Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

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the ESG ( Environmental, Social and Governance) and IRMA (Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance). One such globally recognised certification is the 3T iTSCi, the only widely implemented and accepted mineral traceability and due diligence system in the region for the 3T minerals – Tin, Tantalum and Tungsten, an internationally recognised certification for responsible mining and traceability under the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act. Today four central African countries including the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) provides legitimate and ethical 3T minerals. Mining can occur within protected areas, and around endangered or threatened species. As of 2008 many ASM operations existed for minerals such as coltan. ASM operations employ a significant portion of the DRC's population; estimates range up to one fifth of the population, or 12.5 million people. Despite these regulations, scholar Siddharth Kara has argued that many companies’ attempt to regulate cobalt mines have amounted to nothing more than PR. He states “In all my time in the Congo, I never saw or heard of any activities linked to either of these coalitions, let alone anything that resembled corporate commitments to international human rights standards, third-party audits, or zero-tolerance policies on forced and child labor.”

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Filipe Calvão writes "By relying on a flexible workforce without incurring the costs of secure waged labor, companies shift the risk of price fluctuations and reputational damage to artisanal miners." As a result of media attention, many mining companies have tried to appear as having action on these issues. But, as a result of fluctuating prices and lowering worker retention, some companies withdrew key promises, such as frequent payments to the miners, the surface-stripping of the mine, and the replacement of worn safety equipment. Scholar Siddharth Kara explains that in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, “In addition to forced labor in hazardous conditions, the children were also being exploited in a system of debt bondage—an economic advance was being used to extract forced labor from them, and the debt was not being discharged based on a fair market value of the output of their labor. Threats of violence, eviction from the work site, and the lack of any reasonable alternative kept the children ensnared in the system of bondage. In essence, they were child slaves.”

1115:. While initial invasion tactics were still being worked out, military commanders were already making business deals with foreign companies for the Congo's vast mineral reserves. Between September 1998 and August 1999 stockpiles of minerals, agricultural products, timber, and livestock were illegally confiscated from Congolese businesses, piled onto trucks, and sold as exports from the confiscating countries. Rwandan and Ugandan troops forced local businesses to shut their doors by robbing and harassing civilian owners. Cars were stolen to such an extent that Uganda showed a 25% increase in automobile ownership in 1999. DARA-Forest Company illegally logged then sold Congolese timber on the international market as its own export. An 1161:(IMF) stated that Burundi has no "gold, diamonds, columbotantalite, copper, cobalt or basic metals" mining operations, but has nonetheless been exporting them since 1998. Likewise, Rwanda and Uganda had no known production sites for many of the minerals they exported at vastly increased rates after they invaded the DRC. "Free zone areas" make diamonds difficult to track because they can be repackaged and "legally" sold as diamonds from that country. The DRC exported few minerals after the invasion because its rural infrastructure was destroyed; mining and agricultural outputs waned. yet the air transportation networks' new transport routes increased exploitation by the invaders. 1494:, estimated the 2009 value of Canadian-owned mining assets in the D.R. Congo at Cdn.$ 3.3 billion, ten times more than in 2001, making the DRC the African country with second-highest African level of Canadian investment after Madagascar, and Canadian investment in the Congo representing a sixth of total Canadian mining assets in Africa. In 2011, Natural Resources Canada valued Canadian mining assets in the DRC at Cdn.$ 2.6 billion . The majority of Canadian-based mining companies currently or previously active in the DR Congo have been involved in either exploration and development or large-scale mining of the Congo's copper and cobalt resources. Based on 305:

found that "Urinary uranium did not differ significantly between exposed and controlled adult residents, but exposed children had twice as much uranium in urine than control children. Urinary manganese was more than twofold higher in exposed adults and children than in corresponding controls." This also applies to blood, as the concentrations of cobalt in blood were higher in exposed adults, children and miners. For cobalt, which also gets spread through humans, effects include damage to the heart and being toxic for the thyroid. Cobalt can also cause allergic dermatitis, asthma, and hard-metal lung disease.

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carbon dependent energy, which in many cases, is recycled cobalt. While these large corporations speak against child labor and promise safe working conditions, in scholar Siddharth Kara’s journey there, he uncovered that this is far from the truth. Kara explains that artisanal Mining relies heavily on private mining sectors, and most of which in the DRC is done under hazardous conditions in the DRC. Many Congolese children make their living from artisanal mining, but in the process are exposed to toxins, injury, and even death.

1926:(coltan) mining can cause health problems for women and children who work in the mines. As more women turn to mining for income, they are performing dangerous tasks such as pounding the stone which contains tantalum. The fibers this releases get into the lungs and affect both women and babies they carry on their backs. "More worrying, the majority of babies, often on the backs of their mothers during the horrendous task of pounding coltan, have started showing similar signs of disease and pain to those of their mothers". 35: 238: 888: 473:

artisanal miners (accounting for 15 to 30% of cobalt production), that is not mined industrially. This in effect will centralise the trade, help better regulate the industry in the DRC by fighting mining fraud and maximise state revenues. However, as of May 2022, the company had not yet begun purchasing any cobalt, and the Congolese minister of mines was considering canceling the company's cobalt buying monopoly. In the United States, Tesla, alongside Google, Apple and others, were

406: 192: 2697: 1202: 2054:, corrupt government officials and hostile militias. Recently, reductions in mortality rate have been documented, linked to improvements in security, humanitarian and politic issues. As of 2002 improvements were limited by continued unregulated mining. Exploitation of natural resources by rebel groups supplying international corporations continues to impair the growth of peace and stability. 1653: 321:

while she was harvesting her crops before being destroyed and proceeded to rape her. This resident didn’t have the means to report the assault, as the area was being demolished and reparations were low. Artisanal mining is one of the main forms of income for Congolese residents, yet, scholars and reporters have shown that it has led to an insurmountable amount of environmental injustices.

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effectively, so there are many grave labor violations. Minimum wage laws are rarely followed at mines. Work week hour standards, overtime payment and rest periods are largely ignored as well. Child labor laws are rarely enforced; child laborers comprise up to 30% of the mining labor force. Deaths and violent injury at mining work sites are commonplace.

1144:, which contributed to inflation. Air transportation companies that once operated in the Congo disappeared and were replaced by companies affiliated with foreign armies. The Congolese government lost tax revenue from natural resources entering or leaving its air fields; air services were controlled by Rwandan and Ugandan troops, who routinely exported 1940:, the DRC was one of the major exporters of food to the rest of Africa. "The richly fertile soil (especially that in the eastern highlands which is volcanic in origin) could produce enough food to feed half of Africa, but the country is so poor that at present its people do not produce enough food to feed themselves". As reported by the 317:

artisanal mining, especially in the DRC, has led to many cases of human rights abuses. The majority of Congolese citizens who take part in this operation mine with sticks, hands, and pick axes. They must sell the cobalt they mined at a fraction of the price to negociants or “depots,” ultimately earning an average of 2 dollars per day.

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China relations when China decided to write off debts from the DRC and the new partnering for the Belt and Road Initiative, this will encourage further cooperation between the two countries and encourage investment from more Chinese miners, like China Molybdenum, to enter investments into the Congolese copper and cobalt industry.

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of terror was imposed on the citizens. Those who refused or failed to deliver the quotas of rubber had their right hands severed by soldiers, as ordered by King Leopold II. Eventually, because of the human atrocities committed during this time, Leopold was forced to give up power, signing it over to Belgium, who renamed it to the

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which he enlisted the help of RCD-Goma soldiers. Mineral plunder in the DRC was easy once the central authority had collapsed because of the extremely weak financial system, as well as the international corporations and governments that imported illegal minerals disregarding illegal conflicts on the part of proper standards.

1245:. In September 2010, the government banned mining in the east of the country, to crack down on illegal organisations and corruption. In 2011, the DRC was accused of "selling off billions of dollars of mining assets at knockdown prices". In 2012 the DRC began reviewing its 2002 mining code. It received warnings from the 2036:. Reports indicate that corporations have facilitated these abuses by obtaining minerals from areas controlled by these groups. Sexual violence is an especially widespread and devastating issue across the country. Between 1.69 and 1.80 million women reported being raped in their lifetime. Around mines, 2621:

Banza, Célestin Lubaba Nkulu; Nawrot, Tim S.; Haufroid, Vincent; Decrée, Sophie; De Putter, Thierry; Smolders, Erik; Kabyla, Benjamin Ilunga; Luboya, Oscar Numbi; Ilunga, Augustin Ndala; Mutombo, Alain Mwanza; Nemery, Benoit (August 2009). "High human exposure to cobalt and other metals in Katanga, a

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is directly related to the ongoing conflict in the region and subsequent humanitarian crises. These health impacts come from labor, human rights violations, and collapse of social norms. Health and safety standards are largely specified in Congolese law, but government agencies have not enforced them

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and Tenke Mining Company in 2006. Due to this displacement, massive congestion occurred in Fungurume, cramming small businesses together and placing a great strain on infrastructure, housing, and employment. The population of the town boomed from 50,000 in 2007 to more than a quarter million in 2021.

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In lieu of the dozens of mining operations in the DRC, many Congolese have had to be evicted from their homes. In the city Kolwezi, hundreds of houses were demolished without adequate warning due to a joint venture between Zijin Mining Group Ltd and Gecamines. Compensation was offered, but it was not

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In the DRC, there are wars both between Congolese and conflicts with neighboring nations. Although these wars have components of intertribal conflict, in several cases the conflicts have been induced by external forces, such as changes in international support and foreign aid, and demand for resource

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The US documented that many minerals were purchased from the DRC even though the DRC had no record of exporting them. A lack of state stability combined with international corporations' and foreign governments’ interest in investing in Congolese minerals increased the pace at which the DRC was shaken

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each made their own deals with foreign businessmen for cash and/or military equipment. Battlefields most commonly centered on areas that held a lot of diamond and coltan potential and foreign armies' occupation of the eastern region was maintained by illegal resource exploitation. For $ 1 million per

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There have also been many instances of sexual assault associated with those forcibly removed from their homes. For example, in 2020, a concession near the village of Tshamundenda bulldozed nearby fields without any notice of eviction. Detachments of soldiers guarding the area seized a female resident

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Today, larger mining companies and non-for-profit organisations are addressing these complex issues and are continuously adopting international guidance and initiatives that helps set up regulations on a community to community basis with government support and involvement. A number of initiatives are

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Banza, Célestin Lubaba Nkulu; Nawrot, Tim S; Haufroid, Vincent; Decrée, Sophie; De Putter, Thierry; Smolders, Erik; Kabyla, Benjamin Ilunga; Luboya, Oscar Numbi; Ilunga, Augustin Ndala; Mutombo, Alain Mwanza; Nemery, Benoit (2009). "High human exposure to cobalt and other metals in Katanga, a mining

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Corporations and Western countries purchasing coltan from Rwanda, Uganda, or Burundi were aware of its origin; aid from western donors was funneled directly into Rwandan and Ugandan war efforts. The German government gave a loan to a German citizen to build his coltan export business in the DRC, for

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Many problems stem that employment, which is dependent on artisanal mining, including disruption of families, mining-related illnesses, environmental damage, child labor, prostitution and rape. While artisanal mining is not as detrimental to the environment as large-scale operations, the practice of

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these materials can pollute or deplete soil and water; and the effects can last for centuries. The impacts of mining spread through the community where the mining takes place. Tailings from mining can get into water, spreading harmful toxins. Research done on this issue by Lubaba Nkulu Banza, Et al.

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and workplace injury. Officially, artisanal mining is authorized in specially designated Artisanal Exploitation Zones (AEZ). However, in practice, these zones are comparatively small, and most artisanal mining takes place elsewhere, where it is common for artisanal miners to trespass onto industrial

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Atibu, Emmanuel K; Lacroix, Pierre; Sivalingam, Periyasamy; Ray, Nicolas; Giuliani, Gregory; Mulaji, Crispin K; Otamonga, Jean-Paul; Mpiana, Pius T; Slaveykova, Vera I; Poté, John (2018). "High contamination in the areas surrounding abandoned mines and mining activities: An impact assessment of the

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annual survey of mining executives reported the DRC's ranking of its mining exploration investment favourability fell from eighth-poorest in 2006 down to second-poorest in 2010, among 45 African, Asian and Latin American countries and 24 jurisdictions in Canada, Australia and the United States, and

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ceded mining assets to a company based in the British Virgin Islands, and the IMF called off a $ 530 million loan. At the end of 2012 the IMF suspended the last loan payments, because of a lack of transparency in the DRC's process for awarding mining contracts. The mining sector has since expanded,

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from 1885 to 1908, and Belgian colonization from 1908 to 1960. During this colonial regime, the Congolese were subjected to massive exploitation and human rights abuses. The country attracted European powers due to the increased global demand for rubber. In order to keep up with the demand, a reign

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and habitat destruction. The extent of logging has been difficult to quantify. Much of the logging that occurs is primarily for target hardwood species, rather than clear-cutting which can be assessed by satellite imaging. Observations have shown an increased number of logging trucks moving across

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Companies like Apple, Tesla, Samsung, and Microsoft have recently promoted carbon-neutral technology in the name of sustainability. Apple has specifically stated that they aim to achieve carbon neutrality in all of their products by 2030. In order to meet this goal, Apple will continue to use less

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Also known as the “New Silk Road,” the initiative consists of a network of railways, pipelines, highways and ports linking these networks of infrastructure to other Belt and Road Initiative partner countries in Russia, Europe, India, Central Asia and Southeast Asia. A positive move for the DRC and

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activities in the supply chain production of lithium-ion batteries. A 2010 US law required American companies to disclose the source for conflict minerals: tin, tantalum, tungsten and gold. Amnesty International are now advocating for cobalt to be added to this list, to ensure transparency amongst

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An extreme case of human rights abuse came to the surface in 2019, when a lawsuit was filed against Apple, Alphabet, Microsoft, Dell and Tesla for contributing to the injuries and deaths of many children, some as young as six years old. These large companies were said to be benefiting from around

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Artisanal mining of copper and cobalt, usually by hand, is also widespread. In December 2019, the DRC government announced the Enterprise Generale du Cobalt (EGC), the state-owned miner Gecamines would become the state-controlled buyer of cobalt, to purchase and market all cobalt from small-scale

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Human rights violations frequently go undetected. Monitoring these issues is challenging, because battery minerals typically travel 80,000 kilometres (50,000 mi) from where they are extracted to downstream manufacturing facilities. Many companies exploit the workers they use, for little pay.

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Miron, Michel. 2010. "Africa: Cumulative Canadian Mining Assets" (calculated at acquisition, construction or fabricating costs, and includes capitalized exploration and development costs, non-controlling interests, and excludes liquid assets, cumulative depreciation, and write-off), Minerals and

1464:, have had their mining permits revoked by the DRC government. First Quantum closed all its Congolese operations in 2010, and in concert with other stakeholders initiated international arbitration proceedings against the Congolese government. The Congolese revocation was seen as a rebuke for the 468:

in August 2019 in the Congo citing cobalt and copper operation is uneconomic due to falling commodities prices and an increase in a government royalty tax during the years of Kabila influence. Mutanda — the world's largest cobalt mine — was pegged to transition to care and maintenance (temporary

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along with 25 other international mines active in the area. While technological companies strive for sustainable production and consumption of their products using cobalt, this is often achieved by the work of artisanal mining in hazardous and unjust working conditions. The process of mining and

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reported headaches and musculoskeletal and respiratory disorders. Environmental contamination in soils has been shown to correlate with proximity to former mining sites: "These values are much higher than the sediment guidelines for the protection of aquatic life and international soil clean-up

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In 2000, Rwanda spent $ 70 million supporting about 25,000 troops and Uganda spent $ 110 million supporting twice as many troops. Rwanda and Uganda financed their war efforts through commercial deals, profit-sharing with companies, and taxation, among other things. Rwandan soldiers stole coltan

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in 2010. The loan included trade conditions, such as liberalization of the diamond trade. The same year, the IFC began working with the DRC on legal and regulatory improvements through an advisory service called "Conflict Affected States in Africa" (CASA). It suspended most activities during a

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Civilians, including large numbers of children, have been regularly forced into labor, especially as miners and soldiers. Many miners become enslaved when they fail to pay back debt to their employer. Rebel and militia groups commit widespread human rights abuses, including rape, enslavement,

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Displaced residents were once again forced to downsize and live with substantially less amenities. Many had generational ties to the land and are now unable to participate in cultural practices. This further exacerbated the need of artisanal mining under unsafe conditions in order to survive.

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are participating in several initiatives, such as the Responsible Cobalt Initiative and Cobalt for Development study. In 2018 BMW Group in partnership with BASF, Samsung SDI and Samsung Electronics have launched a pilot project in the DRC over one pilot mine, to improve conditions and address

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and major car manufacturers for global production of cobalt, tin, tantalum, tungsten and lithium to be sourced and produced sustainably, the materials needed for the new technologies that are being deployed as the globe transforms into new energy systems. Companies are adopting and practising

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35,000 of those being children. This is all for the production of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, which make up many of the claimed “sustainable” technological products. Kara proposes third party involvement to verify the practice of safe artisanal mining without exploitation and abuse.

135:. While private sectors take on large operations, they rely heavily on artisanal mining for extraction of resources. These industries along with non-for-profit organizations are continuously changing their guidelines as the DRC becomes more and more desirable for their valuable minerals. 2563:

Banza Lubaba Nkulu, Célestin; Casas, Lidia; Haufroid, Vincent; De Putter, Thierry; Saenen, Nelly D.; Kayembe-Kitenge, Tony; Musa Obadia, Paul; Kyanika Wa Mukoma, Daniel; Lunda Ilunga, Jean-Marie; Nawrot, Tim S.; Luboya Numbi, Oscar; Smolders, Erik; Nemery, Benoit (14 September 2018).

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reported 28 Canadian mining and exploration companies operating in the D.R. Congo between 2001 and 2009, with four carrying out commercial-scale extraction; collectively, these companies' assets in the DRC ranged between Cdn.$ 161 million in 2003 and $ 5.2 billion in 2008.

603:, a large gold refinery based in Uganda owned by Belgian businessman Alain Goetz, blaming the company for accepting hundreds of millions of dollars worth of gold from the DRC without questioning its origin. In December 2022, Goetz was also sanctioned by the European Union. 1139:

The mass looting died down as stocks of minerals were depleted, and soldiers were encouraged by their commanders to take part in small-scale looting, which started an "active extraction phase". Natural resources that were not stolen were often purchased with counterfeit

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province to postpone plans that would require more power due to an "energy crisis". In March 2016, 42 NGOs urged Kabila to update the 2002 mining code after a draft was submitted to parliament in March, but Kabila decided to wait until metal markets recovered.

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challenges for artisanal miners and the surrounding communities. BMW's involvement in these projects suggests they may need to source additional supply of cobalt from DRC mines in future, having a long-term strategic approach to sustainability in this region.

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Following the peace accord in 2003, the focus returned to mining. Rebel groups supplied international corporations through unregulated mining by soldiers, locals organized by military commanders and by foreign nationals. The political framework was unstable.

2047:, three million civilians died, largely due to malnutrition or disease. Nearly as many were internally displaced. Destruction of agricultural land and cattle, and the interest in mining profits, led to a decrease in food access and increase in malnutrition. 1148:

from the Congo. The increase in air transportation networks also increased exploitation because of the new transport routes. Coltan is the most profitable mineral export from the Congo, but it is particularly difficult to track because it is often listed as

1181:'s International Diamond Industries (IDI), which was supposed to pay the Congolese government $ 20 million for it. But it paid only $ 3 million, yet continued to extract diamonds from the region and sell them internationally. Upon request of the IMF and 552:(SACIM). According to the deal, Anhui promised to spend $ 100 million on various infrastructure projects. By 2017, SACIM produced 85% of the industrially mined diamonds in the DRC. MIBA's and SACIM's mining permits are directly adjacent to each other. 130:

According to a 2011 report the total value of the major mineral reserves in the DRC amounted to a total of over 300 billion US dollars at the time. The mining industry in the DRC mainly consists of private, large industrial mines, semi-industrial, and

1870:, this trend endangers an estimated 180,000 apes across 17 countries, with habitat destruction occurring even in protected areas. The study highlights a critical need for sustainable mining practices that protect the environment while supporting the 1900:(DCA 2006) and reportedly, "much of the finance sustaining the civil wars in Africa, especially in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is directly connected to coltan profits" (DCA 2006, pp 1). A United Nations report has echoed this assessment. 5529:

Squadrone, S; Burioli, E; Monaco, G; Koya, M.K; Prearo, M; Gennero, S; Dominici, A; Abete, M.C (2016). "Human exposure to metals due to consumption of fish from an artificial lake basin close to an active mining area in Katanga (D.R. Congo)".

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month rebel group RCD-Goma gave a coltan monopoly to SOMIGL which they in turn poured into efforts to gain control from RCD-ML of mineral-loaded land. To get fast cash to gain control of government land, the DRC gave a diamond monopoly to

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has been active since 1997. Seven other Canadian junior companies reported owning properties in the DRC during 2001–2009, including Canaf Group through its 2008 acquisition of diamond mining company New Stone Mining, and BRC DiamondCore.

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deposit, which has among the highest Uranium grades in the world. Historically, uranium from the Shinkolobwe mine was used in several nuclear weapons programs, including serving as the majority of the raw material for the United States'

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The labor shift from farming to mining has been linked to food shortages and insecurity. Yet the DRC has some of the richest soils and favorable climatic conditions for food production on the African continent. Before the reign of

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were predicted in 2010 to create more than two-thirds of total Congolese copper output from 2008 to 2013, and for more than two-thirds of total Congolese cobalt output from 2008 to 2014. These companies, and Canadian-incorporated

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tech giants and traceability of the supply chain. These initiatives are already taking place with major mining companies, Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining companies (ASM). Car manufacturers and battery manufacturer supply chains

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Industrial mining of other minerals has also occurred in the DRC. In contrast to copper-cobalt, which is central to the DRC economy, these other resources are more peripheral, and many of the mines are not necessarily active.

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collected by villagers and sold it to diamond dealers. From the coltan trade alone, the Rwandan army may have collected $ 20 million per month, and coltan profits have been used to pay back loans from foreign creditors.

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Mining in the DRC took place beginning in the 14th century and is still very present today, with mass scale lootings halting many major projects. The main countries involved in the mining operations in the DRC are

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extraction. As a result of tantalum mining and wars, societies in the eastern regions of the Congo are experiencing heightened physical and economic insecurity, health problems and human-rights violations. In the

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Many factors contribute to the Democratic Republic of the Congo's severe socio-economic hardships, and not all resource extraction operations have had an entirely negative impact on Congolese society at large.

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De Putter, Thierry; Liégeois, Jean-Paul; Dewaele, Stijn; Cailteux, Jacques; Boyce, Adrian; Mees, Florias (2018). "Paleoproterozoic manganese and base metals deposits at Kisenge-Kamata (Katanga, D.R. Congo)".

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nearly enough to offset the costs of rebuilding or relocating. Alongside this, hundreds of residents were either told to leave or brutally forced, significantly downsizing due to the low compensation.

378:(SEC) issued the final regulations. However, the regulation requiring manufacturers to publicly disclose the use of conflict materials was challenged by the National Association of Manufacturers as a 367: 1596:(acquisition of Cdn.$ 8m. in Africo shares, invested in 2007), and Kingamyambo Musonoi Tailings SARL as acquired by First Quantum, proposed in 2009 at a value of US$ 4.5 million in equity funding. 6264: 4836:

New Stone Mining is registered in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where it has five mining concessions in the Kasai Occidental and the Oriental Province...alluvial diamond-mining operations

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Diamond mining in the DRC is done mostly by artisanal miners, and almost exclusively by hand. Artisanal diamond mining employs an estimated 1 million people in the DRC. Despite being one of the

2255:"Environmental Destruction and Human Rights Abuses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Examining the Epicenter of the Cobalt Mining Industry from an International Criminal Law Perspective" 183:. The revised code was opposed by many multinational mining companies, since it introduced new taxes and removed a stability clause protecting existing investments from changes to regulations. 3507:"Supergene manganese ore records 75 Myr-long Campanian to Pleistocene geodynamic evolution and weathering history of the Central African Great Lakes Region – Tectonics drives, climate assists" 6184:, International Peace Information Service. Interactive, searchable map of all mining concessions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, based on Cadastre Minier (CaMi) data, July 27, 2010. 4308: 6608: 6538: 6419: 6394: 1789:. Mining in these areas is typically artisanal; a small-scale mining method that takes place in river beds and can, cumulatively, be very environmentally damaging. Artisanal mining degrades 445:. Most cobalt in the DRC is found in these copper mines. The south of the DRC is more politically stable than the eastern DRC, so copper and cobalt mining generally has comparatively fewer 6674: 6588: 6465: 6409: 6632: 4952: 2668:

Calvão, Filipe; Mcdonald, Catherine Erica Alexina; Bolay, Matthieu (December 2021). "Cobalt mining and the corporate outsourcing of responsibility in the Democratic Republic of Congo".

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Much mining has been done in small artisanal mining operations, sometimes known as Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM). These small-scale mines were unregulated, with high levels of

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concentrations found in this population are the highest ever reported for a general population." In 2016, researchers discovered extensive metal contamination in the fish in Katanga's

7227: 6747: 6494: 1832:. Also, as people enter into these areas animals such as primates are collected for trade on the black market. Others are poached for their hides, or for their tusks, like elephants. 477:

for artisanal cobalt mined under unsafe and unethical conditions, including the use of child labour in the sourcing of cobalt in their supply chains. The lawsuit was later dismissed.

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standards. Enrichment factor and geoaccumulation index results indicated important contribution of mining activities to the study sites pollution in addition to natural background."

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from its fragile foundation. The UN identified the perpetrators of illegal resource exploitation in the DRC, but was unable to help prevent the economic exploitation of the country.

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starting in 1922. Peak production occurred in 1955 at 429,000 tons, which by 1974 had slowly declined to 103,000 tons. After discovering the deposit in 1911 and having its opening

6470: 6455: 6389: 6231: 5087: 2064: 1839: 400: 4328: 2413:"The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) & Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM). Preliminary Observations from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)" 2378:"The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) & Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM). Preliminary Observations from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)" 203:

Most large industrial mines are run by joint ventures between a foreign company and one of the DRC's state-owned (parastatal) mining companies. Large scale exploration permits (

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Mustapha, A O; Mbuzukongira, P; Mangala, M J (2007). "Occupational radiation exposures of artisans mining columbite–tantalite in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo".

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Pourret, Olivier; Lange, Bastien; Bonhoure, Jessica; Colinet, Gilles; Decrée, Sophie; Mahy, Grégory; Séleck, Maxime; Shutcha, Mylor; Faucon, Michel-Pierre (January 2016).

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executive allowed rebels to use his private Learjet in return for a $ 1 billion mining deal. Global Witness in 2004 described the mining corporations' rush to acquire

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Deberdt, Raphael; Billon, Philippe Le (December 2021). "Conflict minerals and battery materials supply chains: A mapping review of responsible sourcing initiatives".

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Akiwumi, Fenda A.; Hollist, Arthur O. (April 2016). "The new kid on the old block: Coltan, conflict-prone minerals, and post-war reconstruction in Sierra Leone".

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copper, existed from at least the 14th century, and evolved in use first as a symbol of wealth, and later a form of currency. The accounts of explorers such as

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in the Eastern DRC and Loncor Resources for gold, platinum, tantalum and other metals. Two Canadian-registered companies own petroleum concessions in the DRC:

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http://www.bhpbilliton.com/annualreports2008/2008-business-review-and-annual-report/annual-report/information-on-the-company/minerals-exploration/index.html

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was put in his place and upheld the Western agenda for 32 years. Following the end of the crisis, most of the mining assets of Belgian-owned companies were

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Hayes, K; Burge, R (2003). "Coltan Mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo: How tantalum-using industries can commit to the reconstruction of the DRC".

4908: 2254: 6820: 221:, CAMI). Such ventures typically require years of planning, and involve millions of dollars of investment. The largest financiers are the Congolese firm 5249: 4545: 3428:

Doyen, Louis (1973). "The Manganese Ore Deposit of Kisenge — Kamata (Western Katanga). Mineralogical and Sedimentological Aspects of the Primary Ore".

1452:

In 2009, First Quantum, active in the D.R.C since 1997, had reported its corporate social responsibility contributions amounted to 3% of the Congolese

6782: 6516: 3099: 1948:, more than 20% of the DRC's mining revenue is being lost "due to corruption and mismanagement"; more than $ 750 million has gone missing since 2014. 1920:

tribes. Analysts have determined that the conflict has intertribal as well as economic components brought about by the patterns of coltan extraction.

545: 2352: 292:

Ethical supply chains must address concerns about child labour, corruption, and environmental degradation. Mining for critical minerals can threaten

5699:

Hayes, K; Burge, R. "Coltan Mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo: How tantalum-using industries can commit to the reconstruction of the DRC".

1435: 639:

The so-called 3T minerals, standing for tantalum, tin, and tungsten, are mostly mined in relatively small scale artisanal mines in the eastern DRC.

596: 7043: 6085: 3938:"Report of the panel of experts on the illegal exploitation of natural resources and other forms of wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo" 3885:"Report of the panel of experts on the illegal exploitation of natural resources and other forms of wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo" 3854:"Report of the panel of experts on the illegal exploitation of natural resources and other forms of wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo" 6787: 3250: 2912: 1961: 1412: 1015: 591:

banned six small Chinese mining companies operating in the province for failing to register their businesses, a move subsequently endorsed by the

375: 6303: 4716: 1249:, was heavily lobbied by mining companies and investors who wanted to be included in the revision discussions, and did not complete the project. 1073: 4809:

Dougherty, Carter. 2003. "Sifting Through a Dark Business; Does Congo's diamond trade defy change? Kimberley reforms may not be working fully",

2040:, sex slavery, and forced child prostitution have been observed. This widespread sexual violence contributes to the spread of HIV/AIDS as well. 6883: 2950: 1725:(BRI) cooperation during a tour of China's Foreign Minister, Wang Yi, making the DRC, China's 45th Belt and Road Initiative partner in Africa. 5422: 4949: 4179: 4098: 1843:

borders. Logging destroys valuable animal habitat and increases access into forested areas making it easier for poachers, miners to go there.

794:. Officially, the mine is closed, but illicit artisanal uranium mining has continued, though who is buying the uranium is not publicly known. 5460: 5278: 5273:

Artur Usanov; Marjolein de Ridder; Willem Auping (5 June 2013). Coltan, Congo and Conflict. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. pp. 43–.

5229: 4869: 4852: 3445: 3000: 2187: 1214: 2124: 4488: 2050:

As of 2001, assessment and assistance by outside organizations has been difficult, as access to mining areas has been limited by poor road

858:. The kingdom had an already well-established trade network in resources, with copper from the Katanga region making up an important part. 1538:, previously held copper and/or cobalt concessions, but have since abandoned them, or sold them to other Canadian or South African firms. 1032: 274:

Most artisanal mining is carried out with simple hand tools. Semi-industrial mining refers to operations which make use of some degree of

2931:

The World Economic Forum, Committed to Improving the State of the World, is the International Organization for Public-Private Cooperation

1874:, pointing to the current inadequacy in regulations and the urgent need for better transparency and data sharing from mining operations. 6903: 4777: 4123: 728: 2812: 1185:

the DRC liberalized diamond trade, after which IDI threatened to sue for breach of contract, a contract they themselves did not honor.

6284: 6069: 4607: 4332: 3921: 1932:

is common in the DRC, and the mining industry is no exception. Children in the region are also forced and coerced to become soldiers.

1866:, essential for the growing electric vehicle industry, is encroaching on the habitats of Africa's great apes. According to a study in 1449:

According to the Congolese government, in 2009 Canadian companies held US$ 4.5 billion in mining-related investments in the DR Congo.

621:

reserves. As of 2022, there are no active lithium mines in the DRC, but several projects are in development. Lithium deposits include

5747: 4380: 4148: 2519: 1896:

mining, are devastating. For example, as worldwide demand for consumer electronics has increased, so has the demand for tantalum, or

7128: 4010: 3302: 2724: 2237: 2024: 1700: 1581: 330: 6355: 1456:. It was the DRC's largest taxpayer that year, accounting for between one-eighth and one-quarter of collected revenue. Since 2009, 1021: 904: 525: 1777:

Mining can be an intensive process and has affected some wilderness areas, including national parks and wildlife reserves such as

6247: 6181: 4242: 4201: 979: 896: 2974: 879:. Up until its independence in 1960, the DRC continued to be subjected to exploitation, discrimination, and racial segregation. 6269: 2146: 301: 149: 1774:

as animals are mobile and the lack of roads and navigable rivers hamper transportation into wilderness areas for researchers.

6813: 6112: 3761: 1766:

Resource extraction has many impacts on the cultural and environmental diversity of the DRC; it is difficult to quantify the

1678: 3606: 3175: 2836: 1604:

this was attributed to "the uncertainty created by the nationalization and revision of contracts by the Kabila government".

4438: 4357: 6296: 4639: 4257:

Datamonitor Group . , web database, London. Entry point: companies. Keywords: congo. Industry: Metals and Mining (34).

3581: 3398: 1817: 498: 4474: 4284: 1482:

At the end of the 2000s, the DRC ranked either first or second-largest among African countries for Canadian mining. The

1068: 943:

was the country’s first democratically elected prime minister, however, this anti-colonial view was rejected and Belgian

4354:

Anvil Divests its Interest in the Dikulushi Tenements in the DRC and Updates Construction Progress at Kinsevere Stage II

1991:

Civilian populations have suffered significant health impacts from mining and the associated conflicts. A 2009 study in

1527: 1424: 69: 826:

Mining in the DRC was carried out by Indigenous peoples for centuries before colonial powers arrived. For example, the

17: 6918: 5404:. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs - Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN). 2002-01-16 4882: 4514: 1469: 1218: 1158: 521: 6054: 4664: 4069: 1663: 1123:-rich land in the rebel territory of the DRC as a continuation of the pattern of exploitation in play since the 1885 300:

in communities affected by mining. Child labour and lack of safety regulations frequently endanger mine workers. The

3275: 3150: 2520:"Assessment of soil metal distribution and environmental impact of mining in Katanga (Democratic Republic of Congo)" 842:

brought news of the mineral wealth of Katanga to Europe for the first time in the 19th century. At the time of the

579:, and is often used to fund rebel groups in the DRC by smuggling gold over the border into nearby countries such as 6017:

Coghlan, Benjamin; et al. (2006-01-07). "Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a nationwide survey".

3418:

NB Volume contains several issues bound together. The linked page numbering is faulty. Belgian Congo is at the end.

3025: 1778: 1302: 7154: 4742:

McClearn, Matthew (January 24, 2012). "Quantum finds solace. How the Canadian mining company got its money back".

4572:

Garrett, Nicholas; Lintzer, Marie (2010). "Can Katanga's mining sector drive growth and development in the DRC?".

2419: 2384: 1770:

of the country, which is unstable and difficult for researchers to enter. It is also always difficult to quantify

1682: 1667: 6806: 6583: 1767: 1628: 1420: 561: 7201: 7197: 4230: 1387:, BHP Billiton, and Xstrata were all in the exploration and development phase, while Canada had four companies, 696:. Several initiatives exist to source conflict-free extraction, with mixed reception as to their effectiveness. 4895: 2497: 2074: 1722: 1713: 1585: 1491: 1341: 634: 485: 6211: 5934:"Farming the battlefield: the meaning of war, cattle and soil in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo" 1479:

to the DRC in 2010. In 2012, First Quantum's legal dispute with the DRC ended in an out-of-court settlement.

4922:"Search IFC Projects", Type of project: Investment Projects, Project country: "Congo, Democratic Republic of" 4538: 3506: 7193: 6958: 4263: 1816:

Miners and refugees are relocating to parks in search of minerals; a reported 10,000 people have moved into

839: 5035: 7068: 7058: 6863: 1821: 1782: 1499: 1457: 1392: 1306: 157: 2170:

Geenen, Sara (2011). "Local Livelihoods, Global Interests and the State in the Congolese Mining Sector".

709: 7073: 6963: 6908: 6893: 6189: 6092: 6073: 2893:

U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2012, 17 CFR parts 240 and 249b conflict minerals; final rule:

2302: 1593: 1453: 1419:, which resulted in legal proceedings against Anvil Mining in the DRC and Canada, investigations by the 1297:

In 2011, at least twenty-five international mining companies were active in the D.R. Congo according to

871: 442: 287: 226: 7180: 7171: 7162: 5426: 4847:

Minerals Yearbook, 2008, V. 1, Metals and Minerals. Government Printing Office. February 2011. pp. 2–.

4720: 1968:, thousands of Congolese who lived across concession were evicted after the largest mining concession, 1608: 47: 3937: 3884: 3853: 1631:, since 1996. Six other Canadian companies have previously owned Congolese gold properties, including 887: 7184: 7158: 7133: 7053: 7018: 7003: 6988: 6943: 6938: 6878: 5665: 5582: 5539: 5495: 5120:"Armed Conflict and Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of the Democratic Republic of Congo" 5119: 4934: 4042: 3727: 3684: 3521: 3471: 2774: 2677: 2631: 2577: 2534: 2452: 1969: 1483: 1465: 1124: 179:

administration in 2018. This replaced the previous code passed by Kabila in 2002 near the end of the

4099:"IFC's Conflict Affected States in Africa Initiative Final Report on CASA's First Cycle (2008-2013)" 237: 7008: 3199: 2012: 1786: 1353: 847: 161: 2926:"Making Mining Safe and Fair: Artisanal cobalt extraction in the Democratic Republic of the Congo" 1368:(CIC Mining Resources, with Japanese Eco Energy Group's African subsidiary, Eco Project Company), 1264:

In July 2013, the IFC advisory service CASA re-engaged and helped the DRC adopt and implement the

766:. In March 2018, 1000 tons of manganese ore from the mine made up the first train of the reopened 152:

and those living in it, however, the DRC has faced many acts of environmental injustice including

7108: 7083: 6933: 6928: 6873: 6858: 6042: 5975:"Update on mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: results from a third nationwide survey" 5818:"Estimates and Determinants of Sexual Violence Against Women in the Democratic Republic of Congo" 5624:

Elenge Molayi, M; Aubry, J. C; De Brouwer, C (2009). "Health impact of working conditions at the

5606: 5380: 5308: 4864:

Joseph Hilyard (July 2008). 2008 International Petroleum Encyclopedia. PennWell Books. pp. 242–.

4589: 3991: 3743: 3537: 3487: 3327: 3280: 2468: 1357: 1252:

In 2012 the DRC failed to provide sufficient details on the process whereby state mining company

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killed several dozen artisanal miners. An industrial diamond miner in the DRC, the state company

4950:

Banro Announces a 59% Increase in Twangiza Reserves and Twangiza Mine Life Extension to 14 Years

4823: 4492: 3974:

Montague, Dena (2002). "Stolen Goods: Coltan and Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo".

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was active in setting up several mining companies, but was publicly criticized for heavy use of

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In 2004 the Congolese military killed between seventy and one hundred civilians in the town of

714: 7093: 7063: 7048: 7033: 7023: 7013: 6978: 6973: 6923: 6868: 6843: 6722: 6108: 6034: 5996: 5955: 5914: 5847: 5791: 5767: 5681: 5637: 5598: 5555: 5511: 5456: 5291:

Carayannis, Tatiana (2003). "The Complex Wars of the Congo: Towards a New Analytic Approach".

5274: 4865: 4848: 3917: 3700: 3441: 2720: 2647: 2603: 2233: 2183: 1883: 1871: 1806: 1771: 1384: 1345: 843: 835: 791: 771: 689: 588: 533: 517: 446: 371: 5353:

Jackson, Stephen (2002). "Making a killing: Criminality and coping in the Kivu War economy".

4127: 4011:"Same Old Story: A background study on natural resources in the Democratic Republic of Congo" 2894: 2276: 1584:

sponsored or proposed D.R.C projects were for Canadian-owned companies active in the DRC: to

271:

sites to work. Artisanal miners at a particular site are often organized into a cooperative.

7103: 7098: 7038: 6993: 6953: 6848: 6829: 6328: 6313: 6279: 6216: 6026: 5986: 5945: 5904: 5896: 5837: 5829: 5673: 5590: 5547: 5503: 5370: 5362: 5327: 5300: 5153: 5088:"Are These Tech Companies Complicit In Human Rights Abuses Of Child Cobalt Miners In Congo?" 4581: 4416: 3983: 3735: 3692: 3529: 3479: 3433: 2782: 2685: 2639: 2593: 2585: 2542: 2460: 2175: 2044: 2000: 1992: 1937: 1867: 1847: 1600: 1589: 1531: 1507: 1438:(MIGA) funded the first DRC project by Canada and Ireland as co-investors, on behalf of the 1285: 1116: 1108: 948: 932: 912: 767: 755: 576: 569: 438: 338: 261: 241: 180: 132: 6077: 5751: 4614: 1332:, AVZ Minerals, Green Machine Development Corporation, Lindian Resources, Mawson West, and 489:

Rough diamonds from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Their yellow color is due to the

7078: 7028: 6983: 6968: 6948: 6913: 6853: 6598: 6323: 5206:"Breaking New Ground: Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development - Final Report, Ch. 13" 4956: 4797:

Anonymous. 2003. "Emaxon to finance expansion of MIBA's diamond mines", October 27, 2003,

4391: 4364: 4315: 4291: 4267: 2740: 2701: 2696: 1835: 1636: 1574: 1333: 1141: 952: 940: 537: 253: 191: 84: 4017: 3074: 2383:. Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. p. Glossary, Page 4. Archived from 2032:

torture, disappearances and killing of civilians. These groups compete for finances from

540:, was found in the Mbuji-Mayi area. In 2013, the assets and debt of the state controlled 5720:"No End in Sight: The human tragedy of the conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo" 5669: 5586: 5543: 5499: 4358:

http://www.anvilmining.com/download.cfm?DownloadFile=B4F58533-C29E-198E-8153C59909147319

3731: 3688: 3525: 3475: 3373: 2778: 2700: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the 2681: 2635: 2581: 2538: 2456: 1201: 544:(SCIM) were given to a new 50/50 joint venture between the Congolese government and the 225:, which as of 2022 had leant out $ 820 million to mining companies, and the Kenyan firm 52:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

7088: 6998: 6888: 5909: 5884: 5842: 5817: 4209: 3653: 2837:"Mining, forest change and conflict in the Kivus, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo" 2598: 2565: 2051: 2033: 1945: 1909: 1905: 1511: 1439: 1416: 1396: 1349: 1318: 1112: 850:, the copper mining region of the DRC was controlled by Indigenous peoples, mainly the 325: 6030: 5677: 4933:

McMahon, Fred; Cervantes, Miguel. 2011, Vancouver: The Fraser Institute, p. 7, 11-12,

4285:

http://www.anglogold.co.za/NR/rdonlyres/0F71E463-1ABA-4A34-AF45-565E1DBD996A/0/drc.pdf

3793:"The Colonial Legacy and Transitional Justice in the Democratic Republic of the Congo" 1824:. This increases the pressures on wildlife as timber is cut down and used for cooking 469:

closure) by year-end 2019, the world's largest and responsible for 20% global output.

452:

The majority of copper-cobalt mining is carried out on an industrial scale by various

7221: 6350: 6345: 6291: 5991: 5974: 5950: 5933: 5594: 5449: 5401: 5384: 5375: 5312: 4593: 3995: 3541: 3491: 3403:

Foreign Minerals Survey: A Regional Review of Mineral Resources, Production and Trade

2472: 1813:, degrading the health of the river systems and putting people and wildlife at risk. 1790: 1612: 1523: 1503: 1400: 1361: 1310: 1281: 1280:, the guerillas still controlled some of the mines and created disturbances. In 2014 1153:, for which export taxes are lower. Coltan had been illegally extracted and sold via 916: 900: 876: 827: 813:. Closed since 1993, the owners of the mine plan to restart production in the 2020s. 763: 693: 453: 433:

In the DRC, copper and cobalt resources are mined in the south of the country in the

293: 275: 176: 5551: 3483: 2546: 1850:

metals introduces a new threat to the region's biodiversity. Mining for metals like

1301:. Canadian-domiciled mining companies had the highest presence, with nine in total: 6308: 6127: 6046: 5610: 5423:"Worst Forms of Child Labour - Congo, Dem. Rep.: Global March Against Child Labour" 3556:"Angolan railway and port restarts exporting minerals after 30 years of disruption" 2037: 1995:

found "substantial exposure to several metals, especially in children. The urinary

1973: 1929: 1892:

That said, the negative consequences of some forms of resource extraction, such as

1632: 1570: 1535: 1516: 1461: 1443: 1388: 1337: 1314: 928: 908: 867: 851: 831: 798: 740: 646: 568:

greenstone belt in northeast corner of the DRC. Mines include the large industrial

490: 465: 422: 297: 153: 73: 5174: 3914:

The Last Stand of the Gorilla: Environmental Crime and Conflict in the Congo Basin

3627: 2492: 2094: 1253: 645:

is mined in the DRC, mostly in the eastern part of the country in places like the

457: 5507: 4585: 3374:"Democratic Republic of Congo : Growth with Governance in the Mining Sector" 2643: 2326: 505:

quality compared to other countries, and more diamonds are of the less expensive

5625: 4701:

Brenda Bouw (July 2, 2010). "Congo wins debt relief despite Canadian concerns".

4449: 3654:"Copper's Corollaries: Trade and Labour Migration in the Copperbelt (1910-1940)" 3437: 2089: 2016: 1917: 1652: 1546: 1476: 1373: 1298: 1222: 1206: 1178: 1150: 936: 786: 732: 720: 670: 343: 267: 249: 6148:"Forests and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Opportunity in a time of crisis" 5304: 5230:"How 'modern-day slavery' in the Congo powers the rechargeable battery economy" 3696: 2786: 2689: 2464: 2418:. Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. p. Page 6. Archived from 2147:"Kinshasa is already Africa's biggest city – could cobalt make it the richest?" 1226:

dispute between IFC and the DRC over the expropriation of a mining investment.

5366: 5158: 5141: 5059: 2589: 1620: 1495: 1473: 1431: 1383:

In 2008 and 2009, the Congolese operations of larger international companies,

1246: 1242: 1238: 1182: 931:, Belgian companies were significant supporters of the failed attempts by the 759: 584: 529: 434: 347: 278:, but with less investment than industrial operations run by large companies. 245: 172: 46:. The reason given is: Relies a lot on old sources such as the 2001 report at 5900: 5833: 5205: 4487:

République Démocratique du Congo, Cabinet du Chef de l'Etat (June 10, 2009).

4043:"IMF Survey: IMF, World Bank Support $ 12.3 Billion Debt Relief for DR Congo" 3533: 1846:

Against this backdrop of environmental challenges, the burgeoning demand for

1519:, were involved in industrial copper and cobalt extraction during 2000–2010. 2179: 1965: 1923: 1825: 1325: 1258: 944: 806: 747: 658: 654: 565: 414: 370:

has required retailers and manufacturers to track and publish the amount of

116: 6038: 6000: 5959: 5918: 5851: 5685: 5641: 5602: 5559: 5515: 5475:

BBC News, Congo's mining revenue 'missing' - Global Witness. July 21, 2017.

5175:"Coltan Mining in World Heritage Sites in the Democratic Republic of Congo" 4489:"Le Premier ministre informé des activités des sociétés canadiennes en RDC" 3987: 3704: 2651: 2607: 2172:

Natural Resources and Local Livelihoods in the Great Lakes Region of Africa

1522:

As of early 2011, another eight junior Canadian mining companies including

536:

province. In 1990, one of the largest colorless diamonds in the world, the

1829: 1802: 1566: 1554: 1403:

involved in large-scale commercial extraction for several years or more.

1269: 1169: 990: 758:, totaling about 12 Mt of ore. Manganese is also found at Kasekelesa and 682: 666: 513: 502: 461: 359: 175:

in the DRC is given by the mining code, which was passed into law by the

100: 3762:"The Yeke and the Congo Free State, from confrontation to collaboration" 5142:"The impact of war on forest areas in the Democratic Republic of Congo" 4883:

Summary of Project Information (SPI), Kingamyambo Musonoi Tailings SARL

3747: 3226:"US sanctions Ugandan gold refinery for contributing to Congo conflict" 3001:"Federal court dismisses child labor case against major tech companies" 1855: 1810: 1798: 1794: 1624: 1558: 1542: 1377: 1369: 1273: 1154: 1104: 782: 751: 736: 662: 618: 506: 410: 222: 196: 96: 5656:

Dilala, Luilu and Mpingiri Rivers, Democratic Republic of the Congo".

895:

Several mining companies were established under Belgian rule, such as

625:, which formerly produced tin and coltan until it was closed in 1982. 4475:

Home > Projects > Advanced Search > Anvil Mining Congo, SARL

4202:"Congo to seek up to $ 500 million in budget support from World Bank" 2008: 2004: 1996: 1897: 1893: 1863: 1859: 1851: 1173: 1145: 1120: 1100: 1096: 810: 650: 642: 580: 426: 418: 140: 124: 112: 92: 6086:"Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a nationwide survey" 3739: 1055:

Compagnie Géologique et Minière des Ingénieurs et Industriels belges

48:

https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/2001/357e.pdf

6798: 5250:"Mining for EV Metals Threatens Gorillas and Chimpanzees in Africa" 4896:

Africo Resources Limited, Environmental & Social Review Summary

3432:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 93–100. 3100:"Anhui Group collaborates with Congo to form diamond joint venture" 3050: 2870:"Forced evictions at industrial cobalt and copper mines in the DRC" 2353:"Mining Loans Forecast to Pass $ 1 Billion at Congo's Biggest Bank" 692:, due to their connections to funding violence such as the ongoing 6318: 5011: 1913: 1712: 1365: 1200: 886: 855: 678: 484: 404: 144: 68: 6147: 4909:

Kingamyambo Musonoi Tailings SARL, Summary of Proposed Investment

4780:. The Embassy of Canada, Kinshasa 1, Democratic Republic of Congo 4258: 4172:"Congo mining code changes must be consensual - business leaders" 4124:"Criminal mines - Rebels continue to exploit the DRC's resources" 3348:

United States. Bureau of Mines; Geological Survey (U.S.) (1974).

2975:"Lawsuit claims Apple, Microsoft have profited from child miners" 5326:(CAFOD), Catholic Agency for Overseas Development (2007-01-03). 5183: 2951:"Congo mines minister seeks to cancel artisanal cobalt monopoly" 2007:, in species commonly eaten by the local population. A study of 1987:

List of mining disasters in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

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successful 1998 invasion of eastern and southeastern DRC in the

802: 564:

in the eastern DRC contains large gold deposits, as well as the

449:

concerns compared to the 3TG minerals mined in the eastern DRC.

355: 334: 108: 6802: 6220: 5211:. International Institute for Environment and Development. 2002 3675:

Johnston, Harry H. (1913-06-20). "Livingstone as an Explorer".

3075:"DRC learns quality matters most than volume in diamond mining" 2802:"Women in Artisanal Mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo" 2303:"How Congo faced down some of the world's biggest mining firms" 2085:

International Rights Advocates v. Apple, Microsoft, Dell, Tesla

2070:

List of companies based in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

1261:

prices have declined and this has hampered the DRC's progress.

5234: 4921: 3251:"U.S. Sanctions Gold Trader, One of Africa's Biggest Refiners" 3126:"A Desperate Hunt for Diamonds in a Forgotten Corner of Congo" 2125:"New initiative to support artisanal cobalt mining in the DRC" 1941: 1805:

are often dumped into the rivers and can be contaminated with

1646: 1562: 1329: 1268:(OHADA) Treaty. Despite Congolese military operations to take 1111:(1998-2003), "mass scale looting" took root, according to the 674: 351: 104: 28: 6146:

Wolfire, Deanna M.; Brunner, Jake; Sizer, Nigel (June 1998).

4968:

Critchley, Barry. 1996. "Banro goes into Africa with $ 18M",

4329:"Xstrata plc | Annual Report 2009 | Delivering Future Growth" 3200:"China backs Congo's ban on 6 small Chinese mining companies" 2327:"DR Congo signs new mining law despite companies' opposition" 5792:"2007 Human Rights Report: Democratic Republic of the Congo" 5748:"2010 Human Rights Report: Democratic Republic of the Congo" 3582:"A (Radioactive) Cut in the Earth That Will Not Stay Closed" 2842:. Institute for Environmental Security. May 2008. p. 22 1762:

Environmental issues in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

1266:

Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa

1237:

rebels, were reported to exploit timber, gold and coltan in

4766:

Metals Sector, Natural Resources Canada, internal document.

4231:

Congo halts mining expansions in east due to power shortage

3303:"Lithium mining in DRC could make it a top global supplier" 1534:

province. Nine Canadian junior mining companies, including

1364:: (Century Aluminum, Copper & Gold), and one each from 866:

The Democratic Republic of the Congo has a long history of

4824:"Canaf Announces Resignation and Appointment of Directors" 3399:"Mineral Resources of the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi" 2566:"Sustainability of artisanal mining of cobalt in DR Congo" 2277:"Congo mines say revised code threatens industry's future" 3718:

Johnston, Harry H. (1913). "Livingstone as an Explorer".

3026:"Inside the Democratic Republic of Congo's Diamond Mines" 368:

Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act

215:, PE) are officially granted by the DRC Mining Register ( 3328:"This Congo project could supply the world with lithium" 2015:

also found very high levels of exposure. Workers at the

1553:

Montreal-based Shamika Resources has been exploring for

1530:, reported holdings of copper and cobalt concessions in 456:

between a foreign company and the Congolese state owned

282:

Environmental justice issues and supply chain regulation

89:

Industrie minière de la République Démocratique du Congo

5402:"DRC: Two groups critical of coltan mining in the east" 4243:

Congo activists urge government to pass new mining code

2230:

Cobalt Red: How the Blood of the Congo Powers Our Lives

1157:

since 1995, three years before the invasion began. The

797:

Beginning as a large open pit copper mine in 1924, the

81:

mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

18:

Canadian mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

4608:"Bwana - Lonshi Fact Sheet New Design - First Quantum" 4070:"Democratic Republic of the Congo, Economy - overview" 991:

Société de développement industriel et minier du Congo

939:

to establish their own states independent of the DRC.

5746:

Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2011).

2065:

Copper mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

1002:

Société internationale forestière et minière du Congo

955:

as Congolese state-owned companies, usually known as

401:

Copper mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

5790:

Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (2008).

3766:

Royal Museum for Central Africa - Tervuren - Belgium

2003:, near mining and other metallurgical operations in 1468:'s alleged attempts to obstruct the negotiation of 1305:, Banro Corporation, DiamondCore, El Niño Ventures, 7142: 7117: 6836: 6708: 6631: 6565: 6432: 6366: 6255: 4149:"Congo bans mining in rebellious eastern provinces" 3607:"Ivanhoe's Kipushi: The revival of a mining legend" 3176:"The Bloodiest Trade: Conflict Minerals in the DRC" 2895:

Federal Register, v. 77, no. 177, 12 September 2012

5872:. Cambridge, UK.: Fauna & Flora International. 5703:. Cambridge, UK.: Fauna & Flora International. 5448: 3276:"EU sanctions Belgian for dirty gold from the DRC" 2811:. www.pactworldwide.org. p. 1. Archived from 2622:mining area of the Democratic Republic of Congo". 2080:Corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 947:conspired to assassinate him. A violent dictator, 911:. For example, the Belgian colonial administrator 907:in 1919. Mines active in this period included the 661:in varying proportions, which can be refined into 528:(MIBA), also has long operated diamond mines near 5811: 5809: 5785: 5783: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5455:. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. 4778:"Canada - Democratic Republic of Congo Relations" 3249:Michael J Kavanagh and Fred Ojambo (2022-03-18). 1751:Impacts of natural resource extraction on the DRC 762:. Mining at the Kisenge was begun in 1951 by the 550:Societe Anhui-Congo d'Investissement Minier Sprl 5816:Peterman, A; Palermo, T; Bredenkamp, C (2011). 5348: 5346: 5140:Draulans, Dirk Van; Krunkelsven, Ellen (2002). 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3961: 2105:Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 1060:Société Géologique et Minière du Congo (Gemico) 542:Societe Congolaise d’Investissement Minier Sprl 7228:Mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 5944:(2). Overseas Development Institute: 233–248. 5863: 5861: 4981:Anonymous. 1996. "American Barrick Steps In", 4567: 4565: 4253: 4251: 883:Congo Free State and Belgian Congo (1885–1960) 123:, making up more than 95% of the value of its 6814: 6232: 5985:(2). Disaster Med Public Health Prep: 88–96. 5885:"Public Health Implications of Resource Wars" 5714: 5712: 5710: 4690:. Vancouver, B.C. July 2, 2010. p. A.35. 4390:. First Quantum Minerals, Ltd. Archived from 3912:United Nations Environment Programme (2010). 3151:"DRC: Miners on hold while government stalls" 1972:sold their rights to a joint venture between 870:, divided into two major parts: the reign of 801:eventually became an underground producer of 475:sued by a human rights group in December 2019 337:and putting in place evidence of zero to low 8: 5772:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5396: 5394: 5135: 5133: 5061:Every product carbon neutral by 2030 | Apple 4761: 4759: 4757: 4717:"Canada requests delay in Congo debt relief" 2100:2017 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 1423:and by the World Bank Group's Office of the 1231:Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda 216: 210: 204: 5486:area of the Democratic Republic of Congo". 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3505:De Putter, Thierry; Ruffet, Gilles (2020). 2232:. New York: St. Martin's Publishing Group. 1681:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 774:. The shipment was from the DRC parastatal 6821: 6807: 6799: 6637: 6571: 6438: 6372: 6239: 6225: 6217: 6190:"The Mineral Industry of Congo (Kinshasa)" 6172:First Blood Diamonds, Now Blood Computers? 6070:DRC: Powering Change or Business as Usual? 5036:"China's Massive Belt and Road Initiative" 4375: 4373: 3879: 3877: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 735:operated an underground coal mine west of 499:world's largest diamond produces by volume 374:sourced from the DRC. In August 2012, the 5990: 5949: 5908: 5841: 5374: 5157: 4776:Government of Canada (18 November 2008). 4473:Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency. 2597: 2406: 2404: 1701:Learn how and when to remove this message 572:, as well as many small artisanal mines. 546:Anhui Foreign Economic Construction Group 5750:. US Department of State. Archived from 5118:Hart, Terese; Mwinyhali, Robert (2001). 4613:. First Quantum Minerals. Archived from 3947:. www.un.org. 2001-04-12. pp. 10–11 1733:Involvement of Tech Companies in the DRC 1717:Belt and Road Initiative participant map 1436:Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency 961: 770:following decades of closure due to the 597:United States Department of the Treasury 236: 190: 6105:The Efe: People of the Ituri Rainforest 4994:Anonymous. 1998. "Barrick Steps Back", 4093: 4091: 3397:United States. Bureau of Mines (1945). 3051:"Why the Blood Diamond Trade Won't Die" 2116: 1721:China and the DRC signed an MOU on the 1044:Société Minière et Industrielle du Kivu 776:Entreprise Minière de Kisenge Manganèse 688:The 3T minerals have been described as 382:violation, and overturned in 2014. The 376:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission 6124:"Is there blood on your mobile phone?" 5765: 5628:in the Democratic Republic of Congo". 5081: 5079: 5077: 5006: 5004: 4064: 4062: 3301:Malu-Malu, Muriel Devey (2021-06-22). 2486: 2484: 2482: 2259:Minnesota Journal of International Law 1580:Up until early 2011, four of the nine 986:La Générale des Carrières et des Mines 5329:Potentially rich but partially ruined 4894:International Finance Corporation. , 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 2915: (D.C. Cir. August 18, 2015). 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2767:The Extractive Industries and Society 2670:The Extractive Industries and Society 2663: 2661: 2558: 2556: 2445:The Extractive Industries and Society 2223: 2221: 2219: 1981:Environmental and occupational health 1081:Société Minière de Kilo-Moto (Sokimo) 822:Pre-colonial mining (c. 14th century) 653:consists of mixtures of the minerals 7: 6199:. U.S. Geological Survey. p. 11 5293:Journal of Asian and African Studies 4936:Survey of Mining Companies 2010/2011 4881:International Finance Corporation. 3863:. www.un.org. 2001-04-12. p. 32 2715:Kara, Siddharth (January 31, 2023). 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 1679:adding citations to reliable sources 1586:Kolwezi/Kingamyambo Musonoi Tailings 1498:estimates, three Canadian companies 1197:IMF loan for debt relief (2009–2012) 725:Société des Charbonnages de la Luena 6076:. 11 September 2023. Archived from 6055:"Congo, Democratic Republic of the" 5355:Review of African Political Economy 4920:International Finance Corporation. 4907:International Finance Corporation. 4663:First Quantum Minerals Ltd (2011). 4356:, News Release, February 26, 2010, 4178:. 21 September 2012. Archived from 4076:. Central Intelligence Agency. 2016 3894:. www.un.org. 2001-04-12. p. 8 2719:. St. Martin's Press. p. 130. 1960:Similarly, in two bordering towns, 1317:, misidentified as Australian, and 1069:Société des Mines d’Or de Kilo-Moto 708:Coal was mined at near the town of 593:Chinese Ministry of foreign affairs 522:mining collapse in the Tshikpa area 233:Semi-industrial and artisanal mines 150:negative impacts on the environment 6182:Mining Concessions in the DR Congo 5575:Journal of Radiological Protection 4574:Journal of Eastern African Studies 2351:Kavanagh, Michael J (2023-02-10). 1573:, whose founder and former CEO is 1508:Freeport McMoRan Copper & Gold 862:Colonialism in the DRC (1885-1960) 195:A large industrial copper mine in 25: 6339:Transitional Government (2003–06) 6122:Söderberg, Mattias (2006-02-22). 5889:American Journal of Public Health 5822:American Journal of Public Health 5678:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.052 4539:"A balanced and focused approach" 4417:"Our Operations-Project overview" 3174:MacGarrigle, Kelly (2021-04-10). 3149:Bec, Christophe Le (2019-08-02). 2493:"EV Batteries 101: Supply Chains" 2025:exploitation of natural resources 1582:International Finance Corporation 1324:Seven firms were incorporated in 1033:Compagnie Minière des Grands-Lacs 891:Belgian Congo Katanga copper mine 617:The DRC has globally significant 501:, fewer diamonds from DRC are of 7129:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 6899:Democratic Republic of the Congo 6248:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5992:10.1111/j.1467-7717.2011.01257.x 5973:Coghlan, B; et al. (2011). 5951:10.1111/j.1467-7717.2011.01257.x 5895:(9). Washington, DC: 1615–1619. 5828:(6). Washington, DC: 1060–1067. 5532:Science of the Total Environment 5451:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2695: 1651: 1506:in partnership with the US firm 324:There is a push globally by the 209:, PR) and exploitation permits ( 33: 5870:Fauna & Flora International 5701:Fauna & Flora International 5552:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.167 4719:. June 30, 2010. Archived from 4551:from the original on 2011-08-07 4448:. Lundin Mining. Archived from 3916:. UNEP/Earthprint. p. 31. 3484:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.04.015 2547:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.07.012 919:in his gold mining operations. 677:. It is mined in mines such as 512:Diamond mining centers include 302:environmental effects of mining 6275:Colonial governors (1885–1960) 5182:The World Conservation Union ( 5173:Sheppard, David (2001-04-23). 2981:. Associated Press. 2019-12-18 2908:National Ass'n of Mfrs. v. SEC 2145:Mitchell, Jason (2022-02-15). 1592:($ 50.0m., invested in 2006), 729:delayed by the first world war 111:, and more than 70% of global 1: 6188:Thomas R. Yager (June 2014). 6031:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)67923-3 5361:(93–94). Routledge: 517–536. 4959:, press release, June 8, 2015 4208:. 17 May 2016. Archived from 3658:Zambia Social Science Journal 2999:Nelson, Joshua (2021-11-04). 1828:, and wildlife is killed for 1611:began gold production at its 1524:Ivanhoe Nickel & Platinum 1336:. Three were incorporated in 1328:: Austral Africa Resoiurces, 1131:Mining resumes (2001–present) 980:Union Minière du Haut-Katanga 897:Union Minière du Haut-Katanga 575:Gold from the DRC is often a 386:upheld the decision in 2015. 6356:M23 offensive (2022–present) 6329:Second Congo War (1998–2003) 6304:Congo-Léopoldville (1960–65) 6280:Congo Free State (1885–1908) 5508:10.1016/j.envres.2009.04.012 5425:. 2004-10-07. Archived from 5124:Biodiversity Support Program 5070:– via www.youtube.com. 5040:Council on Foreign Relations 4985:, N. 175, February 14, 1996. 4586:10.1080/17531055.2010.517408 4515:"First Quantum Minerals Ltd" 4367:(accessed January 17, 2011). 4331:. 2012-03-11. Archived from 4294:(accessed February 5, 2011). 4270:(accessed February 7, 2011). 4009:Global Witness (July 2004). 3580:Zoellner, Tom (2009-03-27). 2741:"ITSCI: A decade of success" 2644:10.1016/j.envres.2009.04.012 1878:Socio-cultural repercussions 1528:Rubicon Minerals Corporation 1425:Compliance Advisor/Ombudsman 1321:, misidentified as British. 963:Mining companies in the DRC 464:’s decision to mothball its 6471:Foreign policy under Mobutu 6153:. World Resources Institute 6057:. CIA World Fact Book. 2009 5332:. United Nations Relief Web 4983:Africa Energy & Mining 4826:. Canaf Group. 23 July 2008 4318:(accessed February 5, 2011) 4126:. janes.com. Archived from 4016:. p. 6. Archived from 3605:Gerard Peter (2022-06-10). 3438:10.1007/978-3-642-65329-2_8 2127:. Mining Review. 2021-04-01 1742:255,000 artisanal creuseurs 1470:International Monetary Fund 1219:International Monetary Fund 1159:International Monetary Fund 1038:Syndicat Miniere de l'Etain 1022:Societé Minière de Bakwanga 785:deposits, most notably the 629:Tantalum, Tin, and Tungsten 526:Societé Minière de Bakwanga 384:DC Circuit Court of Appeals 168:Regulation and organization 148:extraction in any area has 7244: 6314:State of Katanga (1960–63) 6107:. New York: Dillon Press. 5595:10.1088/0952-4746/27/2/005 5305:10.1177/002190960303800206 4996:Africa Energy & Mining 4939:(accessed April 26, 2011). 4074:The World Factbook 2016-17 3697:10.1126/science.37.964.923 3632:Smithsonian's National Zoo 3372:Bank, World (2012-06-14). 3354:. The Bureau. p. 1046 3224:Lonas, Lexi (2022-03-18). 3124:Wilson, Tom (2017-04-24). 3024:Baker, Aryn (2015-08-27). 2949:Reid, Helen (2022-05-11). 2787:10.1016/j.exis.2015.06.002 2690:10.1016/j.exis.2021.02.004 2491:Mills, Ryan (2023-03-08). 2465:10.1016/j.exis.2021.100935 2411:Garrett, Nicholas (2007). 2376:Garrett, Nicholas (2007). 2301:Ross, Aaron (2018-03-15). 1984: 1881: 1759: 1577:, and EnerGulf Resources. 1490:Canada's mining ministry, 1303:African Metals Corporation 1233:(FDLR), a group of mostly 1221:(IMF) for $ 12 billion of 685:is also mined in the DRC. 632: 610: 601:African Gold Refinery Ltd. 398: 285: 259: 6760: 6640: 6574: 6441: 6375: 6324:First Congo War (1996–98) 6212:Mining security in Africa 5376:10.1080/03056240208704636 5367:10.1080/03056240208704636 5159:10.1017/S0030605302000066 4924:(accessed April 8, 2011). 4911:(accessed April 8, 2011). 4898:(accessed April 8, 2011). 4885:(accessed April 8, 2011). 4477:(accessed April 8, 2011). 4279:AngloGold Ashanti. 2008. 3378:Open Knowledge Repository 3049:Aryn Baker (2021-06-28). 2590:10.1038/s41893-018-0139-4 1912:is occurring between the 1838:cobalt mining has led to 1768:environmental degradation 1629:Twangiza-Namoya gold belt 1421:Australian Federal Police 1284:told mining companies in 1213:In 2009 the DRC signed a 1091:Mass scale looting (1998) 1016:Société minière du Bécéka 923:DRC and Zaire (1960–1997) 905:Société minière du Bécéka 562:Twangiza-Namoya gold belt 333:initiatives in line with 115:production. Minerals and 42:This article needs to be 6884:Central African Republic 6446:Administrative divisions 5901:10.2105/ajph.2011.300267 5834:10.2105/AJPH.2010.300070 5794:. US Department of State 5126:. www.worldwildlife.org. 4686:"Canada cool to Congo". 3720:The Geographical Journal 3534:10.1016/j.gr.2020.01.021 3470:. Elsevier BV: 181–200. 2938:: 28. 15 September 2020. 2498:Rocky Mountain Institute 2228:Kara, Siddharth (2023). 2075:Coltan mining and ethics 1723:Belt and Road Initiative 1492:Natural Resources Canada 1342:African Rainbow Minerals 673:is a mineral containing 635:Coltan mining and ethics 507:industrial-grade variety 493:which absorb blue light. 413:area with green colored 158:exploitation of laborers 156:under fatal conditions, 6351:M23 rebellion (2012–13) 6292:Belgian Congo (1908–60) 6103:Siy, Alexandra (1993). 5016:is.china-embassy.gov.cn 4998:, N. 228, May 13, 1998. 4667:. pp. 7, 26–27, 33 4281:Our operations DRC 2008 4160:(subscription required) 4104:. IMF. 2014. p. 36 3520:. Elsevier BV: 96–117. 3326:Frik Els (2018-12-08). 2180:10.1057/9780230304994_8 1872:clean energy transition 1545:sector, Montreal-based 1229:In September 2010, the 1117:American Mineral Fields 840:Frederick Stanley Arnot 460:as a minority partner. 6309:Congo Crisis (1960–65) 6270:Colonization (1867–85) 6197:2012 Minerals Yearbook 5488:Environmental Research 4811:Newsweek International 4245:Reuters, 10 March 2016 3988:10.1353/sais.2002.0016 3609:. Mining Review Africa 3274:Danica Van der Merwe. 2624:Environmental Research 1944:in 2017, according to 1822:Okapi Wildlife Reserve 1783:Okapi Wildlife Reserve 1718: 1500:First Quantum Minerals 1458:First Quantum Minerals 1415:, near Anvil Mining's 1393:First Quantum Minerals 1309:, ICS Copper Systems, 1307:First Quantum Minerals 1210: 968:Belgian mining company 892: 846:that precipitated the 746:There are significant 743:from 1923 until 1931. 494: 491:presence of impurities 443:Haut-Katanga Provinces 430: 257: 217: 211: 205: 200: 76: 7044:São Tomé and Príncipe 6904:Republic of the Congo 6080:on 20 September 2023. 6074:Amnesty International 5086:Ochab, Dr Ewelina U. 4723:on September 15, 2012 4495:on September 23, 2015 4233:Reuters, 6 March 2014 4130:on September 24, 2010 3307:The Africa Report.com 3180:Penn Political Review 3155:The Africa Report.com 2913:800 F. 3d 518 2874:Amnesty International 2570:Nature Sustainability 2038:survival prostitution 1760:Further information: 1756:Environmental impacts 1716: 1594:Africo Resources Ltd. 1454:gross national income 1446:in Katanga Province. 1204: 996:Copper-cobalt mining 890: 595:. In March 2022, the 488: 408: 288:Conflict minerals law 240: 227:Equity Group Holdings 212:permis d’exploitation 194: 72: 4972:, 5 June 1996, p. 5. 4665:"2011 Annual Report" 4041:online, IMF Survey. 2527:Applied Geochemistry 2425:on November 20, 2008 2390:on November 20, 2008 2174:. pp. 149–169. 1787:World Heritage Sites 1785:, both of which are 1772:loss of biodiversity 1675:improve this section 1484:Government of Canada 1466:Government of Canada 1125:Conference of Berlin 366:In the US, the 2010 206:permis de recherches 7119:States with limited 6174:by Elizabeth Dias, 5670:2018Chmsp.191.1008A 5587:2007JRP....27..187M 5544:2016ScTEn.568..679S 5500:2009ER....109..745B 5447:Heale, Jay (1999). 4948:Banro Corporation, 4813:, December 8, 2003. 4441:2009 Annual Filings 3732:1913GeogJ..41..423J 3689:1913Sci....37..923J 3652:Enid Guene (2013). 3586:Scientific American 3526:2020GondR..83...96D 3476:2018OGRv...96..181D 3464:Ore Geology Reviews 2779:2016ExIS....3..316A 2682:2021ExIS....800884C 2636:2009ER....109..745B 2582:2018NatSu...1..495B 2539:2016ApGC...64...43P 2457:2021ExIS....800935D 2253:Udell, Joe (2023). 2013:North Kivu Province 1619:concessions in the 1354:Asa Resources Group 1293:Foreign involvement 964: 848:Scramble for Africa 754:-Kamata-Kapolo, in 710:Luena (Haut-Lomami) 119:are central to the 74:Rubaya coltan mines 6609:Telecommunications 6456:Court of Cassation 6420:Former place names 5883:Klare, MT (2011). 5630:Médecine Tropicale 5238:. 1 February 2023. 5012:"中华人民共和国驻冰岛共和国大使馆" 4970:The Financial Post 4955:2016-06-17 at the 4799:PR Newswire Europe 4703:The Globe and Mail 4640:"Heritage Oil Plc" 4383:Annual Report 2009 4363:2012-03-04 at the 4352:Anvil Mining Ltd. 4314:2011-03-14 at the 4305:Annual Report 2008 4290:2012-03-10 at the 4266:2012-03-03 at the 3281:The Brussels Times 3079:Rough&Polished 1801:of the water. The 1719: 1599:In 2011, Canada's 1358:Randgold Resources 1211: 1168:Rebel groups MLC, 971:DRC mining company 962: 893: 623:Manono-Kitolo mine 613:Manono-Kitolo mine 583:. In August 2021, 495: 431: 409:A sample from the 258: 201: 77: 7215: 7214: 7146:other territories 6919:Equatorial Guinea 6830:Mining in Africa 6796: 6795: 6756: 6755: 6675:Human trafficking 6627: 6626: 6561: 6560: 6529:Political parties 6522:National Assembly 6466:Foreign relations 6428: 6427: 5932:Cox, TP (2011o). 5754:on April 13, 2011 5462:978-0-7614-0874-1 5279:978-94-91040-81-8 4870:978-1-59370-164-2 4853:978-1-4113-3015-3 4744:Canadian Business 3514:Gondwana Research 3447:978-3-540-05712-3 3430:Ores in Sediments 3351:Minerals Yearbook 2189:978-1-349-33143-7 2151:Mining Technology 1884:Conflict resource 1820:and 4,000 to the 1711: 1710: 1703: 1635:(1996–1998), and 1609:Banro Corporation 1385:AngloGold Ashanti 1346:AngloGold Ashanti 1088: 1087: 844:Berlin conference 836:David Livingstone 792:Manhattan Project 781:The DRC has some 772:Angolan civil war 690:conflict minerals 447:conflict resource 395:Copper and cobalt 372:conflict minerals 67: 66: 16:(Redirected from 7235: 7207: 7206:(United Kingdom) 7202:Tristan da Cunha 7198:Ascension Island 7190: 7177: 7168: 7144:Dependencies and 6837:Sovereign states 6823: 6816: 6809: 6800: 6776: 6769: 6638: 6599:Franc (currency) 6572: 6439: 6373: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6218: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6194: 6161: 6159: 6158: 6152: 6142: 6140: 6139: 6130:. 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Oxfam GB. 2001 5716: 5705: 5704: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5652: 5646: 5645: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5482: 5476: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5454: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5398: 5389: 5388: 5378: 5350: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5337: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5299:(2–3): 232–255. 5288: 5282: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5261: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5210: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5192: 5179: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5137: 5128: 5127: 5115: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5098: 5083: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5046: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5008: 4999: 4992: 4986: 4979: 4973: 4966: 4960: 4946: 4940: 4931: 4925: 4918: 4912: 4905: 4899: 4892: 4886: 4879: 4873: 4862: 4856: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4831: 4820: 4814: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4785: 4773: 4767: 4763: 4752: 4751: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4650: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4620:on June 17, 2011 4619: 4612: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4569: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4550: 4543: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4491:. Archived from 4484: 4478: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4455:on June 21, 2012 4454: 4447: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4419:. Katanga Mining 4413: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4397:on June 17, 2011 4396: 4389: 4377: 4368: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4325: 4319: 4301: 4295: 4277: 4271: 4255: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4155: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4103: 4095: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4066: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4053: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4028: 4022: 4015: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3971: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3952: 3942: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3899: 3889: 3881: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3868: 3858: 3850: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3789: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3772: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3683:(964): 923–929. 3672: 3666: 3665: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3639: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3614: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3567: 3560:Engineering News 3552: 3546: 3545: 3511: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3425: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3384: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3359: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3335: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3313: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3288: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3261: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3236: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3211: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3186: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3161: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3136: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3111: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3086: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3061: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3036: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3011: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2986: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2961: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2897:, p. 56274–56365 2891: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2881: 2866: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2847: 2841: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2823: 2818:on June 20, 2010 2817: 2806: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2752: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2712: 2706: 2699: 2693: 2665: 2656: 2655: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2601: 2560: 2551: 2550: 2524: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2505: 2488: 2477: 2476: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2430: 2424: 2417: 2408: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2395: 2389: 2382: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2364: 2363: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2339: 2338: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2314: 2313: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2225: 2194: 2193: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2157: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2133: 2132: 2121: 2045:Second Congo War 2001:Lake Tshangalele 1993:Katanga Province 1938:Mobutu Sese Seko 1910:violent conflict 1868:Science Advances 1706: 1699: 1695: 1692: 1686: 1655: 1647: 1601:Fraser Institute 1590:Adastra Minerals 1360:), two from the 1276:militia and the 1142:Congolese francs 1109:Second Congo War 1077: 974:Main production 965: 933:State of Katanga 913:Georges Moulaert 768:Benguela Railway 756:Lualaba Province 718: 669:, respectively. 577:conflict mineral 570:Kibali Gold Mine 339:carbon footprint 262:Artisanal mining 242:Artisanal miners 220: 214: 208: 187:Industrial mines 181:Second Congo War 62: 59: 53: 37: 36: 29: 21: 7243: 7242: 7238: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7233: 7232: 7218: 7217: 7216: 7211: 7210: 7205: 7188: 7175: 7166: 7147: 7145: 7138: 7122: 7120: 7113: 6832: 6827: 6797: 6792: 6779: 6772: 6765: 6752: 6748:Public holidays 6704: 6623: 6557: 6495:Law enforcement 6424: 6362: 6319:Zaire (1965–97) 6251: 6245: 6202: 6200: 6192: 6187: 6178:, July 24, 2009 6168: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6145: 6137: 6135: 6121: 6115: 6102: 6095: 6088: 6084: 6068: 6060: 6058: 6053: 6025:(9504): 44–51. 6016: 6013: 6011:Further reading 6008: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5931: 5930: 5926: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5867: 5866: 5859: 5815: 5814: 5807: 5797: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5781: 5764: 5757: 5755: 5745: 5744: 5735: 5725: 5723: 5718: 5717: 5708: 5698: 5697: 5693: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5623: 5622: 5618: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5528: 5527: 5523: 5484: 5483: 5479: 5474: 5470: 5463: 5446: 5445: 5441: 5432: 5430: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5407: 5405: 5400: 5399: 5392: 5352: 5351: 5344: 5335: 5333: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5290: 5289: 5285: 5272: 5268: 5259: 5257: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5228: 5227: 5223: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5190: 5188: 5177: 5172: 5171: 5167: 5139: 5138: 5131: 5117: 5116: 5105: 5096: 5094: 5085: 5084: 5075: 5066: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5044: 5042: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5020: 5018: 5010: 5009: 5002: 4993: 4989: 4980: 4976: 4967: 4963: 4957:Wayback Machine 4947: 4943: 4932: 4928: 4919: 4915: 4906: 4902: 4893: 4889: 4880: 4876: 4863: 4859: 4846: 4842: 4829: 4827: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4808: 4804: 4796: 4792: 4783: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4764: 4755: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4724: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4705:. p. A.13. 4700: 4699: 4695: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4670: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4648: 4646: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4610: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4571: 4570: 4563: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4541: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4523: 4521: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4472: 4468: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4422: 4420: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4379: 4378: 4371: 4365:Wayback Machine 4351: 4347: 4338: 4336: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4316:Wayback Machine 4302: 4298: 4292:Wayback Machine 4278: 4274: 4268:Wayback Machine 4260:Datamonitor 360 4256: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4229: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4212:on 11 June 2016 4200: 4199: 4195: 4185: 4183: 4182:on 11 June 2016 4170: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4133: 4131: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4096: 4089: 4079: 4077: 4068: 4067: 4060: 4051: 4049: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4013: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3973: 3972: 3959: 3950: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3897: 3895: 3887: 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1010:Diamond mining 989: 941:Patrice Lumumba 925: 885: 872:King Leopold II 864: 824: 819: 712: 702: 637: 631: 615: 609: 558: 538:Millennium Star 483: 403: 397: 392: 380:First Amendment 290: 284: 264: 254:Kailo Territory 235: 218:cadastre minier 189: 170: 133:artisanal mines 63: 57: 54: 51: 38: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7241: 7239: 7231: 7230: 7220: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7191: 7178: 7169: 7155:Canary Islands 7151: 7150: 7148: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7136: 7131: 7125: 7123: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6840: 6838: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6826: 6825: 6818: 6811: 6803: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6790: 6785: 6778: 6777: 6770: 6762: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6750: 6745: 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5857: 5805: 5779: 5733: 5706: 5691: 5647: 5616: 5565: 5521: 5477: 5468: 5461: 5439: 5414: 5390: 5342: 5318: 5283: 5266: 5241: 5221: 5197: 5165: 5129: 5103: 5073: 5051: 5027: 5000: 4987: 4974: 4961: 4941: 4926: 4913: 4900: 4887: 4874: 4857: 4840: 4815: 4802: 4790: 4768: 4753: 4734: 4708: 4693: 4678: 4655: 4631: 4599: 4580:(3): 400–424. 4561: 4544:. 2011-08-07. 4530: 4506: 4479: 4466: 4430: 4408: 4369: 4345: 4320: 4303:BHP Billiton. 4296: 4272: 4247: 4235: 4223: 4193: 4163: 4140: 4115: 4087: 4058: 4033: 4001: 3957: 3945:United Nations 3929: 3923:978-8277010762 3922: 3904: 3892:United Nations 3873: 3861:United Nations 3808: 3777: 3753: 3726:(5): 423–446. 3710: 3667: 3644: 3619: 3597: 3572: 3547: 3497: 3453: 3446: 3420: 3389: 3364: 3340: 3318: 3293: 3266: 3241: 3216: 3191: 3166: 3141: 3130:Slate Magazine 3116: 3091: 3066: 3041: 3016: 2991: 2966: 2941: 2917: 2899: 2886: 2852: 2828: 2800:Hayes, Karen. 2792: 2773:(2): 316–319. 2757: 2732: 2725: 2707: 2657: 2630:(6): 745–752. 2613: 2576:(9): 495–504. 2552: 2510: 2478: 2435: 2400: 2368: 2343: 2318: 2293: 2268: 2245: 2238: 2195: 2188: 2162: 2137: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2052:infrastructure 2034:illegal mining 1982: 1979: 1953: 1950: 1946:Global Witness 1879: 1876: 1791:riparian zones 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1734: 1731: 1709: 1708: 1659: 1657: 1650: 1644: 1641: 1637:Moto Goldmines 1588:SARL owned by 1512:Katanga Mining 1440:Dikulushi Mine 1417:Dikulushi mine 1408: 1405: 1397:Katanga Mining 1350:United Kingdom 1319:Katanga Mining 1294: 1291: 1198: 1195: 1132: 1129: 1113:United Nations 1092: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1041: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1019: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1005: 998: 997: 994: 983: 976: 975: 972: 969: 924: 921: 884: 881: 863: 860: 823: 820: 818: 815: 750:deposits from 719:in the modern 701: 698: 630: 627: 608: 605: 557: 554: 534:Kasaï-Oriental 518:Kasaï Province 482: 479: 454:joint ventures 399:Main article: 396: 393: 391: 388: 286:Main article: 283: 280: 234: 231: 188: 185: 169: 166: 65: 64: 41: 39: 32: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7240: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7192: 7186: 7182: 7179: 7173: 7170: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7149: 7141: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7116: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6959:Guinea-Bissau 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6835: 6831: 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1849: 1844: 1841: 1840:deforestation 1837: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1763: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1739: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1724: 1715: 1705: 1702: 1694: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1660:This section 1658: 1654: 1649: 1648: 1642: 1640: 1639:(2005–2009). 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1613:Twangiza Mine 1610: 1605: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1504:Lundin Mining 1501: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1430:In 2005, the 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1401:Lundin Mining 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1362:United States 1359: 1355: 1351: 1348:, two in the 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1311:Lundin Mining 1308: 1304: 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In 2022, a 519: 516:, capital of 515: 510: 508: 504: 500: 492: 487: 480: 478: 476: 470: 467: 463: 459: 455: 450: 448: 444: 440: 436: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 407: 402: 394: 389: 387: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 364: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 340: 336: 335:OECD Guidance 332: 327: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 303: 299: 295: 294:public health 289: 281: 279: 277: 276:mechanization 272: 269: 263: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 232: 230: 228: 224: 219: 213: 207: 198: 193: 186: 184: 182: 178: 177:Joseph Kabila 174: 167: 165: 163: 159: 155: 151: 146: 142: 136: 134: 128: 126: 122: 121:DRC's economy 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 75: 71: 61: 58:December 2023 49: 45: 40: 31: 30: 27: 19: 7194:Saint Helena 7165: 7069:South Africa 7059:Sierra Leone 6864:Burkina Faso 6685:Prostitution 6660:Demographics 6603: 6584:Central Bank 6483:Human rights 6451:Constitution 6385:Conservation 6297:World War II 6201:. Retrieved 6196: 6175: 6155:. Retrieved 6136:. 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Retrieved 2119: 2049: 2042: 2030: 2022: 1990: 1974:Phelps Dodge 1959: 1955: 1952:Displacement 1934: 1930:Child labour 1928: 1922: 1902: 1891: 1887: 1845: 1834: 1818:Kahuzi-Biega 1815: 1779:Kahuzi-Biega 1776: 1765: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1727: 1720: 1697: 1691:October 2022 1688: 1673:Please help 1661: 1633:Barrick Gold 1606: 1598: 1579: 1571:Heritage Oil 1552: 1540: 1536:Kinross Gold 1521: 1517:Anvil Mining 1489: 1481: 1462:Heritage Oil 1451: 1448: 1444:Anvil Mining 1429: 1410: 1389:Anvil Mining 1382: 1338:South Africa 1323: 1315:Anvil Mining 1296: 1263: 1251: 1228: 1212: 1191: 1187: 1167: 1163: 1138: 1134: 1094: 1084:Gold mining 1037: 1004:(Forminière) 956: 953:nationalized 929:Congo crisis 926: 909:Kipushi Mine 894: 868:colonization 865: 852:Yeke Kingdom 830:, made from 825: 799:Kipushi Mine 796: 780: 775: 745: 741:Lukuga River 724: 723:province by 707: 703: 687: 647:Rubaya mines 641: 638: 616: 600: 574: 559: 549: 541: 511: 496: 471: 466:Mutanda mine 451: 432: 423:Heterogenite 365: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 298:human rights 291: 273: 265: 202: 171: 162:displacement 137: 129: 88: 80: 78: 55: 43: 26: 7121:recognition 7074:South Sudan 6964:Ivory Coast 6579:Agriculture 5664:: 1008–20. 5658:Chemosphere 5626:Ruashi Mine 4624:January 17, 4459:January 17, 4423:January 17, 4401:January 17, 3976:SAIS Review 2090:Kleptocracy 2043:During the 2017:Ruashi Mine 1793:, creating 1547:Dan Gertler 1477:debt relief 1374:Switzerland 1223:debt relief 1207:Kamoto mine 1179:Dan Gertler 1151:cassiterite 1072: [ 1063:3TG mining 1049:3TG mining 988:(Gécamines) 959:companies. 945:mercenaries 937:South Kasai 927:During the 787:Shinkolobwe 721:Haut-Lomami 713: [ 671:Cassiterite 599:sanctioned 425:containing 421:and darker 417:containing 268:child labor 250:cassiterite 154:child labor 91:) produces 7176:(Portugal) 7134:Somaliland 7054:Seychelles 7019:Mozambique 7004:Mauritania 6989:Madagascar 6944:The Gambia 6879:Cape Verde 6650:Corruption 6512:Parliament 6478:Government 6395:Ecoregions 6285:Atrocities 6157:2009-05-20 6138:2009-05-20 6114:0875185517 6072:(Report). 6061:2009-05-20 6019:The Lancet 5538:: 679–84. 5433:2010-09-16 5408:2009-05-17 5336:2009-05-16 5260:2024-04-10 5215:2009-05-16 5191:2009-05-16 5097:2024-05-02 5067:2024-05-02 5045:2024-05-02 5021:2024-05-02 4784:2012-01-30 4649:2019-11-22 4555:2019-11-28 4524:2019-11-22 4339:2019-11-22 4154:2010-09-15 4134:2010-09-16 4052:2020-05-30 4027:2016-07-30 3982:: 103–18. 3951:2009-05-17 3898:2009-05-17 3867:2009-05-17 3802:2024-05-02 3771:2022-11-23 3638:2022-11-23 3613:2022-11-23 3591:2022-10-23 3566:2022-11-19 3413:2023-06-16 3409:(6): 80–82 3383:2022-11-24 3358:2023-02-22 3334:2022-11-24 3312:2022-10-23 3287:2023-01-21 3260:2022-10-11 3235:2022-10-11 3210:2023-01-21 3185:2022-10-08 3160:2022-10-10 3135:2022-10-10 3110:2022-10-10 3085:2022-10-10 3060:2022-10-09 3035:2022-10-09 3010:2022-10-24 2985:2022-10-24 2960:2023-02-19 2880:2024-05-02 2846:2009-05-17 2822:2009-05-17 2809:Pact Congo 2751:2022-10-09 2717:Cobalt 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