnson, Norman F. (December 19, 2007).
566:consuming the food they have found, and
2918:(4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
2795:Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge
1470:
2838:
2497:"Utahn enters world of exploding ants"
1799:, at an extrafloral nectar resource".
1558:. Princeton Univ. Press. p. 329.
1428:, lumbermen during the early years in
2916:The Insects: An Outline of Entomology
2914:Gullan, P.J.; Cranston, P.S. (2010).
2648:USU School Integrated Pest Management
1262:Mackay, in Mackay & Barriga, 2012
438:to many forested parts of the world.
7:
3293:389EF48E-EF27-B0A2-E090-8A196E23025B
3176:256b7736-9c37-4fde-a4f3-ce6c19f1fe6c
3002:National Pest Management Association
2503:. September 11, 2002. Archived from
1432:would eat carpenter ants to prevent
2961: – 50 years of contributions.
2947:—original description of p. 35
2369:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
2250:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1801:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1660:"Genus Camponotus - Carpenter Ants"
1519:Hymenoptera Name Server version 1.5
2444:10.1023/B:JOEC.0000042063.01424.28
25:
2582:Insects and Spiders of the World
888:has a similar defensive system.
150:
2527:Vittachi, Nury (June 6, 2008).
665:Carpenter ant colony in an old
624:species are also infected with
504:Carpenter ants carrying a dead
492:Carpenter ant cleaning antennae
27:Genus of ants (Camponotus spp.)
701:satellite nests include older
1:
2215:10.1126/science.222.4627.1027
2172:10.1016/S0003-3472(89)80068-5
2120:Invertebrate Historecognition
995:– Florida carpenter ant (cf.
2128:10.1007/978-1-4613-1053-2_11
1417:) is regularly eaten raw by
1195:, a common species in Europe
937:intact, to use as galleries.
762:insects tend to present low
414:(workers 7 to 13 mm or
2972:— 91 species, 10 subspecies
2424:Journal of Chemical Ecology
3342:
2857:Encyclopedia of Entomology
2855:Capinera, John L. (2008).
2719:Gullan & Cranston 2010
2105:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa035
2063:10.1007/s00040-023-00906-7
1443:First Summer in the Sierra
1240:Camponotus novaeboracensis
1127:Camponotus flavomarginatus
948:
29:
3326:Taxa named by Gustav Mayr
2983:Carpenter Ant Information
2314:Camponotus pennsylvanicus
1988:10.1007/s00284-018-1459-3
1765:10.1007/s10211-008-0041-6
1749:Camponotus sericeiventris
1279:Camponotus sericeiventris
1247:Camponotus pennsylvanicus
378:Pierce & Gibron, 1962
299:
292:
285:
278:
265:
258:
147:Scientific classification
145:
133:
124:
41:
2998:Carpenter Ant Fact Sheet
1366:Relationship with humans
1360:– Hawaiian carpenter ant
1331:Camponotus universitatis
1319:– Tortugas carpenter ant
1235:– black-headed sugar ant
1180:– Japanese carpenter ant
743:> 0.75 (due to their
677:Carpenter ants in a tree
2896:Encyclopedia of Insects
2822:Natural History Journal
1224:– smaller carpenter ant
1206:– western carpenter ant
1082:– Namib Desert dune ant
970:– golden tail sugar ant
964:Camponotus aeneopilosus
461:are separated from the
314:Wu, J. & Wang, 1994
2876:Insects and Human Life
2874:Morris, Brian (2006).
2365:Camponotus ligniperdus
2332:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0466
2290:. University of Leeds.
1938:10.1186/1741-7007-5-48
1837:. 1999. Archived from
1627:10.1186/1741-7007-5-48
1448:Northern Paiute people
1446:, Muir notes that the
1419:Indigenous Australians
1404:
1379:-like material called
1268:Camponotus punctulatus
1155:Camponotus herculeanus
1105:Camponotus ferrugineus
1041:Camponotus consobrinus
1011:Camponotus chromaiodes
946:
938:
926:
915:
904:
885:Globitermes sulphureus
697:
686:
678:
670:
529:
508:
493:
3275:Paleobiology Database
2707:Resh & Cardé 2009
2610:Camponotus floridanus
2546:Ridley, Mark (1995).
2473:Emery, Carlo (1889).
2381:10.1007/s002650050511
2246:Camponotus floridanus
2156:Camponotus floridanus
1813:10.1007/s002650050666
1797:Camponotus floridanus
1527:Ohio State University
1398:
1354:Camponotus variegatus
1313:Camponotus tortuganus
1293:Camponotus silvestrii
1253:– black carpenter ant
1218:Camponotus nearcticus
1192:Camponotus ligniperda
1137:Camponotus floridanus
1113:Camponotus festinatus
1087:Camponotus empedocles
1069:Camponotus daitoensis
1059:Camponotus cruentatus
1027:Camponotus compressus
1019:Camponotus cinctellus
985:Camponotus americanus
944:
932:
921:
910:
899:
694:Sawdust like shavings
692:
684:
676:
664:
523:
503:
491:
3171:Fauna Europaea (new)
2122:. pp. 143–156.
1976:Current Microbiology
1712:EnviroPest Solutions
1478:Shattuck, Steven O.
1229:Camponotus nigriceps
1204:Wheeler, W. M., 1910
1174:Camponotus japonicus
882:The termite species
868:Camponotus saundersi
644:Behavior and ecology
2754:10.7717/peerj.15645
2735:Camponotus inflatus
2436:2004JCEco..30.1479J
2207:1983Sci...222.1027C
2201:(4627): 1027–1029.
1886:2020AusEc..45..168P
1414:Camponotus inflatus
1324:Camponotus triodiae
1286:Camponotus sericeus
1258:Camponotus reburrus
1108:– red carpenter ant
1099:(Dalla Torre, 1983)
1076:Camponotus detritus
1014:– red carpenter ant
1004:Camponotus bishamon
992:Camponotus atriceps
865:complex, including
696:from carpenter ants
362:Wheeler, W.M., 1921
2951:McArthur, Archie J
2899:. Academic Press.
2262:10.1007/BF00300567
1405:
1401:Northern Territory
1090:– glossy sugar ant
1049:Camponotus crassus
1044:– banded sugar ant
975:Camponotus amaurus
947:
939:
927:
916:
905:
698:
687:
679:
671:
543:extrafloral nectar
530:
524:A major worker of
509:
494:
268:Formica ligniperda
3303:
3302:
3262:Open Tree of Life
3020:Taxon identifiers
2953:(2007): A Key to
2925:978-1-4443-1767-1
2885:978-1-84520-949-0
2866:978-1-4020-6242-1
2676:on 14 August 2018
2592:978-0-7614-7334-3
2137:978-1-4612-8311-9
1894:10.1111/aec.12840
1565:978-1-4008-4892-8
1533:on April 16, 2015
1399:Honeypot ants in
1359:
1358:(Smith, F., 1858)
1349:
1339:
1318:
1301:
1273:
1263:
1252:
1234:
1223:
1205:
1179:
1168:
1150:
1149:(Espadaler, 1997)
1132:
1122:
1100:
1095:Camponotus fellah
1081:
1064:
1063:(Latreille, 1802)
1054:
1036:
1022:– shiny sugar ant
980:
979:(Espadaler, 1997)
969:
901:C. pennsylvanicus
857:In at least nine
764:genetic diversity
755:Genetic diversity
662:
637:Camponotus textor
401:
400:
395:
387:
379:
371:
363:
355:
347:
339:
331:
323:
315:
307:
254:
16:(Redirected from
3333:
3296:
3295:
3283:
3282:
3270:
3269:
3257:
3256:
3244:
3243:
3231:
3230:
3218:
3217:
3205:
3204:
3192:
3191:
3179:
3178:
3166:
3165:
3153:
3152:
3140:
3139:
3127:
3126:
3114:
3113:
3101:
3100:
3088:
3087:
3075:
3074:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3015:
2952:
2942:
2929:
2910:
2889:
2870:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2792:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2766:
2756:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2672:. Archived from
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2645:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2549:Animal Behaviour
2543:
2537:
2536:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2493:
2487:
2478:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2430:(8): 1479–1492.
2407:
2401:
2400:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2343:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2160:Animal Behaviour
2151:
2142:
2141:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2099:(3): 1020–1035.
2084:
2075:
2074:
2051:Insectes Sociaux
2042:
2036:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
1999:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1950:
1940:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1714:. 13 March 2021.
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1639:
1629:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1529:. Archived from
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1475:
1440:'s publication,
1357:
1347:
1344:Camponotus vagus
1334:
1316:
1306:Camponotus taino
1296:
1271:
1261:
1250:
1232:
1221:
1211:Camponotus monju
1203:
1200:Camponotus modoc
1185:Camponotus kaura
1177:
1158:
1148:
1145:Camponotus haroi
1130:
1116:
1098:
1079:
1062:
1052:
1030:
978:
967:
892:Selected species
712:Camponotus vagus
663:
433:
432:
428:
423:
422:
418:
410:spp.) are large
393:
385:
377:
369:
361:
353:
345:
337:
329:
321:
313:
305:
249:
155:
154:
129:
119:
56:
45:Temporal range:
39:
21:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3291:
3286:
3278:
3273:
3265:
3260:
3252:
3247:
3239:
3234:
3226:
3221:
3213:
3208:
3200:
3195:
3187:
3182:
3174:
3169:
3161:
3156:
3148:
3143:
3135:
3130:
3122:
3117:
3109:
3104:
3096:
3091:
3083:
3078:
3070:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3022:
2979:
2950:
2940:
2937:
2935:Further reading
2932:
2926:
2913:
2907:
2892:
2886:
2873:
2867:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2802:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2697:, p. 1342.
2693:
2689:
2679:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2651:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2510:
2508:
2507:on July 9, 2010
2495:
2494:
2490:
2486:(27): 485–520.
2472:
2471:
2467:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2320:Biology Letters
2309:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2027:
2018:
2016:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1874:Austral Ecology
1867:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1844:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1753:Acta Ethologica
1746:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1719:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1692:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1668:
1666:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1589:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1393:
1373:
1368:
1363:
958:
922:Wood damage by
894:
861:species of the
859:Southeast Asian
855:
843:
830:social immunity
826:
824:Social immunity
814:
805:
784:Hamilton's rule
780:
778:Kin recognition
757:
733:
721:
653:
651:
646:
594:
518:
486:
480:
473:through to the
455:
430:
426:
425:
420:
416:
415:
394:Zhang, J., 1989
375:Paleosminthurus
354:Borgmeier, 1928
274:
273:Latreille, 1802
271:
248:
149:
141:(minor worker)
120:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
51:
50:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3339:
3337:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3308:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3284:
3271:
3258:
3245:
3232:
3219:
3206:
3193:
3180:
3167:
3158:Fauna Europaea
3154:
3141:
3128:
3115:
3102:
3089:
3076:
3063:
3048:
3032:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3008:Carpenter Ants
3005:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2978:
2977:External links
2975:
2974:
2973:
2948:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2924:
2911:
2905:
2890:
2884:
2871:
2865:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2831:
2812:
2778:
2723:
2711:
2709:, p. 381.
2699:
2687:
2661:
2631:
2625:10.5524/100018
2598:
2591:
2571:
2558:
2538:
2519:
2488:
2465:
2402:
2355:
2302:
2293:
2275:
2236:
2185:
2143:
2136:
2110:
2076:
2057:(2): 191–202.
2037:
2025:
1982:(7): 866–873.
1962:
1907:
1880:(2): 168–176.
1860:
1851:
1826:
1807:(4): 274–279.
1787:
1778:
1739:
1730:
1717:
1699:
1675:
1651:
1596:
1571:
1564:
1544:
1523:Columbus, Ohio
1501:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1392:
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1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
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1361:
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1327:
1320:
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1302:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1264:
1254:
1243:
1236:
1225:
1214:
1207:
1196:
1188:
1181:
1170:
1169:– Hercules ant
1151:
1141:
1133:
1123:
1109:
1101:
1091:
1083:
1072:
1065:
1055:
1045:
1037:
1023:
1015:
1007:
1000:
988:
981:
971:
959:
924:C. herculeanus
893:
890:
854:
853:Exploding ants
851:
842:
839:
825:
822:
813:
810:
804:
801:
779:
776:
756:
753:
732:
729:
725:nuptial flight
720:
719:Nuptial flight
717:
650:
647:
645:
642:
593:
590:
537:" produced by
517:
514:
485:
482:
454:
451:
404:Carpenter ants
399:
398:
397:
396:
388:
383:Paracolobopsis
380:
372:
364:
356:
348:
340:
332:
324:
316:
308:
306:Santschi, 1928
297:
296:
290:
289:
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262:
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156:
143:
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131:
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108:
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98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
57:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3338:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3009:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2906:9780080920900
2902:
2898:
2897:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2841:, p. 52.
2840:
2835:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2813:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2727:
2724:
2721:, p. 13.
2720:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2695:Capinera 2008
2691:
2688:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2632:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2575:
2572:
2561:
2559:0-86542-390-3
2555:
2551:
2550:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2520:
2511:September 27,
2506:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
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2317:
2315:
2306:
2303:
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2240:
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2200:
2196:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1841:on 2016-09-15
1840:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1774:
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1700:
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1685:
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1665:
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1655:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1600:
1597:
1586:on 2012-06-09
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1545:
1532:
1528:
1524:
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42:Carpenter ant
40:
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33:
19:
3027:
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2959:E. O. Wilson
2954:
2941:Mayr, Gustav
2915:
2895:
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2821:
2815:
2803:. Retrieved
2801:(4): 485–494
2798:
2794:
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2744:
2740:
2734:
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2714:
2702:
2690:
2678:. Retrieved
2674:the original
2664:
2654:September 7,
2652:. Retrieved
2647:
2634:
2615:
2609:
2601:
2581:
2574:
2563:. Retrieved
2548:
2541:
2532:
2522:
2509:. Retrieved
2505:the original
2501:Deseret News
2500:
2491:
2483:
2479:
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2427:
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2288:ScienceDaily
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2017:. Retrieved
1997:11449/175908
1979:
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1965:
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1854:
1843:. Retrieved
1839:the original
1829:
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1781:
1759:(2): 55–65.
1756:
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1711:
1702:
1691:. Retrieved
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1678:
1667:. Retrieved
1664:bugguide.net
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1654:
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1599:
1588:. Retrieved
1584:the original
1574:
1554:
1547:
1535:. Retrieved
1531:the original
1518:
1512:
1504:
1492:. Retrieved
1487:
1481:
1473:
1441:
1423:
1412:
1409:Honeypot ant
1406:
1374:
1352:
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1329:
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1291:
1284:
1277:
1274:– Tacuru ant
1266:
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923:
912:C. crispulus
911:
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827:
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803:Kin altruism
797:
781:
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745:haplodiploid
740:
734:
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710:
699:
635:
631:
625:
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604:endosymbiont
595:
583:
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547:
531:
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510:
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407:
403:
402:
391:Shanwangella
390:
382:
374:
366:
358:
350:
342:
334:
326:
319:Myrmocamelus
318:
310:
303:Condylomyrma
302:
266:
260:Type species
244:
243:
138:
134:
52:52.2–0
36:
3197:iNaturalist
3052:Wikispecies
2848:Cited texts
2839:Morris 2006
2616:GigaScience
2420:Cylindricus
1925:BMC Biology
1919:Blochmannia
1688:antwiki.org
1614:BMC Biology
1608:Blochmannia
1403:, Australia
1080:Emery, 1886
935:growth ring
863:Cylindricus
736:Relatedness
731:Relatedness
618:amino acids
609:Blochmannia
453:Description
386:Emery, 1920
346:Forel, 1912
338:Forel, 1912
330:Emery, 1920
327:Myrmolophus
322:Forel, 1914
234:Camponotini
220:Subfamily:
204:Hymenoptera
32:Camptonotus
3321:Ant genera
3316:Camponotus
3310:Categories
3241:camponotus
3085:Camponotus
3072:Camponotus
3058:Camponotus
3028:Camponotus
2955:Camponotus
2828:: 191–200.
2747:: e15645.
2565:2009-09-26
2533:Daily Star
2416:Camponotus
2256:(3): 175.
2019:2021-06-09
1845:2016-09-03
1693:2022-11-23
1669:2022-11-23
1590:2015-05-12
1513:Camponotus
1482:Camponotus
1466:References
1460:San people
1452:California
1178:Mayr, 1866
1131:Mayr, 1862
1053:Mayr, 1862
968:Mayr, 1862
953:Camponotus
877:mandibular
873:autothysis
818:pheromones
812:Pheromones
622:Camponotus
616:essential
563:pheromones
526:Camponotus
436:indigenous
434: in)
408:Camponotus
367:Orthonotus
343:Myrmoturba
245:Camponotus
224:Formicinae
214:Formicidae
184:Arthropoda
135:Camponotus
18:Camponotus
3000:from the
2071:1420-9098
1931:(1): 48.
1902:214448821
1620:(1): 48.
1494:25 August
1438:John Muir
1436:, and in
1033:Fabricius
834:proteases
772:polyandry
632:Wolbachia
627:Wolbachia
601:bacterial
592:Symbionts
579:cellulose
475:propodeum
335:Myrmosaga
280:Diversity
170:Kingdom:
164:Eukaryota
49:– Recent
3106:BugGuide
3037:Wikidata
2878:. Berg.
2805:16 April
2773:37520253
2764:10386826
2535:. Dhaka.
2460:23756265
2452:15537154
2412:Snelling
2397:20368901
2350:20591850
2270:43987360
2231:38728014
2223:17776248
2180:53150854
2006:29468305
1957:17971224
1821:44043578
1773:37065825
1646:17971224
1537:April 1,
1371:As pests
1251:(DeGeer)
1161:Linnaeus
951:List of
846:Polygyny
841:Polygyny
788:altruism
768:polygyny
760:Eusocial
598:obligate
555:proteins
535:honeydew
471:pronotum
467:mesosoma
459:antennae
443:termites
311:Dolophra
294:Synonyms
210:Family:
180:Phylum:
174:Animalia
160:Domain:
139:eugeniae
3215:1281263
3189:1312361
3043:Q157875
2432:Bibcode
2389:4601542
2341:3030872
2203:Bibcode
2195:Science
2014:3387710
1948:2206011
1882:Bibcode
1637:2206011
1525:, USA:
1488:AntWiki
1391:As food
1385:termite
1377:sawdust
1317:(Emery)
1222:(Emery)
1121:, 1866)
1119:Buckley
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955:species
649:Nesting
606:called
484:Habitat
463:clypeal
429:⁄
419:⁄
240:Genus:
230:Tribe:
200:Order:
194:Insecta
190:Class:
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3228:154194
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1338:, 1890
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792:incest
707:larvae
703:larvae
551:chitin
541:, and
539:aphids
447:aphids
253:, 1861
47:Eocene
3288:Plazi
3280:70732
3254:13390
3210:IRMNG
3202:62781
3163:81402
3137:32539
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2741:PeerJ
2644:(PDF)
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2393:S2CID
2385:JSTOR
2266:S2CID
2227:S2CID
2176:S2CID
2010:S2CID
1898:S2CID
1817:S2CID
1769:S2CID
1515:Mayr"
1430:Maine
1381:frass
1336:Forel
1298:Emery
914:queen
669:stump
586:urine
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3236:MNHN
3223:ITIS
3184:GBIF
3145:EPPO
3124:3GGD
3098:1991
3093:BOLD
2920:ISBN
2901:ISBN
2880:ISBN
2861:ISBN
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