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reorganizing the now-worn down artillery assets and on being placed under command of
General Plumer, a commander he trusted. The first assault began on October 26, 1917. It was designed to achieve about 500 meters in what had become known as "bite and hold" tactics but at great cost (2,481 casualties) and made little progress. The second assault on October 30 cost another 1,321 soldiers and achieved another 500 metres but reached the high ground at Crest Farm. On November 6, after another round of preparations, a third attack won the town of Passchendaele, for another 2,238 killed or wounded. The final assault to capture the remainder of Passchendaele Ridge began on November 10 and was completed the same day. Nine Canadians earned the Victoria Cross in an area not much bigger than four football fields and the Canadian Corps completed the operation after it had taken the BEF three months to advance the eight kilometres onto the ridge. The Canadian Corps suffered 15,654 battle casualties in the muddiest, best-known battle of the Great War.
951:
499:
307:, 13 railway troop battalions, five pioneer battalions, four divisional supply trains, four divisional signals companies, a dozen engineering companies, over 80 field and heavy artillery batteries, fifteen field ambulance units, 23 general and stationary hospitals, and many other medical, dental, forestry, labour, tunnelling, cyclist, and service units. Two tank battalions were raised in 1918 but did not see service. Most of the infantry battalions were broken up and used as reinforcements, with a total of fifty being used in the field, including the mounted rifle units, which were re-organized as infantry. The artillery and engineering units underwent significant re-organization as the war progressed, in keeping with rapidly changing technological and tactical requirements.
718:
German soldiers surrender immediately, although the four months of sustained combat, high casualties among the defending
Germans and the appearance of the fresh Canadian Corps were more likely factors in the increasing surrenders. The toll of the five-month campaign cannot be statistically verified by a single reliable source, however historians have estimated German losses at roughly 670,000 and an Allied total of 623,907. The Canadian Corps suffered almost 25,000 casualties in this the final phase of the operation, but like the remainder of the BEF, it had developed significant experience in the use of infantry and artillery and in tactical doctrine, preparation and leadership under fire.
870:
667:
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775:
771:, captured Hill 70 overlooking Lens and forced the Germans to launch more than twenty counter-attacks in attempting to remove the threat to its flank. The Ypres offensive began with the swift capture of the Messines Ridge, but weather, concrete defences and the lack of any other concurrent Allied effort meant that the BEF fought a muddy, bloody campaign against the main German force for two months. The BEF, including the ANZACs, pushed to within two kilometres of the objective with very high casualties and in ever-deepening mud.
52:
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210:
465:, due to objections by the US government, causing a number of desertions and resignations. The battalion finally arrived in England in September, having officially dropped the "American Legion" title, although the term continued to be used informally throughout the war. Further American battalions followed, but were either used as drafts for other CEF units or had been merged with the 97th Battalion by the end of the war. Approximately 2,700 US citizens are interred in
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days, Canadian and reinforcing
British units fought to contain the penetration with a series of counter-attacks while using handkerchiefs soaked in urine to neutralize effects of the gas. One in every three of the inexperienced but determined Canadians became a casualty. The senior Canadian officers were also inexperienced at first and lacked communications with most of their troops. Notable among these was
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480:, complaining of their "rotten reception." The plight of these men was covered extensively in local and national media, and following several days of negotiations and bureaucratic wrangling, those who had returned legally were allowed to enter the country. Their ticket home was paid by the UK government, in addition to 28 days pay. A
894:, convened for this purpose. Among the commission's recommendations was a plan by which individual units of the Canadian Militia, notably infantry and cavalry regiments, would be permitted to perpetuate the battle honours and histories of the Canadian Expeditionary Force units that had fought during the war.
1860:
The
Provision of Employment for Members of the Canadian Expeditionary Force on Their Return to Canada, and the Re-Education of Those Who Are Unable to follow their previous occupations because of disability. Canada Military Hospitals Commission Nabu Press August 2010. This is a reproduction of a book
1027:
to transport gun pieces on the battle front, as motorized vehicles could not handle rough terrain. At the start of the war over 7,000 horses were brought over to
England and Europe from Canada and by the end of the war over 8 million horses had been lost in the course of fighting in Europe. Dogs and
639:
to create a hole in the French lines adjacent to the
Canadian force and poured troops into the gap. The Canadians, operating for the most part in small groups and under local commanders, fired into the flanks of the German advance, forcing it to turn its attention onto the Canadian sector. For three
349:
When it was deployed in 1914, the
Canadian Expeditionary Force included only infantry battalions, but it became clear by 1915 that support and administrative units needed to be included on the Western Front. After September 1915 it expanded to include supporting combat corps and what were considered
918:
in April 1917, and
Passchendaele the Canadian Corps came to be regarded as an exceptional force by both Allied and German military commanders. In the later stages of the European war, particularly after their success at Vimy Ridge and Passchendaele, the Canadian Corps was regarded by friend and foe
314:. It consisted of several motor machine gun battalions, the Eatons, Yukon, and Borden Motor Machine Gun Batteries, and nineteen machine gun companies. During the summer of 1918, these units were consolidated into four machine gun battalions, one being attached to each of the four divisions in the
239:
in 1914, about two-thirds were men born in the United
Kingdom. More Canadian-born recruits would join the ranks throughout the war, but at least half of CEF soldiers were still British-born at the war's end in 1918. Recruiting was difficult among the French-Canadian population, many of whom did not
889:
which mobilized in 1914 on a limited basis for home defence and to assist with the recruitment and training of the
Canadian Expeditionary Force. In 1918 the militia personnel active in Canada were granted Canadian Expeditionary Force status, to simplify administration in the wake of conscription
717:
first appeared in battle. Only a few were available because the production time was long for the unfamiliar and unproven technology; those delivered were committed in order to aid the expected breakthrough. The psychological impact of them was considerable, with some claiming that they made many
623:
The Second Battle of Ypres in 1915, the first engagement of Canadian forces in the Great War, exposed Canadian soldiers and their commanders to modern war. They had previously experienced the effects of shellfire and participated in aggressive trench raiding despite a lack of formal training and
689:, to inflict as heavy losses as possible on the German armies, and to aid allies on other fronts by preventing any further transfer of German troops from the west." The Canadian Corps was formed after receiving the 2nd and 3rd and later, 4th divisions. Its first commander was Lieutenant-General
897:
During the latter part of the war, the Canadian Military Hospitals Commission reported on provision of employment for members of the Canadian Expeditionary Force on their return to Canada, and the re-education of those who were unable to follow their previous occupations because of disability.
786:
By September, it became clear that a fresh force would need to be brought in for the final push. With the situation in Italy and with the French army deteriorating, it was decided to continue the push and Currie was ordered to bring in the Canadian Corps. He insisted on time to prepare, on
518:'s volunteers who served in the war joined the CEF, either because they were resident in Canada already, or because Canada (its next nearest neighbour after the United States) was the easiest other part of the British Empire and Commonwealth to reach from Bermuda. Bermuda had been part of
196:. The CEF and corps was eventually expanded to four infantry divisions, which were all committed to the fighting in France and Belgium along the Western Front. A fifth division was partially raised in 1917, but was broken up in 1918 and used as reinforcements following heavy casualties.
744:
had significance for Canada as a young nation. For the first time the Canadian Corps, with all four of its divisions attacked as one. This Canadian offensive amounted to the capture of more land, prisoners and armaments than any previous offensive. The main offensive tactic was the
562:
before proceeding to France, islanders were also able to enlist there. Bermudians in the Canadian Expeditionary Force enlisted under the same terms as Canadians, and all male British Nationals resident in Canada became liable for conscription under the Military Service Act, 1917.
1969:
Jamieson, S. "Some reflections on violence and the law in industrial relations," in Bercuson, D.J. and Knafla, L.A. (1979) Law and society in Canada in historical perspective. University of Calgary. See pp. 141, 145 and 150 for multiple analyses of the riots and civil unrest in
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Officially an infantry division would be classified at full animal strength at 5,241 horses and mules; 60.7 percent or 3,182 of these animals were part of the infantry division's artillery branch. Besides mounted and cavalry units, the Canadian Expeditionary Force used
929:
There were occasions when Canadian soldiers acted up. Soldiers of the 218th Battalion rioted in Feb 1917. About 150 soldiers of an un-named battalion attacked the police station at Prince Albert in 1917, in protest of the imposition of strict liquor laws.
235:, Canada was automatically at war with Germany upon the British declaration. Popular support for the war was found mainly in English Canada, especially among those born in the United Kingdom who had recently emigrated. Of the first contingent trained at
2664:
708:
The corps did not participate in the battles of the Somme until September, but these began on 1 July after a seven-day bombardment. British losses on the first day amounted to 57,470, which included the casualties of the
966:
Mark III (SMLE). This was due to problems of the Ross Rifle in comparison to the reliability of the SMLE, with unofficial replacement already occurring until the switchover in 1916. The service pistols issued were the
890:
coming into force. Beginning in 1918, in anticipation of the disbandment of the Canadian Expeditionary Force, plans for the re-organization of the militia were initiated, guided largely by the deliberations of the
2303:
The Provision of Employment for Members of the Canadian Expeditionary Force on Their Return to Canada, and the Re-Education of Those Who Are Unable to follow their previous occupations because of disability.
1355:
296:
2719:
2434:
1360:
304:
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serving in the British 29th Division. The regiment was annihilated when it attacked at Beaumont Hamel. By the time the four Canadian divisions of the corps participated in September, the
1283:
821:
Since they were mostly unmolested by the German Army's offensive manoeuvres in the spring of 1918, the Canadians were ordered to spearhead the last campaigns of the War from the
173:
592:
1702:"STAFF of the ARMY in the Provinces of Nova-Scotia, New-Brunswick, and their Dependencies, including the Island of Newfoundland, Cape Breton, Prince Edward and Bermuda".
2427:
272:
as well as Black Americans. Many British nationals from the United Kingdom or other territories who were resident in Canada and the United States also joined the CEF.
498:
264:
To a lesser extent, several other cultural groups within the Dominion enlisted and made a significant contribution to the Force including Indigenous people of the
493:
292:
2420:
2729:
1608:
1132:
Canadian trials with modernizing the P08 web gear. the PPCLI went overseas equipped with P13 gear. Many aspects would be utilized in later sets of gear
472:
On returning to New York after the war, 2,754 US citizens who had fought with British Empire forces, including 300 African Americans, were detained on
2739:
649:
2503:
2493:
810:
244:, who came to be known as the 'Van Doos', was French-speaking ("Van Doos" is a caricatured Anglophone mispronunciation of the French for "22nd" -
2077:
2734:
1946:
1622:
666:
555:
869:
217:
The CEF was mostly volunteers; a bill allowing conscription was passed in August 1917, but not enforced until call-ups began in January 1918 (
2709:
2341:
838:
454:
416:
396:
996:
2724:
2623:
2257:
1747:
1564:
926:
The Canadian Expeditionary Force lost 60,661 men killed or died during the war, representing 9.28 per cent of the 619,636 who enlisted.
2498:
2007:
1933:
1909:
1882:
1730:
1662:
1536:
1509:
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526:), with its garrison forming part of that of Nova Scotia (the second nearest landfall from Bermuda after the United States) under the
466:
805:
527:
391:
381:
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1045:
629:
481:
401:
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Canadian variant had ammunition pouches to hold ammo packets for use with Mk. II Ross Rifles as they were not charger loading
958:
During the war the equipment used changed as tactics evolved. The standard issued rifle was, at the beginning of the war, the
774:
2652:
2165:
1774:
779:
376:
2618:
1350:
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and an inferior Canadian copy of British webbing equipment that rotted quickly and fell apart in the wet of the trenches.
613:
386:
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1067:
547:
503:
450:
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in the Ypres sector in June 1916. while much of the BEF was moving toward the Somme. In this engagement, Major-General
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has a variety of information on researching soldiers of the Canadian Expeditionary Force and the conditions of the war
2265:. Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War. Ottawa: Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery.
2060:
941:
814:
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and who appointed as his divisional commanders only those who had fought well in this engagement. The battle cost the
583:) that were shipped to Canada and then some to the Western Front. Many of these labourers died in Belgium and France.
543:
411:
406:
221:
189:
98:
2305:
Canada Military Hospitals Commission Nabu Press August 2010. This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923.
2126:
The Canadian artillery was reinforced with British units and its planning was directed by a British officer, Major
1308:
963:
365:
311:
284:
705:, commander of the newly formed 3rd Division was killed; he was the most senior Canadian to be killed in the war.
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1595:
1345:
484:
report in early 1918 estimated that 25,000 to 30,000 Americans were serving in the Canadian Expeditionary Force.
103:
2369:
2332:
2536:
2470:
370:
355:
326:
291:(RCR). But the bulk of the CEF's units were newly raised, including a privately raised and equipped battalion,
276:
1284:
List of historical equipment of the Canadian military § First World War to Second World War (1914 - 1939)
800:
763:
In August 1917, the Canadian Corps attacked Lens as a distraction to allow two armies of the BEF to begin the
685:
had no great geographical objectives. Its purpose was threefold – to relieve pressure on the French armies at
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were employed as messengers in the front. With horses, wagons were also used to transport equipment as well.
2524:
1003:
machine-guns, with the Vickers line continually expanded during the war, and which were complemented by the
940:" is derived from a black bear taken to Europe as the mascot of a western Canadian army unit during the war.
822:
758:
572:
535:
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and New Jersey because they lacked the correct documentation. Some of the men reportedly sent a telegram to
360:
334:
330:
288:
280:
265:
2102:
2613:
1209:
911:
907:
796:
732:
652:– BEF (of which the Canadian Corps was a part) 59,275 men and the Canadian Expeditionary Force over 6000.
617:
603:
539:
462:
446:
185:
2386:
224:); only 24,132 conscripts ended up being sent to France to take part in the final Hundred Days campaign.
2571:
2455:
1293:
920:
764:
710:
698:
519:
253:
158:
108:
67:
241:
2081:
1749:
Canadian Expeditionary Force (1914–1919), Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War
2633:
1818:
Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1914–1919: Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War
992:
741:
727:
576:
17:
2326:
1954:
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2465:
1000:
878:
682:
671:
661:
551:
258:
209:
181:
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635:
In April 1915, they were introduced to yet another facet of modern war, gas. The Germans employed
842:
678:
534:
it had remained under administration of the British Government after being left out of the 1867
2028:
881:. The colours include battle honours of CEF units whose lineage is perpetuated by the regiment.
2579:
2266:
2161:
2003:
1929:
1905:
1878:
1726:
1718:
1658:
1623:"Guide to Sources Relating to Units of the Canadian Expeditionary Force – Infantry Battalions"
1532:
1505:
1499:
1479:
1452:
1427:
1417:
1392:
1386:
1004:
874:
857:
during the winter of 1918–19. At this time, another force of Canadian soldiers were placed in
580:
531:
507:
228:
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1756:
1571:
1473:
2531:
1446:
984:
968:
891:
886:
858:
746:
686:
559:
2295:
Shock Army of the British Empire – The Canadian Corps in the Last 100 Days of the Great War
1924:
Godefroy, A. (April 1, 2006). "Canadian Military Effectiveness in the First World War." In
749:, an artillery strike combined with constant infantry progression through the battlefield.
2345:
1800:
Welcome to Flanders Fields: the First Canadian Battle of the Great War : Ypres, 1915.
937:
736:
Soldiers of the 2nd Canadian Division advanced behind a Mark II female tank at Vimy Ridge.
523:
333:, which served on the Western Front and provided a bridging unit for the Middle East; the
269:
169:
337:, which felled timber in Britain and France, and special units which operated around the
453:. In November 1915, an all-American battalion of the CEF was formed and given the title
2688:
1269:
1246:
1224:
1202:
1029:
980:
702:
690:
645:
428:
The Canadian Expeditionary Force also had a large reserve and training organization in
315:
236:
232:
193:
128:
2412:
2703:
2677:
2460:
2153:
1332:
1253:
768:
641:
177:
138:
624:
generally inferior equipment. They were equipped with the frequently malfunctioning
2589:
1340:
1304:
972:
636:
2054:"Guide to Sources Relating to Units of the Canadian Expeditionary Force – Cavalry"
1388:
Crisis of Conscience: Conscientious Objection in Canada during the First World War
608:
192:, with a newly raised second division reinforcing the committed units to form the
1899:
1874:
Baptism of Fire: The Second Battle of Ypres and the Forging of Canada, April 1915
1872:
1652:
1526:
2127:
1297:
1041:
933:
854:
714:
694:
473:
338:
161:
133:
93:
2605:
2584:
1322:
959:
915:
625:
1431:
825:
on August 8, 1918 to the winning of a tacit victory for the Allies, when the
2270:
1187:
850:
826:
300:
2381:
2103:"The Horse in the Canadian Army in WWI | the Royal Montreal Regiment"
1820:. Ottawa: R. Duhamel, Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, 1962.]
1723:
Filling the Ranks: Manpower in the Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1914–1918
1311:(armoured cars, tanks and motorcycles). Horses and mules were used by the
767:, the attack on Passchendaele Ridge. The Corps, led by Lieutenant General
2358:
2145:
1704:
The Quebec Almanack and British American Royal Kalendar For The Year 1828
1689:
The Quebec Almanack and British American Royal Kalendar For The Year 1828
1289:
1231:
778:
Troops from the Canadian pioneer battalion laying trench mats during the
477:
322:
885:
The Canadian Expeditionary Force was a special force, distinct from the
2195:
For King & Empire, The Canadians at Cambrai, September–October 1918
1312:
988:
522:(a collection of colonies administered collectively as a region by the
515:
458:
429:
1300:
1024:
1020:
165:
57:
2186:
For King & Empire, The Canadians at Arras, August–September 1918
1315:, as well as for transport of personnel and equipment to the front.
575:. From 1917 to 1918 84,000 Chinese labourers were recruited for the
2407:
571:
Chinese labourers were also brought over to Europe, especially the
2222:
Shock Troops – Canadians Fighting the Great War 1917–1918 Vol. Two
1012:
949:
868:
846:
804:
773:
731:
665:
607:
497:
252:
208:
2029:"Canadian Expeditionary Force – Library and Archives Canada Blog"
240:
agree with Canada's participation in the war; one battalion, the
1528:
Polarity, Patriotism, and Dissent in Great War Canada, 1914–1919
1016:
2416:
1755:. Ottawa, Ontario: Queen's Printer. p. 500. Archived from
1414:
Reluctant warriors : Canadian conscripts and the Great War
1356:
List of infantry battalions in the Canadian Expeditionary Force
2401:
2391:
2213:
At the Sharp End – Canadians Fighting the Great War 1914–1916
1775:"Chinese recruited for war had secret passage through Canada"
1687:"CIVIL LIST OF THE PROVINCE OF LOWER-CANADA 1828: GOVERNOR".
1361:
List of mounted regiments in the Canadian Expeditionary Force
979:. Approved private purchase and secondary side-arms were the
329:
also served in France. Support units of the CEF included the
325:
divisions comprised the main fighting force of the CEF. The
213:
Men lining up outside a recruitment tent in Toronto in 1914.
2177:
For King & Empire, The Canadians at Amiens, August 1918
2594:
regulars, provincial regiments and volunteer militia units
1117:
1908 pattern web equipment (British and Canadian variants)
906:
After extensive experience and success in battle from the
2333:
Oral Histories of the First World War: Veterans 1914–1918
1706:. Quebec: Neilson and Cowan, No. 3 Mountain Street. 1812.
1691:. Quebec: Neilson and Cowan, No. 3 Mountain Street. 1812.
2339:
Official Histories – Free online PDF books on the C.E.F.
1654:
Americans at War in Foreign Forces: A History, 1914–1945
644:, a brigade commander later became the commander of the
2365:
The First World War: Canada Remembers from CBC archives
1609:"Military Structure – the Canadian Expeditionary Force"
27:
Field force for service overseas in the First World War
2023:
2021:
2019:
1926:
The Canadian Way of War: Serving the National Interest
1901:
Canada's Five Centuries: From Discovery to Present Day
1657:. Jefferson NC: McFarland & Co. pp. 104–105.
670:
Canadian soldiers returning from trenches during the
2720:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1920
2396:
1812:
1810:
1808:
2603:
2569:
2512:
2481:
2448:
837:In August 1918, the Canadian Expeditionary Force's
593:
List of Canadian battles during the First World War
121:
116:
89:
81:
73:
63:
45:
37:
32:
954:Service dress uniform worn by officers in the CEF.
2715:Military units and formations established in 1914
2072:
2070:
2397:Central Ontario Branch Western Front Association
1725:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 283.
449:enlisted in the Canadian armed forces while the
2370:National Film Board – Images of a Forgotten War
2204:Spearhead to Victory – Canada and the Great War
2002:. New York: Syracuse University. p. 278.
1904:. McGraw-Hill Company of Canada. p. 230.
693:, who was soon replaced by Lieutenant-General
494:Bermudians in the Canadian Expeditionary Force
457:. The unit embarked for Europe in May 1916 at
2428:
8:
1947:"Passchendaele cemented Canada's world role"
910:, through the Somme and particularly in the
245:
172:. It was formed on 15 August 1914 following
2229:Morton, Desmond; Granatstein, J.L. (1989).
1157:Canadian Pattern 1916 Dismounted Equipment
923:military formations on the Western Front.
432:, and a recruiting organization in Canada.
293:Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry
279:were mobilized into the CEF, including the
180:, with an initial strength of one infantry
2435:
2421:
2413:
2249:With the Patricia's in Flanders: 1914–1918
1501:World War I: The Definitive Visual History
1416:. Vancouver, British Columbia: UBC Press.
341:, in northern Russia and eastern Siberia.
1448:Canadian Churches and the First World War
1152:Modification of 1899 Oliver Pattern gear
2504:Unification of the Canadian Armed Forces
2078:"History of the First Canadian Division"
1951:National Defence and the Canadian Forces
1565:"Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919"
1451:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 9.
1172:
1093:
1049:
987:. Infantrymen were issued with the Ross
861:, where they fought against Bolsheviks.
2494:History of the Royal Canadian Air Force
2348:from The Department of National Defense
2233:. Lester & Orpen Dennys Publishers.
2119:
1802:Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1988
1377:
829:came into effect on November 11, 1918.
811:16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish), CEF
628:, the older, lighter and less reliable
2259:Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919
995:. Machine-guns initially included the
556:163rd Battalion (French-Canadian), CEF
528:Commander-in-Chief, Maritime provinces
310:Another entity within the CEF was the
184:. The division subsequently fought at
29:
2301:Canada Military Hospitals Commission
1478:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 11.
845:. It reinforced a garrison resisting
839:Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force
257:Enlistment form for a soldier of the
18:Canadian Overseas Expeditionary Force
7:
1945:Comeau, Robert (November 12, 2008).
1504:. DK Publishing. 2014. p. 231.
1079:Canadian pattern and British pattern
417:Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery
397:Royal Canadian Army Veterinary Corps
2660:
2624:French Marines in Canada, 1683-1715
2443:Evolution of the Military of Canada
2160:. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart.
1307:(from light, medium and heavy) and
919:alike as one of the most effective
2730:Expeditionary units and formations
2499:History of the Royal Canadian Navy
2149:, Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co.
1162:Upgrade of Pattern 1915 equipment
1108:Oliver Pattern Equipment 1898–19??
962:, which was later replaced by the
25:
1475:The Canadian Corps in World War I
392:Royal Canadian Army Service Corps
382:Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps
321:The Canadian Corps with its four
295:(PPCLI). The CEF came to include
2740:1920 disestablishments in Canada
2682:
2671:
2659:
2648:
2647:
2629:Compagnies Franches de la Marine
2559:Royal Canadian Naval Air Service
2327:Remembrance: The First World War
1953:. The Maple Leaf. Archived from
1928:Bernd Horn (ed.) Dundurn Press.
1773:Ma, Suzanne (11 November 2011).
1325:
1262:
1239:
1217:
1195:
1147:Canadian Pattern 1915 Equipment
1127:Canadian Pattern 1913 Equipment
558:were posted successively to the
455:97th Battalion (American Legion)
297:260 numbered infantry battalions
50:
2251:. Bellewaerde House Publishing.
1983:"Prince Albert Soldiers Riot".
1531:. University of Toronto Press.
1391:. UBC Press. pp. 28, 199.
1137:British Pattern 1914 Equipment
1046:Uniforms of the Canadian Forces
482:United States Department of War
451:United States was still neutral
436:Enlistment of foreign nationals
402:Royal Canadian Corps of Signals
2482:History of the Canadian Forces
2359:Canada and the First World War
2224:. Vol. II. Viking Canada.
1877:. HarperCollins. p. 352.
1596:"Canadian Expeditionary Force"
1288:The CEF used a mix of service
977:Smith & Wesson Triple Lock
813:advance near Inchy during the
780:Second Battle of Passchendaele
377:Corps of Military Staff Clerks
1:
2735:1914 establishments in Canada
2297:. Vanwell Publishing Limited.
2215:. Vol. I. Viking Canada.
1871:Nathan M. Greenfield (2008).
1632:. Library and Archives Canada
1351:Canadian official war artists
387:Royal Canadian Army Pay Corps
2710:Canadian Expeditionary Force
2542:Non-Permanent Active Militia
2520:Canadian Expeditionary Force
2489:History of the Canadian Army
2361:from the Canadian War Museum
2335:from Library Archives Canada
2329:from Veterans Affairs Canada
2323:from Library Archives Canada
2256:Nicholson, G. W. L. (1962).
2130:, serving with the Corps HQ.
1746:Nicholson, G. W. L. (1962).
1598:. The Canadian Encyclopedia.
1594:Stacey, C. & N. Hillmer
699:German attack at Mont Sorrel
548:38th Battalion (Ottawa), CEF
504:38th Battalion (Ottawa), CEF
469:or named in its memorials.
174:Britain’s declaration of war
151:Canadian Expeditionary Force
33:Canadian Expeditionary Force
2513:Canadian military formation
2293:Schreiber, Shane B (2004).
2247:Newman, Stephen K. (2000).
2202:Dancocks, Daniel G (1987).
2061:Library and Archives Canada
1412:Dennis, Patrick M. (2017).
815:Battle of the Canal du Nord
650:British Expeditionary Force
616:, an engagement during the
506:marching in the streets of
407:Canadian Military Engineers
222:Conscription Crisis of 1917
2756:
2725:Military history of Canada
2619:Carignan-Salières Regiment
2382:Canadian Great War Project
1898:William Kaye Lamb (1971).
1309:armoured fighting vehicles
1281:
1142:Wartime economy equipment
1039:
964:Short Magazine Lee-Enfield
794:
756:
725:
659:
614:Battle of Kitcheners' Wood
601:
590:
491:
366:Canadian Machine Gun Corps
312:Canadian Machine Gun Corps
2642:
2549:Royal Flying Corps Canada
2242:. Random House of Canada.
1346:Canada during World War I
1042:Battledress § Canada
1036:Uniforms and combat dress
936:'s well-known character "
514:A sizeable percentage of
104:North Russia Intervention
2537:Permanent Active Militia
2471:Royal Canadian Air Force
2238:Morton, Desmond (1993).
1841:www.canadiansoldiers.com
1816:Nicholson, Gerald W. L.
1445:Gordon L. Heath (2014).
371:Corps of Guides (Canada)
356:Canadian Cavalry Brigade
327:Canadian Cavalry Brigade
277:Permanent Active Militia
2554:Naval Service of Canada
2525:Canadian Aviation Corps
2449:Current Canadian Forces
2402:Regimentalrogue website
2353:Museums and media links
2193:Christie, Norm (1997).
2184:Christie, Norm (1997).
2175:Christie, Norm (1999).
2143:Baldwin, Harold (1918)
1472:René Chartrand (2012).
759:Battle of Passchendaele
697:, in time to repulse a
677:According to historian
573:Canadian Railway Troops
544:Royal Canadian Regiment
536:Confederation of Canada
467:Commonwealth War Graves
361:Canadian Forestry Corps
335:Canadian Forestry Corps
331:Canadian Railway Troops
289:Royal Canadian Regiment
285:Lord Strathcona's Horse
281:Royal Canadian Dragoons
2614:Military of New France
2604:Military formation in
2570:Military formation in
2392:The C.E.F. Study Group
2387:The C.E.F. Paper Trail
2231:Marching to Armageddon
1861:published before 1923.
1651:Dickon, Chris (2014).
1525:Brock Millman (2016).
1179:Period or years in use
1100:Period or years in use
1090:Load-bearing equipment
1059:Period or years in use
955:
908:Second Battle of Ypres
882:
843:revolution-torn Russia
818:
797:Hundred Days Offensive
791:Hundred Days Offensive
783:
737:
674:
620:
618:Second Battle of Ypres
604:Second Battle of Ypres
540:Colony of Newfoundland
511:
463:Aldershot, Nova Scotia
447:United States citizens
350:administrative corps:
345:Establishment of corps
261:
246:
214:
2572:British North America
2456:Canadian Armed Forces
1998:Nance, Susan (2015).
1717:Richard Holt (2017).
1553:When Your Number's Up
1182:Manufacturer/origins
1103:Manufacturer/origins
1062:Manufacturer/origins
953:
872:
833:Deployments to Russia
808:
801:Canada's Hundred Days
777:
765:Third Battle of Ypres
735:
711:Newfoundland Regiment
669:
611:
520:British North America
501:
424:Reserves and training
412:Canadian Postal Corps
299:, two named infantry
256:
212:
109:Siberian Intervention
68:Expeditionary warfare
2634:Troupes de la marine
2408:canadiansoldiers.com
2240:When Your Numbers Up
2206:. Hurtig Publishers.
1987:: 9. March 30, 1917.
1798:Dancocks, Daniel G.
1385:Amy J. Shaw (2009).
993:Pattern 1907 bayonet
742:Battle of Vimy Ridge
728:Battle of Vimy Ridge
722:Battle of Vimy Ridge
577:Chinese Labour Corps
567:Chinese Labour Corps
305:17 mounted regiments
2466:Royal Canadian Navy
2321:The First World War
2033:thediscoverblog.com
1052:
879:Royal 22nd Regiment
672:Battle of the Somme
662:Battle of the Somme
656:Battle of the Somme
552:77th Battalion, CEF
461:, but were held at
259:71st Battalion, CEF
137:Lieutenant General
132:Lieutenant General
127:Lieutenant General
77:619,646 men (total)
2689:History portal
2344:2015-10-16 at the
2220:Cook, Tim (2008).
2211:Cook, Tim (2007).
2146:"Holding the line"
1762:on 26 August 2011.
1677:Dickon 2014, p. 94
1278:Military equipment
1050:
956:
883:
875:regimental colours
819:
784:
738:
679:G. W. L. Nicholson
675:
621:
512:
445:A large number of
275:Some units of the
262:
215:
2697:
2696:
2678:Canada portal
2580:Provincial Marine
2280:on 26 August 2011
2063:. pp. 8, 47.
2000:Historical Animal
1985:Edmonton Bulletin
1837:"Otter Committee"
1630:www.bac-lac.gc.ca
1551:Morton, Desmond.
1275:
1274:
1232:Field service cap
1166:
1165:
1087:
1086:
1005:Lewis machine gun
612:Depiction of the
581:Shandong Province
532:Imperial fortress
508:Hamilton, Bermuda
303:(RCR and PPCLI),
144:
143:
16:(Redirected from
2747:
2687:
2686:
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2676:
2675:
2674:
2663:
2662:
2651:
2650:
2532:Canadian Militia
2437:
2430:
2423:
2414:
2315:Government links
2298:
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2287:
2285:
2279:
2273:. Archived from
2264:
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2234:
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2131:
2124:
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2089:
2080:. Archived from
2074:
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2058:
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2041:
2039:
2025:
2014:
2013:
1995:
1989:
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1973:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1957:on July 3, 2013.
1942:
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991:, and later the
985:Enfield revolver
969:Colt New Service
892:Otter Commission
887:Canadian Militia
823:Battle of Amiens
809:Soldiers of the
747:creeping barrage
630:Colt machine gun
579:from China (via
560:Bermuda Garrison
538:(along with the
249:
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30:
21:
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795:Main articles:
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683:Somme offensive
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502:Members of the
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270:Black Canadians
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170:First World War
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2105:. 31 May 2023.
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2015:
2009:978-0815634065
2008:
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1934:978-1550026122
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1911:978-0070929074
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723:
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691:Edwin Alderson
660:Main article:
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646:Canadian Corps
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2084:on 2009-04-06
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1305:machine guns
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2665:WikiProject
2376:Other links
2284:24 February
2128:Alan Brooke
1298:bolt-action
865:Disbandment
855:Vladivostok
715:Mark I Tank
695:Julian Byng
474:Long Island
339:Caspian Sea
205:Recruitment
168:during the
162:field force
134:Julian Byng
94:World War I
90:Engagements
82:Nickname(s)
2704:Categories
2606:New France
2585:Royal Navy
2167:0771013396
2088:2009-02-23
1779:ctvnews.ca
1581:2015-03-02
1367:References
1282:See also:
1258:after 1915
1176:Model/type
1169:Head dress
1097:Model/type
1056:Model/type
1040:See also:
983:, and the
975:, and the
960:Ross Rifle
934:A.A. Milne
916:Vimy Ridge
853:forces in
626:Ross rifle
587:Operations
542:). As the
510:, in 1915.
488:Bermudians
301:battalions
237:Valcartier
157:) was the
124:commanders
117:Commanders
1432:985071597
1372:Citations
1188:Glengarry
1070:1903–1939
946:Equipment
859:Archangel
851:Bolshevik
827:armistice
200:Personnel
41:1914–1919
2680:•
2653:Category
2342:Archived
2271:59609928
2156:(1986).
1636:23 April
1319:See also
1290:revolver
1051:Uniform
323:infantry
287:and the
229:Dominion
182:division
1970:Calgary
1313:cavalry
1294:pistols
1021:donkeys
1001:Vickers
989:bayonet
873:Former
681:, "The
516:Bermuda
459:Toronto
430:England
231:in the
188:on the
176:on the
122:Notable
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1013:horses
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902:Legacy
687:Verdun
554:, and
166:Canada
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2278:(PDF)
2263:(PDF)
2114:Notes
2057:(PDF)
1760:(PDF)
1753:(PDF)
1626:(PDF)
1575:(PDF)
1568:(PDF)
1017:mules
847:Lenin
227:As a
186:Ypres
2286:2018
2267:OCLC
2162:ISBN
2158:Vimy
2040:2017
2004:ISBN
1930:ISBN
1906:ISBN
1879:ISBN
1848:2017
1786:2017
1727:ISBN
1659:ISBN
1638:2022
1533:ISBN
1506:ISBN
1480:ISBN
1453:ISBN
1428:OCLC
1418:ISBN
1393:ISBN
1023:and
999:and
997:Colt
799:and
740:The
242:22nd
149:The
74:Size
64:Role
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1292:or
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164:of
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