1051:
slaves and edible animals. Those destined to be eaten were kept like cattle. Once they were slaughtered and eaten, it often happened without "elaborate rituals" and without particular emotions, except for a "delight" at the "excellent" taste. Far from being a "primitive" custom, cannibalism was "associated with success and development", as
Europeans noticed (often to their surprise). It was practised chiefly "by the most developed and politically powerful" groups, who were strong enough to subjugate and capture others or wealthy enough to buy enslaved people. Another author notes that the less well-off admired those sufficiently wealthy to dine on slaves regularly. Many women and children were among the eaten. Indeed, their flesh was often praised as even tastier than that of men. The eaters, however, (or at least those who could invite others to cannibal feasts) were typically men and often chiefs, who controlled most power and resources.
1437:
1047:
practice said to make their flesh more tender, before they were killed and cooked." Both adults and children and also animals, such as birds and monkeys, were routinely subjected to this treatment before being slaughtered. The missionaries in the Ubangi area were troubled not only because slave children were eaten as a matter of course but also because many of these children had to spend their last night in great pain, placed in the river with broken limbs. But their owners were not bothered, pointing out that this would "macerate the meat and make it more tender". Their own "enjoyments" mattered more to them than the "agony" and the "lives of others", a mission historian commented.
1428:, attacking and eating the local population. According to the oral traditions, the number of victims was substantial. While some people believe that the immigrants brought their cannibal customs with them, others state that they began to eat people only after settling down. The region was devastated by a severe famine from 1617 to 1623 and it is possible that the consumption of human flesh started as a reaction to the lack of other food. While the origins of the custom are uncertain, the oral accounts are in agreement that the cannibals abandoned their practice after several years, maybe because the famine had ended or because of pressure to confirm to local customs.
1116:
490:
witness. The most important members could choose their preferred parts, while the others had to be satisfied with the remainders. Everything was eaten, including the edible organs; only the girl's bones and skull, picked clean of all flesh, were left behind when the feast was finished. Due to this testimony and other evidence, the girl's uncle was found guilty of murder and later executed. Other trials showed similar patterns of men volunteering dependents, often relatives, for sacrifice and consumption. While all members of the society seem to have been adult men, the eaten victims were usually "young boys and girls".
474:
been to organize trade between these towns, which were otherwise independent political units. Only men who could command the labour of many dependents were allowed to join, as the trade organization and the transport and protection of trade goods were labour-intensive. Those who wanted to join had to sacrifice a member of their "own domestic group in a cannibalistic feast" to prove that they had sufficiently many dependents whose services they could contribute – the supposed waylaying of travellers was only a trick to hide the connection between the victim and the man who had chosen to sacrifice them.
913:
horrified at the idea in Europe! but it seems quite natural to me here. Don't show this letter to anyone indiscreet". Hinde too commented approvingly on the thoroughness with which the cannibals "disposed of all the dead, leaving nothing even for the jackals, and thus sav us, no doubt, from many an epidemic." Generally, the Free State administration seems to have done little to suppress cannibal customs, sometimes even tolerating or facilitating them among its auxiliary troops and allies. Some of its
European officials reportedly got used to eating human flesh, developing "a taste" for it.
720:, who spent nearly ten years in the Congo Basin in the early 20th century, observed: "They are not ashamed of cannibalism, and openly admit that they practise it because of their liking for human flesh", with the primary reason for cannibalism being a gastronomic preference for such dishes. Torday once received "a portion of a human thigh" as a well-intended gift and other Europeans were offered pieces of human flesh as gestures of hospitality. People expected to be rewarded with fresh human flesh for services well performed and were disappointed when they received something else instead.
1143:, Herbert Ward saw a man "carrying four large lumps of human flesh, with the skin still clinging to it, on a stick", and soon afterwards "a party of men squatting round a fire, before which this ghastly flesh, exposed on spits, was cooking"; he was told that the flesh came from a man (or person) they had killed a few hours before. Another time, when "camping for the night with a party of Arab raiders and their followers", he and his companions felt "compelled to change the position of our tent owing to the offensive smell of human flesh, which was being cooked on all sides of us."
567:
to slaughter and eat him." Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn reproached the chief for eating people, but the latter did not understand his objections. Since the boy had been captured from a hostile tribe, he argued, there was nothing wrong with eating him, adding that especially "a lad with such tender, fresh meat as this one is eaten without delay." The next day, two other chiefs gave Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn two little slave girls as gifts for the same purpose. Instead of slaughtering the three children, he kept them as servants for the rest of his journey and then sold them in Tunis for a good profit.
238:
even saw "a child nearing the age of puberty, who had been found roasted"; two young people confessed to having killed and cooked the child. In some cases, children were roasted and offered for sale by their parents; other victims were street children, who had become very numerous and were often kidnapped and cooked by people looking for food or extra income. Al-Latif states that "the guilty were rarely caught in the act, and only when they were careless." The victims were so numerous that sometimes "two or three children, even more, would be found in a single cooking pot."
983:
119:. While some groups rejected the custom, others indulged in human flesh, often considering it superior to other meats. Killed or captured enemies could be consumed, and individuals from different ethnic groups were sometimes hunted down for the same purpose. Enslaved people were also sacrificed for the table, especially young children, who were otherwise in little demand but praised as particularly delicious. In some areas, human flesh and slaves intended for eating were sold at marketplaces. While cannibalism became rarer under the colonial
895:
623:
756:
422:
389:
934:) in the forest who are even worse cannibals than the taller human environment. They eat man flesh raw! It's a fact." He added that assailants would "bring down a dwarf on the way home, for the marital cooking pot.... The Dwarfs, as I say, dispense with cooking pots and eat and drink their human prey fresh cut on the battlefield while the blood is still warm and running. These are not fairy tales ..., but actual gruesome reality in the heart of this poor, benighted savage land."
1107:, which was then exported to Europe or the Americas while the slaves were eaten. Some European traders seem to have directly and knowingly taken part in these deadly transactions, while others looked the other way. The local elephant hunters preferred the flesh, especially of young human beings – four to sixteen was the preferred age range, according to one trader – "because it was not only more tender but also much quicker to cook" than the meat of elephants or other large animals.
828:
297:
sometimes in large numbers. The flesh of enemies was eaten not only to celebrate one's victory but also for reasons of efficiency. Since "feeding in the battle field was difficult", warriors were not inclined to waste edible matter. But there are also accounts indicating that captives were divided among the victors, who took them home to kill and eat them. In 1895, a German missionary witnessed the slaughter of more than 40 captives in a village near
1400:, human flesh could be purchased in their settlements just like that of oxen or sheep and they ate not only killed enemies, but also enslaved captives once they were "old and no longer fit for work". After the peace agreement with the Portuguese, they stopped eating human flesh publicly, but reportedly continued to do so in private if given the chance, sometimes slaughtering and consuming slaves if they failed to sell them for a good price.
22:
1238:. In 1950, a Belgian administrator ate a "remarkably delicious" dish, learning after he had finished "that the meat came from a young girl." A few years later, a Danish traveller was served a piece of the "soft and tender" flesh of a butchered woman. Colonial officials estimated that similar cases were still common enough in the countryside but generally did not investigate unless confronted with fresh bones or other clear proof.
280:
received the cannibal guests. Though a Muslim like Ibn
Battuta himself, he considered catering to his visitors' preferences more important than whatever reservations he may have had about the practice. Other Muslim authors writing around that time also reported that cannibalism was practised in some West African regions and that slave girls were sometimes slaughtered for food since "their flesh is the best thing we have to eat."
1211:
knowing what he was eating" – it was simply a dish that appeared on the tables occasionally. A young local explained to Norden that, as in earlier times, it was eaten because it "tasted better than any other" meat. He added that their mutual
Belgian acquaintance knew well enough that human flesh "tastes better than the flesh of a goat", apparently not believing that the latter had eaten it only unknowingly.
1079:
364:
1181:. Hinde's commander asked the local Songye chief to return them, but it turned out that "they had all been eaten". The only survivor, subsequently sent back by the chief, was a young servant boy of Hinde who had run away with the deserters and had been spared due to the influence of a friend in the village. His descriptions of how the others had been consumed "were quite sickening", notes Hinde.
959:"and could not understand the hysterical reactions from the white man's side", as Kajsa Ekholm Friedman remarks. Those that could be eaten were treated with utter unconcern, with both remarks and behaviour indicating that people seem to have regarded them as little different from animals, failing to understand why one should not kill and eat them if it was acceptable to eat the latter.
709:, rejected the practice altogether. In some other regions, human flesh was eaten "only occasionally to mark a particularly significant ritual occasion, but in other societies in the Congo, perhaps even a majority by the late nineteenth century, people ate human flesh whenever they could, saying that it was far tastier than other meat", notes the anthropologist Robert B. Edgerton.
160:
955:
any foreigner who did not belong to one's community or a community one had friendly relations with. Another group of victims were criminals considered guilty of a severe crime. These were usually not eaten in their home community, but in some regions, they were sold to neighbouring peoples who then killed and ate them, in effect executing the death penalty.
685:
1043:
Makulo was "greatly indignant" and intervened to save the slaves, but many villagers "wondered in amazement why I felt pity for these slaves. Others accused me of having prevented them from eating the delicious flesh of a human." When he returned at a later time, he observed that enslaved people were still being killed for consumption.
104:. Cannibalism was practised to express hatred and to humiliate one's enemies, as well as to avoid waste and because meat in general was rare; human flesh was also considered tastier than that of animals. While its consumption during peacetime seems to have ceased, cannibal acts are on record for civil wars in
1184:
Another survivor's report was recorded by a German missionary stationed near the confluence of the
Aruwimi. One day, a boy aged about seven came running out of the jungle and begged for protection, his naked skin bloody and covered in dirt. He explained that he and his twin brother had been caught by
1046:
Several accounts indicate that the cannibals, while not deliberately cruel, were also unconcerned about making their victims suffer. Instead of being killed quickly, "persons to be eaten often had both of their arms and legs broken and were made to sit up to their necks in a stream for three days, a
1042:
man educated by
Christian missionaries, vividly experienced the contrast between local customs and the values of his teachers. When he returned in the mid-1890s to his birthplace, the villagers held "a great feast", for which they wanted to slaughter two enslaved people in addition to goats and dogs.
1015:
man in an enormous pot" – a slave who had been slaughtered and cooked in the morning. When
Coquilhat, horrified by the sight, forbade them to land, the chief thought he was joking. He could not understand Coquilhat's anger, arguing, like others, that "this man whom I put to death was my property" and
974:
Various accounts confirm that people failed to see anything wrong or reprehensible in their habit. From the Ubangi, a French colonial officer reported that cannibalism was practised "in broad daylight, not cynically, but as a natural thing ... one eats man as one would eat buffalo or wild boar."
890:
According to Hinde, the conquest of
Nyangwe was followed by "days of cannibal feasting", during which hundreds were eaten, with only their heads being kept as mementos. During this time, Lutete "hid himself in his quarters, appalled by the sight of thousands of men smoking human hands and human chops
777:
In some regions, there was a regular trade in enslaved people destined to be eaten, and the flesh of recently butchered slaves was available for purchase as well. Some people fattened slave children to sell them for consumption; if such a child became ill and lost too much weight, their owner drowned
486:
killed and beheaded by her owner, who then divided the corpse into four parts by cutting it "down the centre and across the middle". The flesh was cooked and eaten by the members of the society; some who had not been able to be present during the ceremony also received their parts and ate them later.
339:
found that the most frequent rationale he heard from cannibals or former cannibals in northern
Nigeria was that human flesh was eaten "purely as meat". People did not want to waste an opportunity to eat good meat when they saw one, and the lives of enemies or outsiders were of no concern to them. His
970:
region, people argued that "they had certainly done nothing reprehensible, the men or women they had killed and eaten belonged to them in full ownership." Torday and others noticed that people did "not distinguish between the practice of eating the flesh of goats and that of human beings" and hence
954:
When people were killed for consumption, on the other hand, they always belonged to specific groups who were considered expendable or even good to get rid of: typically enemies and enslaved people and, in those regions where people from unrelated groups were regarded as legitimate prey, more or less
489:
In another trial a few years later, a man stated that another member of the society had volunteered his niece for sacrifice. After the girl had been stabbed to death with a large knife and cut into pieces, all her flesh was roasted over an open fire and eaten by members of the society, including the
313:
A repeatedly expressed motive for consuming one's enemies was hatred: by reducing them to edible matter that was then digested, one annihilated them, physically and symbolically, thus achieving the "ultimate revenge". In some regions, people also believed that a person's spirit would usually survive
1210:
in 1923, found that "cannibalism was commonplace". People were afraid of walking outside of populated places because there was a risk of being attacked, killed, and eaten. Norden talked with a
Belgian settler who "admitted that it was quite likely he had occasionally been served human flesh without
958:
With this caveat – not everybody could be eaten, only certain persons – many Congolese did not share the negative attitudes towards cannibalism found in various other regions. "On the contrary, people expressed their strong appreciation" of the "meat that speaks" – as human flesh was often called –
805:
In general, enslaved people and their flesh were not expensive. In some areas, human flesh was up to twice as expensive as animal flesh, while elsewhere, both prices were comparable. In regions where slaves were routinely purchased for the table, their prices were often "determined by the amount of
746:
A third group of victims were persons from other ethnic groups, who in some areas were "hunt for food" just like animals. Many of the victims, who were usually killed with poisoned arrows or with clubs, were "women and children ... who had ventured too far from home while gathering firewood or
566:
had ended the custom in some areas by the time of his stay. One of the local chiefs once sent him a "beautiful" 12-year-old slave boy, together with a knife and a bowl for catching the blood. When Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn inquired about the meaning of this, he explained: "I sent him to you as a gift for you
321:
could be eaten too. In some areas, any lonely stranger was at risk of being kidnapped and either enslaved or else – especially if they were considered less valuable to sell – killed and consumed. Oral accounts indicate that at the start of the 20th century, though the open slave trade was by then a
1090:
Oral records indicate that already at a time when slavery was not widespread in the Congo Basin, people assumed that anyone enslaved and sold would likely be eaten "because cannibalism was common, and slaves were purchased especially for such purposes". In the 19th century, warfare and slave raids
1020:
Mongonga bought his victim in the market, as ordinary meat, and he invited his friends to a party with large quantities of beer. It seems like a daily-life activity, free from strong emotions. He was surprised about Coquilhat's criticism and compared his own purchase of the slave with the one of a
942:
Torday and other observers note that while cannibalism was widespread, the Congolese societies were not ruleless. People did not randomly kill and eat others. Instead, there were clear conventions on who could or could not be eaten. Everybody was generally safe in their own communities – relatives
485:
In a criminal trial in the 1900s, a member of the Leopard Society confessed that he had been present when a girl donated by another member of the society had been murdered and that he had eaten of her flesh. In this case, the victim was a purchased slave, not a relative of the donor. The child was
473:
in north-central Liberia, the American anthropologist James Riddell collected detailed statements about the Leopard and Crocodile Societies that had been active in that area, including from former members of these societies. They had comprised men from different towns and their primary purpose had
384:
around the year 1900, Basden found out that his servants and carriers had all repeatedly eaten human flesh. Once they were sure that he bore them no ill will, they talked freely about the custom, including their preferred body parts. He notes that these and other former cannibals he met were often
351:
observed the same among the Igbo and other inhabitants of southern Nigeria: human flesh was eaten because of a "great longing for meat". Most people considered meat a rare luxury and saw no reason to be squeamish about how they got it as long as it did not come from relatives or friends. Moreover,
279:
give "a slave girl as part of his reception-gift" to a group of warriors from a cannibal region who had come to visit his court. "They slaughtered her and ate her and smeared their faces and hands with her blood and came in gratitude to the sultan." He was told that the sultan did so every time he
245:
eventually ... grew accustomed, and some conceived such a taste for these detestable meats that they made them their ordinary provender, eating them for enjoyment and ... up a variety of preparation methods ... The horror people had felt at first vanished entirely; one spoke of it,
727:
were frequent victims. Many "healthy children" had to die "to provide a feast for their owners". Young slave children were at particular risk since they were in low demand for other purposes (and hence cheap), while their flesh was widely praised as especially delicious, "just as many modern meat
655:
magazine. During the trial, Bokassa's former chef testified that he had repeatedly cooked human flesh from the palace's freezers for his boss's table. While Bokassa was found guilty of murder in at least twenty cases, the charge of cannibalism was nevertheless not taken into account for the final
379:
Missionaries and travellers report that human flesh was offered for sale at markets "in many parts of Nigeria". According to Basden, who spent more than 30 years in the country, in some southern regions, it had a well-established market price and was sold much like any other commodity; it usually
237:
failing to overflow its banks, devastated the country. According to his detailed description, in 1200 CE, the food situation became so dire that many people turned to cannibalism. He repeatedly saw "little children, roasted or boiled" whole, offered for sale in baskets on street corners. Once, he
1050:
Ekholm Friedman observes that Congolese cannibalism often seems to have been "strikingly profane", as many victims were not enemies eaten out of hatred, but "just meat bought at the market" or sometimes enslaved people "slain for refractory behavior", with no discernible distinction made between
912:
Soon after, Nyangwe's surviving population rose in a rebellion, during whose brutal suppression the new government killed a thousand rioters. One young Belgian officer wrote home: "Happily Gongo's men ... ate them up . It's horrible but exceedingly useful and hygienic.... I should have been
646:
stated that he had seen photographs of butchered bodies hanging in the cold-storage rooms of Bokassa's palace immediately after taking power in 1979. These or similar photos, said to show a walk-in freezer containing the bodies of schoolchildren arrested in April 1979 during protests and beat to
1423:
are full of references to the cannibalistic practices of a people that settled in the area in the early seventeenth century. Various accounts describe them as immigrants from the eastern Congo Basin; their leader's name is sometimes given as Nkanda. They settled in an area that today belongs to
481:
spoke with several district commissioners who tried to juridically prosecute members of the Leopard Society engaged in cannibal murders. She noted: "The members will offer and help to procure some one of their own family for the sacrifice. A man will offer up his wife or his child or his young
326:
to one god or the other." The victims were often playing children or lonely travellers. In earlier times, when slavery was still an accepted institution, young children purchased from other regions were sometimes deliberately fattened, "kept in pens" much like animals, before being "killed and
789:
It often happens that the poor creature destined for the knife is exposed for sale in the market. He walks to and fro and epicures come to examine him. They describe the parts they prefer, one the arm, one the leg, breast, or head. The portions which are purchased are marked off with lines of
296:
peoples by both colonial explorers and natives. Various people have memories of their ancestors eating human flesh a few generations earlier. Up to the 1870s at least – and in some cases until the 1900s – killed or captured members of enemy groups were consumed after successful war campaigns,
1272:
investigators, fighters belonging to several factions "grilled" human bodies "on a barbecue"; young girls were boiled "alive in ... big pots filled with boiling water and oil" or "cut into small pieces ... and then eaten." A UN human rights expert reported in July 2007 that sexual atrocities
1102:
Most of the accounts of cannibalism in the Congo are from the late 19th century when the Atlantic slave trade had come to a halt, but slavery still existed in Africa and the Arab world. Various reports indicate that around the Ubangi River, enslaved people were frequently exchanged against
1189:
crouched around him, fixing his hands and feet, and then they cut his throat. I heard my Kitibo, my dear brother, groan, groan like a dying antelope. His groans became slower and weaker, and then he was dead ... My soul broke in pain! They carved him up and put his flesh into their
1332:
skull dated to about 2 million years ago that was more controversial as evidence of cannibalism, which has markings that are now suggested to be due to natural causes. More extensive evidence of Human bones that have been "de-fleshed" by other humans goes back 600,000 years. The oldest
482:
brother". To avoid suspicions, the chosen victim was usually kidnapped outside their home, but Mills also spoke with a man who had witnessed how a group of "Leopards" raided a house, carrying away a man and a boy who had been sleeping there, supposedly as victims for their next feast.
1231:, "right in the middle of European life." Norden observed that cannibalism was so common that people talked about it quite "casual": "No stress was put upon it, nor horror shown. This person had died of fever; that one had been eaten. It was all a matter of the way one's luck held."
887:, "noticed that the bodies of both the killed and wounded had vanished." When fighting broke out again, Hinde saw his Batetela allies drop human arms, legs, and heads on the road; now, he had to accept that they had really "carried them off for food", which he had initially doubted.
1034:
chief asked to borrow the knife of the post commandant, which he then used to cut the throat of a little slave girl he had purchased, apparently unaware of any wrongdoing. When the man was spotted cooking the girl's body, Hinde had him arrested and imprisoned for two months.
641:
ruled the country from 1966 to 1979 as a dictator and finally as a self-declared emperor. Rumors that he liked to dine on the flesh of opponents and political prisoners were substantiated by several testimonies during his eventual trial in 1986/1987. Bokassa's successor
408:(ruled 1866–1883) embarrassed his British allies by "celebrat the anniversary of his father's death with a cannibal feast". When the British reproached him, he replied that he had merely upheld a time-honoured "custom of his country", also practised by his forefathers.
1249:), an American journalist saw a truck smeared with blood. A police commissioner investigating the scene told her that "sixteen women and children" had been lured into a nearby village to enter the truck, kidnapped, and "butchered ... for meat." She also talked with a
1185:
a group of eight travellers who might have been looking for provisions while collecting food in the forest. They had tied up the children and put them in their canoe. When camping in the evening, after kindling a large fire, they had killed his brother for food. They
736:
over beef". Such acts were not considered controversial – people did not understand why Europeans objected to the killing of slaves, while themselves killing and eating goats; they argued that both were the "property" of their owners, to be used as it pleased them.
782:, so it could be "sold at leisure" during subsequent weeks. Europeans were often hesitant to buy smoked meat since they knew that the "smoking of human flesh to preserve it was ... widespread", but once meat was smoked, its origin was hard to determine.
891:
on their camp fires, enough to feed his army for many days." Hinde also noted that the Batetela town Ngandu had "at least 2,000 polished human skulls" as a "solid white pavement in front" of its gates, with human skulls crowning every post of the stockade.
1292:
UN investigators also collected eyewitness accounts of cannibalism during a violent conflict that shook the Kasai region in 2016/2017. Various parts of killed enemies and beheaded captives were cooked and eaten, including their heads, thighs, and penises.
518:, said at the time in an internal communication that "what they do with the bodies after human rights violations are committed is not part of our mandate or concern". The existence of cannibalism on a wide scale in Liberia was subsequently verified.
254:, where a friend of Al-Latif once saw "five children's heads in a single cauldron, cooked with the choicest spices." This "remarkable" meal, adds Al-Latif, was just one "of a great many events of this kind" his friend had encountered in that city.
1395:
writes that, when the Zimba plundered a town, they left nothing behind but "heaps of ruins and bones of the inhabitants" and that they completely ate any enemies killed in fights, "except their heads, hands, and feet". According to the missionary
1091:
increased in the Congo Basin as a result of the international demand for enslaved people, who could no longer be so easily captured nearer to the coasts. As a result, the consumption of slaves increased as well since most of those sold in the
1214:
Other travellers heard persistent rumours that there was still an underground trade in enslaved people, some of whom (adults and children alike) were regularly killed and then "cut up and cooked as ordinary meat" around both the
356:: it was considered the tastiest of all meats because of its "succulence" and sweetness (followed by monkey meat as second best). Young children were most appreciated, since "the younger the person, the tenderer are the 'joints
1169:
saw a human arm being smoked over a fire. On another occasion, he watched a group of young women using boiling water for "scalding the hair off the lower half of a human body" in preparation for cooking it. A few years later,
979:, the locals, though frequently butchering and eating a slave child "as if they were an ox or a sheep", were friendly and "amiable" enough; they reacted with astonishment at the missionaries' refusal to "eat such a delicacy".
1025:
Hinde likewise notes that people made little difference between consuming human and animal meat, except that they preferred the taste of the former. He reports that shortly after the establishment of a colonial post at the
1135:
saw how people captured and wounded in a slave raid were shot by a Swahili–Arab leader and then handed over "to his auxiliary troops, who ... cut them in pieces and dragged them to the fire to serve as their supper".
819:. This does not mean, however, that human flesh was a daily dish for many—instead, like in other pre-industrial societies, meat seems to have been a fairly rare delicacy that most people could eat only from time to time.
331:
notes that enslaved people in general "had no rights of person" and that "in certain districts they were not uncommonly acquired in order to furnish a supply of meat", or when a victim for a human sacrifice was needed.
810:
or even cheaper, while up to four goats were charged for big, fat men. "If there is as much to eat on a man as on three goats, he brings the price of three goats", a settler told the missionary Samuel Lapsley in the
4490:
465:
skins and supposedly waylay travellers with sharp claw-like weapons in the form of leopards' claws and teeth. The victims' flesh would be cut from their bodies and distributed to members of the society.
385:"quite good-natured folk", but also that in traditional Igbo society, cannibalism and human sacrifices were accepted as usual, uncontroversial practices – people did not see them as sinful or wrong.
1451:"for boiling and eating a baby". In the early 1960s, the anthropologist Robert B. Edgerton was offered smoked human fingers as well as "a smoked slab of a young woman's buttocks, a truly 'choice cut
1099:. However, many of the captives were younger, older, or otherwise considered less saleable, and such victims were often eaten by the slave raiders or sold to cannibals who purchased them as "meat".
785:
Various reports indicate that living enslaved people were exposed on marketplaces so that purchasers could choose which body parts to buy before the victim was butchered and the flesh distributed.
1131:"saw human parts being cooked with bananas, and many other Europeans" – among them Hinde – "reported seeing cooked human remains lying around abandoned fires." Soldiers of the German explorer
943:
and neighbours were very rarely eaten and certainly not killed for that purpose. In a few areas, the mortal remains of deceased relatives were consumed "out of piety" in non-violent acts of
3455:
5289:
1407:
writes that, because of the "striking overlaps" between written sources and local oral history, "one has to take such information seriously unless one has good reasons for not doing so".
802:
in the north, seem to have been motivated by a desire to get fresh rather than smoked flesh, since without refrigeration there was no other way to preserve flesh from spoiling quickly.
314:
their physical body but that the spirit had to die too if the body was destroyed, so cannibalism was employed to achieve the total destruction that killing alone could not achieve.
5037:
Camp and Tramp in African Wilds: A Record of Adventure, Impressions, and Experiences During Many Years Spent Among the Savage Tribes Round Lake Tanganyika and in Central Africa ...
570:
In 1872, Russian author Egor Kovalevsky reported that a merchant friend of his had been invited to a cannibal meal by the inhabitants of a settlement near the upper reaches of the
1447:
Some accounts suggest that human flesh was sometimes eaten and occasionally also sold in parts of East Africa up to the middle of the 20th century. In 1937, a man was executed in
1245:, which followed the country's independence in 1960, body parts of killed enemies were eaten and the flesh of war victims was sometimes sold for consumption. In Luluabourg (today
597:. Every year, a virgin girl in early puberty was ceremonially killed and her flesh eaten by the local dignitaries. By his visit, a cattle sacrifice had replaced the human one.
3958:
Jewsiewicki, Bogumil; Mumbanza mwa Bawele (1981). "The Social Context of Slavery in Equatorial Africa during the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries". In Lovejoy, Paul (ed.).
305:
Every moment, men, women and even children passed me. One would be carrying a human leg on his shoulder, another would be carrying the lungs or the heart of some unfortunate
4521:
966:
protested against the purchase of slaves for consumption, inhabitants of the Ubangi area replied: "You eat fowls and goats and we eat men; what is the difference?" In the
477:
While earlier observers did not know the specific context of these rites, some of them were aware that the victims were often relatives of the perpetrators. In the 1920s,
883:, joined forces with Dhanis in a campaign against the Swahili–Arab leaders Sefu and Mohara. After one early skirmish in the campaign, Dhanis's medical officer, Captain
1127:
While sceptics such as William Arens sometimes claim that there are no credible eyewitness accounts of cannibal acts, there are numerous such accounts from the Congo.
1343:) show signs of this as well. However, despite archaeological evidence of its occurrence, the frequency of prehistoric cannibalism remains unknown and controversial.
127:, colonial authorities seem to have done little to suppress the practice. Human flesh still appeared on the tables up to the 1950s and was eaten and sold during the
4498:
2765:
1223:. The colonial state seems to have done little to discourage or punish such acts. There are also reports that human flesh was sometimes sold at markets in both
2101:
1256:
In conflict situations, cannibalism persisted into the 21st century. During the first decade of the new century, cannibal acts have been reported from the
1177:
There are also some survivor's tales of people who barely escaped being eaten. Hinde describes an incident where 37 prisoners of war escaped during the
1380:
kingdom. In 1592, several hundred Portuguese and many of their local allies were killed in a fight against the Zimba for control of the area around
3427:
902:, looking at the severed hand and foot of his five-year-old daughter who was killed, cooked, and cannibalized by members of the Congo Free State's
187:, as well as later during severe famines. The oldest written reference to cannibalism known from anywhere in the world may be from the tomb of the
5279:
502:, the international medical charity, supplied photographic and other documentary evidence of ritualized cannibal feasts among the participants in
199:
portraying him as a cannibal who eats both "men" and "gods", thus indicating an attitude towards cannibalism quite different from the modern one.
1194:
He heard the men talk about smoking him later, but while they were distracted cooking his brother, he managed to get out of his ties and escape.
778:
them in the nearest river instead of wasting further food on them, as a French missionary once witnessed. Human flesh not sold the same day was
2143:
562:, who visited the area around 1820, states that war captives had often been kept for subsequent butchering and eating. However, the spread of
5081:
5021:
4997:
4976:
3566:
3194:
2684:
2543:
2252:
2244:
Human Leopards: An Account of the Trials of Human Leopards Before the Special Commission Court, with a Note on Sierra Leone, Past and Present
1553:
1455:", according to the seller. Several years earlier, "two well-fattened children" were offered to a European shopping for a Christmas roast in
815:. Pigs were usually more expensive than slaves – "two ordinary women may be purchased for the price of one pig", observed the British artist
3322:
Among Congo Cannibals: Experiences, Impressions, and Adventures during a Thirty Years' Sojourn amongst the Boloki and Other Congo Tribes ...
1436:
2734:
1086:, who watched while a 10-year-old girl he had purchased was killed, cooked, and eaten, allegedly to satisfy his curiosity about cannibalism
899:
45:
have been reported from various parts of the continent, ranging from prehistoric times until the 21st century. The oldest firm evidence of
5049:
4906:
1115:
1067:, published in the late 16th century based on the memories of Duarte Lopez, a Portuguese trader who had lived for several years in the
2339:
668:
135:
4898:
Among the Ibos of Nigeria: An Account of the Curious and Interesting Habits, Customs and Beliefs of a Little Known African People ...
1273:
committed by rebel groups as well as by armed forces and national police against Congolese women went "far beyond rape" and included
5161:
3262:
1253:
missionary, who excused this act as due to "protein need.... The bodies of their enemies are the only source of protein available."
1174:
saw how the roasted leg of an enslaved woman was served at the court of the Mangbetu king. More eyewitness accounts could be added.
88:
are from Muslim authors who visited the region in the 14th century. Later accounts often ascribe it to secret societies such as the
747:
fetching drinking water" and who were targeted "because they were easier to overpower" and also considered tastier than adult men.
4464:
1152:
5211:
1543:
1523:
1388:. After another failed Portuguese attempt to defeat the Zimba militarily, both sides reached a peace agreement in the next year.
1376:
and are often described as cannibals. Oral sources describe them as mercenaries who fought for Lundu, a ruler over a part of the
1265:
2510:
1021:
goat. What mattered ... seems to have been that he had paid for his cannibal victim. He treated him like food, like cattle.
971:
failed even to understand complaints by other meat eaters about cannibal customs, rejecting them as illogical and hypocritical.
335:
The consumption of kidnapped strangers or purchased slaves could hardly be due to hatred, and indeed the British anthropologist
4677:
Itandala, Buluda (1979). "Ilembo, Nkanda and the Girls: Establishing a Chronology of the Babinza". In Webster, James B. (ed.).
1403:
Their is some dispute regarding the reliability of the sources referring to the Zimba. The Dutch missionary and anthropologist
1206:
indicate that cannibalism was still widely practised in some regions in the 1920s. Hermann Norden, an American who visited the
5310:
5248:
4369:
1146:
Near the Ubangi River, which formed the border between the Belgian and the French colonial enterprises, the French traveller
4547:
3428:"Light on the Dark Continent: The Photography of Alice Seely Harris and the Congo Atrocities of the Early Twentieth Century"
499:
574:: "wishing to give him a good meal, killed a slave and cooked his flesh for dinner." Several other travellers, among them
4829:
1075:, there lived a people who ate both killed enemies and those of their slaves whom they could not sell for a "good price".
648:
2773:
4807:
4749:
4395:
769:
2441:
5191:
4962:
1513:
1320:) species coexisted, so whether this was strictly speaking cannibalism is not certain. The shinbone replaces an older
4776:
2701:
213:
against Rome. They sacrificed and consumed two Roman officers ritualistically, swearing an oath over their entrails.
4870:
4736:
Myth in Modern Africa: The Fourteenth Conference Proceedings of the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute for Social Research
4816:
This is ultimately the work and trademark of a single man: Joseph Kony, the most carnivorous killer since Idi Amin.
2169:
Riddell, James C. (1979). "The Gbannah Ma (Mano) in Two Economies". In Dorjahn, Vernon R.; Isaac, Barry L. (eds.).
847:
Killed or captured enemies made another sort of victims, even during wars fought by the colonial state. During the
5258:
5074:
1471:
1166:
976:
712:
Many people not only freely admitted to eating human flesh but were surprised when they heard that Europeans did
522:
250:
To cater to the tastes of the rich, cooks started to combine human flesh with exquisite ingredients, such as in
4595:
2435:
1482:
1404:
1096:
871:
in Eastern Congo, there were reports of widespread cannibalization of the bodies of defeated combatants by the
634:
507:
309:
in his or her hands. Several times I myself was offered my choice of one of these morsels, dripping with gore."
222:
143:
70:
69:
was reputed to practise cannibalism, and acts of voluntary and forced cannibalism have been reported from the
4989:
Edible People: The Historical Consumption of Slaves and Foreigners and the Cannibalistic Trade in Human Flesh
2650:, pp. 62, 71–73, 85, 98, 105, 119–120, 124–128, 136, 141, 144–145, 148, 180–181, 219–220, 231–232, 253.
1392:
1120:
982:
816:
807:
401:
3320:
317:
Enemies were not the only victims, however. Several reports indicate that kidnapped strangers or purchased
5227:
5206:
1508:
894:
526:
1059:
The origins of Congolese cannibalism are lost in time. The oldest known references to it can be found in
688:
A German map published in 1893 depicting the distribution of human cannibalism as seen by the publishers.
341:
131:
in the 1960s. Occasional reports of cannibalism during violent conflicts continue into the 21st century.
5201:
2571:
1503:
1147:
884:
514:. Amnesty International declined to publicize this material; the Secretary-General of the organization,
511:
336:
755:
638:
626:
139:
388:
5067:
4851:
1474:
has been accused of routinely engaging in ritual or magical cannibalism. There are also reports that
1092:
571:
380:
came from war captives, kidnapped strangers, and purchased or bartered slaves. While travelling near
4522:"Scientists discover what could be the oldest evidence of cannibalism among ancient human relatives"
2147:
1289:, who were believed to be relatively helpless and even considered subhuman by some other Congolese.
930:
to a consular colleague: "The people round here are all cannibals.... There are also dwarfs (called
827:
622:
81:, later evidence from Egypt shows it to only re-appear during occasional episodes of severe famine.
5196:
5149:
5134:
5129:
5045:
4633:
4613:
4400:
1498:
1158:
1083:
1016:
that there was no difference between killing a goat and killing a slave. Ekholm Friedman comments:
594:
1285:, much of the violence, which included "widespread cannibalism", was consciously directed against
421:
322:
thing of the past, "people were still being kidnapped and either killed and eaten or sold away or
5232:
5168:
5124:
4781:
4639:
Records of South-Eastern Africa, Collected in Various Libraries and Archive Departments in Europe
4619:
Records of South-Eastern Africa, Collected in Various Libraries and Archive Departments in Europe
3447:
2603:
2416:
2321:
2196:
478:
58:
4343:
2742:
1397:
767:, where cannibalism was widespread, "as meat for slaughter". Photograph from 1889, published in
4423:
3554:
The River Congo: The Discovery, Exploration and Exploitation of the World's Most Dramatic River
346:
5178:
5109:
5017:
4993:
4972:
4950:
3562:
3258:
3190:
2709:
2680:
2595:
2539:
2408:
2248:
2113:
1549:
1518:
1365:
1128:
1095:
were young and healthy individuals aged from 14 to 30, and similar preferences existed in the
1060:
1008:
986:
948:
944:
779:
741:
608:
and in its north-eastern regions, ate human flesh, especially during and after war campaigns.
353:
115:
In the late 19th century, cannibalism seems to have been especially prevalent in parts of the
54:
30:
578:, confirmed that cannibalism was practised in Darfur and Wadai, especially among some of the
5156:
3439:
2672:
2587:
2529:
2313:
1328:
1257:
1132:
1068:
990:
967:
917:
852:
575:
405:
393:
276:
120:
2829:
2304:
Gillison, Gillian (November 13, 2006). "From Cannibalism to Genocide: The Work of Denial".
5114:
2676:
1286:
1250:
1162:
1004:
963:
729:
667:
Further acts of cannibalism were reported to have targeted the Muslim minority during the
590:
586:
445:
that existed until the mid-1900s and was primarily active in regions that today belong to
438:
430:
323:
164:
100:. The victims were usually killed or captured enemies, kidnapped strangers, and purchased
89:
21:
4637:
3558:
3410:
1207:
812:
4617:
3223:
2365:
2017:. Vol. 3. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 826–829, 839, 841–842, 849–850.
5119:
5007:
4966:
4803:
3225:
Life and Letters of Samuel Norvell Lapsley, Missionary to the Congo Valley, West Africa
2242:
1425:
1314:
were eating each other by this point. However, at this time and place, multiple human (
1311:
1307:
1282:
1274:
1269:
1261:
1178:
1171:
1157:
saw local auxiliaries of the French troops kill "some women and some children" after a
1039:
923:
904:
876:
856:
848:
579:
442:
46:
26:
5304:
5253:
5144:
5104:
5035:
4968:
The Scramble for Africa: White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912
4896:
4892:
3930:
3451:
3366:
3279:
3184:
2325:
1420:
1416:
1373:
1203:
1140:
1031:
1027:
760:
612:
601:
426:
372:
328:
196:
188:
180:
168:
124:
5011:
4987:
660:
under CAR law. All previously committed misdemeanors had been forgiven by a general
589:(who ruled in the 17th century), and quite possibly until the early 19th century, a
5284:
4704:
1475:
1381:
1372:) and neighbouring regions. They may have been refugees from the south bank of the
1357:
1322:
1306:
The oldest firm evidence of cannibalism comes from cut marks on bones uncovered in
1242:
1235:
1220:
880:
799:
764:
706:
551:
446:
128:
109:
1749:
1078:
1011:, he had a large party of guests in his canoe, as well as "the remaining half of
363:
4465:"Rapport détaillé de l'Equipe d'experts internationaux sur la situation au Kasaï"
3552:
3252:
2665:
134:
Cannibalism was also reported from north of the Congo Basin, extending up to the
5090:
5031:
4830:"Child Sacrifices on the Rise in Uganda as Witch Doctors Expand Their Practices"
4317:
3406:
2866:
2533:
1609:
1486:
1385:
1228:
1216:
1072:
795:
717:
702:
657:
652:
643:
605:
515:
470:
454:
368:
289:
272:
268:
202:
184:
116:
97:
85:
73:. While the oldest known written mention of cannibalism is from the tomb of the
62:
4910:
4837:
4491:"Mass rape, cannibalism, dismemberment – UN team finds atrocities in Congo war"
3443:
2580:
The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
2317:
4938:
1585:
927:
836:
306:
251:
2713:
2599:
2412:
2117:
241:
Al-Latif notes that, while initially, people were shocked by such acts, they
5274:
2538:. Vol. 4. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 267, 356.
1456:
931:
159:
4281:
2397:: Late 19th / Early 20th Century Ottoman Voyages into the Muslim 'Outback'"
2173:. Philadelphia: Institute for Liberian Studies. pp. 121, 129–130, 140.
37:, which contains the oldest known account of cannibalism in Central Africa.
1467:
1440:
1340:
1224:
1012:
872:
210:
146:, seems to have eaten the flesh of opponents and prisoners in the 1970s.
66:
1119:"A cannibal scene with human flesh roasting over the fire" – drawing by
684:
5139:
4955:
Igbo Worlds: An Anthology of Oral Histories and Historical Descriptions
2607:
2575:
2420:
2392:
1478:
in the country sometimes use body parts of children in their medicine.
1246:
868:
864:
724:
661:
503:
462:
450:
381:
318:
293:
105:
101:
93:
2952:, pp. 56, 64, 71–74, 93, 95, 99, 107–108, 114–116, 119, 141, 178.
2437:
Das Buch des Sudan oder Reisen des Scheich Zain el Âbidîn in Nigritien
806:
meat" on their bodies. A young girl could be bought for the cost of a
1460:
1448:
1377:
1369:
1278:
840:
832:
543:
298:
230:
2591:
4931:
Catastrophe and Creation: The Transformation of an African Culture
3900:
3898:
3415:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 144 (opposite), 444–446.
2766:"Insight – Gold, diamonds feed Central African religious violence"
1435:
1335:
1114:
1104:
1077:
1007:, when a local chief paid a visit to the Belgian colonial officer
981:
893:
826:
790:
coloured ochre. When the entire body is sold, the wretch is slain.
754:
683:
621:
563:
559:
547:
420:
387:
362:
226:
176:
158:
74:
50:
20:
4642:. Vol. 7. London: William Clowes and Sons. pp. 291–292.
3932:
A Report of the Kingdom of Congo and of the Surrounding Countries
3325:
London: Seeley, Service & Co. p. 226 and image opposite.
2663:
Knappman, Edward W. (1997). "Jean-Bédel Bokassa Trial: 1986–87".
521:
A few years later, reports of cannibal acts committed during the
2366:"Charles Taylor told fighters to eat their enemies, court hears"
2102:"Leopard-Men of the Congo in Literature and Popular Imagination"
1316:
860:
733:
555:
234:
192:
78:
5063:
4852:"Cannibalism, rape and death: trauma as South Sudan turns five"
2171:
Essays on the Economic Anthropology of Liberia and Sierra Leone
656:
verdict since the consumption of human remains is considered a
5059:
4578:
4576:
3972:
1384:, a town on the Zambezi where the Portuguese had an important
693:
areas thought to still be "fully" cannibalistic at that time;
1485:, cannibalism and forced cannibalism have been reported from
1161:, then cooking their flesh in pots and "enjoy" it. Among the
246:
and heard it spoken of, as a matter of everyday indifference.
4679:
Chronology, Migration, and Drought in Interlacustrine Africa
1567:
1565:
4622:. Vol. 1. London: William Clowes and Sons. p. 31.
3481:. London: Oxford University Press. p. 115 (citing the
3348:
3346:
3344:
1360:
accounts and Portuguese documents mention a people know as
542:
Several sources indicate that cannibalism was practised in
25:
Sale of human flesh in the late 16th century. Engraving by
4300:
4298:
4215:
4213:
4176:
4174:
3105:
3103:
2984:
2982:
2812:
2810:
5290:
Traditional Chinese medicines derived from the human body
3825:
3823:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2785:
2783:
2444:. Leipzig: Friedr. Christ. Wilhelm Vogel. pp. 37–38.
593:
followed by cannibalism had regularly taken place in the
4738:. Lukasa: The Rhodes-Livingstone Institute. p. 146.
4449:
Salopek, Paul (September 2005). "Who Rules the Forest".
3589:
3587:
2882:
2880:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1470:
was reputed to practise cannibalism. More recently, the
705:, though it was not universal. Some people, such as the
92:. Cannibal practices were also documented among various
49:
consuming each other dates to 1.45 million years ago in
4569:. Vol. 2. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 945.
3498:
3496:
2897:
2895:
2518:. Amherst, MA: Amherst College Press. pp. 200–201.
1700:
Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History
879:. In April 1892, 10,000 Batetela, under the command of
4602:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 118.
3254:
William Sheppard: Congo's African American Livingstone
3228:. Richmond, VA: Whittet & Shepperson. p. 175.
3066:
3064:
1545:
A History of Egypt: From Earliest Times to the Present
701:
Cannibalism was practised widely in some parts of the
600:
Various sources also indicate that some groups of the
2702:"'Cannibal' dictator Bokassa given posthumous pardon"
2462:. Stuttgart: Strecker und Schröder. pp. 159–160.
2453:
2451:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1702:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 298.
4922:
The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo
2144:"The Leopard Society – Africa in the mid 1900s"
5267:
5241:
5220:
5177:
5097:
2658:
2656:
585:Nachtigal also states that at least to the time of
352:human flesh was preferred over that of animals for
112:around the turn from the 20th to the 21st century.
5013:Flesh and Blood: A History of the Cannibal Complex
2664:
2230:. Auckland: Wright & Carman. pp. 104–105.
723:In addition to enemies killed or captured in war,
697:areas considered formerly or rarely cannibalistic.
3284:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 293.
1364:, who around the 1590s invaded parts of northern
1310:, Kenya, from 1.45 million years ago, indicating
4471:(in French). June 29, 2018. §§ 62, 304, 305, 415
4396:"Congo's Sexual Violence Goes 'Far Beyond Rape'"
1234:The culinary use of human flesh continued after
4871:"South Sudan report details cannibalism, rapes"
4711:. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 292.
4105:
4008:
3904:
3877:
3865:
3853:
3766:
3754:
3677:
2496:
2472:
2434:Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn, Muhammad ben ʿAlī ben (1847).
1712:
1187:
1018:
787:
751:Trade in human flesh and people for consumption
629:, self-crowned emperor suspected of cannibalism
303:
243:
1698:Levtzion, N.; Hopkins, J. F. P., eds. (1981).
1055:Origins and connections to international trade
843:, sold into slavery, or else killed and eaten.
839:. In this area, captured enemies were usually
794:This custom, reported around both the central
558:). Muhammad ben ʿAlī ben Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn from
221:In the early 13th century, the Arab physician
61:, but its frequency remains unknown. Later in
5075:
4915:(6 ed.). London: George Allen and Unwin.
4255:
3802:
3538:
3432:International Bulletin of Missionary Research
3257:. Louisville, KY: Geneva Press. p. 138.
2623:Cannibalism in Zandeland: Truth and Falsehood
469:During field research in the 1960s among the
275:in the 1350s, he was surprised to see sultan
8:
4664:
633:Cannibalism has also been reported from the
4858:. July 5, 2016 – via www.reuters.com.
4582:
2228:Cannibals and Tongo Players of Sierra Leone
5082:
5068:
5060:
4681:. London: Longman. pp. 159, 161, 166.
4370:"Cannibalism in DR Congo: Zainabo's agony"
3973:Jewsiewicki & Mumbanza mwa Bawele 1981
1415:Oral history accounts collected among the
951:that could be found in many other places.
175:Cannibalism was occasionally practised in
4282:"Tribal War in Luluabourg, Belgian Congo"
3189:. New York: William Morrow. p. 157.
2635:
2625:. Bologna: Editrice Missionaria Italiana.
2558:
2391:Herzog, Christoph; Motika, Raoul (2000).
2340:"Liberian commanders 'ate' human innards"
1685:
1673:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1571:
288:Cannibal customs were recorded among the
4721:
4691:
4141:
3581:National Library of Ireland, MS 36,201/3
3514:
3352:
3335:
3109:
3007:
2937:
2801:
2789:
2306:The Journal of Interdisciplinary History
831:Prisoner about to be beheaded among the
163:Sarcophagus and funerary chamber in the
4304:
4267:
4219:
4204:
4192:
4180:
4165:
4153:
4113:
4092:
4080:
4068:
4056:
4044:
4032:
3996:
3984:
3945:
3916:
3841:
3829:
3814:
3742:
3730:
3713:
3701:
3665:
3641:
3526:
3381:
3306:
3294:
3238:
3209:
3170:
3146:
3134:
3094:
3082:
3055:
3043:
2973:
2961:
2949:
2925:
2913:
2886:
2647:
2484:
2247:. New York: AMS Press. pp. 45–48.
2183:
2027:
2000:
1952:
1928:
1827:
1786:
1736:
1584:Van den Dungen, Wim (January 7, 2015).
1534:
947:, but such acts were very far from the
3935:. London: John Murray. pp. 25–29.
3889:
3653:
3629:
3617:
3593:
3031:
3019:
2901:
2853:
2735:"Hatred turns into Cannibalism in CAR"
2291:
2279:
2267:
2075:
2063:
2039:
1964:
1904:
1839:
1815:
1548:. American University in Cairo Press.
1111:Accounts by eyewitnesses and survivors
763:in a raid and about to be sold on the
205:recorded cannibalism practised by the
16:History of human cannibalism in Africa
4652:
4546:Hollingham, Richard (July 10, 2004).
4424:"Cannibals massacring pygmies: claim"
4129:
4117:
4116:, pp. 71–72, 77, 79, 83, 90–92;
3790:
3778:
3502:
3393:
3186:Human Sacrifice: In History and Today
2213:
2087:
1916:
1851:
1774:
1071:. Lopez reported that farther up the
84:The oldest records of cannibalism in
7:
4828:Kamara, Ahmed M. (January 8, 2010).
4775:Orizio, Riccardo (August 21, 2003).
4750:"2003: 'War criminal' Idi Amin dies"
4243:
4231:
4109:
4020:
3689:
3605:
3158:
3121:
3070:
2988:
2816:
2130:
2051:
1988:
1976:
1940:
1892:
1880:
1868:
1803:
1724:
1082:A Congolese slave girl – drawing by
742:Child cannibalism § Congo Basin
506:'s internecine strife preceding the
5051:Congo: The Epic History of a People
4469:United Nations Human Rights Council
3644:, pp. 103, 114, 146, 220, 232.
1586:"The Cannibal Hymn to Pharaoh Unis"
1466:In the 1970s, the Ugandan dictator
975:According to the French missionary
918:Congo Free State § Cannibalism
195:(24th century BCE). It contained a
4318:"UN condemns DR Congo cannibalism"
4112:, pp. 103–104, 106–107, 112;
3962:. Beverly Hills: Sage. p. 75.
3458:from the original on July 21, 2021
3426:Thompson, T. Jack (October 2002).
2964:, pp. 62, 114, 123, 125, 157.
2741:. January 17, 2014. Archived from
2312:(3). MIT Press Journals: 395–414.
1754:How Africans Underdeveloped Africa
669:Central African Republic Civil War
136:Central African Republic Civil War
14:
5040:London: Seeley, Service & Co.
4901:London: Seeley, Service & Co.
3960:The Ideology of Slavery in Africa
3919:, pp. 62, 64, 114, 125, 142.
3487:Ministère des Affaires Africaines
2700:Smith, David (December 3, 2010).
2203:. London: Duckworth. p. 119.
327:baked". Clergyman and archdeacon
4565:Shillington, Kevin, ed. (2005).
4344:"UN reports atrocities in Congo"
3222:Lapsley, Samuel Norvell (1893).
2873:. Brussels: Vromant. p. 80.
1524:List of incidents of cannibalism
1266:Democratic Republic of the Congo
922:In August 1903, the UK diplomat
875:allies of the Belgian commander
613:Azande people § Cannibalism
4943:Cannibalism and Human Sacrifice
4929:Ekholm Friedman, Kajsa (2013).
4924:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
4567:Encyclopedia of African History
3371:. London: Methuen. p. 119.
3365:Hinde, Sidney Langford (1897).
2764:Flynn, Daniel (July 29, 2014).
2015:The Peoples of Southern Nigeria
4520:Pare, Sascha (June 29, 2023).
4497:. July 4, 2018. Archived from
2241:Beatty, Kenneth James (1978).
1065:Report of the Kingdom of Congo
53:. Archaeological evidence for
35:Report of the Kingdom of Congo
1:
3412:King Leopold's Rule in Africa
2100:van Bockhaven, Vicky (2009).
2013:Talbot, Percy Amaury (1926).
1347:Early modern and colonial era
994:
680:Early modern and colonial era
649:1979 Ngaragba Prison massacre
538:Early modern and colonial era
284:Early modern and colonial era
4920:Edgerton, Robert B. (2002).
4808:"Africa's Messiah of Horror"
1139:Visiting a village near the
5016:. New York: Stein and Day.
4986:Siefkes, Christian (2022).
3929:Pigafetta, Filippo (1881).
3368:The Fall of the Congo Arabs
3251:Phipps, William E. (2002).
1713:Levtzion & Hopkins 1981
1514:Cannibalism in the Americas
759:Children captured near the
716:eat it. The anthropologist
267:When the Moroccan explorer
5329:
3844:, pp. 90–93, 116–117.
3529:, pp. 77–86, 115–116.
3444:10.1177/239693930202600401
2509:Kovalevsky, Egor (2020) .
2318:10.1162/jinh.2007.37.3.395
1715:, pp. 36–37, 86, 273.
1281:, and cannibalism. In the
915:
739:
610:
197:hymn in praise of the king
59:anatomically modern humans
4734:Dubb, Allie, ed. (1960).
2512:A Journey to Inner Africa
1391:The Portuguese historian
977:Prosper Philippe Augouard
770:Le Mouvement Géographique
651:, were also published in
523:Second Liberian Civil War
375:in the early 20th century
209:, Egyptian tribes led by
138:, which started in 2012.
4777:"Idi Amin's Exile Dream"
4596:Schoffeleers, J. Matthew
4548:"Natural born cannibals"
3868:, pp. 221, 231–232.
3856:, pp. 223, 231–232.
3668:, pp. 97, 102, 283.
2638:, pp. 141–142, 414.
2106:Tydskrif vir Letterkunde
1907:, pp. 38, 146, 175.
1777:, pp. 164–166, 200.
1542:Thompson, Jason (2008).
1483:South Sudanese Civil War
1405:Jan Matthew Schoffeleers
1264:in the northeast of the
1097:Arab–Swahili slave trade
635:Central African Republic
604:, who live north of the
508:First Liberian Civil War
500:Médecins Sans Frontières
371:market, photographed by
223:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
144:Central African Republic
71:South Sudanese Civil War
4971:. New York: Perennial.
3551:Forbath, Peter (1977).
3485:in the archives of the
3319:Weeks, John H. (1913).
2458:Volhard, Ewald (1939).
1432:20th century to present
1393:Manuel de Faria e Sousa
1198:20th century to present
1038:Disasi Makulo, a young
949:gastronomic cannibalism
671:which started in 2012.
618:20th century to present
550:) and the neighbouring
533:Northern central Africa
412:20th century to present
402:George Oruigbiji Pepple
65:, the Ugandan dictator
4992:. New York: Berghahn.
4945:. London: Robert Hale.
3281:A Voice from the Congo
3278:Ward, Herbert (1910).
3183:Davies, Nigel (1981).
2916:, pp. 97, 99–100.
2572:Evans-Pritchard, E. E.
2226:Kalous, Milan (1974).
1509:Cannibalism in Oceania
1472:Lord's Resistance Army
1444:
1192:
1124:
1087:
1023:
1000:
909:
844:
792:
774:
698:
630:
527:Sierra Leone Civil War
510:to representatives of
434:
397:
376:
311:
248:
172:
38:
5311:Cannibalism in Africa
4893:Basden, George Thomas
4428:Sydney Morning Herald
2871:Causeries Congolaises
2776:on December 21, 2019.
1504:Cannibalism in Europe
1439:
1167:Georg A. Schweinfurth
1118:
1081:
985:
916:Further information:
897:
885:Sidney Langford Hinde
830:
758:
740:Further information:
687:
625:
611:Further information:
554:(today south-eastern
512:Amnesty International
424:
391:
366:
337:Charles Kingsley Meek
162:
125:Belgium-run successor
43:cannibalism in Africa
24:
5046:Van Reybrouck, David
4957:. London: Macmillan.
4933:. London: Routledge.
4869:Susannah Cullinane.
4840:on October 23, 2011.
4634:Theal, George McCall
4614:Theal, George McCall
4108:, pp. 229–231;
4106:Ekholm Friedman 2013
4047:, pp. 114, 125.
4023:, pp. 103, 108.
4011:, pp. 232, 245.
4009:Ekholm Friedman 2013
3905:Ekholm Friedman 2013
3880:, pp. 224, 232.
3878:Ekholm Friedman 2013
3866:Ekholm Friedman 2013
3854:Ekholm Friedman 2013
3767:Ekholm Friedman 2013
3755:Ekholm Friedman 2013
3678:Ekholm Friedman 2013
3479:King Leopold's Congo
3477:Slade, Ruth (1962).
2621:Gero, F. (c. 1980).
2497:Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn 1847
2473:Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn 1847
2150:on November 23, 2010
1919:, pp. 200, 216.
1356:A number of African
1093:Atlantic slave trade
962:When the missionary
945:funerary cannibalism
572:Bahr el Ghazal River
441:was a cannibalistic
96:peoples such as the
5130:Kleptopharmacophagy
4812:The Washington Post
4694:, pp. 161–162.
4495:ChannelNewsAsia.com
4451:National Geographic
4401:The Washington Post
4234:, pp. 114–115.
4207:, pp. 178–179.
4168:, pp. 220–221.
4156:, pp. 218–219.
4144:, pp. 108–109.
4120:, pp. 110–111.
3948:, pp. 170–172.
3757:, pp. 229–230.
3608:, pp. 110–111.
3396:, pp. 174–175.
3338:, pp. 439–449.
3309:, pp. 127–129.
3241:, pp. 121–123.
3212:, pp. 121–124.
3149:, pp. 119–121.
3058:, pp. 113–121.
2991:, pp. 105–106.
2819:, pp. 107–108.
2745:on January 10, 2015
2576:"Zande Cannibalism"
2561:, pp. 340–341.
2401:Die Welt des Islams
2216:, pp. 118–119.
2197:Mills, Lady Dorothy
2003:, pp. 62, 105.
1967:, pp. 106–107.
1854:, pp. 164–166.
1842:, pp. 39, 210.
1750:"Here Be Cannibals"
1499:Cannibalism in Asia
1159:punitive expedition
1084:James Sligo Jameson
595:Sultanate of Darfur
392:Royal canoe of the
354:gastronomic reasons
342:Percy Amaury Talbot
57:exists later among
4951:Isichei, Elizabeth
4912:History of Nigeria
4782:The New York Times
4655:, pp. 313–14.
4430:. January 10, 2003
4324:. January 15, 2003
4256:Van Reybrouck 2014
3803:Van Reybrouck 2014
3539:Van Reybrouck 2014
2667:Great World Trials
2133:, pp. 94–101.
1445:
1165:in the northeast,
1125:
1088:
1001:
910:
845:
775:
699:
664:declared in 1981.
639:Jean-Bédel Bokassa
631:
627:Jean-Bédel Bokassa
479:Lady Dorothy Mills
435:
398:
377:
173:
142:, dictator of the
140:Jean-Bédel Bokassa
39:
5298:
5297:
5054:. New York: Ecco.
5023:978-0-8128-1756-0
4999:978-1-80073-613-9
4978:978-0-380-71999-0
4756:. August 16, 2003
4665:Schoffeleers 1992
4501:on August 2, 2018
4280:Waldron, D'Lynn.
4132:, pp. 64–65.
4035:, pp. 53–54.
3999:, pp. 52–58.
3987:, pp. 58–66.
3975:, pp. 80–82.
3817:, pp. 92–93.
3793:, pp. 63–64.
3781:, pp. 67–68.
3745:, pp. 90–92.
3716:, pp. 96–97.
3620:, pp. 82–83.
3568:978-0-06-122490-4
3541:, pp. 90–91.
3196:978-0-688-03755-0
2804:, pp. 87–88.
2686:978-0-7876-0805-7
2545:978-0-520-01789-4
2530:Nachtigal, Gustav
2475:, pp. 44–45.
2282:, pp. 31–32.
2270:, pp. 58–60.
2254:978-0-404-12006-1
2042:, pp. 39–40.
1883:, pp. 87–88.
1806:, pp. 92–93.
1756:. August 24, 2018
1727:, pp. 81–93.
1652:, pp. 49–51.
1628:, pp. 47–51.
1574:, pp. 47–55.
1555:978-977-416-091-2
1519:Child cannibalism
1202:Reports from the
1129:David Livingstone
1061:Filippo Pigafetta
1009:Camille Coquilhat
987:Camille Coquilhat
898:A Congolese man,
55:human cannibalism
31:Filippo Pigafetta
5318:
5268:Related concepts
5084:
5077:
5070:
5061:
5055:
5041:
5027:
5003:
4982:
4963:Pakenham, Thomas
4958:
4946:
4934:
4925:
4916:
4902:
4879:
4878:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4836:. Archived from
4825:
4819:
4818:
4806:(June 6, 2008).
4800:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4674:
4668:
4662:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4592:
4586:
4583:Shillington 2005
4580:
4571:
4570:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4376:. March 19, 2005
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4350:. March 17, 2005
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4277:
4271:
4265:
4259:
4253:
4247:
4241:
4235:
4229:
4223:
4217:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4169:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4127:
4121:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4060:
4054:
4048:
4042:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4018:
4012:
4006:
4000:
3994:
3988:
3982:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3893:
3887:
3881:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3818:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3609:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3582:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3559:Harper & Row
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3491:
3490:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3407:Morel, Edmund D.
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3133:Torday cited in
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2992:
2986:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2890:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2778:
2777:
2772:. Archived from
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2739:NewsAfrica.co.uk
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2670:
2660:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2535:Sahara and Sudan
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2440:. Translated by
2431:
2425:
2424:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2372:. March 14, 2008
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2146:. Archived from
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2054:, p. 91–92.
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1991:, p. 89–90.
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1539:
1454:
1329:Australopithecus
1258:Second Congo War
1156:
1133:Hermann Wissmann
1069:Kingdom of Kongo
999:
996:
853:Congo Free State
732:over mutton and
725:enslaved persons
696:
692:
576:Gustav Nachtigal
417:Secret societies
406:Kingdom of Bonny
394:Kingdom of Bonny
359:
350:
233:, caused by the
189:ancient Egyptian
121:Congo Free State
102:enslaved persons
5328:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5263:
5249:Popular culture
5237:
5216:
5173:
5093:
5088:
5058:
5044:
5030:
5024:
5008:Tannahill, Reay
5006:
5000:
4985:
4979:
4961:
4949:
4937:
4928:
4919:
4905:
4891:
4887:
4882:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4834:Newstime Africa
4827:
4826:
4822:
4804:Gerson, Michael
4802:
4801:
4797:
4787:
4785:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4759:
4757:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4720:
4716:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4690:
4686:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4663:
4659:
4651:
4647:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4581:
4574:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4530:
4528:
4526:livescience.com
4519:
4518:
4514:
4504:
4502:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4474:
4472:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4433:
4431:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4407:
4405:
4404:. July 31, 2007
4394:
4393:
4389:
4379:
4377:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4353:
4351:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4327:
4325:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4303:
4296:
4286:
4284:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4266:
4262:
4258:, pp. 324.
4254:
4250:
4242:
4238:
4230:
4226:
4218:
4211:
4203:
4199:
4191:
4187:
4179:
4172:
4164:
4160:
4152:
4148:
4140:
4136:
4128:
4124:
4103:
4099:
4091:
4087:
4079:
4075:
4067:
4063:
4055:
4051:
4043:
4039:
4031:
4027:
4019:
4015:
4007:
4003:
3995:
3991:
3983:
3979:
3971:
3967:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3944:
3940:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3915:
3911:
3903:
3896:
3888:
3884:
3876:
3872:
3864:
3860:
3852:
3848:
3840:
3836:
3828:
3821:
3813:
3809:
3801:
3797:
3789:
3785:
3777:
3773:
3765:
3761:
3753:
3749:
3741:
3737:
3729:
3720:
3712:
3708:
3700:
3696:
3688:
3684:
3676:
3672:
3664:
3660:
3652:
3648:
3640:
3636:
3628:
3624:
3616:
3612:
3604:
3600:
3592:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3561:. p. 368.
3550:
3549:
3545:
3537:
3533:
3525:
3521:
3513:
3509:
3501:
3494:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3461:
3459:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3392:
3388:
3380:
3376:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3351:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3305:
3301:
3293:
3289:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3237:
3233:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3132:
3128:
3120:
3116:
3108:
3101:
3093:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3069:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3042:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3006:
2995:
2987:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2936:
2932:
2924:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2900:
2893:
2885:
2878:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2836:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2815:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2788:
2781:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2748:
2746:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2718:
2716:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2662:
2661:
2654:
2646:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2592:10.2307/2844346
2570:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2515:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2456:
2449:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2201:Through Liberia
2195:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1495:
1452:
1434:
1413:
1398:João dos Santos
1354:
1349:
1304:
1299:
1268:. According to
1200:
1163:Mangbetu people
1150:
1113:
1057:
1005:Bangala Station
997:
964:George Grenfell
940:
920:
863:city-states of
825:
823:War cannibalism
753:
744:
694:
690:
689:
682:
677:
620:
615:
591:human sacrifice
587:Sulayman Solong
540:
535:
496:
461:would dress in
439:Leopard Society
425:A sculpture by
419:
414:
357:
344:
286:
265:
260:
219:
165:Pyramid of Unas
157:
152:
90:Leopard Society
17:
12:
11:
5:
5326:
5325:
5322:
5314:
5313:
5303:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5280:Prion diseases
5277:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5224:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5183:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5064:
5057:
5056:
5042:
5028:
5022:
5004:
4998:
4983:
4977:
4959:
4947:
4935:
4926:
4917:
4903:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4861:
4843:
4820:
4795:
4767:
4741:
4726:
4724:, p. 255.
4714:
4696:
4684:
4669:
4667:, p. 129.
4657:
4645:
4625:
4605:
4600:River of Blood
4587:
4585:, p. 946.
4572:
4557:
4538:
4512:
4482:
4456:
4441:
4415:
4387:
4361:
4335:
4309:
4307:, p. 176.
4294:
4272:
4260:
4248:
4246:, p. 115.
4236:
4224:
4222:, p. 180.
4209:
4197:
4195:, p. 179.
4185:
4183:, p. 221.
4170:
4158:
4146:
4134:
4122:
4097:
4085:
4073:
4061:
4049:
4037:
4025:
4013:
4001:
3989:
3977:
3965:
3950:
3938:
3921:
3909:
3907:, p. 232.
3894:
3892:, p. 139.
3882:
3870:
3858:
3846:
3834:
3819:
3807:
3795:
3783:
3771:
3769:, p. 230.
3759:
3747:
3735:
3718:
3706:
3694:
3692:, p. 104.
3682:
3680:, p. 221.
3670:
3658:
3656:, p. 202.
3646:
3634:
3622:
3610:
3598:
3583:
3574:
3567:
3543:
3531:
3519:
3517:, p. 111.
3507:
3492:
3483:Papiers Lémery
3469:
3418:
3398:
3386:
3374:
3357:
3355:, p. 439.
3340:
3328:
3311:
3299:
3297:, p. 122.
3287:
3270:
3263:
3243:
3231:
3214:
3202:
3195:
3175:
3173:, p. 121.
3163:
3161:, p. 108.
3151:
3139:
3126:
3124:, p. 103.
3114:
3112:, p. 109.
3099:
3097:, p. 118.
3087:
3085:, p. 113.
3075:
3073:, p. 105.
3060:
3048:
3046:, p. 220.
3036:
3024:
3012:
2993:
2978:
2966:
2954:
2942:
2940:, p. 108.
2930:
2918:
2906:
2891:
2876:
2858:
2856:, p. 177.
2846:
2834:British Museum
2821:
2806:
2794:
2779:
2756:
2726:
2692:
2685:
2652:
2640:
2636:Nachtigal 1971
2628:
2613:
2586:(2): 238–258.
2563:
2559:Nachtigal 1971
2551:
2544:
2521:
2501:
2499:, p. 109.
2489:
2487:, p. 160.
2477:
2465:
2447:
2426:
2383:
2357:
2346:. May 14, 2008
2331:
2296:
2294:, p. 120.
2284:
2272:
2260:
2253:
2233:
2218:
2206:
2188:
2186:, p. 130.
2176:
2161:
2135:
2123:
2092:
2090:, p. 112.
2080:
2078:, p. 217.
2068:
2056:
2044:
2032:
2030:, p. 234.
2020:
2005:
1993:
1981:
1969:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1931:, p. 111.
1921:
1909:
1897:
1885:
1873:
1856:
1844:
1832:
1830:, p. 130.
1820:
1818:, p. 105.
1808:
1791:
1789:, p. 261.
1779:
1767:
1741:
1729:
1717:
1705:
1690:
1686:Tannahill 1975
1678:
1674:Tannahill 1975
1666:
1662:Tannahill 1975
1654:
1650:Tannahill 1975
1642:
1638:Tannahill 1975
1630:
1626:Tannahill 1975
1618:
1602:
1590:sofiatopia.org
1576:
1572:Tannahill 1975
1561:
1554:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1433:
1430:
1426:Meatu District
1412:
1409:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1312:archaic humans
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1275:sexual slavery
1262:Ituri conflict
1199:
1196:
1179:Congo Arab war
1172:Gaetano Casati
1148:Jacques d'Uzès
1112:
1109:
1056:
1053:
939:
936:
924:Roger Casement
905:Force Publique
877:Francis Dhanis
824:
821:
752:
749:
728:eaters prefer
681:
678:
676:
673:
619:
616:
580:Masalit people
539:
536:
534:
531:
498:In the 1980s,
495:
492:
443:secret society
418:
415:
413:
410:
285:
282:
264:
261:
259:
256:
229:when a severe
218:
215:
156:
153:
151:
148:
47:archaic humans
27:Theodor de Bry
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5324:
5323:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5170:
5167:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5145:Placentophagy
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5105:Autovampirism
5103:
5102:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5085:
5080:
5078:
5073:
5071:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4984:
4980:
4974:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4927:
4923:
4918:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4876:
4872:
4865:
4862:
4857:
4853:
4847:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4824:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4796:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4771:
4768:
4755:
4751:
4745:
4742:
4737:
4730:
4727:
4723:
4722:Edgerton 2002
4718:
4715:
4710:
4709:Inside Africa
4706:
4705:Gunther, John
4700:
4697:
4693:
4692:Itandala 1979
4688:
4685:
4680:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4649:
4646:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4629:
4626:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4606:
4601:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4561:
4558:
4553:
4552:New Scientist
4549:
4542:
4539:
4527:
4523:
4516:
4513:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4483:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4453:. p. 85.
4452:
4445:
4442:
4429:
4425:
4419:
4416:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4391:
4388:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4362:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4283:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4142:Edgerton 2002
4138:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4104:For example,
4101:
4098:
4095:, p. 74.
4094:
4089:
4086:
4083:, p. 85.
4082:
4077:
4074:
4071:, p. 76.
4070:
4065:
4062:
4059:, p. 75.
4058:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3966:
3961:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3939:
3934:
3933:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3835:
3832:, p. 93.
3831:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3808:
3805:, ch. 2.
3804:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3736:
3733:, p. 99.
3732:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3707:
3704:, p. 96.
3703:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3635:
3632:, p. 82.
3631:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3599:
3596:, p. 80.
3595:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3570:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3515:Edgerton 2002
3511:
3508:
3505:, p. 69.
3504:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3470:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3419:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3387:
3384:, p. 79.
3383:
3378:
3375:
3370:
3369:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3353:Pakenham 1991
3349:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3336:Pakenham 1991
3332:
3329:
3324:
3323:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3282:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3264:0-664-50203-2
3260:
3256:
3255:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3140:
3137:, p. 120
3136:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3110:Edgerton 2002
3106:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3037:
3034:, p. 83.
3033:
3028:
3025:
3022:, p. 87.
3021:
3016:
3013:
3010:, p. 87.
3009:
3008:Edgerton 2002
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2976:, p. 91.
2975:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2938:Edgerton 2002
2934:
2931:
2928:, p. 95.
2927:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2907:
2904:, p. 68.
2903:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2889:, p. 97.
2888:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2847:
2835:
2831:
2830:"Emil Torday"
2825:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2802:Edgerton 2002
2798:
2795:
2792:, p. 86.
2791:
2790:Edgerton 2002
2786:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2757:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2673:Gale Research
2669:
2668:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2514:
2513:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2460:Kannibalismus
2454:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2396:
2393:"Orientalism
2387:
2384:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2066:, p. 40.
2065:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1979:, p. 83.
1978:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1955:, p. 62.
1954:
1949:
1946:
1943:, p. 93.
1942:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1895:, p. 86.
1894:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1871:, p. 92.
1870:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1739:, p. 84.
1738:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1691:
1688:, p. 55.
1687:
1682:
1679:
1676:, p. 49.
1675:
1670:
1667:
1664:, p. 54.
1663:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1640:, p. 50.
1639:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1614:Roman History
1611:
1606:
1603:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1476:witch doctors
1473:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1421:Lake Victoria
1418:
1417:Sukuma people
1411:Lake Victoria
1410:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:Zambezi River
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1204:Belgian Congo
1197:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1141:Aruwimi River
1137:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1028:Sankuru River
1022:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1006:
992:
988:
984:
980:
978:
972:
969:
965:
960:
956:
952:
950:
946:
937:
935:
933:
929:
925:
919:
914:
907:
906:
901:
896:
892:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
849:1892–1894 war
842:
838:
834:
829:
822:
820:
818:
814:
809:
803:
801:
797:
791:
786:
783:
781:
772:
771:
766:
762:
761:Lulonga River
757:
750:
748:
743:
738:
735:
731:
726:
721:
719:
715:
710:
708:
704:
686:
679:
674:
672:
670:
665:
663:
659:
654:
650:
647:death in the
645:
640:
636:
628:
624:
617:
614:
609:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
568:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
537:
532:
530:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
493:
491:
487:
483:
480:
475:
472:
467:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
432:
428:
427:Paul Wissaert
423:
416:
411:
409:
407:
403:
395:
390:
386:
383:
374:
373:George Basden
370:
365:
361:
355:
348:
343:
338:
333:
330:
329:George Basden
325:
320:
315:
310:
308:
302:
300:
295:
291:
283:
281:
278:
274:
270:
262:
257:
255:
253:
247:
242:
239:
236:
232:
228:
224:
216:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
170:
169:Cannibal Hymn
166:
161:
155:Early history
154:
149:
147:
145:
141:
137:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
36:
32:
29:illustrating
28:
23:
19:
5285:Vorarephilia
5192:The Americas
5186:
5050:
5036:
5032:Torday, Emil
5012:
4988:
4967:
4954:
4942:
4930:
4921:
4911:
4897:
4885:Bibliography
4874:
4864:
4855:
4846:
4838:the original
4833:
4823:
4815:
4811:
4798:
4786:. Retrieved
4780:
4770:
4758:. Retrieved
4753:
4744:
4735:
4729:
4717:
4708:
4699:
4687:
4678:
4672:
4660:
4648:
4638:
4628:
4618:
4608:
4599:
4590:
4566:
4560:
4551:
4541:
4531:February 27,
4529:. Retrieved
4525:
4515:
4503:. Retrieved
4499:the original
4494:
4485:
4473:. Retrieved
4468:
4459:
4450:
4444:
4432:. Retrieved
4427:
4418:
4406:. Retrieved
4399:
4390:
4378:. Retrieved
4373:
4364:
4352:. Retrieved
4348:The Guardian
4347:
4338:
4326:. Retrieved
4321:
4312:
4305:Siefkes 2022
4285:. Retrieved
4275:
4270:, p. x.
4268:Forbath 1977
4263:
4251:
4239:
4227:
4220:Siefkes 2022
4205:Siefkes 2022
4200:
4193:Siefkes 2022
4188:
4181:Siefkes 2022
4166:Siefkes 2022
4161:
4154:Siefkes 2022
4149:
4137:
4125:
4114:Siefkes 2022
4100:
4093:Siefkes 2022
4088:
4081:Siefkes 2022
4076:
4069:Siefkes 2022
4064:
4057:Siefkes 2022
4052:
4045:Siefkes 2022
4040:
4033:Siefkes 2022
4028:
4016:
4004:
3997:Siefkes 2022
3992:
3985:Siefkes 2022
3980:
3968:
3959:
3953:
3946:Siefkes 2022
3941:
3931:
3924:
3917:Siefkes 2022
3912:
3885:
3873:
3861:
3849:
3842:Siefkes 2022
3837:
3830:Siefkes 2022
3815:Siefkes 2022
3810:
3798:
3786:
3774:
3762:
3750:
3743:Siefkes 2022
3738:
3731:Siefkes 2022
3714:Siefkes 2022
3709:
3702:Siefkes 2022
3697:
3685:
3673:
3666:Siefkes 2022
3661:
3649:
3642:Siefkes 2022
3637:
3625:
3613:
3601:
3577:
3557:. New York:
3553:
3546:
3534:
3527:Siefkes 2022
3522:
3510:
3489:, Brussels).
3486:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3460:. Retrieved
3438:(4): 146–9.
3435:
3431:
3421:
3411:
3401:
3389:
3382:Siefkes 2022
3377:
3367:
3360:
3331:
3321:
3314:
3307:Siefkes 2022
3302:
3295:Siefkes 2022
3290:
3280:
3273:
3253:
3246:
3239:Siefkes 2022
3234:
3224:
3217:
3210:Siefkes 2022
3205:
3185:
3178:
3171:Siefkes 2022
3166:
3154:
3147:Siefkes 2022
3142:
3135:Siefkes 2022
3129:
3117:
3095:Siefkes 2022
3090:
3083:Siefkes 2022
3078:
3056:Siefkes 2022
3051:
3044:Siefkes 2022
3039:
3027:
3015:
2974:Siefkes 2022
2969:
2962:Siefkes 2022
2957:
2950:Siefkes 2022
2945:
2933:
2926:Siefkes 2022
2921:
2914:Siefkes 2022
2909:
2887:Siefkes 2022
2870:
2867:Torday, Emil
2861:
2849:
2837:. Retrieved
2833:
2824:
2797:
2774:the original
2769:
2759:
2747:. Retrieved
2743:the original
2738:
2729:
2717:. Retrieved
2706:The Guardian
2705:
2695:
2666:
2648:Siefkes 2022
2643:
2631:
2622:
2616:
2583:
2579:
2566:
2554:
2534:
2524:
2511:
2504:
2492:
2485:Volhard 1939
2480:
2468:
2459:
2442:Rosen, Georg
2436:
2429:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2386:
2376:November 19,
2374:. Retrieved
2370:The Guardian
2369:
2360:
2350:November 19,
2348:. Retrieved
2343:
2334:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2243:
2236:
2227:
2221:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2184:Riddell 1979
2179:
2170:
2164:
2152:. Retrieved
2148:the original
2138:
2126:
2112:(1): 79–94.
2109:
2105:
2095:
2083:
2071:
2059:
2047:
2035:
2028:Siefkes 2022
2023:
2014:
2008:
2001:Siefkes 2022
1996:
1984:
1972:
1960:
1953:Siefkes 2022
1948:
1936:
1929:Isichei 1977
1924:
1912:
1900:
1888:
1876:
1847:
1835:
1828:Isichei 1977
1823:
1811:
1787:Isichei 1977
1782:
1770:
1758:. Retrieved
1753:
1744:
1737:Isichei 1977
1732:
1720:
1708:
1699:
1693:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1633:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1593:. Retrieved
1589:
1579:
1544:
1537:
1480:
1465:
1446:
1414:
1402:
1390:
1361:
1358:oral history
1355:
1339:bones (from
1336:Homo sapiens
1334:
1327:
1323:Homo habilis
1321:
1315:
1305:
1291:
1283:Ituri region
1255:
1251:Presbyterian
1243:Congo Crisis
1240:
1236:World War II
1233:
1221:Ubangi River
1213:
1208:Kasai region
1201:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1145:
1138:
1126:
1121:Herbert Ward
1101:
1089:
1064:
1058:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1024:
1019:
1002:
973:
961:
957:
953:
941:
921:
911:
903:
889:
881:Gongo Lutete
851:between the
846:
817:Herbert Ward
813:Kasaï region
804:
793:
788:
784:
776:
768:
765:Ubangi River
745:
722:
713:
711:
700:
666:
632:
599:
584:
569:
552:Wadai Empire
541:
520:
497:
488:
484:
476:
468:
458:
447:Sierra Leone
436:
429:depicting a
399:
378:
334:
316:
312:
304:
287:
271:visited the
266:
249:
244:
240:
220:
217:Middle Ages
206:
201:
174:
167:, where the
150:North Africa
133:
129:Congo Crisis
114:
110:Sierra Leone
83:
42:
40:
34:
18:
5091:Cannibalism
4939:Hogg, Garry
4907:Burns, Alan
4788:December 4,
4760:December 4,
3890:Phipps 2002
3654:Torday 1913
3630:Torday 1925
3618:Torday 1925
3594:Torday 1925
3032:Torday 1925
3020:Torday 1913
2902:Torday 1913
2854:Torday 1913
2675:. pp.
2671:. Detroit:
2292:Beatty 1978
2280:Beatty 1978
2268:Beatty 1978
2076:Basden 1921
2064:Basden 1921
2040:Basden 1921
1965:Basden 1921
1905:Basden 1921
1840:Basden 1921
1816:Basden 1921
1610:Cassius Dio
1487:South Sudan
1481:During the
1424:Tanzania's
1297:East Africa
1241:During the
1229:Brazzaville
1151: [
1073:Congo River
998: 1888
926:wrote from
796:Congo River
718:Emil Torday
703:Congo Basin
695:light green
675:Congo Basin
658:misdemeanor
653:Paris Match
644:David Dacko
606:Congo Basin
516:Pierre Sane
471:Mano people
459:Leopard men
455:Ivory Coast
431:leopard man
345: [
273:Mali Empire
269:Ibn Battuta
263:Middle Ages
258:West Africa
203:Cassius Dio
185:Roman times
117:Congo Basin
86:West Africa
63:East Africa
5259:Literature
5242:In fiction
5221:In animals
4653:Theal 1901
4130:Hinde 1897
4118:Slade 1962
3791:Hinde 1897
3779:Hinde 1897
3503:Hinde 1897
3394:Hinde 1897
2407:(2): 158.
2395:Alla Turca
2214:Mills 1926
2088:Burns 1963
1917:Burns 1963
1852:Burns 1963
1775:Burns 1963
1616:, LXXII.4.
1530:References
1302:Prehistory
1030:, a young
928:Lake Tumba
837:Ruki River
808:dwarf goat
494:Civil wars
340:colleague
324:sacrificed
292:and other
252:Alexandria
5275:Man-eater
5179:In humans
4475:April 14,
4380:April 13,
4374:reliefweb
4354:April 13,
4328:April 13,
4287:April 13,
4244:Hogg 1958
4232:Hogg 1958
4110:Hogg 1958
4021:Hogg 1958
3690:Hogg 1958
3606:Hogg 1958
3452:146866987
3159:Hogg 1958
3122:Hogg 1958
3071:Hogg 1958
2989:Hogg 1958
2817:Hogg 1958
2714:0261-3077
2600:0307-3114
2532:(1971) .
2413:0043-2539
2344:France 24
2326:144521549
2131:Hogg 1958
2118:0041-476X
2052:Hogg 1958
1989:Hogg 1958
1977:Hogg 1958
1941:Hogg 1958
1893:Hogg 1958
1881:Hogg 1958
1869:Hogg 1958
1804:Hogg 1958
1760:March 25,
1725:Hogg 1958
1457:Nyasaland
1419:south of
1277:, forced
938:Attitudes
835:near the
546:(western
529:emerged.
225:lived in
171:was found
5305:Category
5048:(2014).
5034:(1913).
5010:(1975).
4965:(1991).
4953:(1977).
4941:(1958).
4909:(1963).
4895:(1921).
4754:BBC News
4707:(1955).
4636:(1901).
4616:(1898).
4598:(1992).
4505:June 10,
4434:June 11,
4408:June 11,
4322:BBC News
3462:July 21,
3456:Archived
3409:(1905).
2869:(1925).
2749:July 29,
2719:June 11,
2574:(1960).
2199:(1926).
2154:April 3,
1493:See also
1468:Idi Amin
1441:Idi Amin
1386:entrepôt
1366:Zambesia
1341:Ethiopia
1260:and the
1225:Kinshasa
1219:and the
873:Batetela
855:and the
841:ransomed
798:and the
307:Kroo-boy
294:Nigerian
277:Sulayman
211:Isidorus
123:and its
94:Nigerian
75:Egyptian
67:Idi Amin
41:Acts of
5228:Poultry
5207:Oceania
5140:Oophagy
5135:Medical
5098:By type
4856:Reuters
2839:June 9,
2770:Reuters
2677:439–440
2608:2844346
2421:1570642
1595:May 19,
1459:(today
1443:in 1975
1368:(today
1308:Turkana
1287:pygmies
1247:Kananga
1040:Turumbu
1013:steamed
993:chief,
991:Bangala
989:with a
968:Bangala
908:in 1904
869:Kasongo
865:Nyangwe
857:Swahili
707:Bakongo
662:amnesty
504:Liberia
463:leopard
451:Liberia
404:of the
382:Onitsha
181:ancient
179:during
106:Liberia
5233:Spider
5202:Europe
5187:Africa
5169:Sexual
5125:Filial
5020:
4996:
4975:
3565:
3450:
3261:
3193:
2712:
2683:
2606:
2598:
2542:
2419:
2411:
2324:
2251:
2116:
1552:
1461:Malawi
1449:Uganda
1378:Maravi
1370:Zambia
1279:incest
1123:(1891)
1032:Songye
932:Batwas
833:Boloki
800:Ubangi
780:smoked
602:Azande
544:Darfur
457:. The
433:, 1913
396:, 1890
319:slaves
299:Akassa
231:famine
207:bucoli
5150:human
5115:Endo-
5110:Child
4554:: 30.
3448:S2CID
2604:JSTOR
2516:(PDF)
2417:JSTOR
2322:S2CID
1362:Zimba
1352:Zimba
1217:Kasai
1190:pots.
1155:]
1105:ivory
900:Nsala
564:Islam
560:Tunis
548:Sudan
400:King
349:]
227:Cairo
191:king
177:Egypt
77:king
51:Kenya
5254:Film
5212:List
5197:Asia
5162:list
5157:Self
5120:Exo-
5018:ISBN
4994:ISBN
4973:ISBN
4790:2007
4762:2007
4533:2024
4507:2023
4477:2023
4436:2023
4410:2023
4382:2023
4356:2023
4330:2023
4289:2023
3563:ISBN
3464:2021
3259:ISBN
3191:ISBN
2841:2024
2751:2014
2721:2023
2710:ISSN
2681:ISBN
2596:ISSN
2540:ISBN
2409:ISSN
2378:2022
2352:2022
2249:ISBN
2156:2008
2114:ISSN
1762:2024
1597:2023
1550:ISBN
1382:Sena
1317:Homo
1227:and
867:and
861:Arab
734:veal
730:lamb
691:Pink
556:Chad
525:and
453:and
437:The
369:Igbo
290:Igbo
235:Nile
193:Unas
183:and
108:and
98:Igbo
79:Unas
4875:CNN
3440:doi
2588:doi
2314:doi
1463:).
1326:or
1063:'s
1003:At
714:not
367:An
360:".
33:'s
5307::
4873:.
4854:.
4832:.
4814:.
4810:.
4779:.
4752:.
4575:^
4550:.
4524:.
4493:.
4467:.
4426:.
4398:.
4372:.
4346:.
4320:.
4297:^
4212:^
4173:^
3897:^
3822:^
3721:^
3586:^
3495:^
3454:.
3446:.
3436:26
3434:.
3430:.
3343:^
3102:^
3063:^
2996:^
2981:^
2894:^
2879:^
2832:.
2809:^
2782:^
2768:.
2737:.
2708:.
2704:.
2679:.
2655:^
2602:.
2594:.
2584:90
2582:.
2578:.
2450:^
2415:.
2405:40
2403:.
2399:.
2368:.
2342:.
2320:.
2310:37
2308:.
2110:46
2108:.
2104:.
1859:^
1794:^
1752:.
1612:.
1588:.
1564:^
1489:.
1270:UN
1153:fr
995:c.
637:.
582:.
449:,
347:fr
301::
5083:e
5076:t
5069:v
5026:.
5002:.
4981:.
4877:.
4792:.
4764:.
4535:.
4509:.
4479:.
4438:.
4412:.
4384:.
4358:.
4332:.
4291:.
3571:.
3466:.
3442::
3267:.
3199:.
2843:.
2753:.
2723:.
2689:.
2610:.
2590::
2548:.
2423:.
2380:.
2354:.
2328:.
2316::
2257:.
2158:.
2120:.
1764:.
1599:.
1558:.
1453:'
859:–
773:.
358:'
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.