464:, with the responsibility to "monitor registration, identification, and the keeping of the stud book for Canadian horses". It is also responsible for inspecting breeding stock before they are registered with the studbook. The studbook is maintained by the Canadian Livestock Records Corporation. Since the beginning of the studbook, there have been over 13,600 horses registered. In 2012, 208 new horses were registered, mainly in Quebec. The Livestock Conservancy still considers the breed to be threatened, a designation given to breeds with a global population of less than 5,000 and annual US registrations of fewer than 1,000.
460:, which had classified the breed as "critical", changed its designation to "rare". With the increase in popularity came pressure for the breed standard to change to meet modern show and market trends, by breeding for taller horses with more refinement. In 2002, the Canadian Horse Heritage and Preservation Society was formed in response to these pressures, with a goal of preserving the original Canadian horse type. The Canadian Horse Breeders Association remains the official registering body for the Canadian horse, as governed by the Canadian federal
577:
146:, combined with two world wars, again resulted in the breed almost becoming extinct. In the 1980s, concerned with the declining population numbers, interested breeders undertook a promotional program, which resulted in renewed interest in the breed. By the 1990s, population numbers were higher, and genetic studies in 1998 and 2012 found relatively high levels of
275:, the centre of French horse breeding. Only 12 of the 20 mares survived the trip. Two more shipments followed, one in 1667 of 14 horses (mostly mares, but with at least one stallion), and one in 1670 of 11 mares and a stallion. The shipments included a mix of draft horses and light horses, the latter of which included both
455:
By the 1970s, the popularity of the breed had decreased significantly, and there were approximately 400 Canadian horses worldwide, with only around five annual registrations between 1970 and 1974. Several interested breeders began a campaign of preservation and promotion, which resulted in a
Canadian
323:
existence, with many escaping human control completely. In 1798, a horse with characteristics similar to the
Canadian is reported to have appeared spontaneously in Massachusetts and given to one Justin Morgan, giving rise to the Morgan breed. But this specimen may have actually been born 7 miles from
430:
by the
Canadian government. The program's goal was to breed larger horses that retained the endurance and vitality for which the breed was known, and succeeded in increasing the size of stallions to 15.2 to 16 hands (62 to 64 inches, 157 to 163 cm) high and 1,200 to 1,500 pounds (540
238:
was born into, followed by the sire's name, and lastly the given name for the foal. Each year a different letter is assigned to begin the given name for the foal, and it is by the year's letter that the foal is named. Some older horses do not fall under this naming strategy, but it is now mandatory
635:
in 1816, and his progeny spread throughout the eastern US. Known mainly as saddle stock, they also included several pacing horses. Another roan stallion, Tom Hal, a successful pacer in his own right, founded an important family of pacers in the US. Appearing in
Kentucky in 1824, he was offered for
615:
became common. Eventually these races became large enough to endanger the church-going populace, and races were banned within a certain distance of churches. They instead moved to local rivers, whose smooth, frozen surfaces provided useful raceways, and the resulting contests drew attention to the
548:
During the peak popularity of the breed, three main types could be distinguished. All three are now considered extinct, having disappeared or been merged back into the main
Canadian horse population. The first, the Canadian Heavy Draft or St. Lawrence, which disappeared by the late 1700s, probably
306:
or religious orders for money or in exchange for a foal, and they remained the property of the king for three years. Despite poor conditions and hard work, the horses thrived in Canada, and were given nicknames that included "the little iron horse" and "the horse of steel". Population numbers rose
118:
and light riding horses imported to Canada in the late 1600s from France, it was later crossed with other
British and American breeds. During the 18th century the Canadian horse spread throughout the northeastern US, where it contributed to the development of several horse breeds. During the peak
519:
loci studies. This relationship was supported by findings in the 2012 study. The high levels of diversity in the
Canadian horse supported the conclusions of a 1998 study, which determined that the small population size and historical genetic bottlenecks had not resulted in a significant loss of
256:
29:
233:
As in many other breeds, there is a set naming system that is used to identify individuals based on the registration format employed by the
Canadian Livestock Records Corporation. First comes the prefix, the farm or breeding establishment of which the
411:, where many were killed. One equine historian states that "The Canadian horse played a major role in the history of that war; it has even been said that the North won simply on the fact that its soldiers had the better horse – the Canadian."
1419:
1441:
considered to originate wholly or partly in Canada and the United States. Many have complex or obscure histories, so inclusion here does not necessarily imply that a breed is predominantly or exclusively from those
539:
declared it the national breed of the country, and in 2002 was made an official animal symbol of Canada by
Parliamentary Act. In 2010, the provincial legislature of Quebec named it a heritage breed of the province.
1862:
568:. Mixed with French trotting lines, they played a role in the development of the US trotting horses. The third type was the Canadian Pacer, which was historically better documented than the other two types.
307:
quickly from the early stock, with 148 horses by 1679, 218 horses by 1688, 684 by 1698, and by 1709, enough that the government limited farmers to owning two horses and a foal, with additional horses to be
201:
are sloping, with a relatively high-set tail. Overall, the breed gives the impression of strength and agility. Their heavy and wavy mane and tail, arched necks and finely boned heads are all reminiscent of
664:, who originated the Pilot family of trotting horses. Old Pilot produced a son, also named Pilot, who was acclaimed as a sire of trotting horses, as well as being a successful harness horse himself.
1412:
197:
The
Canadian horse has a rather short, high-set head with a broad forehead. The neck is arched and graceful, and the chest, back and loins broad and strongly muscled. The shoulders and
770:
194:(56 to 66 inches, 142 to 168 cm) and stallions average 1,050 to 1,350 pounds (480 to 610 kg) in weight, while mares weigh 1,000 to 1,250 pounds (450 to 570 kg).
1405:
414:
By 1880, through exports and war casualties, Canadian horses had almost become extinct. In 1885, the Canadian Horse Breeders Association was formed to inspect and approve
636:
stud, and his offspring (many of whom carried on the family name, being differentiated only by the name of the owner) began the family of Standardbreds that included
456:
team winning the 1987 North American Driving Championships. Popularity began to increase, and by the mid-1990s population numbers were between 2,500 and 3,000, and
356:, as opposed to the English settlers in the area. His paintings generally portrayed the Canadian horse in a utilitarian, workhorse role, often in winter scenes.
1103:
1872:
443:, ended the federal breeding program, and in 1940 all breeding stock was sold at auction. However, the province of Quebec re-established the program at
1134:
404:
564:. The second, the Frencher, sometimes also called the St. Lawrence, was a trotting horse known for its power and speed, resulting from crosses with
588:
from New England. The resulting horses were known for their ability to race on ice. From there, they were exported to the United States, where
352:, a 19th-century Canadian painter, was known for his works featuring the Canadian horse, who he usually showed in association with the French
267:
sent to Canada in the late 17th century. The initial shipment, in 1665, consisted of two stallions and twenty mares from the Royal Stables in
190:
of the late 20th century, the preservation society for the breed states that they can be "rarely grey". Their height averages 14 to 16.2
937:
900:
359:
In 1849, there were estimated to be more than 150,000 Canadian horses, and many were exported from Canada annually. Some were shipped to the
222:
ability. They are seen in competition in almost every discipline, as well as for leisure riding. They can also be found in light draft work,
953:
774:
311:, although this law was a failure in terms of enforcement. During the 1700s, the "French Canadian Horse" spread through what is now eastern
1867:
1428:
150:
for a small breed. However, livestock conservation organizations still consider the breed to be at risk, due to low population numbers.
1282:
348:
with existing Canadian stock. By the 19th century, they were found performing light draft work, as well as riding and driving duties.
1326:
1289:
1188:"Maternal Lineages in Native Canadian Equine Populations and Their Relationship to the Nordic and Mountain and Moorland Pony Breeds"
995:
723:
496:
408:
128:
1010:
Anas Khanshour, Rytis Juras, Rick Blackburn, E. Gus Cothran: The Legend of the Canadian Horse: Genetic Diversity and Breed Origin
1228:
371:. By the middle of the 19th century, Canadian horses had spread through the northeastern US, where they were used for racing, as
619:
Several horses imported to the United States from Canada had a lasting impact on American horse breeding. In the early 1800s, a
637:
892:
The Official Horse Breeds Standards Guide: The Complete Guide to the Standards of All North American Equine Breed Associations
1644:
827:
182:
appears in the breed as the result of the genetic influence of one stallion. While some sources state that the gene for
739:
1078:
1050:
495:
diversity, sharing haplotypes with all Canadian populations, as well as draft breeds, Nordic pony breeds and British
142:
Experimental breeding programs in the early 20th century succeeded in re-establishing the breed to some extent, but
127:
type. Thousands of horses were exported in the 19th century, many of whom were subsequently killed while acting as
600:
were not maintained, so early breeding histories are often impossible to trace. The Canadian Pacer influenced the
1110:
855:
457:
325:
324:
the Canadian Border in Vermont, which has always fed suspicions that it was in fact a Canadian horse. During the
1709:
1654:
1514:
1489:
279:
and trotting horses. The exact origins of all the horses are unknown, although the shipments probably included
1257:
1779:
1679:
1629:
1474:
1141:
418:
with the aim of creating a studbook for the breed, and in 1886, further export from Canada was forbidden by
1524:
1026:
1719:
1619:
1509:
1499:
1464:
1459:
660:
horses. Another pacing import to the US was a black stallion named Old Pilot, said to have been bred near
612:
611:. Racing began in this area during the long, severe winters, when Sunday races after attending church for
444:
427:
461:
1857:
1815:
1634:
1564:
1529:
1484:
1454:
653:
1519:
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considers the breed to be at risk, with fewer than 500 annual registrations of female breeding stock.
1837:
1769:
1749:
1739:
1714:
1674:
1659:
1594:
1584:
1579:
1539:
1494:
1469:
536:
1604:
1574:
1392:
1789:
1689:
1504:
1479:
915:
International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds, Bonnie L. Hendricks, University of Oklahoma Press, 2007
628:
388:
349:
276:
264:
62:
1370:
106:
from Canada. It is a strong, well-muscled horse, usually dark in colour. It is generally used for
1825:
1744:
1639:
1589:
1534:
608:
585:
484:
465:
337:
187:
167:
1349:
395:. Although used extensively in the US, no efforts were made to establish a purebred population,
1397:
641:
255:
28:
1694:
1609:
1549:
1322:
1209:
991:
987:
933:
896:
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719:
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532:
521:
488:
480:
476:
472:
447:. The program lasted there until 1979, when the herd was again disbanded and sold at auction.
211:
147:
120:
218:. Today, most Canadian horses are used as riding and driving horses, and are known for their
1199:
601:
512:
423:
372:
303:
292:
239:
in naming registered offspring coming from purebred Canadian lines. Originally, horses were
203:
1011:
584:
Canadian Pacers were likely the result of breeding pacing horses imported from France with
576:
1820:
1759:
1699:
1624:
508:
308:
219:
171:
111:
95:
1364:
1186:
Prystupa, Jaclyn Mercedes; Hind, Pamela; Cothran, E. Gus; Plante, Yves (May–June 2012).
1810:
1764:
1599:
1261:
657:
589:
516:
415:
400:
1343:
1236:
795:
607:
Commonly called "Canucks", the fastest members of the breed came from Quebec near the
119:
popularity of the breed, three subtypes could be distinguished, a draft horse type, a
1851:
1734:
1649:
1614:
980:
632:
432:
376:
341:
288:
244:
198:
159:
143:
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Canadian population almost to the point of extinction, prompting the formation of a
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1729:
1704:
1669:
1559:
1554:
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620:
565:
440:
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280:
223:
207:
183:
124:
107:
831:
982:
Recalling Early Canada: Reading the Political in Literary and Cultural Production
403:
in that country. Thousands of horses imported to the US from Canada were used as
1784:
1438:
554:
550:
500:
436:
360:
320:
227:
215:
191:
163:
115:
103:
1165:
978:
Milne, Anne (2005). "Writing (Canada) on the Body". In Blair, Jennifer (ed.).
580:
An American Saddlebred, a descendant of the Canadian Pacer, in the early 1900s
561:
525:
380:
296:
284:
179:
499:
also tested in the study. The Canadian horse had been shown to be related to
1544:
1204:
1187:
593:
558:
504:
492:
368:
353:
345:
1213:
746:
1082:
1054:
661:
624:
396:
316:
312:
272:
268:
136:
132:
1684:
383:. Many played a role in the development of other breeds, including the
329:
859:
1794:
1724:
419:
240:
47:
830:. Canadian Horse Association Rocky Mountain District. Archived from
1664:
1387:
1053:. Canadian Horse Heritage and Preservation Society. Archived from
858:. Canadian Horse Heritage and Preservation Society. Archived from
745:. Canadian Horse Heritage and Preservation Society. Archived from
575:
524:. The 1998 paper also stated that the Canadian horse did not show
254:
175:
77:
431:
to 680 kg) in weight, with mares slightly smaller. However,
328:
in the mid-18th century, the English seized the livestock of the
340:. In the late 18th century, imported horses from the US and the
235:
1401:
553:
and Clydesdale crosses. They were probably a popular export to
247:
is the identification technology chosen by the breed registry.
1227:
Behara, Anouk M.P.; Colling, Dave T.; Gibson, John P. (1998).
716:
Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America
332:, including horses. Some of these animals were transported to
1229:"Using Genetics to Pinpoint Endangered Canadian Horse Breeds"
631:, from Quebec, through Michigan. He began to be offered for
1863:
Conservation Priority Breeds of the Livestock Conservancy
1109:. Canadian Livestock Records Corporation. Archived from
1012:
https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article/106/1/37/2961877
483:
of the Canadian breeds studied, which also included the
528:
any more significant than other, more popular, breeds.
1366:
Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the Year
1081:. Canadian Horse Breeders Association. Archived from
1803:
1447:
954:"Free as the Wind: How Horses Came to Sable Island"
773:. International Museum of the Horse. Archived from
263:The Canadian Horse descended from the French stock
53:
43:
35:
979:
932:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 100–101.
592:became a breeding centre, later exporting them to
214:is described as flashy. They are hardy horses and
139:and the passage of a law against further export.
1393:Canadian Horse Heritage and Preservation Society
1321:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 71–75.
604:, the American Saddlebred and the Standardbred.
1045:
1043:
475:published in 2012, the Canadian horse and the
1413:
8:
1429:Horse breeds of Canada and the United States
319:in the United States, and lived a generally
21:
1369:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p.
1345:Cyclopedia of American Agriculture: Animals
1140:. The Livestock Conservancy. Archived from
1073:
1071:
923:
921:
718:. Storey Publishing. pp. 68, 86, 246.
186:is no longer found in the breed, after the
1420:
1406:
1398:
1135:"Conservation Priority Equine Breeds 2013"
930:International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
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27:
20:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1203:
1021:
1019:
709:
707:
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697:
557:, which bred large numbers of horses for
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
409:cavalry horses in the American Civil War
158:Most Canadian Horses are dark coloured:
129:cavalry horses in the American Civil War
960:. Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History
673:
1260:. Government of Canada. Archived from
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
850:
848:
828:"The History of Canadian Horse Breeds"
740:"The Canadien Horse – Breed Standards"
531:The Canadian horse is a common animal
1363:US Department of Agriculture (1888).
375:, and, due to their stamina, to pull
363:, where they possibly contributed to
336:, where their descendants became the
243:with identification numbers, but now
7:
895:. Voyageur Press. pp. 357–360.
1388:Canadian Horse Breeders Association
627:named Copperbottom was imported to
63:Canadian Horse Breeders Association
1873:Horse breeds originating in Canada
1342:Bailey, Liberty Hyde, ed. (1908).
856:"Canadian Horse Breed Information"
14:
1348:. The Macmillan Company. p.
1290:Food and Agriculture Organization
986:. University of Alberta. p.
497:mountain and moorland pony breeds
491:. The Canadian horse showed high
1645:Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse
422:law. In 1913, an experimental
131:. These exports decreased the
1:
174:are found, occasionally with
1258:"Official symbols of Canada"
1029:. The Livestock Conservancy
798:. Oklahoma State University
1889:
1868:National symbols of Canada
1319:The Kentucky Harness Horse
928:Hendricks, Bonnie (2007).
479:were found to be the most
302:The horses were leased to
1834:
1435:
1233:The Canadian Horse Annual
1104:"Annual Statistics: 2012"
458:The Livestock Conservancy
326:Expulsion of the Acadians
178:manes and tails, and the
71:
58:
26:
1710:North American Sportpony
1655:Lac La Croix Indian Pony
1515:American Sorraia Mustang
1490:American Miniature Horse
1780:Tennessee Walking Horse
1680:Mountain Pleasure Horse
889:Lynghaug, Fran (2009).
714:Dutson, Judith (2005).
16:Canadian breed of horse
1720:Pryor Mountain mustang
1510:American Shetland Pony
1500:American Quarter Horse
1465:American Belgian Draft
1460:American Bashkir Curly
581:
503:breeds, including the
260:
99:
1635:Florida Cracker Horse
1565:Camarillo White Horse
1530:American Walking Pony
1525:American Spotted Paso
1485:American Indian Horse
1205:10.1093/jhered/ess003
579:
258:
154:Breed characteristics
39:French Canadian Horse
1838:List of horse breeds
1770:Spotted Saddle Horse
1750:Spanish Jennet Horse
1740:Rocky Mountain Horse
1715:Pony of the Americas
1660:Missouri Fox Trotter
1595:Carolina Marsh Tacky
1585:Canadian Sport Horse
1580:Canadian Rustic Pony
1540:American White Horse
1495:American Paint Horse
1475:American Crème Horse
1470:American Cream Draft
1317:mccarr, Ken (1978).
1168:. Rare Breeds Canada
616:pacers from Quebec.
537:Parliament of Canada
78:Equus ferus caballus
1790:Virginia Highlander
1690:National Show Horse
1505:American Saddlebred
1480:American Drum Horse
1192:Journal of Heredity
629:Lexington, Kentucky
596:in the late 1700s.
586:Narragansett Pacers
481:genetically diverse
462:Animal Pedigree Act
389:American Saddlebred
367:breeds such as the
350:Cornelius Krieghoff
226:, and working as a
23:
1826:Narragansett Pacer
1590:Canadian Warmblood
1535:American Warmblood
1455:Alberta Wild Horse
609:St. Lawrence River
582:
485:Sable Island horse
466:Rare Breeds Canada
338:Sable Island horse
261:
188:genetic bottleneck
1845:
1844:
1630:Cumberland Island
1610:Chincoteague Pony
939:978-0-8061-3884-8
902:978-0-7603-3499-7
522:genetic variation
489:Lac La Croix pony
477:Newfoundland pony
473:mitochondrial DNA
401:breed association
304:gentleman farmers
148:genetic diversity
114:. Descended from
88:
87:
44:Country of origin
1880:
1620:Colonial Spanish
1520:American Spotted
1422:
1415:
1408:
1399:
1375:
1374:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1314:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1287:
1283:"Extinct Breeds"
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1235:. Archived from
1224:
1218:
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1207:
1183:
1177:
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1034:
1027:"Canadian horse"
1023:
1014:
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1001:
985:
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969:
968:
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796:"Canadian horse"
792:
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771:"Canadian horse"
767:
761:
760:
758:
757:
751:
744:
736:
730:
729:
711:
638:Little Brown Jug
602:Tennessee Walker
533:symbol of Canada
451:1970s to present
435:, combined with
424:breeding program
259:A Canadian Horse
210:ancestry. Their
80:
31:
24:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1830:
1821:Conestoga Horse
1799:
1760:Spanish Mustang
1700:Nez Perce Horse
1675:Morocco Spotted
1625:Colorado Ranger
1550:Assateague Pony
1443:
1431:
1426:
1384:
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749:
742:
738:
737:
733:
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713:
712:
675:
670:
656:, all champion
574:
549:developed from
546:
535:. In 1909, the
453:
253:
156:
100:cheval canadien
84:
76:
67:
54:Breed standards
17:
12:
11:
5:
1886:
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1849:
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1811:Canadian Pacer
1807:
1805:
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1787:
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1765:Spanish Norman
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1695:Newfoundland
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1448:Contemporary
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958:Sable Island
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646:Star Pointer
633:stud service
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445:Deschambault
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393:Standardbred
385:Morgan horse
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334:Sable Island
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224:trail riding
216:easy keepers
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1640:Kanata Pony
562:plantations
555:New England
501:draft horse
437:World War I
361:West Indies
309:slaughtered
293:Andalusians
228:stock horse
123:type and a
104:horse breed
36:Other names
1852:Categories
1442:countries.
1296:2013-09-19
1268:2013-09-23
1243:2013-09-24
1172:2013-09-23
1151:2013-09-23
1120:2013-09-21
1089:2013-09-21
1079:"The CHBA"
1061:2013-09-21
1033:2013-09-23
964:2013-11-01
866:2013-09-21
838:2013-09-21
802:2013-09-21
781:2013-09-21
756:2013-09-21
668:References
623:-coloured
526:inbreeding
513:Clydesdale
204:Andalusian
180:cream gene
1816:Chickasaw
1545:Appaloosa
1051:"History"
654:Good Time
642:Brown Hal
598:Pedigrees
594:Tennessee
559:Caribbean
544:Sub-types
505:Percheron
493:haplotype
428:Cap-Rouge
405:artillery
373:roadsters
369:Paso Fino
354:habitants
346:crossbred
265:Louis XIV
172:chestnuts
1570:Canadian
1214:22504109
662:Montreal
625:stallion
487:and the
397:studbook
391:and the
330:Acadians
317:Illinois
313:Michigan
289:Arabians
273:Brittany
269:Normandy
241:tattooed
170:. A few
137:studbook
133:purebred
121:trotting
92:Canadian
1804:Extinct
1685:Mustang
509:Belgian
285:Normans
281:Bretons
251:History
220:jumping
112:driving
102:) is a
1795:Welara
1725:Quarab
1705:Nokota
1670:Morgan
1560:Blazer
1555:Banker
1325:
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994:
936:
899:
722:
420:Quebec
387:, the
365:gaited
277:pacing
176:flaxen
125:pacing
108:riding
96:French
48:Canada
1785:Tiger
1665:Morab
1286:(PDF)
1145:(PDF)
1138:(PDF)
1114:(PDF)
1107:(PDF)
750:(PDF)
743:(PDF)
650:Adios
551:Shire
399:, or
344:were
321:feral
297:Barbs
199:croup
192:hands
168:brown
166:, or
160:black
116:draft
1323:ISBN
1210:PMID
992:ISBN
934:ISBN
897:ISBN
720:ISBN
652:and
621:roan
613:Mass
511:and
439:and
407:and
379:and
315:and
295:and
271:and
236:foal
212:trot
208:Barb
206:and
184:grey
110:and
90:The
1371:702
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1200:doi
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988:223
164:bay
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