Canon regular - Knowledge (XXG)

2124:(Canton Valais, Switzerland) is probably the oldest continuously inhabited abbey in the West. The first Bishop of Valais, St. Theodorus, founded around 370 a shrine which commemorated the martyrdom of St. Maurice and companions. In 515 King Sigismund, a convert to the Catholic faith, endowed a monastery near the shrine to St. Maurice. The life of the monks was centered on the continual choral office and became the model for monks throughout Western Europe. Charles Martel imposed one of his generals on the abbey as superior. It seems that canons replaced the monks sometimes around 820–830. These canons probably lived under the Rule of St. Chrodegang as mitigated by the Synod of Aachen, which had been held just a few years earlier at the capital of the Frankish empire. Until the middle of the 12th century, canons of the Aachen observance and Augustinian canons lived side by side, seemingly harmoniously. This was typical in many houses of the canons of the Ordo Antiquus model. As the Aachener canons died off, the community became fully "regular". On 20 July 1642, Peter IV Mauritius Odet (1640–1657) was consecrated abbot. As a reformer, he was supported vigorously by the Congregation of Our Savior, founded by St. Peter Fourier. At the opening of the 21st century, the canons continue to witness to Christ through the common life for priests and pastoral service to the Church through parish work and the secondary school run at the abbey. 1329:; "The Order of Canons Regular is necessarily constituted by religious clerics, because they are essentially destined to those works which relate to the Divine mysteries, whereas it is not so with the monastic Orders." This is what constitutes a canon regular and what distinguishes him from a monk. The clerical state is essential to the Order of Canons Regular, whereas it is only accidental to the Monastic Order. Erasmus, himself a canon regular, declared that the canons regular are a "median point" between the monks and the secular clergy. The outer appearance and observances of the canons regular can seem very similar to those of the monks. This is because the various reforms borrowed certain practices from the monks for the use of the canons. 1081: 2191:. This became the mother-house of the congregation, which, only sixty years after the death of Groot, possessed in Belgium alone more than eighty monasteries, some of which, according to the chronicler John Buschius, contained as many as a hundred, or even two hundred residents. The congregation continued until the devastations of the Reformers drove it from its native soil, and it was at last utterly destroyed during the French Revolution. The revival of the congregation was proposed under the pontificate of Pope Pius XII. Permission for this was granted by Pope John XXIII in 1961. The motherhouse of the restored congregation, St. Michael's Priory is now in Paring Abbey, in Bavaria, Germany. 2478:, where he became a parish priest. At first he established a small community of enclosed, contemplative nuns, assisted by lay sisters. To this were added lay brothers to work the land, and later canons to serve the community and assist with administration. Gilbert tried to associate his order with the Cistercians, who refused to accept them and advised him to produce his own Rule. The monasteries were largely double houses of male and female religious (with strictly separate quarters), with some houses for men alone. A great friend of Ss. Aelred and Bernard, Gilbert composed his Rule drawing on Cistercian, Premonstratensian and Benedictine models, but used the 1575:

Baptist took the good news of salvation to the Congo, Ethiopia and India. At the general chapter of the Lateran Congregation held at Ravenna in 1558, at the request of many Spanish canons, Don Francis de Agala, a professed canon regular from Spain, who for some ten years had already laboured in the newly discovered country, was created vicar-general in America, with powers to gather into communities all the members of the canonical institute who were then dispersed in those parts, and the obligation to report to the authorities of the order. Especially from the 19th century onwards, the order has undertaken the work of evangelization.

1567:") had a wide influence. During the 15th and 16th centuries the Lateran Congregation added to the Order's luster by its spirituality and scholarship. In the 17th and 18th centuries the French Congregation of Saint Genevieve and later the Congregation of Our Savior founded by Saint Peter Fourier (1566–1640), responded to new needs by combining the religious life with pastoral work. Finally, in the 19th century Adrien Grea (1828–1917), founder of the Congregation of the Immaculate Conception, in his writing put in its proper perspective the ecclesial dimension of the canonical life. 1471:, and its chief provisions were that the ecclesiastics who adopted it had to live in common under the Bishop's roof, recite common prayers, perform a certain amount of manual labour, keep silence at certain times, and go to confession twice a year. They did not take the vow of poverty and they could hold a life interest in property. Twice a day they met to hear a chapter from the rule of their founder, hence the meeting itself was soon called "chapter". This discipline was also recommended shortly after by the Councils of Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) (789) and Mainz (813). 1819: 4047: 2537: 2241:

by its canons. Ste. Geneviève (Paris) 1148, St. James (Wigmore, diocese of Hereford) around 1148, St. Augustine's (Bristol) 1148, St. Catherine's (Waterford) 1210, St. Thomas's (Dublin) 1192, St. Peter's (Aram, Naples) 1173 were of the number. The Monastery was destroyed during the French Revolution and the community dispersed. In the mid-20th Century, a successor congregation was founded in Champagne, France, which serves in France and Tanzania.

2341:. Besides the usual duties of canons in the church, they are engaged in preaching, administering the sacraments, and teaching. Formerly they had houses in Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, France, England, Ireland and Scotland. Until about 1900 they also served missions in North America, they had five monasteries in Belgium, of which St. Agatha is considered the mother-house. To these Croisier Canons belongs the privilege, granted to them by 4948: 78: 2183:. A preacher and reformer of the 14th century, at Deventer in the Low Countries, many poor clerical students gathered around him and, under his direction, "putting together whatever they earned week by week, began to live in common." Groot resolved to place this new institute under the spiritual guidance of the canons regular. The execution of this resolve was left by Gerard Groot, at his death, to his disciple, 1618:, no fewer than fifty-four houses of canons regular were founded. The first of these was at Colchester in 1096, followed by Holy Trinity, Aldgate, in London, established by Queen Maud, in 1108. From 1147, Andrew of St. Victor served as abbot of the newly founded abbey at Wigmore. The first General Chapter of the Augustinian Canons in England, intended to regulate the affairs of the Order, took place in 1217. 105: 5341: 4788: 997: 2444:, the first Bishop of Jerusalem, established clerics living in common in the Holy City, where also, after the crusades, flourished the "Congregation of the Holy Sepulchre". After the fall of Jerusalem to Saladin, the canons sought refuge in Europe, where they had monasteries, in Italy, France, Spain, Poland and the Low Countries. In Italy they seem to have been suppressed by 1333:

prepared to follow the example of the Apostles by preaching, teaching, and the administration of the sacraments, or by giving hospitality to pilgrims and travellers, and tending the sick. In fact, traditionally canons regular have not confined themselves exclusively to the functions of the canonical life. They have also given hospitality to pilgrims and travelers on the

1382:, and Peter of Cluny all state that the canonical order traces back its origin to the earliest ages of the Church. In the first centuries after Christ, priests lived with the bishop and carried out the liturgy and sacraments in the cathedral church. While each could own his own property, they lived together and shared common meals and a common dormitory. 1444: 3731: 1698:. Besides the occupations of the regular life at home and the public recitation of the Divine Office in choir, they are chiefly employed in parish ministry, preaching retreats, supplying for priests who ask their service, and hearing confessions, either as ordinary or extraordinary confessors to convents or other religious communities. 3688: 1831:. The revival also counteracted the decline of religious discipline which had set in among Irish monasteries. St Malachy, archbishop of Armagh, was a prime mover in the reform movement in the Irish Church in the 12th century and by the time of his death in 1148, there were forty-one Augustinian houses. 2320:

appears to be uncertain, although all admit its great antiquity. It has been divided into four chief branches: the Italian, the Bohemian, the Belgian and the Spanish. Of this last very little is known. The branch once flourishing in Italy, after several attempts at reformation, was finally suppressed

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a house of strict observance, to the Lateran. The reform spread, till at length the houses that had embrace it were formed into one large congregation. The canons regular served the Lateran Basilica until secular canons were introduced. There are houses belonging to the Lateran Congregation in Italy,

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Already in the Middle Ages canons regular were engaged in missionary work. Saint Vicelin (c. 1090 – 1154) took the Gospel to the pagan Slavs of Lower Germany; his disciple Meinhard (died 1196) evangelized the people of eastern Livonia. In the 16th century the Portuguese Congregation of Saint John the

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were as enthusiastic about the community life of the Apostolic Church of Jerusalem (Acts 4:31–35) or as enthralled by it as St. Augustine. To live this out in the midst of like-minded brethren was the goal of his monastic foundations in Thagaste, in the "Garden Monastery" at Hippo and at his bishop's

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Other orders sprang up which followed the Rule of St. Augustine and the canonical life. As canons regular became separated into different congregations they took their names from the locality in which they lived, or from the distinctive habit they wore, or from the one who led the way in remodelling

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near the city, a school which drew students from many parts. So great was the reputation of the monastery built by William that houses were soon established everywhere after the model of St. Victor's, which was regarded as their mother-house. Numerous religious houses of canons regular were reformed

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In the 11th century the life of canons regular was reformed and renewed, chiefly owing to the efforts of Hildebrand (c. 1020–1085), later Pope Gregory VII, culminating in the Lateran Synod of 1059. Here for the first time the Apostolic See officially recognized and approved the manner of life of the

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was drawn up at the Council of Aachen. This included a rule of 147 articles, known as the Rule of (Aix-la-Chapelle), to be applied to all canons. These statues were held as binding. The principal difference between Chrodegang's Rule and that of Aachen was their attitude toward private property. Both

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Over time abuses crept into clerical life, including those of concubinage and independent living with the scandals and disedification of the faithful which followed. Vigorous reforms were undertaken during the reign of the Emperor Charlemagne (AD 800). Important milestones for the Ordo Antiquus form

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grew large even during the lifetime of its founder, and now has charge of many parishes and schools, especially in the Habsburg provinces of Austria and Hungary. The Premonstratensians wear a white habit, white biretta with white cincture. They are governed by an abbot general, vicars and visitors.

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in 1126, the same year in which Norbert was appointed Archbishop of Magdeburg. According to the spirit of its founder, this congregation unites the active with the contemplative life, the institute embracing in its scope the sanctification of its members and the administration of the sacraments. It

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deserves the credit for having recognized the way of life of the "canonici regulares" as sharply distinguished from the principles of the "canonici saeculares", and at the same time as a way of communal perfection equal to monasticism. In granting numerous privileges to reformed houses of canons he

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The invasion of Africa by the Vandals destroyed Augustine's foundation, which likely took refuge in Gaul. The prescriptions which St. Augustine had given to the clerics who lived with him soon spread and were adopted by other communities of canons regular not only in Africa, but in Italy, in France

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From the time of his elevation to be Bishop of Hippo in 395 AD, he transformed his episcopal residence into a monastery for clerics and established the essential characteristics-the common life with renunciation of private property, chastity, obedience, the liturgical life and the care of souls: to

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The Augustinian canons regular established 116 religious houses in Ireland in the period of church reform early in the 12th century. The role of the Augustinian Canons within the population was the main reason for their being the largest single order in Ireland. The canons regular did not practise

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had established in Ireland. Tradition places the first landing of Columba on leaving Ireland at Oronsay, and Fordun (Bower) notices the island as "Hornsey, ubi est monasterium nigrorum Canonicorum, quod fundavit S. Columba" (where is the monastery of Black Canons which St. Columba founded), though

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Orders. In contrast to many other orders of the Catholic Church, that of the Augustinian Canons (Canons Regular of St. Augustine, Canonici Regulares Sancti Augustini, CRSA) cannot be traced back to an individual founder or to a particular founding group. They are more the result of a process that

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In their independence and their local character, the canons regular had some resemblance to the Benedictine monks, as they did in their maintaining the vow of stability to a particular house. The individual houses often have differences in the form of the habit, even within the same congregation.

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Toward the end of the 11th century, the more cathedral and other chapters of canons opted for the apostolic life after the example of St. Augustine, the more urgent became both a separation from worldy life and measures regarding those canons who held to private ownership, in contradistinction to

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in church, the administration of the Sacraments and preaching. In Italy they have charge of parishes in Rome, Bologna, Genoa, Fano, Gubbio and elsewhere. In England they were a major force in the re-establishment of the Catholic Church there during the late 19th century, staffing many of the new

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Of all the new monastic and religious groups to settle in the British Isles in the course of the 12th century the canons regular, known there as the "Black Canons", were the most prolific. At the heart of their existence was the vita apostolica, but even more than other groups the canons regular

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in England was just such a shrine, and the cathedrals of Saint John Lateran in Rome, Salzburg and Gurk in Austria, Toledo and Saragossa in Spain, St. Andrew's in Scotland, were among many others to be reformed by canons regular. The canons also took a leading role in the intellectual life of the

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about the year 1100. In some houses the canonical life was combined with hospitality to travelers, nursing the sick and other charitable works. Often a number of houses were grouped together in a congregation. One of the most famous houses was the Abbey of Saint Victor, founded in Paris in 1108,

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In the 9th, 10th, and 11th centuries, laxity crept in: community life was no longer strictly observed, the sources of revenue were divided and the portions were allocated directly to the individual canons. This soon led to differences of income, and consequently to avarice, covetousness, and the

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to stay in France. A new home was found for the congregation who moved to Italy, where it increased its base. The early period of this congregation saw missions established in Canada and Peru, where there are still houses today. The canons regular have houses in Brasil, Canada, England, France,

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became involved in active spiritual care of local populations. Perhaps as a result of this feature they also enjoyed sustained support from founders, patrons and benefactors, and new foundations continued to be made long after the main force of the expansion of the monastic orders had declined.

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According to St. Augustine, a canon regular professes two things, "sanctitatem et clericatum". He lives in community, he leads the life of a religious, he sings the praises of God by the daily recitation of the Divine Office in choir; but at the same time, at the bidding of his superiors, he is

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founded the Confederation of the Canons Regular of St. Augustine with his apostolic letter "Caritatis Unitas" on the 900th anniversary of the First Lateran Synod. The Confederation is a "union of charity" which binds nine congregations of canons regular together for mutual aid and support. The

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which they administered from 1991 to 2011. Due to their unique position as a Swiss congregation and their work in the heights of the Alps, a community of canons went to Tibet to form a community of native clergy, arriving there in 1936. The community had to withdraw from the country after its

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of Roman society, rather than to a religious order in the modern sense of a closely organized body. Furthermore, among the Augustinian Canons, some groups acquired a greater degree of distinctiveness in their style of life and organization, to the point of being in law or in effect autonomous

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Later, congregations properly so called, governed by a superior general, were established within the order so as to maintain uniformity of particular observances. Among these congregations, which gave new life to the order, were the Windesheim Congregation, whose spirituality (known as the

1312:. The members of these orders are for the greater part priests who take religious vows and have an active apostolic life. While they live in communities, they belong to the order as such rather than to a particular house and their prime focus is on pastoral work rather than a choral office. 1546:

The high point of the canons regular can be situated in the first half of the 12th century. During this time they contributed series of popes – Honorius II, Innocent II, Lucius II, as well as Hadrian IV shortly after mid-century and finally Gregory VIII in the second half of the century.

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clearly emphasized the nature and goal, the rights and duties of the canons regular. Thus from the renewal of the canonical life there inevitably arose a new "order"—which initially had not been the intention. The privileges of Pope Urban II are the first to officially use the name

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In England, in the 12th century there was a great revival of canons regular, in the wake of various congregations newly found in France, Italy and the Low countries, some of them reaching England following the Norman invasion. In England alone, from the Conquest to the death of

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The occupations of the canonesses down the centuries has consisted in the recitation of the Divine Office, the care of the church vestments, and the education of the young, often particularly the daughters of the nobility. For the most part, the canonesses regular follow the

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developed from the groups of women who took the name and the Rule of life laid down for the various congregations of canons regular. As with regard to origin and antiquity the same is to be said of orders of women both in general and in particular as of orders of men.

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In the 12th century the Canons Regular of the Lateran established a priory in Bodmin. This became the largest religious house in Cornwall. The priory was suppressed on 27 February 1538. In England houses of canons were more numerous than Benedictine monasteries. The

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From the 4th to the middle of the 11th century, communities of canons were established exclusively by bishops. The oldest form of canonical life was known as "Ordo Antiquus". In Italy, among the first to successfully unite the clerical state with the common life was

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established in the basilica clergy living in common after the manner of the Primitive Church. In the year 492, Gelasius, a disciple of St. Augustine, introduced in the patriarchal basilica the regular discipline which he had learnt at Hippo. At the request of St.

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The abbot primate, who is elected by all the congregations and serves for a six-year term, works to foster contact and mutual cooperation among the diverse communities of canons regular in the Catholic Church. On 11 October 2016, Jean-Michel Girard, Abbot of the

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of the early Church based more and more on the precepts handed down by Augustine. Secundum regulam Augustini vivere, an expression first employed in Rheims in 1067, signified a life according to the example of Augustine as was known from his numerous writings.

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From that time the Order of Canons Regular of Saint Augustine, as it was already beginning to be called, increased rapidly. A great number of congregations of canons regular sprang into existence, each with its own distinctive constitutions, grounded on the

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The order has houses in Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Canada, the Czech Republic, the Dominican Republic, England, Italy, France, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Peru, Porto Rico, Spain, Taiwan, Switzerland, the United States and Uruguay.

4420: 1898:, which is a defining element of the mendicant orders. Unlike the friars and like monks, the canons are generally organized as one large community to which they are attached for life with a vow of stability. Their houses are given the title of an 2463:, which in its turn became very numerous and, reformed as the Gallican Congregation, in the 16th century, by a holy man called Charles Faure; and had, at the outbreak of the Revolution, no fewer than one hundred abbeys and monasteries in France. 3995: 2337:, who founded their first house at Huy, near Liège. These Belgian Croisier Canons have a great affinity with the Dominicans. They follow the Rule of St. Augustine, and their constitutions are mainly those compiled for the Dominican Order by 2686: 1626:

left the canons regular seriously decimated, and they never quite recovered. Between 1538 and 1540, the canonical houses were suppressed, and the religious dispersed, according to Cardinal Gasquet's computation, ninety-one houses in all.

2486:, it had twenty houses and one hundred and fifty-one religious. Unusually it was the prioress of the monastery who was the actual superior of the house, with a Master General elected by the male and female superiors in General Chapter. 4623: 3024:"Weinfurter, Stefan. "Recent Research on Canons Regular in the German Empire of the 11th and 12th Centuries", (translated by , O. Praem.), "Neuere Forschung zu den Regularkanonikern im deutschen Reich des 11. und 12. Jahrhunderts", 1599:

Praecepta or Regula tertia: While this may in fact be the oldest of the three rules, the Praecepta clearly belongs to the Augustinian corpus. Its spirit and content are clearly Augustinian and fits his other writings on the common

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to be prayed together in community. Other groups were established at other churches which at some period in their history had been considered major churches, and (often thanks to particular benefactions) also in smaller centres.

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counseled a renunciation of private property, the Aachen Synod did not, since this was not part of the tradition of the canons. It is from this period that there dates the daily recitation by the canons of the Divine Office or

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Ordo Monasterii or Regula secunda: This may have been a preface to the Praecepta, but it is unclear whether it is from the hand of St. Augustine or not. It is stricter than the Praecepta and differs in style, tone and

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As a norm, canons regular live together in communities that take public vows. Their early communities took vows of common property and stability. As a later development, they now usually take the three public

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Regularis informatio or Regula sororum: Often considered to be the oldest rule of St. Augustine, it was composed for a convent of nuns and attached to Letter 211. Its content and style is very close to the

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into a separate "Congregation of St. Patrick", which the pope declared to inherit all the rights, privileges and possessions of the old Irish canons. In the year 1698 the Irish Congregation, by a Bull of

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celebrated for its liturgy, pastoral work and spirituality. Also worth mention are the Abbey of Saint Maurice of Agaune, the Hospice of Saint Bernard of Mont Joux in Switzerland, and the Austrian Abbeys.

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religious clergy as founded by bishops and others. Gregory VII's reform resulted in a distinction being made between clerics who lived in separate houses and those who still preserved the old discipline.

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and others that no Canons of the Holy Sepulchre existed before 1114, when some canons regular, who had adopted the Rule of St. Augustine, were brought from the West and introduced into the Holy City by

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were formed, which partly resembled religious orders in the general modern sense. This movement parallelled in some respects the kind of bonds established between houses of monks. Among these

1027: 2897:"Mois, Jacob. "Spirit and Rule of St. Augustine in the Canonical Reform of the 11th – 12th Century", "Geist und Regel des hl. Augustinus in der Kanoniker-Reform des 11. – 12. Jahrhunderts", 1419:

these can be added two other typically Augustinian characteristics —a close bond of brotherly affection and a wise moderation in all things. This spirit permeates the whole of the so-called

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Augustinian Canonesses of the Mercy of Jesus have their roots in a group who, more than 700 years ago, began serving the needy and distressed in the expanding French fishing port of Dieppe.

1190:, especially from the late nineteenth century, some of these separate orders and congregations of Augustinian Canons have subsequently combined in some form of federation or confederation. 1349:

and St. Andrew's, in Scotland, and others like them, were all served by canons regular. Many houses of canons worked among the poor, the lepers, and the infirm. The clerics established by

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the isolation from the general population operated by the Cistercians, and participated in a great variety of pastoral activities in parishes, hospitals and schools, as permitted by the

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their lives. Hence the White Canons of Prémontré; the White Canons of Saint John Lateran; the Black Canons of St. Augustine; the Canons of St. Victor at Paris and also at Marseilles.

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At times, their Orders have been very popular: in England in the 12th century, there were more houses of canons (often referred to as an abbey or canonry) than monasteries of monks.

2000:(Great St. Bernard, Switzerland) is representative of the hospitaller movement by which canons responded to the call to care for travelers and pilgrims. They were founded by St. 1559:

Church by founding cathedral and collegiate schools throughout Europe. For example, the University of Paris finds part of its ancestry in the famous Abbey school of St. Victor.

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Anette Löffler; Björn Gebert (eds.), Legitur in necrologio victorino. Studien zum Nekrolog der Abtei Saint-Victor zu Paris (Corpus Victorinum, Instrumenta 7), Münster i.W. 2015

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Canonesses Regular of St Augustine Windesheim Congregation tracing its origin to Louvain, 1415. St Ursula's, Louvain, was one of the first women's communities sprung from

4685: 2410: 1933:, which is indicative of their clerical origins. This has evolved in various ways among different congregations, from wearing the full rochet to the wearing of a white 4702: 4589: 952: 2016:, patron saint of travelers. Communities of canons served the poor and the sick throughout Europe, through both nursing and education. They include the canons of the 1735:

this is clearly anachronistic. According to Smith and Ratcliff there was a homogeneity among the Augustinian houses in Scotland before 1215 which had much to do with

4550: 4093: 4024: 1112:, hence taking their name from St. Augustine, the great Doctor of the Church, "for he realized in an ideal way the common life of the Clergy". They became known as 1020: 4443: 4146: 3439: 2970:

Les chanoines réguliers: émergence et expansion (XIe-XIIIe siècles); actes du sixième colloque international du CERCOR, Le Puy en Velay, 19 juin-1er juillet 2006

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By 1125 hundreds of communities of canons had sprung up in Western Europe. Usually, they were quite independent of one another and varied in their ministries.

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and are not governed in whatever elements of life they lead in common by a historical rule. One obvious place where such groups of priests are required is at a

3474: 1374:, did not found the canons regular, not even those who are called Augustinian Canons. Although Augustine of Hippo is regarded by the canons as their founder, 1135:

Nevertheless, there have always been canons regular who never adopted the Rule of St. Augustine. In a word, canons regular may be considered as the genus and

1080: 1838:, some of the Irish canons regular retired to houses abroad. By 1646 the Irish canons regular on the Continent were sufficiently numerous to be formed by 4665: 4566: 4182: 3842: 2666: 2593:

Canonesses of St Victor d' Ypres who trace their foundation to William de Champeaux, founder of the Congregation of St Victor of Paris (Victorines),(1108).

2206: 2197: 1675: 1088:, painter unknown, c.1500, juxtaposing pregnancy and death, with four Augustinan canons regular of the Chapter (Abbey) of Sion. Left, with little lion, is 2943: 4270: 1013: 121: 4712: 4670: 3977: 1304:(clerics regular) which in the modern sense are a category of priests of male religious orders constituted from the 16th century, examples being the 4762: 4739: 4727: 2676: 2587: 3230: 4818: 4680: 3023: 2896: 2153:

congregation, as an example, wears a sarozium, a narrow band of white cloth—a vestige of the scapular—which hangs down both front and back over a

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Many of the houses which claimed to have been founded by St. Columba remained in the possession of canons regular till the Reformation, including

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Yannick Veyrenche, "Quia vos estis qui sanctorum patrum vitam probabilem renovatis... Naissance des chanoines réguliers, jusqu'à Urbain II," in

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who in the 13th century were formed by the popes and church councils into a religious order with structures that followed the model of the

779: 2474:. It was the only religious order of distinctly English origin. Having completed his studies in England and in France, he returned to the 1282:, living on what the people gave them in food and alms. The Augustinian friars were a galaxy of dispersed religious groups, many of them 4448: 3589: 3360: 2390: 2149:, Vorau and Neustift (now in Italy). The Austrian Congregation looks after scores of parishes in Austria as well as one in Norway. The 4811: 4722: 4116: 3406:

Cf. Björn Gebert, Sankt Viktor von Paris und die Viktoriner. Institutionelle Strukturen eines mittelalterlichen Klosterverbandes, in:

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for over 20 years when, at the age of 51, he and several companions founded a new community at the Grande Chartreuse, and founded the

2119: 1965: 1886:), also referred to as "Augustinian Canons" or "Austin Canons" ('Austin' being an anglicisation of 'Augustine'), is one of the oldest 1432: 962: 3231:"Schopf, Hubert. "Augustinian Canons", (translated by Theodore J. Antry, O. Praem.), Peter Dinzelbacher und James Lester Hogg, Hrsg. 2329:, as they are called, who, however, seem to be different from the well known Belgian Crosiers, who trace their origin to the time of 4750: 4733: 4426: 4105: 3614: 3496: 3330: 839: 577: 2250:(Great St. Bernard, Switzerland) was elected as the 10th abbot primate of the Confederation of the Canons Regular of St Augustine. 2452:. The rest continued to exist until the French Revolution. The men's congregation is now extinct, but is still represented by the 5156: 4634: 4613: 4527: 4294: 4188: 4176: 4152: 3941: 756: 545: 94: 2987:

Weinfurter, Stefan (1 April 1977). "Neuere Forschung zu den Regularkanonikern im Deutschen Reich des 11. und 12. Jahrhunderts".

5169: 4470: 4399: 4317: 4199: 4122: 3971: 3887: 2133:

was formed in 1907, composed of the various ancient monasteries, abbeys, and collegiate churches of canons regular in Austria:

2032:, where they have served travelers since the mid-11th century. This community is the one which developed the familiar breed of 1342: 1071: 761: 1457: 4393: 4370: 4110: 4046: 3418:, pp. 119–171, with a list of 42 abbeys and independent priories influenced by St. Victor in Paris until 1261 on pp. 170–171. 3204: 2483: 2398: 1517:

The norm of life of the canons regular was concretized from the last third of the 11th century by a general following of the

1139:

as the species. Otherwise put, all Augustinian Canons are canons regular, but not all canons regular are Augustinian Canons.

262: 252: 2746: 2060:, Switzerland. In addition to the original hospice, they also serve at another hospice established by their founder at the 5075: 5050: 4846: 4485: 2210:

Italy, Peru and the United States. Before their expulsion from France they served the ancient Abbey of St. Anthony in the

2086: 1960: 809: 225: 5376: 5325: 4601: 4572: 4556: 4464: 4453: 4353: 4234: 2428: 2422: 2378: 2237: 2205:

of St. Claude in France. The laws of separation of Church and State in France in 1904 made it difficult for most of the

2073: 2482:

for his male religious. The Gilbertine Order spread especially in the North of England, and at the time of the general

5233: 5093: 5016: 4707: 4595: 4561: 4510: 3443: 3428:

Allaria, Anthony. "Abbey of Saint-Victor." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912

2180: 582: 383: 3650: 1891:

lasted for centuries. Because of their manifold roots they have assumed various forms in medieval and modern Europe.

3578:

Dunford, David. "Canoness." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 13 Oct. 2014

4869: 4505: 4480: 4410: 4364: 4311: 4276: 4246: 4193: 3751: 3065:"Dunford, David. "Canon." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 14 Jun. 2013" 2600: 2471: 1818: 1353:

in Ireland had accommodation for pilgrims and the sick whom they tended by day and by night. And the rule given by

1294:, hence their name. However, they did not combine this with the structures or manner of life of the canons regular. 496: 143: 52: 3293: 1587:. This came in piecemeal fashion. There were in fact three different rules of St. Augustine from which to choose: 4937: 4894: 4889: 4744: 4655: 4405: 4240: 4087: 3712: 2460: 2090: 1435:. From there the reform spread till at length the rule was universally adopted by almost all the canons regular. 1207: 834: 1630:

In the early 20th century, the canons regular were represented in England by the Premonstratensians at Crowley,

1274:. The mendicants are called "friars", not "monks" nor "canons" and were originally itinerant preachers like the 4911: 4639: 4521: 4516: 4438: 4288: 4217: 4018: 3665: 2947: 2017: 1894:

Though they also follow the Rule of St. Augustine, they differ from the friars in not committing themselves to

1252: 373: 175: 3666:"Canonesses Regular of St Augustine Windesheim Congregation", Association of British Contemplatives Directory 3311: 2459:

The Gallican Congregation developed from the Canons of St. Victor in 1149. This group was established at the

2214:. Their habit is a white cassock, with leather girdle, linen rochet, black cloak and hood, and black biretta. 5366: 5204: 5083: 4500: 4252: 3983: 3893: 2441: 2338: 2272: 2171: 2134: 2061: 1856: 1771: 751: 3091: 1784:, the Metropolitan see of Scotland, founded by Angus, King of the Picts. The church was at first served by 5305: 5188: 4925: 4607: 4358: 4170: 3554: 2491: 2453: 1911: 1635: 1555: 1001: 741: 452: 170: 4879: 4874: 4717: 4650: 4323: 4211: 4205: 4064: 3699: 3241: 2574: 2479: 2440:. On the other hand, Suarez and others recognize the tradition of the order, which maintains that Saint 2138: 2021: 1991:

parishes being established, until the number of secular clergy native to the country could be developed.

1902:, from which the canons then tend to various surrounding towns and villages for spiritual services. The 1835: 1828: 1584: 1531: 1468: 1420: 1407: 1291: 1109: 587: 3034: 2907: 5199: 5164: 5098: 5088: 4986: 4964: 4164: 3953: 2772: 2233: 2041: 1987: 1986:

Poland, France, Belgium, England, Spain and America. Their work is essentially the recitation of the

1763: 1744: 1615: 1387: 947: 824: 699: 684: 570: 457: 437: 398: 220: 158: 2625: 5209: 5174: 5103: 4864: 4006: 3858: 2515: 2449: 2437: 2142: 1799: 1736: 1554:

were given over to the care of canons regular, as were certain places of pilgrimage. The shrine of

1375: 899: 746: 694: 641: 447: 319: 235: 210: 3822: 3779: 5345: 5284: 4884: 4854: 4792: 4618: 4070: 4000: 3138: 3130: 3012: 3004: 2649: 2613: 2566: 2475: 2445: 2334: 2322: 2278: 2146: 2065: 2053: 2001: 1915: 1903: 1727: 1715: 1453: 1168: 1136: 674: 550: 482: 307: 163: 3795: 3183:, edited by: Janet Burton, Karen Stober, pp.115–44, Turnhout, Brepols, 2011, ISBN 9782503532486" 2972:, ed. Michel Parisse (Saint-Étienne: Publications de l'Université de Saint-Étienne, 2009), 30–2. 2645: 3407: 3276: 2506:, also called the Renana (1136), now united to the Lateran Congregation; of the Holy Spirit in 1964:, officially styled "Congregatio SS. Salvatoris Lateranensis", takes its origin from the Roman 5126: 4932: 4490: 4415: 4376: 4128: 3721: 3411: 2620:

started his religious life as a canon regular in Portugal before becoming a Franciscan friar.

2536: 2519: 2381:, and are active in the United States and Canada, principally in the area of parish ministry. 2330: 2294: 2184: 2110: 2033: 1978: 1895: 1844: 1655: 1535: 1334: 1074:, although some orders or congregations of canons regular have retained the vow of stability. 829: 393: 378: 324: 205: 3593: 3500: 3371: 3092:"Declaration on the Canonical Life, Confederation of Canons Regular of Saint Augustine, 1969" 5045: 5001: 4979: 4906: 4834: 4696: 4458: 3277:

Congrégation du Grand-Saint-Bernard "Hospice du Gd-St-Bernard:L'hospice hier et aujourd'hui"

3122: 2996: 2721: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2541: 2499: 2298: 2013: 1969: 1810:

and an alleged foundation at an unidentified locality in the Western Isles named as Crusay.

1287: 1271: 1223: 974: 538: 350: 297: 292: 282: 277: 272: 200: 3113:

Dickinson, J.C. (1951). "English Regular Canons and the Continent in the Twelfth Century".

2806: 1158:) referred more to a form of life or a stratum of society, reminiscent of the usage of the 5118: 4974: 4838: 4803: 4690: 4258: 3959: 3802: 3790: 3764: 3654: 3533: 3315: 3297: 1950: 1822:

Ballybeg Priory, founded in 1229 by Philip de Barry for the Canons Regular of St Augustine

1759:, united the houses of canons through his patronage and by engaging them as his advisors. 1740: 1564: 1485: 1428: 1371: 1357:

to his canons enjoined that there should be a hospital near their house for this purpose.

1279: 1239: 1058: 267: 185: 60: 3338: 3291:"Congregation founded by St. Bernard of Menthon", Congregation of the Great Saint Bernard 2282: 1792:, established there members of his own order. The prior was mitred and could pontificate. 4947: 1406:

It was under St Augustine that the "canonical life" reached its apotheosis. None of the

77: 5224: 4996: 4969: 4956: 4918: 4901: 4780: 3881: 3625: 2641: 2157:

for their weekday wear. For more solemn occasions, they wear the rochet under a violet

2081: 2064:. Some canons have charge of the hospice on the Simpion Pass founded at the command of 1807: 1795: 1789: 1756: 1748: 1391: 1322: 1300: 1238:) and the canonical (like the Augustinian Canons). He likened the monks to the role of 1194: 1050: 1046: 914: 894: 889: 629: 602: 467: 287: 153: 148: 56: 40: 5360: 5320: 5262: 5030: 4341: 4012: 3735: 3692: 3142: 3016: 2725: 2691: 2553: 2346: 2202: 2106: 2069: 1687: 1679: 1506: 1227: 1100:

Especially from the 11th century, among the canons regular, various groupings called

879: 804: 789: 709: 634: 612: 607: 136: 35: 2590:

founded in the 14th century as a branch of the Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre.

1193:

All the different varieties of canons regular are to be distinguished not only from

4421:

Congregation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary

4347: 4264: 4075: 4035: 3911: 3905: 2616:

or Dominicans, as well as the Order of the Most Holy Trinity, or Trinitarians. St.

2232:(Champagne, France) traces its heritage to the Victorine Canons founded in 1109 by 2176: 1974: 1887: 1667: 1505:

Benedictine monasticism, which till then was the mainstay of the Gregorian Reform.

1338: 1258: 1231: 1211: 1163: 929: 884: 784: 592: 506: 501: 489: 180: 2377:

The Canons Regular of St. John Cantius were founded in 1998 by C. Frank Phillips,

1778:

were at Scone before Alexander brought canons regular from Nostall Priory in 1115.

63:, designated by a partly similar terminology. As religious communities, they have 3000: 2901:

6 (1959), Heft 1, pp. 52–59., ( tr. by Theodore J. Antry, O. Praem.), 5 May 2002"

2773:"Four canons with Sts Augustine and Jerome by an open grave, with the Visitation" 2584:

Congrégation de Notre-Dame de chanoinesses de Saint Augustin, instituted in 1597.

1452:

of canonical life include the reform and rule of the Benedictine Bishop of Metz,

1230:(died 1099), said there were two forms of religious life: the monastic (like the 5279: 5065: 4776: 4583: 4329: 3996:

Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno

3965: 3935: 3929: 3827: 2750: 2495: 2467: 2211: 2093:, perished during the ensuring chaos in the course of his efforts to assist the 2045: 2029: 1781: 1731: 1719: 1639: 1623: 1350: 1275: 1235: 1215: 919: 909: 904: 844: 345: 109: 17: 5340: 4787: 4433:

Congregation of the Franciscan Hospitaller Sisters of the Immaculate Conception

3178: 3156: 2687:

Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life

1479:

permitted the canons to own and dispose of property as they saw fit, but while

996: 104: 5300: 4991: 4140: 4099: 4081: 3923: 3917: 3648:"Ince Blundel Hall Nursing Home", Augustinian Canonesses of the Mercy of Jesus 3208: 2671: 2549: 2531: 2350: 2342: 2165:

Subsequently, other congregations of canons regular joined the confederation:

2094: 2005: 1859:, it is not one legal body, but a union of various independent congregations. 1839: 1643: 1631: 1480: 1354: 1309: 1290:. The Augustinian friars drew their inspiration from the ancient and flexible 969: 869: 864: 814: 799: 794: 513: 430: 257: 245: 64: 3725:

CLXXXVIII, 135–160), also edited by Watterich (Vitae Pontificum II, 323–374),

3706: 3577: 3427: 3064: 2840: 5272: 5257: 5250: 5060: 5011: 4756: 4624:

Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa (SCCG)

4029: 2562: 2056:

of the congregation, with the general administration of the congregation at

2037: 1551: 1415:

into effect for the circumstances of his time and the community of his day.

1305: 1093: 1054: 981: 924: 874: 854: 729: 679: 565: 528: 518: 472: 442: 415: 410: 355: 240: 3265: 2361:

and a cross, white and red on the breast. In choir they wear in summer the

3812: 3647: 3521: 1467:(Rule of Common Life), was at once a restoration and an adaptation of the 5192: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5035: 3876: 3266:"The Order of Canons Regular of Saint Augustine", The Beauchêne Community 2569:

drew up the first general rule for communities of women in the year 423.

2409:

The Canons Regular of St. Thomas are a newly founded congregation in the

2358: 2158: 2057: 1938: 1691: 1460:, which established a rule of life for canons in the Carolingian Empire. 1379: 1346: 1187: 849: 619: 555: 523: 462: 388: 3637:"Welcome to Boarbank Hall", Augustinian Canonesses of the Mercy of Jesus 3008: 5310: 5040: 4228: 3290: 3134: 2800:, Chapter III, edited by Pius Frank C.R., (Stift Vorau, Austria, 1954)" 2503: 2502:, in France), founded in 1097; Marbach (1100); of the Holy Redeemer of 2354: 2290: 2154: 2150: 1926: 1785: 1775: 1752: 1723: 1711: 1663: 1659: 1539: 1514:, which would give the new ordo of canonical life a distinctive stamp. 1443: 1395: 1159: 859: 560: 477: 340: 312: 302: 230: 3308: 5267: 5245: 5183: 5108: 5055: 4859: 3615:"Our Association Worldwide", Canonesses Regular of the Holy Sepulchre 2507: 2432: 2366: 2362: 2188: 2102: 2077: 1922: 1867:"C.R.S.A." redirects here. For Chinese Radio Sports Association, see 1683: 1671: 1647: 1423:

and at least in substance can be attributed to Augustine personally.

1326: 1283: 1243: 1089: 736: 719: 704: 664: 533: 425: 420: 215: 195: 190: 4534:

Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God

3734: This article incorporates text from a publication in the 3126: 2101:

at the Choula Pass on the Tibetan-Chinese border. He was declared a

3784:, (translated by Aloysius Smith), Sands & Company, London, 1911 3691: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 2456:, who have convents in Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain and England. 1706:

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle dated to 565 A.D., relates that Columba,

1218:

whose members in their history have often been laymen, not priests.

5214: 5179: 5025: 3716: 3697:

Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Canons and Canonesses Regular".

3636: 2535: 2049: 2036:

to assist the canons in their ability to find travelers buried by

2009: 1982: 1934: 1930: 1907: 1899: 1817: 1695: 1651: 1442: 819: 689: 669: 624: 597: 405: 1182:, from their white habits. Yet another such order is that of the 27:

Roman Catholic priests living in community under a religious rule

5219: 5131: 2946:. Newsite.augustiniancanons.org. 3 February 2013. Archived from 2511: 2353:

of 500 days. Their habit was formerly black, but is now a white

2286: 2098: 2025: 1868: 1834:

It is not improbable that at the outbreak of the dissolution by

1463:

The ecclesiastical constitution or ordinance of Chrodegang, the

1202: 714: 131: 4807: 4676:

Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary

3831: 3233:

Kulturgeschichte der christlichen Orden in Einzeldarstellungen.

2612:

Among the orders which sprang from the canonical life were the

5238: 1710:(Mass-Priest), "came to the Picts to convert them to Christ". 1067: 1049:

who belong to a resident group of priests but who do not take

724: 2187:. The foundation of the first house was at Windersheim, near 1847:, was affiliated and aggregated to the Lateran Congregation. 1431:, about the year 492, re-established the regular life in the 1411:

house. The "rules" of St. Augustine intended to help put the

4045: 2866:"Canons Regular, St. Michael's Abbey, Silverado, California" 2080:. The canons' past services have included a hospice in the 1583:

By the 13th century, there was widespread adherence to the

2944:"History of the Canons, Canons Regular of Saint Augustine" 2297:

in the year 1120. The order received formal approval from

2097:, when Tomay was ambushed and shot to death by a group of 3746:(third ed.). London and New York: Funk and Wagnalls. 3590:"Congregation de Notre Dame, Canonesses of St. Augustine" 2248:

Congregation of St. Nicholas and St. Bernard of Mont Joux

1998:

Congregation of St. Nicholas and St. Bernard of Mont Joux

39:

are Catholic priests who live in community under a rule (

3157:"The Catholic Parish of St. Mary and St. Petroc, Bodmin" 3807: 3395: 1206:, who in the Western tradition are members of monastic 1128:). Where it was the case, they have also been known as 3817: 2540:

Abbess Joanna van Doorselaer de ten Ryen, Waasmunster

2448:, who, in 1489, transferred all their property to the 1345:, in London, of Santo Spirito, in Rome, of Lochleven, 3743:

New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge

3467:"The priest whose asceticism killed three disciples, 2716:

Heale, Martin (30 September 2013). "Regular Canons".

4579:

Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary

3363:

The Chronicle of the Canons Regular of Mt. St. Agnes

1646:; the Canons Regular of the Lateran Congregation at 1057:, where there were many Masses to celebrate and the 5293: 5155: 5117: 5074: 5010: 4955: 4845: 4386: 4301:

Missionaries of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary

4057: 3948:

Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary

3865: 2325:in 1656. In Bohemia there are still some houses of 1512:

Canonici secundum regulam sancti Augustini viventes

4540:Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary 2201:(Rome, Italy) was founded in 1871 by Adrien Gréa, 2012:, about the year 1050, under the patronage of St. 59:canons and other forms of religious life, such as 4686:Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary 3715:(SS. Rer. Ital. III, I 441–446) and reprinted in 3235:Stuttgart, Alfred Kröner Verlag, 1997. pp. 37–54" 2236:, former Archdeacon of Paris, established at the 4703:Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods 4590:Poor Clare Missionaries of the Blessed Sacrament 3440:""Congregations and Houses", Augustinian Canons" 3181:The Regular Canons in the Medieval British Isles 1788:, but in 1144 Bishop Robert, former Augustinian 1045:All canons regular are to be distinguished from 4551:Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus 3818:Confederation of Canons Regular of St Augustine 3808:Canons Regular of the Immaculate Conception USA 2224:Congregation of the Brothers of the Common Life 1921:The distinctive habit of canons regular is the 1222:Writing at a time before the foundation of the 4444:Daughters of Mary of the Immaculate Conception 3086: 3084: 3082: 4819: 3843: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2682:Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest 2318:Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross 2312:Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross 1325:, a canon regular is essentially a religious 1021: 51:, in Greek) and are generally organised into 8: 3115:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 2860: 2858: 2218:Congregation of Mary, Mother of the Redeemer 1739:who gave them a common economic policy, and 1370:Augustine of Hippo (354–430), also known as 1186:. Encouraged by the general policies of the 1148:Canons Regular of the Order of St. Augustine 4666:Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary 4567:Oblate Sisters of the Virgin Mary of Fatima 4183:Franciscan Missionaries of the Eternal Word 3497:"Order of Canon Regulars of the Holy Cross" 3396:Canons Regular of the Immaculate Conception 3309:Congrégation "Le bienheureux Maurice Tomay" 2796:"Egger C.R.L., Dr. Karl. "Canons Regular", 2667:Canons Regular of the Immaculate Conception 2565:in his rules addresses both men and women. 2494:, founded in 1039, and once flourishing in 2207:Canons Regular of the Immaculate Conception 2198:Canons Regular of the Immaculate Conception 1981:, called some canons from St. Frigidian at 1676:Canons Regular of the Immaculate Conception 1497:partial destruction of the canonical life. 4826: 4812: 4804: 4271:Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus 3850: 3836: 3828: 3573: 3571: 3059: 3057: 3055: 2548:As well as canons regular, there are also 1028: 1014: 72: 5382:Organisation of Catholic religious orders 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2580:Some congregations still extant include: 4740:Society of the Helpers of the Holy Souls 4728:Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart 4147:Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux 3782:Explanation of the Rule of St. Augustine 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2677:Canonesses Regular of the Holy Sepulchre 2624:was originally a canon living under the 2588:Canonesses Regular of the Holy Sepulchre 1242:, and the canons to that of her sister, 1079: 4681:Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary 2790: 2788: 2786: 2708: 2552:regular, the claim of an origin in the 2490:Extinct congregations also include the 2333:and recognize for their Father Blessed 2131:Austrian Congregation of Canons Regular 1341:, and in former times the hospitals of 1167:religious orders. Examples include the 1144:Canonici Regulares Ordinis S. Augustini 116: 93: 4629:Sisters of Christian Doctrine of Nancy 4596:Religious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus 4546:Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart 4476:Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus 3760: 3749: 3740:Jackson, Samuel Macauley, ed. (1914). 3555:"Canons Regular of St. Thomas Aquinas" 3473:. Catholicherald.co.uk. Archived from 3465:Lucie-Smith, Alexander (9 June 2011). 3179:"Smith, Andrew and Ratcliff, Garrett. 3159:. Stmarysbodmin.org.uk. 26 August 2011 2891: 2889: 2887: 2514:, at Venice (1404); of Our Saviour in 2393:are a congregation who solely use the 2121:Congregation of St. Maurice of Agaunum 2040:. There are currently (2012) about 35 1910:. Smaller communities are headed by a 4135:Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament 2868:. Stmichaelsabbey.com. Archived from 2556:being common to both. Communities of 1476:Institutio canonicorum Aquisgranensis 7: 5372:History of Catholic religious orders 4671:Sisters of the Immaculate Conception 4661:Sisters of the Holy Family-Louisiana 4496:Little Sisters Disciples of the Lamb 4491:Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary 4283:Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales 4223:Marians of the Immaculate Conception 4106:Canons Regular of Saint John Cantius 3990:Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo 3703:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 3626:The Canonesses of St Victor d' Ypres 2662:Canons Regular of Saint John Cantius 1108:of canons regular, most adopted the 4449:Daughters of the Holy Heart of Mary 3823:Introductory: The Augustinian order 3711:Cardinal Boso's life, published by 2391:Canons Regular of the New Jerusalem 2385:Canons Regular of the New Jerusalem 1906:of their major houses is titled an 1802:founded in 1128 for canons regular. 4723:The Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace 4348:Rogationists of the Heart of Jesus 3522:Canons Regular of St. John Cantius 3207:. Lawrencetown.com. Archived from 2798:Canonicorum Regularium Sodalitates 2411:Diocese of Springfield in Illinois 2373:Canons Regular of St. John Cantius 2175:(Paring, Germany) originated with 1966:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 1712:St Columba (Columbanus, Colmcille) 1662:, in Cornwall; at Spettisbury and 1433:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 368:Administrative and pastoral titles 25: 4751:Servants of the Blessed Sacrament 4427:Carmelite Sisters of Saint Teresa 3796:Houses and Congregations C.R.S.A. 3335:Canons Regular of Saint Augustine 3021:Translated by Theodore J. Antry, 1954:initial four congregations were: 1876:Canons Regular of Saint Augustine 1863:Canons Regular of Saint Augustine 1751:at the Priory of St. Oswalds, at 1439:Chrodegang and the Rule of Aachen 5339: 4946: 4786: 4635:Sisters of the Cross and Passion 4614:Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament 4295:Missionaries of the Sacred Heart 4177:Franciscan Friars of the Renewal 3942:Congregation of Our Lady of Sion 3729: 3686: 2843:. Newadvent.org. 1 November 1908 1730:embraced the regular life which 1210:such as the various branches of 1178:, sometimes known in English as 995: 659:Consecrated and professed titles 103: 76: 4734:Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres 4471:Handmaids of the Heart of Jesus 4318:Oblates of St. Francis de Sales 4123:Congregatio Discipulorum Domini 3972:Institute of the Incarnate Word 1747:, himself a former Augustinian 1534:and the statutes which Blessed 1388:St Eusebius, Bishop of Vercelli 1072:chastity, poverty and obedience 4394:Adorers of the Blood of Christ 4371:Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer 2726:10.1093/OBO/9780195396584-0083 2640:Famous canons regular include 2484:Dissolution of the Monasteries 2399:Diocese of Wheeling-Charleston 2395:preconciliar, Tridentine rites 1150:) were used, whereby the term 1116:, and sometimes in English as 1: 4486:Holy Spirit Adoration Sisters 4094:Brothers of Our Lady of Mercy 3859:Catholic religious institutes 3813:Canons Regular of the Lateran 3499:. Cruzios.org. Archived from 1961:Canons Regular of the Lateran 1092:; right, holding a heart, is 810:Captain General of the Church 226:Assistant to the papal throne 5326:List of religious institutes 4645:Sisters of the Good Shepherd 4602:Religious of the Virgin Mary 4573:Order of Our Lady of Charity 4557:Oblate Sisters of Providence 4454:Faithful Companions of Jesus 4235:Society of Mary (Marianists) 4050:Coat of arms of Vatican City 3365:, translated by J.P. Arthur" 3001:10.1524/hzhz.1977.224.jg.379 2749:. Augnet.org. Archived from 2429:Canons of the Holy Sepulchre 2423:Canons of the Holy Sepulchre 2405:Canons Regular of St. Thomas 2349:, of blessing beads with an 1968:, the pope's own cathedral. 1343:St. Bartholomew's Smithfield 4708:Sisters of the Sacred Heart 4562:Oblates of Jesus the Priest 4511:Living the Gospel Community 2181:Brethren of the Common Life 2072:to several parishes in the 2068:in 1801. They also provide 1132:, from their black habits. 958:Order of the Holy Sepulchre 5398: 4506:Little Sisters of the Poor 4411:Basilian Chouerite Sisters 4365:Servants of Jesus and Mary 4312:Oblates of the Virgin Mary 4306:Oblates of Mary Immaculate 4277:Missionaries of La Salette 4247:Society of the Divine Word 4229:Society of Jesus (Jesuits) 4117:Christian Brothers (Irish) 2529: 2472:St. Gilbert of Sempringham 2420: 2309: 2270: 2230:Congregation of St. Victor 2087:People's Republic of China 1866: 1774:. Tradition says that the 1458:Synods of Aachen (816–819) 1256:, sometimes called simply 1002:Catholic Church portal 67:as part of the community. 5334: 4944: 4938:Society of apostolic life 4771: 4745:Sisters of Social Service 4656:Sisters of the Holy Cross 4406:Basilian Aleppian Sisters 4241:Society of Mary (Marists) 4043: 2510:(1198); of St. George in 2018:Great St. Bernard Hospice 1550:In the Middle Ages, some 1392:St Zeno, Bishop of Verona 1253:Friars of Saint Augustine 835:Gonfalonier of the Church 4713:Sisters of Saint Francis 4640:Sisters of the Destitute 4522:Marianites of Holy Cross 4517:Lovers of the Holy Cross 4439:Daughters of Divine Love 4289:Missionaries of the Poor 4218:Little Brothers of Jesus 4129:Immaculate Heart of Mary 4019:Society of the Atonement 3707:New Advent Encyclopaedia 2226:(Maria Brunnen, Germany) 1851:Present-day organization 1718:, who was a follower of 1142:In Latin, terms such as 1041:Preliminary distinctions 176:Chaplain of His Holiness 4718:Sisters of Saint Joseph 4501:Little Sisters of Jesus 4253:Society of Saint Edmund 3984:Missionaries of Charity 3801:12 October 2013 at the 3653:18 October 2014 at the 3094:. Augustiniancanons.org 3028:224 (1977) pp. 379–397" 3026:Historische Zeitschrift 2989:Historische Zeitschrift 2431:: It is the opinion of 2339:St. Raymond of Penafort 2279:Premonstratensian Order 2273:Premonstratensian Order 2220:(La Cotellerie, France) 2172:Windesheim Congregation 2062:Little St. Bernard Pass 1772:Alexander I of Scotland 1770:Scone, founded by King 1766:the chief houses were: 5346:Catholicism portal 5316:Vocational discernment 5306:Foolishness for Christ 4793:Catholicism portal 4608:Servants of St. Joseph 4171:Discalced Augustinians 4153:Conventual Franciscans 4051: 3888:Augustinian Recollects 3789:4 October 2013 at the 3705:Sources quoted in the 3331:"The American Project" 3314:30 August 2012 at the 2545: 2518:, reformed in 1628 by 2461:Sainte-Geneviève Abbey 2454:Sepulchrine Canonesses 2397:which is based in the 2293:(northern France), by 2022:Great St. Bernard Pass 1823: 1556:Our Lady of Walsingham 1538:gave to his canons at 1448: 1097: 453:Diocesan administrator 171:Moderator of the curia 55:, differing from both 44: 4651:Sisters of Holy Cross 4354:Sacred Heart Brothers 4324:Order of Friars Minor 4212:Legionaries of Christ 4049: 3700:Catholic Encyclopedia 2575:Rule of St. Augustine 2539: 2480:Rule of St. Augustine 2417:Extinct congregations 2139:Klosterneuburg Priory 1857:Order of St. Benedict 1829:Rule of St. Augustine 1821: 1666:, in Dorsetshire; at 1585:Rule of St. Augustine 1532:Rule of St. Augustine 1469:Rule of St. Augustine 1465:Regula vitae communis 1446: 1421:Rule of St. Augustine 1408:Fathers of the Church 1292:Rule of St. Augustine 1270:, who are one of the 1110:Rule of St. Augustine 1083: 588:Protonotary apostolic 118:Ecclesiastical titles 5089:Liturgy of the Hours 4965:Evangelical counsels 4165:De La Salle Brothers 3954:Discalced Carmelites 3780:Hugh of St. Victor. 2492:Order of Saint Rufus 2234:William de Champeaux 2135:St. Florian's Priory 2089:in 1949. One canon, 1745:Bishop of St Andrews 1714:was the disciple of 1616:Henry II Plantagenet 825:Commissary Apostolic 458:Ecclesiastical judge 438:Defender of the bond 5377:Catholic priesthood 4865:Religious institute 4007:Servants of Charity 3900:Basilian Chouerites 3503:on 3 September 2013 3247:on 30 December 2013 3205:"Clontuskert Abbey" 3040:on 23 February 2014 2812:on 30 December 2013 2498:; that of Aroasia ( 2438:Godfrey of Bouillon 2238:Abbey of St. Victor 2143:Herzogenburg Priory 1762:At the time of the 1396:St Ambrose of Milan 1376:Vincent of Beauvais 953:Knights Hospitaller 942:Organization titles 747:Provincial superior 320:Territorial prelate 122:order of precedence 4855:Consecrated virgin 4619:Sisters of Charity 4200:Holy Ghost Fathers 4071:Albertine Brothers 4052: 4001:Premonstratensians 3894:Basilian Aleppians 3596:on 18 October 2014 3361:"Thomas a Kempis, 3296:2014-10-18 at the 2899:In Unum Congregati 2753:on 28 January 2014 2650:Desiderius Erasmus 2614:Order of Preachers 2567:Augustine of Hippo 2558:canonesses regular 2546: 2526:Canonesses regular 2476:diocese of Lincoln 2335:Theodore de Celles 2316:The origin of the 2105:for the faith and 2085:occupation by the 2066:Napoleon Bonaparte 2002:Bernard of Menthon 1904:religious superior 1824: 1449: 1264:Augustinian friars 1137:Augustinian canons 1114:Augustinian Canons 1098: 675:Consecrated virgin 196:Apostolic delegate 34:Canons Regular of 5354: 5353: 5127:Clerical clothing 4933:Secular institute 4801: 4800: 4528:Maryknoll Sisters 4465:Filippini Sisters 4377:Xaverian Brothers 4036:Trinitarian Order 3759:Missing or empty 3752:cite encyclopedia 3722:Patrologia Latina 3446:on 9 October 2008 3416:978-3-402-10441-5 3377:on 5 October 2013 2950:on 8 October 2017 2872:on 5 October 2013 2520:St. Peter Fourier 2345:and confirmed by 2185:Florentius Radwyn 2111:Pope John Paul II 2028:on the border of 1896:corporate poverty 1845:Pope Innocent XII 1755:and the founding 1674:, in London; the 1536:Peter de Honestis 1335:Great St. Bernard 1321:According to St. 1170:Premonstratensian 1038: 1037: 774:Additional titles 710:Master of novices 399:Military ordinary 394:Military chaplain 335:Liturgical titles 325:Territorial abbot 221:Apostolic prefect 206:Apostolic visitor 16:(Redirected from 5389: 5344: 5343: 5002:Vow of enclosure 4950: 4835:Consecrated life 4828: 4821: 4814: 4805: 4791: 4790: 4697:Sisters of Mercy 4400:Apostolic Carmel 3852: 3845: 3838: 3829: 3768: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3747: 3733: 3732: 3726: 3704: 3690: 3689: 3668: 3663: 3657: 3645: 3639: 3634: 3628: 3623: 3617: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3592:. 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Archived from 2804: 2792: 2781: 2780: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2747:"Canons, Augnet" 2743: 2730: 2729: 2718:Medieval Studies 2713: 2630:Carthusian Order 2618:Anthony of Padua 2542:Roosenberg Abbey 2500:Diocese of Arras 2470:were founded by 2450:Knights of Malta 2299:Pope Honorius II 2014:Nicholas of Myra 1970:Pope Sylvester I 1288:mendicant orders 1272:mendicant orders 1224:mendicant orders 1208:religious orders 1164:senatorial order 1160:equestrian order 1124:being a form of 1030: 1023: 1016: 1000: 999: 975:Grand Inquisitor 963:Teutonic Knights 840:Honorary Prelate 762:Superior general 551:Personal prelate 539:Assistant pastor 448:Devil's advocate 298:Auxiliary bishop 293:Coadjutor bishop 283:Suffragan bishop 273:Major archbishop 216:Apostolic exarch 201:Apostolic Syndic 191:Apostolic nuncio 107: 95:Hierarchy of the 80: 73: 53:religious orders 21: 18:Canoness regular 5397: 5396: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5350: 5338: 5330: 5289: 5151: 5113: 5070: 5014: 5006: 4951: 4942: 4841: 4839:Catholic Church 4832: 4802: 4797: 4785: 4767: 4691:Sisters of Life 4382: 4336:Pauline Fathers 4259:Marist Brothers 4053: 4041: 4025:TOR Franciscans 3869: 3867: 3861: 3856: 3803:Wayback Machine 3791:Wayback Machine 3776: 3771: 3758: 3748: 3739: 3730: 3710: 3696: 3687: 3677: 3672: 3671: 3664: 3660: 3655:Wayback Machine 3646: 3642: 3635: 3631: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3609: 3599: 3597: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3576: 3569: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3520: 3516: 3506: 3504: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3469:Catholic Herald 3464: 3463: 3459: 3449: 3447: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3422: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3390: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3359: 3358: 3354: 3344: 3342: 3341:on 7 March 2013 3329: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3316:Wayback Machine 3307: 3303: 3298:Wayback Machine 3289: 3285: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3264: 3260: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3211:on 13 July 2011 3203: 3202: 3198: 3188: 3186: 3185:. History.ac.uk 3177: 3176: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3127:10.2307/3678563 3112: 3111: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3090: 3089: 3080: 3070: 3068: 3067:. Newadvent.org 3063: 3062: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3022: 2986: 2985: 2976: 2967: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2942: 2941: 2926: 2916: 2914: 2913:on 5 March 2016 2910: 2903: 2895: 2894: 2885: 2875: 2873: 2864: 2863: 2856: 2846: 2844: 2839: 2838: 2825: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2794: 2793: 2784: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2756: 2754: 2745: 2744: 2733: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2658: 2646:Thomas à Kempis 2638: 2636:Notable figures 2610: 2603:(founded 1387). 2534: 2528: 2425: 2419: 2407: 2387: 2375: 2314: 2308: 2281:was founded at 2275: 2269: 2267:The Norbertines 2260: 1951:Pope John XXIII 1947: 1872: 1865: 1853: 1816: 1704: 1607: 1581: 1565:Devotio Moderna 1519:vita apostolica 1494: 1486:canonical hours 1456:(763), and the 1441: 1427:and elsewhere. 1413:vita apostolica 1404: 1402:Saint Augustine 1398:did similarly. 1372:Saint Augustine 1368: 1363: 1319: 1197:but also from: 1043: 1034: 994: 987: 986: 943: 935: 934: 775: 767: 766: 660: 652: 651: 369: 361: 360: 336: 268:Diocesan bishop 263:Bishop emeritus 211:Vicar apostolic 186:Papal majordomo 112: 97:Catholic Church 96: 61:clerics regular 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5395: 5393: 5385: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5367:Canons regular 5359: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5348: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5231: 5230: 5229: 5228: 5227: 5217: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5186: 5177: 5172: 5161: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5123: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5080: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5022: 5020: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5004: 4999: 4997:Vow of silence 4994: 4989: 4984: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4961: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4919:Cleric regular 4916: 4915: 4914: 4904: 4902:Canons regular 4899: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4862: 4857: 4851: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4833: 4831: 4830: 4823: 4816: 4808: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4783: 4781:Catholic laity 4772: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4548: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4514: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4481:Hijas de Jesús 4478: 4473: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4397: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4380: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4191: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4068: 4065:Adorno Fathers 4061: 4059: 4055: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4039: 4033: 4027: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3882:Assumptionists 3879: 3873: 3871: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3847: 3840: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3793: 3775: 3774:External links 3772: 3770: 3769: 3727: 3683: 3682: 3681: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3658: 3640: 3629: 3618: 3607: 3581: 3567: 3546: 3525: 3514: 3488: 3471:, 9 June 2011" 3457: 3431: 3420: 3399: 3388: 3352: 3322: 3301: 3283: 3269: 3258: 3222: 3196: 3170: 3148: 3105: 3078: 3051: 2995:(2): 379–397. 2974: 2961: 2924: 2883: 2854: 2823: 2782: 2764: 2731: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2695: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2657: 2654: 2642:Pope Adrian IV 2637: 2634: 2626:Rule of Aachen 2609: 2606: 2605: 2604: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2585: 2530:Main article: 2527: 2524: 2488: 2487: 2464: 2457: 2418: 2415: 2406: 2403: 2386: 2383: 2374: 2371: 2327:Crosier Canons 2310:Main article: 2307: 2304: 2271:Main article: 2268: 2265: 2259: 2256: 2243: 2242: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2193: 2192: 2163: 2162: 2126: 2125: 2115: 2114: 1993: 1992: 1949:On 4 May 1959 1946: 1943: 1925:, worn over a 1864: 1861: 1852: 1849: 1815: 1812: 1804: 1803: 1793: 1790:prior of Scone 1779: 1757:prior of Scone 1703: 1700: 1642:and currently 1606: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1580: 1577: 1493: 1490: 1440: 1437: 1403: 1400: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1323:Thomas Aquinas 1318: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1301:Clerks regular 1296: 1295: 1262:or in English 1220: 1219: 1195:secular canons 1047:secular canons 1042: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1033: 1032: 1025: 1018: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1004: 989: 988: 985: 984: 979: 978: 977: 967: 966: 965: 960: 955: 944: 941: 940: 937: 936: 933: 932: 927: 922: 917: 915:Protosyncellus 912: 907: 902: 900:Promotor Fidei 897: 895:Prince-provost 892: 890:Prince-primate 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 776: 773: 772: 769: 768: 765: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 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cell 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5247: 5244: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5084:Contemplation 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5031:Chapter house 5029: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5013: 5009: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4949: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4927: 4926:Congregations 4924: 4920: 4917: 4913: 4912:Second orders 4910: 4909: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4895:Idiorrhythmic 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4829: 4824: 4822: 4817: 4815: 4810: 4809: 4806: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4773: 4770: 4764: 4763:White Sisters 4761: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4342:Redemptorists 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4056: 4048: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4013:Servite Order 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3848: 3846: 3841: 3839: 3834: 3833: 3830: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3753: 3745: 3744: 3737: 3736:public domain 3728: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3694: 3693:public domain 3685: 3684: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3667: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3649: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3611: 3608: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3535: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3518: 3515: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3476: 3472: 3470: 3461: 3458: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3424: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3392: 3389: 3373: 3366: 3364: 3356: 3353: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3295: 3292: 3287: 3284: 3278: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3262: 3259: 3243: 3236: 3234: 3226: 3223: 3210: 3206: 3200: 3197: 3184: 3182: 3174: 3171: 3158: 3152: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3106: 3093: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3066: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3036: 3029: 3027: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2949: 2945: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2909: 2902: 2900: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2871: 2867: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2842: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2808: 2801: 2799: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2709: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2692:Hendrik Mande 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2554:Apostolic Age 2551: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2446:Innocent VIII 2443: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2365:with a black 2364: 2360: 2357:with a black 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2323:Alexander VII 2319: 2313: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2274: 2266: 2264: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2249: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2203:Vicar-General 2200: 2199: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2122: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2091:Maurice Tomay 2088: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2070:pastoral care 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1989: 1988:Divine Office 1984: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1952: 1945:Confederation 1944: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1820: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1801: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1688:Milton Keynes 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1625: 1619: 1617: 1611: 1604: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1586: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1566: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1527: 1524: 1523:vita communis 1520: 1515: 1513: 1508: 1507:Pope Urban II 1502: 1498: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1445: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1429:Pope Gelasius 1424: 1422: 1416: 1414: 1409: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1366:Ordo Antiquus 1365: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1268:Austin friars 1265: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1228:Pope Urban II 1225: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1118:Austin Canons 1115: 1111: 1107: 1106:congregations 1103: 1102:congregations 1096:. Rijksmuseum 1095: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1063: 1060: 1059:Divine Office 1056: 1052: 1048: 1040: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1012: 1011: 1009: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 992: 991: 990: 983: 980: 976: 973: 972: 971: 968: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 950: 949: 946: 945: 939: 938: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 880:Prince-bishop 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 790:Archimandrite 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 777: 771: 770: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 731: 728: 727: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 662: 656: 655: 645: 644: 643: 640: 636: 635:Vicar general 633: 631: 628: 627: 626: 623: 621: 618: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 600: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 572: 569: 568: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 540: 537: 536: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 508: 505: 503: 500: 499: 498: 495: 491: 488: 484: 481: 479: 476: 475: 474: 471: 470: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 432: 429: 428: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 400: 397: 395: 392: 391: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 371: 365: 364: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 338: 332: 331: 326: 323: 321: 318: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 255: 254: 251: 247: 244: 243: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 146: 145: 142: 138: 137:Pope Emeritus 135: 134: 133: 130: 129: 128: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 106: 102: 101: 98: 92: 88: 84: 83: 79: 75: 74: 71: 68: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 37: 36:St. Augustine 30: 19: 5200:Grand master 4777:Third orders 4265:Mechitarists 4076:Augustinians 3978:Mercedarians 3912:Bridgettines 3906:Benedictines 3781: 3761:|title= 3741: 3720: 3698: 3661: 3643: 3632: 3621: 3610: 3598:. 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Retrieved 2751:the original 2717: 2711: 2639: 2611: 2579: 2571: 2557: 2547: 2489: 2408: 2388: 2376: 2331:Innocent III 2326: 2315: 2306:The Crosiers 2276: 2261: 2258:Other orders 2252: 2247: 2244: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2196: 2177:Gerard Groot 2170: 2164: 2147:Reichersberg 2130: 2120: 2046:lay brothers 1997: 1979:Alexander II 1975:Peter Damian 1959: 1948: 1920: 1893: 1888:Latin Church 1883: 1879: 1875: 1873: 1854: 1833: 1825: 1805: 1800:King David I 1761: 1737:King David I 1707: 1705: 1668:Stroud Green 1629: 1620: 1612: 1608: 1582: 1573: 1569: 1561: 1549: 1545: 1528: 1522: 1518: 1516: 1511: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1473: 1464: 1462: 1450: 1425: 1417: 1412: 1405: 1384: 1369: 1331: 1320: 1299: 1267: 1263: 1259:Augustinians 1257: 1251: 1232:Benedictines 1221: 1212:Benedictines 1201: 1192: 1180:White Canons 1179: 1173: 1169: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1141: 1134: 1130:Black Canons 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1105: 1101: 1099: 1086:memento mori 1085: 1076: 1064: 1044: 948:Grand master 885:Prince-abbot 785:Altar server 700:Grand master 642:Vicar forane 507:Minor orders 502:Major orders 490:Lay cardinal 483:Commendatory 236:Metropolitan 181:Papal legate 69: 48: 33: 31: 29: 5280:Lay brother 5066:Scriptorium 4584:Poor Clares 4330:Passionists 4189:Gabrielites 3966:Franciscans 3936:Cistercians 3930:Carthusians 3680:Attribution 3534:"Q & A" 3507:14 February 3481:14 February 3381:14 February 3319:(in French) 3280:(in French) 3251:14 February 3215:14 February 3189:14 February 3163:14 February 3117:. 5th ser. 3098:14 February 3071:14 February 3044:14 February 2954:14 February 2917:14 February 2876:14 February 2847:14 February 2777:Rijksmuseum 2757:14 February 2468:Gilbertines 2295:St. Norbert 2082:Val d'Aosta 2044:canons and 2034:St. Bernard 2030:Switzerland 1782:St. Andrews 1764:Reformation 1720:St. Patrick 1716:St. Finnian 1640:Storrington 1624:Black Death 1596:vocabulary. 1474:In 816 the 1351:St. Patrick 1337:and on the 1276:Franciscans 1236:Cistercians 1216:Carthusians 1084:Visitation 1051:public vows 920:Regionarius 910:Protodeacon 905:Protopriest 845:Minor canon 346:Consecrator 110:Saint Peter 65:laybrothers 47:and κανών, 5361:Categories 5301:Asceticism 5175:Provincial 5099:Meditation 4992:Solemn vow 4987:Profession 4907:Mendicants 4775:See also: 4416:Brigidines 4206:Josephites 4194:Holy Cross 4155:(OFM Conv) 4141:Claretians 4100:Camillians 4082:Barnabites 3960:Dominicans 3924:Carmelites 3918:Canossians 3600:13 October 3450:12 October 2698:References 2672:Canonesses 2601:Windesheim 2550:canonesses 2532:Canonesses 2421:See also: 2351:indulgence 2343:Pope Leo X 2095:Dalai Lama 2048:under the 2038:avalanches 2006:archdeacon 1840:Innocent X 1836:Henry VIII 1708:Masspreost 1644:Chelmsford 1632:Manchester 1592:Praecepta. 1579:Ordo Novus 1552:cathedrals 1481:Chrodegang 1454:Chrodegang 1447:Chrodegang 1355:Chrodegang 1317:Background 1310:Barnabites 1280:Dominicans 1226:(friars), 1174:Norbertine 970:Inquisitor 870:Prebendary 865:Postulator 815:Chorbishop 800:Archdeacon 795:Archpriest 620:Seminarian 524:Officialis 514:Missionary 431:Archdeacon 384:Chancellor 258:Archbishop 246:Catholicos 5273:Postulant 5251:Anchorite 5104:Mysticism 5061:Refectory 5051:Hermitage 5012:Monastery 4980:Obedience 4880:Cenobitic 4757:Ursulines 4459:Felicians 4359:Salesians 4113:(OFM Cap) 4111:Capuchins 4088:Basilians 4030:Trappists 3143:162876748 3121:: 71–89. 3017:164775842 2816:15 August 2703:Citations 2622:St. Bruno 2608:Influence 2563:St. Basil 2283:Prémontré 2107:beatified 2042:professed 1855:Like the 1306:Theatines 1214:, or the 1126:Augustine 1094:Augustine 1055:cathedral 982:Preceptor 925:Sacristan 875:Precentor 855:Ostiarius 757:Religious 730:Postulant 680:Corrector 613:Venerable 583:Principal 566:Presbyter 546:Palatinus 529:Ostiarius 519:Monsignor 473:Lay abbot 443:Definitor 416:Consultor 411:Confessor 356:Subdeacon 241:Patriarch 164:Protector 5225:Basilian 5193:Prioress 5165:Superior 5147:Vestment 5142:Scapular 5137:Cornette 5036:Cloister 4975:Chastity 4890:Enclosed 4875:Monastic 4159:Crosiers 4003:(OPraem) 3980:(O de M) 3877:Alexians 3799:Archived 3787:Archived 3713:Muratori 3651:Archived 3312:Archived 3294:Archived 3009:27620086 2656:See also 2516:Lorraine 2496:Dauphiné 2359:scapular 2347:Leo XIII 2212:Dauphiné 2159:mozzetta 2151:Austrian 2113:in 1993. 2058:Martigny 1939:scapular 1884:Can.Reg. 1880:C.R.S.A. 1798:, which 1796:Holyrood 1702:Scotland 1694:and now 1692:Daventry 1636:Spalding 1521:and the 1380:Sigebert 1347:Monymusk 1188:Holy See 1184:Crosiers 850:Notarius 830:Datarius 646:Sub-dean 593:Reverend 556:Preacher 497:Minister 463:Exorcist 389:Chaplain 144:Cardinal 87:a series 85:Part of 5311:Tonsure 5210:Brother 5170:General 5157:Members 5041:Convent 4970:Poverty 4885:Chapter 4837:in the 4338:(OSPPE) 3938:(OCist) 3932:(OCart) 3926:(OCarm) 3738:: 3695:: 3675:Sources 3345:6 March 3135:3678563 2504:Bologna 2355:soutane 2291:Picardy 2285:, near 2155:cassock 2054:Provost 2024:in the 1927:cassock 1916:provost 1814:Ireland 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