Architecture of Canada - Knowledge (XXG)

869:, and the houses they built echoed their roots. The surroundings forced enough differences that a unique style developed, and the house of the New France farmer remains a symbol of French-Canadian nationalism. These were rectangular structures of one storey, but with an extremely tall and steep roof, sometimes almost twice as tall as the house below. This roof design perhaps developed to prevent the accumulation of snow. The houses were usually built of wood, though the surviving ones are almost all built of stone. Landmarks in the rural areas were the churches and the mansion of the 1051:. Unlike during the previous centuries there was now easy communication between Canada and the architectural centres of the United States and Britain. It was common for Canadian architects to travel, study, and work in these other areas, and it was also increasingly common to hire foreign architects. This meant that ideas and styles developed elsewhere were quickly adopted in Canada. These were diverse styles, but one common element were attempts to revive ideas of the past. The first such style to come to prominence was the 76: 1370: 1573: 1404:. The T-D Centre was one of the most prominent of the early glass and steel panelled office towers, which would be imitated around the world. The International Style period coincided with a major building boom in Canada, and few restrictions on massive building projects. International Style skyscrapers came to dominate many of Canada's major cities, especially Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Ottawa, and Toronto. In Montreal fewer such buildings were erected, but those that were such as 3267: 3089: 547: 273: 1547: 1257: 1036: 1213: 1499:

and exterior of the building. It was a style used focally for institutional buildings for government, academic, and cultural uses, but also for high-rise residential and commercial buildings. At the same time, urban activists, architects and governments increasingly moved to influence development in favour of heritage preservation, historic view, corridor preservation, and contextual sensitivity in scale and materials.

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and formalized shapes and spaces of the Modernist movement were replaced by unapologetically diverse aesthetics: styles collide, form is adopted for its own sake, and new ways of viewing familiar styles and space abound. Architects produced what they perceived to be more meaningful buildings with pluralism, double coding, flying buttresses and high ceilings, irony and paradox, and contextualism. Skyscrapers like

1485: 617: 138: 705:. These were wood-framed structures, covered with an outer layer of bark, reeds, or woven mats; usually in a cone shape although sometimes a dome. These groups changed locations every few weeks or months. They would take the outer layer of the wigwam with them, and leave the heavy wood frame in place. The frame could be reused if the tribe returned to the location at a later date. 35: 1625: 941: 807: 1326:, pioneered the British Columbia version of the "West Coast style", variations of which are also common in Washington, Oregon and California. Erickson-designed houses are prized for their intimacy and taste, as well as their advantageous use of natural settings. A lesser, though much more common, form of Modernist architecture developed during the 1960s was the 985:. The railway needed to build stations every 13 km of its 4200 km route in order to rewater the steam engines. Many of these stations became a nucleus of towns. These stations were built to standardized designs, with a number of different sizes for stations of differing importance. Other important monuments throughout the prairies were the 937:, after the revolution this style fell out of favour due to its association with the colonial regime, but the Loyalists embraced the style as an overt symbol of their loyalty. The style had also, however, fallen out of style in Britain, and Canada was alone in embracing Georgian architecture for much of the early nineteenth century. 678: 1558:, completed in 1987, is an important example of public architecture in the style. It makes reference to local farm architecture around the suburban area of Mississauga as well as a clocktower—a feature associated with traditional city centres. It exhibits references to past architectural ideas, yet is decidedly untraditional. The 953:

mostly used by the middle and upper classes, and also for institutional buildings such as churches and government structures. In rural areas, and among the urban poor, simpler styles dominated. In the Maritimes the New England style cottages continued to be popular. For the first settlers in Ontario the

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was the mainstream style in Canada by the 1980s. Postmodernity in architecture is generally thought to be heralded by the return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of Modernism and perceived problems with the style. The functional

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had been seen in Canada prior to the decade, but became more dominant in the 1970s with the backlash against the International Style. The style emphasized the reflection of the functional components of the interior in the exterior, along with geometric and sculptural uses of concrete on the interior

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opened in 1966 proved to be more architecturally significant in Canada because its individual stations each contained unique Modernist architecture with expressive uses of colour, form, and materials by different architects and incorporated works of art to enhance the experience of using the system.

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of the Parliament Buildings burnt down in 1916 it was rebuilt in a similar Gothic style to that that had been used fifty years earlier. At the same time, Modernism inspired the Gothic style employed, and the Neo-Gothic buildings of the era often saw more sparse ornamentation and incorporated steel

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For some immigrants to the prairies, most notably the Ukrainians, there was not enough capital to buy a predesigned home, but since the immigrants were highly experienced with farming on the very similar Ukrainian steppe, houses identical to the peasant cottages of Eastern Europe were built across

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in Calgary define the style in terms of high-rise corporate architecture. These towers feature combinations of International Style design features with ornamental and potentially symbolic references to past architectural styles such as Art Deco, with pronounced base, middle, and top sections, and

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style, which first came to Canada in the 1830s. This became the dominant architectural style for churches, especially Anglican and Roman Catholic ones, which both embraced Gothic Revival as evidence of their conservatism. It also was used for scholastic structures, such as universities and some

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In Lower Canada the Georgian style was employed by the English minority, but this minority dominated the commercial and political class. French-Canadian architecture kept many of its traditional forms, but also adopted some English styles. Throughout British North America the Georgian style was

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are scattered across the Interior landscape. These were structures shaped like an upturned bowl, placed on top of a 3-or-4-foot-deep (0.91 or 1.22 m) pit. The bowl, made of wood, would be covered with an insulating layer of earth. The house would be entered by climbing down a ladder at the

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Postmodernism visibly declined by the 2000s, when architecture in Canada became more varied. Lowrise residential subdivision architecture became more strongly focused on imitating traditional styles from the likes of the Georgian and Victorian eras, though low-rise infill projects in cities

1268:. In the latter half of the twentieth century, Toronto's influence on other Canadian cities, largely because of the control of capital (especially banks) meant that Western Canadian cities, particularly Vancouver, became filled with lesser versions of their counterparts in Toronto (e.g. 846:, while the Lower Town consisted of densely packed structures on narrow streets. In Acadia, buildings were generally more functional, with wood framed walls filled with wattle and daub. This type of construction was common throughout both Acadia and New England in the 17th century. 1502:

The new Canadian architecture once again turned to the past. A prominent heritage preservation movement developed, and most cities today have heritage districts of restored structures. Old factories and warehouses, rather than be demolished, have been refurbished, such as the

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The first English settlements in what would become Canada were in Newfoundland, growing out of the temporary fishing settlements that had been established in the sixteenth century. The first English settlement in the Maritimes was in Halifax, and then along the

897:. Trade links between the two areas were close, and many of the settlers in the Maritimes were from there. Some of the first houses erected in Halifax were actually prefabricated structures assembled in Boston or New York and shipped to the new settlement. 996:. For those who were unsure of how to build a home, an industry of predesigned and prefabricated homes sold by catalogue developed. A settler could simply order plans for a few dollars, or also order the precut lumber, and premade doors and windows. The 716:. These were large structures, several times longer than they were wide holding a large number of people. They were built with a frame of saplings or branches, covered with a layer of bark or woven mats. An example of a long house settlement is within 598:, closely linked to the techniques and styles developed in Canada, Europe and the United States. However, design has long needed to be adapted to Canada's climate and geography, and at times has also reflected the uniqueness of Canadian culture. 873:. The seigneurs built much larger homes for themselves, but rarely were the manors ornate. Each parish had its church, often smaller copies of major churches in Quebec City or Montreal. A unique style of French-Canadian church thus developed. 1192:

in France. The railways were seen as symbols of Canada, and the mix of French and English ideas was also considered distinctly Canadian. During the Interwar years the Château style was used in several prominent public structures, such as the

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was the standard first house. Logs were a byproduct of the need the clear the land, and log cabins were cheap and easy to build. After a few years of farming it was typical to build a more elegant farmhouse. The most common design was the

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also built unique structures. In the long run, however, the second and third generation immigrants tended to embrace the more British styles: the churches remained distinctly Eastern, but the houses largely conformed to the rest.

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While the glass towers of the International Style skyscraper were at first unique and interesting, the idea was soon repeated to the point of ubiquity. Architects attempted to put new twists into such towers, such as the

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became the dominant style for banks and government buildings, with the latter style being frequently used from the turn of the twentieth century to the 1930s for monumental public buildings such as Toronto's

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came to dominate the Canadian scene in the 1950s through 1970s. Many of the most prominent Canadian projects of this period were designed by foreigners, who won open contests. Prominent Modernists such as

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rapid transit system relied on modern minimalist designs from its beginning in 1985, with some design variation and artwork in terms of the stations in the system which have been added since its opening.

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At the same time developments, especially those in United States, were not ignored. Toronto closely followed Chicago and New York as the home of skyscrapers employing new steel framed construction and

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was a housing form that emerged in 19th century Toronto, that incorporated Gothic Revival elements throughout its front façade. Some of the most prominent Gothic Revival structures are the original

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who in 1881 was appointed Chief Dominion Architect. The Chief Dominion Architect(s) designed a number of prominent public buildings in Canada including post offices, armouries and drill halls:

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was developed. The tipi consisted of a thin wooden frame and an outer covering of animal hides. The structures could be quickly erected, and were light enough to transport long distances.

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was completed 1954 as the first subway line in Canada, with sleek but austere and repetitive station architecture, influenced by the International Style. Yet the opening of the

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While there is little wood native to the prairies, the railway enabled it to be imported at relatively low cost. It was still common to build a first temporary home out of

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were mostly concerned with defence. Quebec City was divided into the Upper Town, which housed the fortress, Intendant's house, and churches made of stone in imitation of

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In the far north, where wood was scarce and solid shelter essential for survival, several innovative architectural styles were developed. One of the most famous is the

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designed major works in Canada. At the same time top Canadian architects did much of their work abroad. One of the first and most prominent Modernist structures was

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led to attempts to proclaim a unique Canadian architecture, distinct from that of Britain and the United States. One style promoted as distinctly Canadian was the

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society lived in permanent and semi-permanent agricultural settlements holding several hundred to several thousand people. The standard form of housing was the

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similarly evokes Postmodern aesthetic ideals, though references a different architectural past, demonstrating the eclectic nature of the style in Canada.

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and fostered by the unique building materials and physical setting resulted in various daring new styles of housing, particularly on Vancouver's ritzy

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demonstrated an increased popularity of the Modern aesthetic. High-rise architecture generally turned to new variations on the International Style.

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and several Canadian firms and artists. Montreal continued upon its legacy of unique station architecture in expanding its system. Vancouver's

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in Ottawa and the CPR's "railway Gothic", Gothic architecture had become closely associated with Canada and while the United States embraced

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is a notable early example completed in 1963. It adds strong Gothic influences to a Modern concrete, brick, and glass aesthetic. The

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of 1910 offered homes from a shack for $ 165 to a nine-room house for $ 1,025. These structures were erected across the prairies.

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was also felt as the architecture of the region also borrowed some techniques and styles from Germany and Switzerland, notably at

3503: 3473: 3378: 3072: 3026: 2690: 2126: 2096: 1723: 1330:, a two-story stuccoed box which took up most of a city lot, and typically featured two suites, one upstairs and one downstairs. 1177: 870: 531: 447: 1870: 1444:, were more successful than their counterparts in the United States. The postwar period saw the rise of massive and low density 3832: 3458: 3228: 3187: 2939: 2161: 1678: 1311: 717: 350: 308: 181: 3408: 2513: 1673: 642: 159: 1569:, completed in 1991, and designed by Raymond Moriyama, is an example of government architecture located outside of Canada. 3488: 3453: 3202: 2587: 2390: 2141: 1713: 1300: 1093: 689:

lived in a wide array of structures. The semi-nomadic peoples of the Maritimes, Quebec, and Northern Ontario, such as the

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The pattern of building in the west was very different. The first settlements in much of the West were the forts of the

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The movements and styles popular in the United States and Britain were not totally ignored in Canada. Several landmark

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architecture became the dominant one for upper and middle-class houses across Canada. Early in the twentieth style the

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Some of the most impressive First Nations architecture was that of the settled people of the west coast such as the

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the standard form of life was a nomadic one, with the people often moving to a new location each day to follow the

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revival that was underway in the United States also made some incursions to Canada, as did diverse styles such as

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being Canada's first community constructed on rigidly Modernist lines. One important development was the rise of

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adopted a design similar to the pit houses of the BC interior, but because of the lack of wood they instead used

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Modernism appeared in a number of guises. In the 1920s and 1930s the banks and insurance companies embraced

1194: 1149: 1144: 1108: 970: 922: 686: 595: 3238: 1795:"de Gannes-Cosby House — National historic site designation - de Gannes-Cosby House National Historic Site" 773:, named for the number of beams that supported the roof. The front of each house would be decorated with a 3534: 3393: 3345: 3328: 3207: 3052: 2996: 2984: 2974: 2849: 2700: 2670: 2658: 2619: 2555: 2496: 2452: 1983: 1703: 1610: 1516: 1495: 1358: 1081: 1030: 906: 512: 343: 815: 3125: 2727: 2609: 2565: 2523: 2508: 2258: 1794: 1416: 1089: 934: 854: 474: 462: 318: 1369: 1280: 1572: 3524: 2832: 2815: 2805: 2747: 2742: 2469: 2439: 2232: 1598: 1590: 1488: 1429: 1303:

and emulations of Californian Spanish and other distinctly western North America styles were common.

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The Modernist styles had mixed results when applied to residential structures, such as the large

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The 1970s represented a turning point away from the International Style and Modernist planning.

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Victorian styles of architecture dominated in Canada from the mid-nineteenth century up to the

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This influenced Toronto to take a similar course with its Spadina line by 1978, commissioning

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received commissions to design a small number of prominent urban landmarks. For instance,

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style popular in British India became a fixture in local house design, and styles such as

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The first Europeans to inhabit what would become Canada were the French settlers of the

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planks. These were large square, solidly built houses. The most advanced design was the

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Maison de Julien Gendreau (1728), an archetypal example of a rural New France home, in

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Without Our Past?: a Handbook for the Preservation of Canada's Architectural Heritage

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that became the commercial, and often social, centres of these suburban areas. The

1244: 1189: 1153: 930: 785: 754: 746: 385: 1844:"A. Public Work Architects | Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Canada" 1484: 893:. The style that developed in the Maritimes was very close to the architecture of 3283: 2410: 2222: 1606: 1582: 1508: 1469: 1240: 1136: 1077: 894: 839: 616: 137: 1383:

After the Second World War, the desire for unique Canadian styles faded as the

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The English speaking population of Canada grew dramatically with the influx of

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In Vancouver during the 1950s and 1960s, Modernist architectures inspired by

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Canadian architects returned to the Middle Ages for inspiration, by way of

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style during the interwar period. In part because of the prominence of the

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cottages were built throughout the region. However, the influence of the

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The settlers of the rural areas along the St. Lawrence largely came from

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was the world's largest mall for a 23-year period from 1981 until 2004.

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Ukrainian churches built across the prairies. Other groups such as the

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constructed in this era. Massive Canadian housing projects, such as

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The desire for a unique Canadian style also led to a revival of the

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over the short sides, and a smaller gable over the main entrance.

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Ricketts, Shannon; Maitland, Leslie; Hucker, Jacqueline (2004),

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was a prominent supporter of the style. The third and current

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Further south, in what is today Southern Ontario and Quebec,

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The Royal Ontario Museum, with its 2007 "Crystal" addition

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Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada (2023-08-03).

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One of the earliest extant houses in Maritime Canada,

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Eastern Connecticut State University (January 2007).

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in Calgary, while Toronto saw the completion of the

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became quite popular, especially on the West Coast.

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Unsourced material may be challenged and 594:is, with the exception of that of Canadian 63:Learn how and when to remove these messages 3568: 3554: 3546: 3306: 3292: 3284: 3140: 3126: 3118: 2955: 2705: 2531: 2287: 2187: 2062:World wars and interwar period (1914–1945) 2019: 1998: 1984: 1976: 1818:McHugh, Patricia; Bozikovic, Alex (2017). 1080:(1897–1914); Edgar L Worwood (1914–1918); 578: 564: 251: 1970:Canada by Design: Parliament Hill, Ottawa 745:, thousands of relics of which, known as 665:Learn how and when to remove this message 240:Learn how and when to remove this message 222:Learn how and when to remove this message 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 1916:A guide to Canadian architectural styles 83:This article includes a list of general 1735: 1684:List of heritage buildings in Vancouver 1448:surrounding most Canadian cities, with 1260:Marine Building lobby (Vancouver), 2018 263: 685:Prior to the arrival of Europeans the 2764:Metropolitan areas and agglomerations 1859:List of Dominion Architects of Canada 1654:Gothic Revival architecture in Canada 1639:List of prominent Canadian architects 1337:structures were erected, such as the 1129:Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick 7: 3576:Lists of tallest buildings in Canada 1669:List of tallest structures in Canada 1649:Examination for Architects in Canada 1031:Victorian_architecture § Canada 765:skills to construct large houses of 643:adding citations to reliable sources 160:adding citations to reliable sources 3037:Topics by provinces and territories 1664:List of tallest buildings in Canada 1644:Society of Architectural Historians 1820:Toronto Architecture: A City Guide 1748:www.patrimoine-culturel.gouv.qc.ca 1597:Michael Lee-Chin "Crystal" at the 89:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 44:This article has multiple issues. 3265: 3252: 3251: 3100: 3099: 3087: 1871:"World's Largest Shopping Malls" 1724:Canadian Centre for Architecture 1623: 1543:prominent atrium common spaces. 615: 545: 136: 74: 33: 2122:Former colonies and territories 1850:from the original on 2015-06-24 1679:Pedimental sculptures in Canada 1119:structures erected include the 718:Crawford Lake Conservation Area 147:needs additional citations for 52:or discuss these issues on the 2057:Post-Confederation (1867–1914) 1972:at Library and Archives Canada 1674:List of old Canadian buildings 1248:frames in their construction. 1064:in Ottawa, by noted architect 1043:in Toronto, built in 1845–1848 1: 3838:British colonial architecture 3596:Timeline of tallest buildings 3314:Architecture of North America 1094:Joseph Charles Gustave Brault 834:. The initial settlements at 757:. These people used advanced 1291:. In British Columbia, the 1105:British Columbia Legislature 739:Interior of British Columbia 3586:Tallest buildings in Canada 2102:Crown and Indigenous people 1709:Architecture of Quebec City 1659:List of armouries in Canada 1199:William Lyon Mackenzie King 1121:National Assembly of Quebec 913:in Kingsburg, Nova Scotia. 3854: 2992:Provincial and territorial 2915:Inventions and discoveries 2052:British Canada (1763–1867) 1714:Architecture of St. John's 1274:Bentall Centre (Vancouver) 1028: 799: 681:A group of Haida bighouses 3591:Tallest buildings by city 3581: 3247: 3188:Newfoundland and Labrador 3081: 2218:Newfoundland and Labrador 1958:The Canadian Encyclopedia 1946:The Canadian Encyclopedia 1719:Architecture of Vancouver 1197:building. Prime Minister 948:in Toronto, built in 1822 1699:Architecture of Montreal 1567:Embassy of Canada, Tokyo 1560:Vancouver Public Library 1556:Mississauga Civic Centre 1398:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe 1390:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe 1374:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe 1168:In the period after the 983:Canadian Pacific Railway 796:Arrival of the Europeans 171:"Architecture of Canada" 2152:Persons of significance 2147:National Historic Sites 1694:Architecture of Toronto 1527:Postmodern architecture 1415:The first phase of the 1402:Toronto-Dominion Centre 1378:Toronto-Dominion Centre 1324:Simon Fraser University 1145:Beaux-Arts architecture 1041:St. Michael's Cathedral 923:United Empire Loyalists 104:more precise citations. 3833:Architecture in Canada 3149:Architecture of Canada 2047:New France (1534–1763) 1941:Architecture in Canada 1704:Architecture of Ottawa 1611:Art Gallery of Ontario 1577: 1551: 1532:1000 de La Gauchetière 1496:Brutalist architecture 1491: 1480:Late and postmodernism 1476:were based in Canada. 1380: 1345:also in that city and 1261: 1224: 1103:buildings such as the 1082:Richard Cotsman Wright 1044: 1025:Victorian architecture 977:and the cabins of the 949: 885: 862: 819: 682: 592:architecture of Canada 276: 3229:Northwest Territories 3153:province or territory 2259:Northwest Territories 2162:Territorial evolution 1898:Falkner, Ann (1977), 1575: 1550:Mississauga City Hall 1549: 1505:Queen's Quay Terminal 1487: 1372: 1259: 1216:The "Chateaux-style" 1215: 1109:Old Toronto City Hall 1090:Charles D. Sutherland 1038: 943: 879: 855:de Gannes-Cosby house 852: 809: 792:bones for the frame. 680: 275: 18:Canadian architecture 3666:Prairies/Territories 3203:Prince Edward Island 2233:Prince Edward Island 1599:Royal Ontario Museum 1517:CAMH Research Centre 1347:Commerce Court North 1270:TD Tower (Vancouver) 1233:Parliament Buildings 1174:Canadian nationalism 1062:Parliament Buildings 971:Hudson's Bay Company 917:Growth and expansion 844:Baroque architecture 802:Acadian architecture 750:centre of the roof. 639:improve this section 156:improve this article 2588:Firearms regulation 1919:, Broadview Press, 1631:Architecture portal 1385:International Style 1365:International style 1339:Vancouver City Hall 1218:Banff Springs Hotel 1186:Banff Springs Hotel 1117:Second Empire Style 1070:Thomas Seaton Scott 1039:The Gothic Revival 960:Ontario Style House 944:The Georgian style 927:American Revolution 903:Foreign Protestants 701:generally lived in 2769:Population centres 1578: 1552: 1492: 1458:West Edmonton Mall 1381: 1308:Frank Lloyd Wright 1262: 1225: 1125:Montreal City Hall 1101:Romanesque Revival 1045: 975:North West Company 950: 886: 863: 820: 683: 277: 3820: 3819: 3543: 3542: 3281: 3280: 3272:Canada portal 3115: 3114: 3094:Canada portal 3015: 3014: 2782: 2781: 2596: 2595: 2551:Political parties 2519:Foreign relations 2434: 2433: 2321:Canadian Prairies 2311:Pacific Northwest 2277: 2276: 2175: 2174: 2132:Foreign relations 1466:Toronto City Hall 1406:Place Ville-Marie 1328:Vancouver Special 1281:Modern Classicism 1182:Château Frontenac 1092:(1936–1947); and 998:Eaton's catalogue 675: 674: 667: 588: 587: 552:Canada portal 265:Culture of Canada 250: 249: 242: 232: 231: 224: 206: 130: 129: 122: 67: 16:(Redirected from 3845: 3606:British Columbia 3570: 3563: 3556: 3547: 3504:Washington, D.C. 3308: 3301: 3294: 3285: 3270: 3269: 3268: 3255: 3254: 3173:British Columbia 3142: 3135: 3128: 3119: 3103: 3102: 3092: 3091: 3090: 2956: 2799:Higher education 2706: 2691:Science and tech 2578:Multiculturalism 2532: 2514:Local government 2479:House of Commons 2463:Governor General 2299: 2288: 2203:British Columbia 2188: 2042:Pre-colonization 2020: 2000: 1993: 1986: 1977: 1929: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1882: 1873:. Archived from 1866: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1855: 1840: 1834: 1833: 1815: 1809: 1808: 1806: 1805: 1790: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1780: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1744:"Gendreau House" 1740: 1633: 1628: 1627: 1603:Daniel Libeskind 1595:Deconstructivist 1538:in Toronto, and 1536:Brookfield Place 1438:housing projects 1359:Spanish Colonial 1355:Egyptian Revival 1349:in Toronto. The 1289:Francis Sullivan 1252:Modernist period 1207:Second World War 1158:Exhibition Place 1133:Queen Anne Style 1086:Thomas W. Fuller 670: 663: 659: 656: 650: 619: 611: 580: 573: 566: 550: 549: 548: 334:Multiculturalism 252: 245: 238: 227: 220: 216: 213: 207: 205: 164: 140: 132: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 100:this article by 91:inline citations 78: 77: 70: 59: 37: 36: 29: 21: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3843: 3842: 3823: 3822: 3821: 3816: 3783: 3755: 3746:Waterloo Region 3692: 3661: 3638: 3600: 3577: 3574: 3544: 3539: 3508: 3365: 3315: 3312: 3282: 3277: 3266: 3264: 3243: 3217: 3156: 3146: 3116: 3111: 3088: 3086: 3077: 3041: 3011: 2954: 2866: 2857:Social programs 2823:Law enforcement 2778: 2752: 2695: 2592: 2530: 2430: 2370: 2357:Atlantic Canada 2335:Canadian Shield 2330:Northern Canada 2297: 2296: 2273: 2247: 2183:and territories 2182: 2171: 2081: 2028: 2009: 2004: 1936: 1927: 1912: 1895: 1893:Further reading 1890: 1889: 1880: 1878: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1853: 1851: 1842: 1841: 1837: 1830: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1803: 1801: 1799:parks.canada.ca 1792: 1791: 1787: 1778: 1776: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1753: 1751: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1629: 1622: 1619: 1521:KPMB Architects 1482: 1426:Arthur Erickson 1367: 1343:Marine Building 1316:Arthur Erickson 1297:Arts and Crafts 1254: 1203:Hotel Vancouver 1170:First World War 1166: 1164:Canadian styles 1131:. In the 1890s 1049:First World War 1033: 1027: 987:grain elevators 919: 859:Annapolis Royal 826:settlements of 804: 798: 671: 660: 654: 651: 636: 620: 609: 604: 584: 546: 544: 537: 536: 520: 508: 500: 499: 376: 366: 365: 309:Free expression 287: 246: 235: 234: 233: 228: 217: 211: 208: 165: 163: 153: 141: 126: 115: 109: 106: 96:Please help to 95: 79: 75: 38: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3851: 3849: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3825: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3793: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3765: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3702: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3659: 3654: 3648: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3610: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3572: 3565: 3558: 3550: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 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Retrieved 1875:the original 1864: 1852:. Retrieved 1838: 1819: 1813: 1802:. Retrieved 1798: 1788: 1777:. Retrieved 1774:www.pc.gc.ca 1773: 1764: 1752:. Retrieved 1747: 1738: 1583:Starchitects 1579: 1564: 1553: 1540:Bankers Hall 1525: 1501: 1493: 1474:George Baird 1462: 1435: 1414: 1382: 1332: 1305: 1278: 1263: 1245:Centre Block 1226: 1190:Loire Valley 1167: 1160:in Toronto. 1154:John M. Lyle 1098: 1056:houses. The 1046: 1002: 991: 968: 951: 931:Upper Canada 920: 887: 864: 821: 779: 752: 736: 721: 707: 684: 661: 652: 637:Please help 625: 591: 589: 513:Bibliography 475:Peacekeeping 381:Architecture 380: 236: 218: 209: 199: 192: 185: 178: 166: 154:Please help 149:verification 146: 116: 107: 88: 60: 53: 47: 46:Please help 43: 26: 3779:Quebec City 3721:Mississauga 3688:Yellowknife 3484:San Antonio 3479:Puerto Rico 3449:New Orleans 3434:Kansas City 3339:Quebec City 3222:Territories 3193:Nova Scotia 2935:Individuals 2743:2021 Census 2728:Immigration 2610:Agriculture 2571:Transgender 2411:Great Lakes 2391:Earthquakes 2345:Great Lakes 2252:Territories 2223:Nova Scotia 2142:Monarchical 2127:Immigration 1607:Frank Gehry 1509:Ronald Thom 1470:Jane Jacobs 1312:North Shore 1241:John Ruskin 1137:Tudor Style 1078:David Ewart 1010:onion domed 895:New England 891:South Shore 840:Quebec City 463:Video games 319:Immigration 102:introducing 3827:Categories 3812:St. John's 3807:Saint John 3530:Costa Rica 3351:St. John's 3063:Historians 2920:Literature 2833:Corruption 2816:Euthanasia 2806:Healthcare 2748:Population 2470:Parliament 2440:Government 2077:since 1982 1881:2008-07-29 1854:2015-05-31 1804:2023-12-10 1779:2023-12-10 1730:References 1301:Queen Anne 1229:Neo-Gothic 1127:, and the 1029:See also: 1018:Doukhobors 1014:Hutterites 925:after the 857:(1708) in 836:Port Royal 824:New France 800:See also: 714:long house 522:Historians 453:Newspapers 443:Television 428:Literature 182:newspapers 85:references 49:improve it 3678:Saskatoon 3634:Vancouver 3619:Coquitlam 3499:St. Louis 3439:Las Vegas 3384:Allentown 3361:Vancouver 3161:Provinces 2838:Terrorism 2794:Education 2733:Languages 2721:Ethnicity 2716:Canadians 2664:Petroleum 2644:Companies 2546:Elections 2426:Volcanism 2401:Mountains 2283:Geography 2191:Provinces 2181:Provinces 2112:Etymology 2072:1960–1981 2067:1945–1960 2025:Year list 1589:designed 1450:Don Mills 1266:elevators 955:log cabin 907:Lunenburg 871:seigneurs 759:carpentry 743:pit house 710:Iroquoian 699:Algonquin 626:does not 413:Festivals 329:Languages 297:Ethnicity 292:Canadians 212:June 2021 110:July 2016 55:talk page 3789:Atlantic 3774:Montreal 3769:Gatineau 3706:Hamilton 3683:Winnipeg 3657:Edmonton 3474:Portland 3469:Plymouth 3409:Columbus 3334:Montreal 3258:Category 3178:Manitoba 3106:Category 3046:Research 3020:Contents 3002:Heraldic 2910:Identity 2905:Holidays 2900:Folklore 2811:Abortion 2738:Religion 2676:Taxation 2583:Cannabis 2561:Intersex 2537:Politics 2509:Military 2421:Wildlife 2208:Manitoba 2137:Military 2107:Economic 2032:timeline 1848:Archived 1617:See also 1430:Skytrain 1394:I.M. Pei 1361:styles. 1351:Georgian 1341:and the 1335:Art Deco 1293:bungalow 1237:Art Deco 1006:prairies 935:Georgian 867:Normandy 767:redcedar 724:Prairies 655:May 2021 507:Research 485:Religion 480:Politics 458:Internet 324:Holidays 314:Identity 304:Folklore 257:a series 255:Part of 3802:Moncton 3797:Halifax 3751:Windsor 3741:Toronto 3736:Sudbury 3716:Markham 3698:Ontario 3652:Calgary 3644:Alberta 3624:Kelowna 3614:Burnaby 3520:Bermuda 3494:Seattle 3424:Houston 3414:Detroit 3404:Chicago 3399:Buffalo 3389:Atlanta 3356:Toronto 3234:Nunavut 3198:Ontario 3168:Alberta 3073:Surveys 3068:Studies 3032:Outline 3007:Tartans 2961:Symbols 2950:Theatre 2895:Cuisine 2872:Culture 2845:Poverty 2787:Society 2681:Tourism 2654:Fishing 2627:Banking 2602:Economy 2458:Monarch 2396:Islands 2293:Regions 2264:Nunavut 2228:Ontario 2198:Alberta 2015:History 1754:9 March 1609:of the 1591:The Bow 1489:The Bow 1446:suburbs 1222:Alberta 763:joinery 737:In the 722:On the 703:wigwams 691:Mi'kmaq 647:removed 632:sources 602:History 532:Surveys 527:Studies 495:Theatre 408:Cuisine 339:Symbols 285:History 196:scholar 98:improve 3761:Quebec 3731:Ottawa 3711:London 3673:Regina 3629:Surrey 3535:Mexico 3513:Others 3394:Boston 3379:Albany 3346:Ottawa 3329:Quebec 3321:Canada 3208:Quebec 2970:Anthem 2945:Sports 2890:Cinema 2862:Values 2709:Topics 2649:Energy 2632:Dollar 2497:Courts 2474:Senate 2416:Rivers 2386:Cities 2377:Topics 2238:Quebec 2157:Racism 2088:Topics 2007:Canada 1923: 1906: 1826: 1283:. The 1111:, and 832:Canada 828:Acadia 697:, and 490:Sports 438:Cinema 418:Humour 396:Quebec 391:Comics 374:Topics 361:Values 259:on the 198: 191: 184: 177: 169: 87:, but 3459:Omaha 3239:Yukon 3027:Index 2997:Royal 2930:Media 2925:Music 2828:Crime 2757:Lists 2269:Yukon 2167:Women 979:Metis 964:gable 790:whale 786:Thule 782:igloo 755:Haida 728:bison 470:Music 448:Radio 433:Media 403:Crime 356:Women 344:Royal 203:JSTOR 189:books 3525:Cuba 3151:(by 2985:List 2980:Flag 2566:LGBT 2490:list 1921:ISBN 1904:ISBN 1824:ISBN 1756:2022 1565:The 1554:The 1472:and 1408:and 1392:and 1357:and 1322:and 1184:and 1143:and 1016:and 1004:the 973:and 853:The 838:and 830:and 761:and 732:tipi 695:Cree 630:any 628:cite 590:The 175:news 2885:Art 2659:Oil 2448:Law 1601:by 1519:by 1511:'s 1400:'s 1376:'s 1220:in 1152:by 994:sod 641:by 423:Law 386:Art 158:by 3829:: 1955:" 1943:" 1846:. 1797:. 1772:. 1746:. 1613:. 1299:, 1272:, 1172:, 1123:, 1107:, 814:, 693:, 58:. 3569:e 3562:t 3555:v 3307:e 3300:t 3293:v 3155:) 3141:e 3134:t 3127:v 2481:) 2472:( 2034:) 2029:( 1999:e 1992:t 1985:v 1951:" 1939:" 1884:. 1857:. 1832:. 1807:. 1782:. 1758:. 818:. 668:) 662:( 657:) 653:( 649:. 635:. 579:e 572:t 565:v 243:) 237:( 225:) 219:( 214:) 210:( 200:· 193:· 186:· 179:· 152:. 123:) 117:( 112:) 108:( 94:. 65:) 61:( 20:)

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