507:
3397:
240:
771:" approve by President Reagan on July 26, 1988, meaning that it could be accepted or rejected but could not be amended. The United States-Canada Free-Trade Agreement Implementation Act of 1988 was passed by the House of Representatives by a vote of 366 - 40 on August 9, 1988 and by the Senate by a vote of 83–9 on September 19, 1988. President Reagan signed the Act on September 28, 1988. It became Public Law No: 100–449.
601:, and Richard G. Harris and David Cox—concluded that Canadian real GDP would be significantly increased if both U.S. and Canadian tariffs and other trade barriers were removed and Canadian industry could consequently produce at larger, more efficient scale. Other economists on the free-trade side included John Whalley of the University of Western Ontario and
589:
After the signing of the Auto Pact, the
Canadian Government considered proposing free-trade agreements in other sectors of the economy. However, the United States government was less receptive to this idea, and in fact, wanted to phase out some guarantees in the Pact. Canadian attention turned to the
801:
The phenomenon of "cross-border shopping", where
Canadians would make shopping daytrips to US border towns to take advantage of tariff-free goods and a high Canadian dollar, provided a mini-boom for these towns. The loss of many Canadian jobs, particularly in the Ontario manufacturing sector during
178:
on
October 4, 1987, and signed by the leaders of both countries on January 2, 1988. The agreement phased out a wide range of trade restrictions in stages, over a ten-year period, and resulted in a substantial increase in cross-border trade as an improvement to the last replaced trade deal. With the
608:
Others were concerned that free trade would have negative effects, fearing capital flight and job insecurity because of international outsourcing, and also that closer economic ties with the "Giant to the South" might risk an erosion of
Canadian sovereignty. Opponents included Mel Watkins of the
809:
In the mid-to-late 1990s, however, the
Canadian dollar fell to record lows in value to against the US dollar. Cheaper Canadian primary products such as lumber and oil could be bought tariff-free by Americans, and Hollywood studios sent their crews to film many movies in Canada due to the cheap
736:. The Trade Agreement was by far the most prominent issue of the campaign, prompting some to call it the "Free Trade Election." It was the first Canadian election to feature large third-party campaign advertising, with supporters and opponents using lobbyists to buy television advertisements.
678:
In the negotiations, Canada retained the right to protect its cultural industries and such sectors as education and health care. As well, some resources such as water were meant to be left out of the agreement. The
Canadians did not succeed in winning free competition for American government
616:
A number of government studies drew increasing attention to the possibility of a bilateral free-trade negotiation: Looking
Outward (1975), by the Economic Council of Canada; several reports of the Senate Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs (1975, 1978, and 1982); and the 1985 report of the
779:
The exact ramifications of the agreement are hard to measure. Trade between Canada and the U.S., which had already been on the rise, increased at an accelerated rate after the agreement was signed. While throughout the 20th century, exports fairly consistently made up about 25% of Canada's
675:, although tariffs were only a minor part of the FTA. Average tariffs on goods crossing the border were well below 1% by the 1980s. Instead, Canada desired unhindered access to the American economy. Americans, in turn, wished to have access to Canada's energy and cultural industries.
656:
gave the
President the authority to sign a free trade agreement with Canada, subject to it being presented for Congressional review by October 5, 1987. In May 1986, Canadian and American negotiators began to work out a trade deal. The Canadian team was led by former deputy
798:. In 1990–1991, the Canadian dollar rose sharply in value against the US dollar, making Canadian manufactured goods much more expensive for Americans to buy and making American manufactured goods much cheaper for Canadians, who no longer had to pay high duties on them.
1151:
3286:
3210:
3182:
632:. Macdonald declared that "Canadians should be prepared to take a leap of faith" and pursue more open trade with the United States. Although Macdonald was a former Liberal Minister of Finance, the commission's findings were embraced by Prime Minister
2901:
2831:
762:
backed the agreement which was seen as a factor for the PC party support in Quebec. Mulroney won a governing majority and the agreement was passed into law, even though a majority of the voters had voted for parties opposing free trade.
2876:
3255:
3311:
3196:
3244:
3224:
3270:
766:
The Free Trade
Agreement faced much less opposition in the US. Polls showed that up to 40% of Americans were unaware that the agreement had been signed. The Agreement implementation act was given to the Congress for
3385:
2003:
454:
3650:
1546:
1273:
Gordon
Ritchie, Wrestling with the Elephant: The Inside Story of the Canadian–U.S. Trade Wars. Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross, 1997. The Canadian Deputy Chief Negotiator's account of the free-trade
1270:
Derek Burney, Getting it Done: A Memoir. McGill–Queens University Press, 2005. Includes details of the final stages of the free-trade negotiations, as told by the Chief of Staff to Prime Minister Mulroney.
414:
1738:
2756:
3230:
2438:
2355:
1971:
3493:
38:
3128:
2761:
3378:
2103:
579:
campaigned using anti-American rhetoric, and the Liberals lost the election. The issue of free trade did not rise to this level of national prominence in Canada again for many decades.
582:
From 1935 to 1980, the two nations entered a number of bilateral trade agreements that greatly reduced tariffs in both nations. The most significant of these agreements was the 1960s
3692:
3352:
2781:
2711:
2188:
818:"). The removal of protective tariffs meant that market forces, such as currency values, have a greater effect on the economies of both countries than they would have with tariffs.
3591:
2771:
1377:
1350:
2846:
3744:
3371:
2096:
1913:
1867:
1508:
1487:
1093:
3462:
893:
2836:
2267:
1980:
1611:
3754:
3363:
1443:
3472:
3467:
3422:
2239:
822:
2696:
2686:
2304:
2246:
1457:
3656:
3561:
3437:
743:; one anti-free-trade advertisement showed negotiators "removing a line" from the Free Trade Agreement, which at the end of the advertisement was revealed to be the
2731:
2362:
2080:
1032:
Michael Hart, with Bill Dymond and Colin Robertson, Decision at Midnight; Inside the Canada–US Free Trade Negotiations. Vancouver: UBC Press, 1994, esp. pp. 57–62.
3452:
3427:
1650:
3662:
3498:
3121:
2816:
2766:
3447:
3442:
1840:
3342:
1754:
1041:
Ronald Wonnacott and Paul Wonnacott, Free Trade Between The United States And Canada: The Potential Economic Effects. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967.
3477:
3432:
3769:
3764:
2801:
2666:
1473:
1466:
3457:
2641:
2110:
261:
3739:
1501:
3401:
2045:
1789:
1494:
3114:
2741:
2736:
2726:
2676:
2341:
2276:
2260:
2172:
1370:
593:
During the next two decades, a number of academic economists studied the effects of a free trade agreement between the two countries. Several of them—
576:
3303:
537:
3734:
3278:
3202:
2701:
2283:
2052:
1678:
1429:
1404:
1395:
748:
3576:
2886:
2181:
2131:
2124:
1934:
1333:
3050:
2911:
2791:
1906:
1897:
1450:
751:
benefited from being the only party in favour of the agreement, while the Liberals and NDP split the anti-free trade vote. In addition, future
3586:
3347:
3075:
2896:
2861:
2429:
2348:
2087:
2024:
1964:
1849:
1521:
1255:
1017:
990:
950:
837:
3612:
3749:
3178:
2841:
2209:
1920:
1422:
1363:
1345:
1126:
873:
3759:
3697:
3085:
1955:
1724:
1411:
833:
583:
180:
133:
31:
3729:
3168:
2776:
2486:
489:
398:
790:
Often, analyses of the free trade agreement find that its effects on the two countries depend on the difference in value between the
2681:
2586:
2297:
1710:
3571:
897:
3566:
3546:
2921:
2906:
2616:
2202:
2151:
1996:
1761:
1746:
1480:
849:
671:
The agreement between the two countries ultimately created substantially liberalized trade between them, removing most remaining
3596:
3536:
1050:
Richard G. Harris with David Cox, Trade, Industrial Policy, and Canadian Manufacturing. Toronto: Ontario Economic Council, 1984.
919:
744:
552:, attempted and failed to reinstate reciprocity, after which the government of Canada moved to a more protectionist policy, the
3638:
3581:
3556:
3531:
2826:
2581:
2394:
2158:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1111:
Christopher Waddell, "Policy and Partisanship on the Campaign Trail: How Mulroney Works His Magic Twice", ch. 1 of R.B. Blake,
527:
3644:
3551:
3541:
3137:
2786:
2230:
845:
733:
702:
572:
568:
557:
308:
832:
While the agreement remains decades later, it is no longer at the forefront of Canadian politics. It was superseded by the
3622:
2871:
2866:
2806:
2721:
2706:
2621:
2551:
2325:
2311:
2195:
2165:
2017:
1927:
346:
256:
3020:
3010:
2851:
2796:
2476:
2471:
848:, partly on a promise to renegotiate key labor and environmental parts of NAFTA. An agreement was indeed struck with the
210:
Lay the foundation for further bilateral and multilateral cooperation to expand and enhance the benefits of the Agreement
3070:
3065:
2369:
2223:
1826:
1731:
658:
313:
3040:
3035:
3617:
3251:
2751:
2691:
2038:
1890:
1883:
1436:
1386:
1188:
747:. Although some opinion polls showed slightly more Canadians against the Agreement than in favour of it, Mulroney's
3323:
2856:
2636:
2561:
2385:
2031:
1077:
407:
325:
249:
223:
1856:
1768:
3703:
3188:
2746:
2656:
2422:
2216:
1941:
1283:
362:
1641:
1634:
3155:
3149:
3090:
3030:
2059:
1987:
1671:
679:
procurement contracts. Canadian negotiators also insisted on the inclusion of a dispute resolution mechanism.
693:
The debate in Canada over whether to implement the negotiated agreement was very contentious. The opposition
556:. Fears grew among many politicians that closer economic ties with the United States would lead to political
532:
Starting in 1855, while Canada was under British control, free trade was implemented between the colonies of
3724:
3236:
2496:
2066:
1819:
1703:
1694:
694:
629:
564:
449:
303:
266:
1717:
207:
Establish effective procedures for the joint administration of the Agreement and the resolution of disputes
3293:
2959:
2716:
2661:
2646:
2318:
1876:
781:
653:
637:
545:
541:
77:
17:
3216:
3045:
2446:
2253:
1948:
1782:
533:
298:
194:
As stated in the agreement, the main purposes of the Canadian-United States Free Trade Agreement were:
3262:
2415:
1687:
1657:
1538:
1230:
787:
A 2016 paper estimates "that CUSFTA increased the yearly profits of Canadian manufacturing by 1.2%".
740:
618:
484:
1152:"The Investment Provisions of the Canada—United States Free Trade Agreement: A Canadian Perspective"
709:
also strongly opposed the agreement. Both parties contended that the agreement would erode Canadian
3307:
3055:
3025:
2821:
2671:
2651:
2631:
2626:
2611:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2556:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2491:
2481:
2466:
2461:
2456:
1664:
1415:
1323:
474:
367:
1212:
664:
and the American side by Peter O. Murphy, the former deputy United States trade representative in
2881:
2811:
2606:
1530:
1199:
811:
768:
479:
439:
434:
330:
201:
Facilitate conditions of fair competition within the free-trade area established by the Agreement
1278:
636:'s Progressive Conservative Party, even though they had opposed a free-trade initiative in the
3060:
1775:
1013:
1007:
986:
946:
940:
752:
688:
549:
444:
393:
372:
239:
231:
2407:
1110:
3172:
2010:
841:
755:
729:
623:
594:
339:
320:
784:(GDP), since 1990 exports have been about 40% of GDP. After 2000, they reached nearly 50%.
717:" of the US if the agreement was implemented. They also raised concerns about how Canada's
3297:
3220:
3005:
2290:
2117:
1620:
1355:
1306:
1296:
826:
815:
791:
553:
355:
284:
271:
167:
95:
82:
61:
829:. Issues such as mineral, fresh water, and softwood lumber trade still remain disputed.
3282:
3192:
3000:
2989:
2984:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
1167:
759:
732:, which had a Liberal majority. Partly in response to these delays, Mulroney called an
718:
633:
602:
598:
388:
291:
198:
Eliminate barriers to trade in goods and services between Canada and the United States
3718:
3396:
3206:
3095:
2979:
1340:
1301:
1200:"Not just the FTA: Factors affecting growth in Canada-United States Trade since 1988"
661:
649:
511:
175:
3266:
1189:
Actions Overview H.R.5090 — 100th Congress (1987-1988)All Information (Except Text)
853:
706:
610:
3106:
980:
3240:
3015:
2142:
1328:
806:
of the early 1990s, was attributed (fairly or not) to the Free Trade Agreement.
710:
698:
714:
204:
Significantly liberalize conditions for investment within that free-trade area
821:
The agreement has failed to liberalize trade in some areas, most notably the
567:
had traditionally supported free trade. Free trade in natural products was a
2891:
2073:
1810:
1803:
803:
795:
722:
640:
campaign. The stage was set for the beginning of free-trade negotiations.
1796:
1627:
878:
1334:
Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement: Eliminating Barriers to Trade
1202:. Michael Holden, Economics Division, Government of Canada. 4 March 2003
1311:
701:
saying that he would "tear it up" if he became prime minister, and the
381:
590:
question of a broader free-trade agreement between the two countries.
1127:"Parti Québécois the author of its own misfortune: Hébert | The Star"
1094:"After 25 years, free-trade deal with U.S. has helped Canada grow up"
672:
665:
171:
2004:
Federal Employees Liability Reform and Tort Compensation Act of 1988
856:
that created separate side deals to address both of these concerns.
164:
Accord de libre-échange entre le Canada et les États-Unis d'Amérique
160:
Free Trade Agreement between Canada and the United States of America
55:
Accord de libre-échange entre le Canada et les États-Unis d'Amérique
50:
Free Trade Agreement between Canada and the United States of America
3494:
Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR)
2332:
1231:"The impact of trade agreements on profits: Stock market evidence"
3367:
3110:
2411:
1359:
896:. Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada. Archived from
728:
The legislation to implement the agreement was delayed in the
2356:
Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act
1972:
Emergency Food Assistance and Soup Kitchen-Food Bank Program
1329:
Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act
1256:"Guest Editorial: Case for TPP must be made on Main Street"
874:"Trump signs USMCA trade deal to replace 'nightmare NAFTA'"
548:
voted to cancel the treaty. Canada's first Prime Minister,
626:
on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada
179:
addition of Mexico in 1994, CUSFTA was superseded by the
2104:
Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act
697:
vociferously opposed the agreement, with Liberal leader
1324:
CBC Digital Archives – Canada–U.S. Free Trade Agreement
942:
Clifford Sifton, Volume 2: A Lonely Eminence, 1901-1929
39:
Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement
2189:
Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985
189:
Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN)
3663:
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)
2074:
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986
739:
It was also the first Canadian election to use much
713:, arguing that Canada would effectively become the "
3675:
3631:
3605:
3524:
3517:
3486:
3415:
3408:
2920:
2445:
2141:
2097:
Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act
1866:
1610:
1520:
1394:
130:
120:
111:
101:
91:
70:
48:
3693:Canada–United States Automotive Products Agreement
2268:Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services Waivers
1981:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
1113:Transforming The Nation: Canada and Brian Mulroney
836:(NAFTA) in 1994, which itself was replaced by the
894:"Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement (FTA)"
2305:Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982
2247:Interest and Dividend Tax Compliance Act of 1983
2363:Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988
2081:Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983
1078:"Reagan, Mulroney enjoyed a rare personal bond"
1068:As quoted by Hart, Dymond, and Robertson, p. 34
3322:indicates parties with members elected to the
1158:. Volume 84, Issue 2. April 1990 , pp. 394-443
185:Accord de libre-échange nord-américain (ALENA)
3499:United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA)
3379:
3122:
2423:
1755:Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983
1371:
609:University of Toronto and David Crane of the
8:
2240:Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act
1100:, John Ibbitson, Ottawa. September 29, 2012
1059:Hart, Dymond, and Robertson, pp. 4–5, 29–34.
53:
27:Bilateral trade agreement (implemented 1989)
3698:North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
1012:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 17.
982:Canadian industrial organization and policy
969:, Vol 7, Issue 1, page 106. by R Mendelson
3745:Free trade agreements of the United States
3521:
3512:
3412:
3402:Free trade agreements of the United States
3386:
3372:
3364:
3129:
3115:
3107:
2439:United States federal taxation legislation
2430:
2416:
2408:
2067:Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986
2046:National Appliance Energy Conservation Act
1790:Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
1517:
1378:
1364:
1356:
1213:"Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)"
1184:
1182:
1180:
934:
932:
218:
45:
3338:Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement
2342:Secondary Mortgage Market Enhancement Act
2277:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987
2261:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981
2173:Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation
1841:Israel–United States Free Trade Agreement
1834:Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement
1156:The American Journal of International Law
652:welcomed the Canadian initiative and the
152:Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement
18:Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement
2284:Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983
2053:National Fishing Enhancement Act of 1984
1349:) is being considered for deletion. See
628:), chaired by former Liberal politician
2182:Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984
2132:Water Resources Development Act of 1988
2125:Water Resources Development Act of 1986
1935:Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984
865:
721:and other trade agreements such as the
230:
110:
3639:Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)
1907:Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act
1898:Office of National Drug Control Policy
920:"The Canada–U.S. Free Trade Agreement"
613:, one of Canada's leading newspapers.
3623:Transatlantic Free Trade Area (TAFTA)
2349:Surface Transportation Assistance Act
2088:The Emergency Food Assistance Program
1965:Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983
1850:Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act
967:Berkeley Journal of International Law
838:United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement
129:
119:
115:
7:
3755:Canada–United States trade relations
2210:Extra-Long Staple Cotton Act of 1983
1921:Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987
1009:How Much Do National Borders Matter?
985:. McGraw-Hill Ryerson. p. 302.
3770:North American Free Trade Agreement
3765:Treaties entered into force in 1988
3613:Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA)
1956:United States Sentencing Commission
1006:John F. Helliwell (June 27, 2000).
834:North American Free Trade Agreement
584:Automotive Products Trade Agreement
181:North American Free Trade Agreement
32:North American Free Trade Agreement
3618:Trade in Services Agreement (TISA)
25:
3156:Progressive Conservative majority
3150:Progressive Conservative majority
2298:Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981
1353:to help reach a consensus. ›
3395:
2912:2021 (Infrastructure, PL 117–58)
2203:Expedited Funds Availability Act
2152:Agriculture and Food Act of 1981
1997:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act
1762:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act
1747:We begin bombing in five minutes
1168:"The New Life of Brian Mulroney"
1084:, By Janet Larkin. June 20, 2004
536:and the United States under the
505:
238:
3735:Free trade agreements of Canada
3704:Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)
2159:Agricultural Credit Act of 1987
586:(also known as the Auto Pact).
528:Reciprocity (Canadian politics)
3651:Southern African Customs Union
3138:1988 Canadian federal election
2231:Dairy Export Incentive Program
939:D.J. Hall (November 1, 2011).
844:were elected to office in the
573:1911 Canadian federal election
1:
3740:History of Canada (1982–1992)
2326:Low-Income Housing Tax Credit
2312:Katie Beckett Medicaid waiver
2254:Internal Revenue Code of 1986
2196:Deficit Reduction Act of 1984
2166:Agriculture Mediation Program
2018:Hunger Prevention Act of 1988
1928:Coastal Barrier Resources Act
605:of the C. D. Howe Institute.
2902:2021 (Defense Authorization)
2370:Video Privacy Protection Act
2224:Conservation Reserve Program
1827:Trade and Tariff Act of 1984
1732:Strategic Defense Initiative
945:. UBC Press. pp. 221–.
840:in 2020. The Liberals under
3750:Presidency of Ronald Reagan
2907:2021 (American Rescue Plan)
2039:Minerals Management Service
1891:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988
1884:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986
1387:Presidency of Ronald Reagan
1346:Presidency of Ronald Reagan
1174:, Ira Wells, Apr. 19, 2018
965:["Wine Trade with Canada".
415:Companies listed on the TSX
170:reached by negotiators for
3786:
3760:Treaties concluded in 1988
2032:Medical Waste Tracking Act
2025:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
1509:Presidential proclamations
979:Christopher Green (1980).
686:
525:
36:
29:
3730:1988 in the United States
3511:
3333:
3164:
3144:
2379:
2217:Food Security Act of 1985
2118:Water Quality Act of 1987
1942:Armed Career Criminal Act
1547:Joint session of Congress
1284:The Canadian Encyclopedia
749:Progressive Conservatives
683:Debate and implementation
540:. In 1866, a year before
144:
116:
3641:(no interest since 2005)
3279:Progressive Conservative
3203:Confederation of Regions
2060:Nuclear Waste Policy Act
1988:Toxics Release Inventory
1351:templates for discussion
158:), official name as the
30:Not to be confused with
2386:← Carter administration
1820:American Homecoming Act
1704:Constructive engagement
1467:Administration scandals
630:Donald Stovel Macdonald
565:Liberal Party of Canada
267:Energy policy of Canada
3231:Independent candidates
3036:1922: Fordney–McCumber
2319:Tax Reform Act of 1986
1539:"Tear down this wall!"
810:Canadian dollar (see "
782:gross domestic product
654:United States Congress
638:1984 Canadian election
546:United States Congress
542:Canadian Confederation
188:
184:
163:
54:
3700:(superseded by USMCA)
3689:(superseded by NAFTA)
2897:2020 (Appropriations)
2887:2020 (Families First)
2877:2018 (Appropriations)
2395:Bush administration →
1949:Sentencing Reform Act
1857:Exon–Florio Amendment
1783:Executive Order 12333
1769:Goldwater–Nichols Act
1444:Judicial appointments
1430:Assassination attempt
534:British North America
3659:(on hold since 2006)
3653:(on hold since 2006)
3647:(on hold since 2006)
3587:United Arab Emirates
2960:1828: "Abominations"
1877:AIDS crisis response
1651:Soviet Union summits
1260:The Edmonton Journal
741:negative advertising
703:New Democratic Party
619:Macdonald Commission
3021:1909: Payne–Aldrich
3011:1894: Wilson–Gorman
2111:1982 VRA Amendments
1739:International trips
1711:Invasion of Grenada
1481:Impeachment efforts
1423:Second inauguration
1416:Release of hostages
900:on December 6, 2014
882:. January 29, 2020.
725:would be affected.
659:Minister of Finance
429:Economy by province
166:), was a bilateral
3254:(Dennis Corrigan,
3169:Christian Heritage
3041:1930: Smoot–Hawley
2940:1791: Hamilton III
1718:Iran–Contra affair
1412:First inauguration
1277:Bruce Wilkinson. "
1217:data.worldbank.org
1098:The Globe and Mail
812:runaway production
577:Conservative Party
538:Reciprocity Treaty
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3348:Results by riding
3181:(Gilles Gervais,
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2945:1792: Hamilton IV
2935:1790: Hamilton II
2832:2010 (PL 111-312)
2827:2010 (PL 111–240)
2405:
2404:
1776:Montreal Protocol
1606:
1605:
1597:1988 SOTU Address
1590:1987 SOTU Address
1583:1986 SOTU Address
1576:1985 SOTU Address
1569:1984 SOTU Address
1562:1983 SOTU Address
1555:1982 SOTU Address
1495:Executive actions
1019:978-0-8157-9148-5
992:978-0-07-082988-6
952:978-0-7748-4500-7
689:Free trade debate
550:John A. Macdonald
519:
518:
512:Canada portal
394:Banking in Canada
262:Petroleum history
250:Economic history
232:Economy of Canada
183:(NAFTA) (French:
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3046:1934: Reciprocal
2970:1833: Compromise
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3081:1988: Canada FT
3031:1921: Emergency
3026:1913: Underwood
2955:1824: Sectional
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2697:1983 (PL 98-67)
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140:January 1, 1994
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662:Simon Reisman
660:
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648:US President
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569:central issue
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176:United States
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112:Establishment
107:United States
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102:Member states
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63:
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40:
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3606:Multilateral
3487:Multilateral
3337:
3319:
3317:
3277:
3267:Ed Broadbent
3261:
3235:
3179:Commonwealth
3080:
2980:1846: Walker
2950:1816: Dallas
2892:2020 (CARES)
2393:
2384:
1833:
1344:
1282:
1262:, 10.09.2015
1259:
1251:
1239:. Retrieved
1234:
1225:
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1155:
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1134:. Retrieved
1130:
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1097:
1089:
1082:Buffalo News
1081:
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1028:
1008:
1001:
981:
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904:December 12,
902:. Retrieved
898:the original
888:
877:
868:
854:Bill Clinton
831:
820:
808:
800:
789:
786:
778:
765:
738:
727:
707:Ed Broadbent
692:
677:
670:
647:
644:Negotiations
622:
615:
611:Toronto Star
607:
592:
588:
581:
562:
531:
490:
455:
450:Saskatchewan
389:Central Bank
193:
159:
155:
151:
149:
43:
3577:New Zealand
3478:South Korea
3308:Cornelius I
3252:Libertarian
3241:John Turner
3086:1993: NAFTA
2975:1842: Black
2867:2017 (TCJA)
2842:2012 (ATRA)
1389:(1981–1989)
1339:‹ The
1150:Jean Raby.
1131:thestar.com
711:sovereignty
699:John Turner
347:Automotives
314:Electricity
299:Agriculture
187:, Spanish:
3719:Categories
3677:Defunct or
3572:Mozambique
3312:candidates
3304:Rhinoceros
3287:candidates
3271:candidates
3256:candidates
3245:candidates
3225:candidates
3211:candidates
3197:candidates
3183:candidates
3148:Outgoing:
3051:1948: GATT
2872:2018 (BBA)
2857:2015 (BBA)
2822:2010 (ACA)
2562:1940 (2nd)
1679:INF Treaty
1672:Washington
1405:Transition
1279:Free Trade
1172:The Walrus
860:References
769:fast-track
715:51st state
687:See also:
558:annexation
526:See also:
522:Background
3632:Suspended
3567:Mauritius
3547:Indonesia
3525:Bilateral
3473:Singapore
3423:Australia
3416:Bilateral
3189:Communist
3091:1994: WTO
2722:1986 Code
2622:1954 Code
2552:1939 Code
1811:H-2B visa
1804:H-2A visa
1665:Reykjavík
1241:March 10,
1235:voxeu.org
850:Democrats
804:recession
796:US dollar
723:Auto Pact
485:Vancouver
408:Companies
368:Transport
309:Petroleum
162:(French:
136:in force
71:Languages
3657:Thailand
3562:Malaysia
3518:Proposed
3438:Colombia
3409:Existing
3154:Result:
2447:Internal
1797:Form I-9
1642:2nd term
1635:1st term
1628:Cold War
1522:Speeches
1396:Timeline
1341:template
1291:See more
879:NBC News
794:and the
475:Montreal
331:Forestry
224:a series
222:Part of
174:and the
3679:expired
3597:Uruguay
3537:Ecuador
3453:Morocco
3428:Bahrain
3237:Liberal
3061:1974/75
2922:Tariffs
2692:Gas Tax
2449:Revenue
1437:Cabinet
1343:below (
1312:Tariffs
814:" and "
775:Effects
673:tariffs
571:in the
491:more...
480:Toronto
456:more...
440:Ontario
435:Alberta
382:Finance
373:Tourism
326:Fishing
285:Sectors
215:History
132:•
78:English
3687:Canada
3582:Taiwan
3557:Kuwait
3532:Brazil
3463:Panama
3448:Jordan
3443:Israel
3294:Reform
2812:Crisis
1688:Moscow
1658:Geneva
1549:(1981)
1541:(1987)
1533:(1983)
1136:May 5,
1016:
989:
949:
852:under
730:Senate
666:Geneva
575:. The
544:, the
445:Quebec
321:Mining
304:Energy
226:on the
172:Canada
156:CUSFTA
105:Canada
83:French
62:French
58:
3645:Qatar
3552:Kenya
3542:Ghana
3433:Chile
3217:Green
2712:COBRA
2333:MACRS
923:(PDF)
825:over
134:NAFTA
3468:Peru
3458:Oman
3320:Bold
3076:1988
3071:1984
3066:1979
3056:1962
2997:1875
2994:1872
2985:1857
2965:1832
2862:2016
2852:2014
2847:2012
2837:2011
2817:2009
2807:2008
2797:2007
2792:2006
2787:2006
2782:2005
2777:2004
2772:2003
2767:2002
2757:1998
2752:1997
2747:1996
2742:1993
2737:1990
2732:1988
2727:1987
2717:1986
2707:1984
2687:1982
2682:1981
2677:1980
2672:1978
2667:1977
2662:1976
2657:1975
2652:1971
2647:1969
2642:1968
2637:1966
2632:1964
2627:1962
2617:1954
2612:1951
2607:1950
2602:1950
2597:1948
2592:1945
2587:1944
2582:1943
2577:1943
2572:1942
2567:1941
2557:1940
2547:1937
2542:1936
2537:1935
2532:1934
2527:1932
2522:1928
2517:1926
2512:1924
2507:1921
2502:1918
2497:1917
2492:1916
2487:1914
2482:1913
2477:1909
2472:1894
2467:1864
2462:1862
2457:1861
1414:and
1243:2016
1138:2018
1109:See
1014:ISBN
987:ISBN
947:ISBN
906:2018
802:the
758:and
597:and
563:The
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92:Type
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191:).
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3269:,
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20:)
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