67:
58:, often animals, used to detect risks to humans by providing advance warning of a danger. The terms primarily apply in the context of environmental hazards rather than those from other sources. Some animals can act as sentinels because they may be more susceptible or have greater exposure to a particular hazard than humans in the same environment. People have long observed animals for signs of impending hazards or evidence of environmental threats. Plants and other living organisms have also been used for these purposes.
224:
38:
170:. Finding mildew on the roses is therefore sometimes taken as an early warning sign to take preventive measures to protect the adjacent vines. However the effectiveness of this practice is debated, since roses and vines are affected by different species of mildew (although both species occur under similar weather conditions).
98:
in 1895, and canaries were used as early as 1896. Countries such as
Britain, the United States, and Canada used canaries as a sentinel species. Well into the 20th century, coal miners brought canaries into coal mines as an early-warning signal for toxic gases, primarily carbon monoxide. The birds,
308:
uses crayfish outfitted with sensors to detect any changes in their bodies or pulse activity in order to monitor the purity of the water used in their product. The creatures are kept in a fish tank that is fed with the same local natural source water used in their brewing. If three or more of the
103:. In some cases, the canaries were kept in cages with dedicated oxygen tanks so the birds could survive after their illness provided a warning. "Canary in the coal mine" is now used as an idiom for a person or thing that warns people of danger.
471:
National
Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Animals as Monitors of Environmental Hazards, "Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards: Committee on Animals as Monitors of Environmental Hazards," National Academy Press: 1991,
202:
have been used to monitor pesticide contamination due to their diet of insects that may have been affected by the chemicals. By the same token, aquatic animals, or their direct predators, are used as sentinel species to monitor
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in the
Western Hemisphere was heralded by an outbreak of disease in crows and other wild birds. Other emerging diseases have demonstrated linkages between animal health events and human risk, including
178:
Animal sentinels must have measurable responses to the hazard in question, whether that is due to the animal's death, disappearance, or some other determinable aspect. Many of these species are ideally
239:. The bird's rapid breathing rate, small size, and high metabolism, compared to the miners, led birds in dangerous mines to succumb before the miners, thereby giving the miners time to take action.
131:
Dogs were recognized as early as 1939 to be more susceptible to tonsil cancer if they were kept in crowded urban environments. Studies similarly found higher disease rates in animals exposed to
1461:
Online biomonitoring of water quality by a permanent record of bivalve molluscs' behavior and physiology (biological rhythms, growth rate, spawning, early warning), 24/7, worldwide: the
1085:
Schilderman, P. A. E. L.; Moonen, E. J. C.; Maas, L. M.; Welle, I.; Kleinjans, J. C. S. (1999). "Use of
Crayfish in Biomonitoring Studies of Environmental Pollution of the River Meuse".
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and easy to handle. It is important that the species' range overlap with the range being studied. Often the ideal species is determined by the characteristics of the hazard.
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for atmospheric lead. Bats and swallows have been used to monitor pesticide contamination due to their diet of insects that may have been affected by the chemicals.
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Some species may show effects of a contaminant before humans due to their size, their reproductive rate, or their increased exposure to the contaminant.
1368:
Meselson M; Guillemin J; Hugh-Jones M; Langmuir A; Popova I; Shelokov A; Yampolskaya O (1994-11-18). "The
Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979".
1196:
van der
Schalie WH; Gardner HS Jr; Bantle JA; De Rosa CT; Finch RA; Reif JS; Reuter RH; Backer LC; Burger J; Folmar LC; Stokes WS. (Apr 1999).
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David A. Bengston, Diane S. Henshel, "Environmental
Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Biomarkers and Risk Assessment", ASTM International, 1996,
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being more sensitive, would become sick before the miners, who would then have a chance to escape or put on protective
286:. The evidence of atmospheric transport of the substance influenced the subsequent prohibition of its widespread use.
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crayfish have changes to their pulses, employees know there is a change in the water and examine the parameters.
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Mining foreman R. Thornburg shows a small cage with a canary used for testing carbon monoxide gas in 1928.
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Many observations of animals point to toxicity in food, water or air that would or could harm humans.
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1062:. Vol. 69, no. 11. Missouri Department of Conservation. November 2008. Archived from
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1243:"The use of mammals as sentinels for human exposure to toxic contaminants in the environment"
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in an interview compared the function of artists in human society to coal-mine canaries; see
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A number of animals have been used to measure varying kinds of air pollution. These include
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Interview "Physicist, Purge
Thyself" in the Chicago Tribune Magazine (22 June 1969)
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Rabinowitz P; Gordon Z; Chudnov D; Wilcox M; Odofin L; Liu A; Dein J. (Apr 2006).
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Ecotoxicity and Human Health: A Biological
Approach to Environmental Remediation
895:"Roses and vineyards- friends or foe? - Napa Master Gardener Column - ANR Blogs"
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in the wild in natural bodies of water to study the levels of pollutants there.
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concentrations were discovered far from the area of its use through analysis of
150:(PCB) poisoning, although not before approximately 14,000 people were affected.
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The Canary
Database: Animals As Sentinels of Human Environmental Health Hazards
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123:" before humans were affected due to eating mercury-contaminated fish.
30:"Canary in a coal mine" redirects here. For the song by the Police, see
334:. In outbreaks of bubonic plague, rats begin dying out before humans.
1284:
Backer LC; Grindem CB; Corbett WT; Cullins L; Hunter JL (2001-07-02).
256:
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1024:"Crayfish staff help Czech brewery keep its water as pure as can be"
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162:. One hypothesized reason is that roses are highly susceptible to
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was discovered when poultry began dying at alarming rates due to
90:". The idea of placing a warm-blooded animal in a mine to detect
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1146:"Christmas Day lost and found: Police's 'Canary in a Coalmine'"
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1409:"Confronting zoonoses, linking human and veterinary medicine"
399:"Canary in a Coalmine" is the title of a non-single track on
388:"Canary in a Coalmine" is the title of a non-single track on
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845:"'Canary in a Coal Mine': Definition, Meaning, and Examples"
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Rose bushes are often planted at the ends of vine rows in
1170:"West Virginia Power are now the Charleston Dirty Birds!"
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Boycott, A. E.; Damant, G. C. C.; Haldane, J. S. (1908).
290:
may have been used to warn of hazardous contamination in
1286:"Pet dogs as sentinels for environmental contamination"
944:"Sentinel Species - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
543:"The Detection and Estimation of Carbonic Oxide in Air"
274:
has been measured through the analysis of fish livers.
874:
Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology
690:. Archived from the original on September 17, 2008
598:South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal
1241:O'Brien DJ; Kaneene JB; Poppenga RH (Mar 1993).
753:"The Story of the Real Canary in the Coal Mine"
266:pollution has been quantitatively measured in
1327:"Animals as sentinels of bioterrorism agents"
620:. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011
8:
820:"Idiom in the news: Canary in the coal mine"
722:Hellemans, Alexander; Bunch, Bryan (1988).
357:have been linked to household exposures to
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27:Organisms used to detect risks to humans
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1087:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
921:Arthur D. Bloom, Frederick de Serres,
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654:"Prevention of compressed air illness"
630:
409:American professional baseball league
992:Eugene Love Fair Jr. (May 28, 2013),
751:Magazine, Smithsonian; Eschner, Kat.
492:"The Action of Carbonic Oxide on Man"
413:are named for canaries in coal mines.
44:, historically used to detect gas in
7:
1022:Hanrahan, Mark (27 September 2017).
255:for online water-quality survey and
872:Stephen J. Withrow, David M. Vail,
353:, and certain cancers in dogs and
25:
1060:Missouri Conservationist Magazine
231:Canaries were iconically used in
799:Science and Industry Museum blog
843:Forsaith, Carly (2022-09-22).
561:10.1113/jphysiol.1896.sp000635
510:10.1113/jphysiol.1895.sp000578
1:
1310:10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00740-9
793:Pollard, Lewis (2018-03-27).
345:may provide early warning of
70:Miner with a canary in a cage
999:Mississippi Court of Appeals
897:. 2023-02-08. Archived from
541:Haldane, John Scott (1896).
490:Haldane, John Scott (1895).
405:The Fool in Her Wedding Gown
304:The Protivin brewery in the
82:The classic example is the "
818:ShareAmerica (2014-11-12).
1510:
1489:Environmental conservation
994:"Christmas v. Exxon Mobil"
235:to detect the presence of
29:
795:"The canary resuscitator"
724:The Timetables of Science
707:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
670:10.1017/S0022172400003399
637:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
548:The Journal of Physiology
497:The Journal of Physiology
166:, which can also afflict
297:Scientists also monitor
292:Centreville, Mississippi
148:polychlorinated biphenyl
1392:10.1126/science.7973702
1247:Environ Health Perspect
1203:Environ Health Perspect
243:Air and water pollution
18:Canary in the coal mine
1425:10.3201/eid1204.050956
1343:10.3201/eid1204.051120
1107:10.1006/eesa.1999.1827
411:Charleston Dirty Birds
228:
94:was first proposed by
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948:www.sciencedirect.com
226:
214:Specific applications
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1407:Kahn LH (Apr 2006).
1216:10.1289/ehp.99107309
757:Smithsonian Magazine
728:Simon & Schuster
32:Canary in a Coalmine
1384:1994Sci...266.1202M
1378:(5188): 1202–1208.
1302:2001ScTEn.274..161B
1259:10.1289/ehp.9399351
1099:1999EcoES..44..241S
925:, CRC Press: 1995,
373:Cultural references
313:Infectious diseases
251:for air pollution,
190:are susceptible to
62:Historical examples
1471:2016-11-13 at the
1066:on 25 October 2019
1036:on 25 October 2019
876:, Elsevier: 2007,
592:Acott, C. (1999).
229:
96:John Scott Haldane
72:
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1290:Sci Total Environ
429:Indicator species
394:Zenyatta Mondatta
365:smoke, and other
317:The discovery of
294:retention ponds.
194:. Similarly both
121:dancing cat fever
16:(Redirected from
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849:Writing Tips
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113:Minamata Bay
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1494:Mine safety
1253:: 351–368.
367:carcinogens
284:Great Lakes
219:Toxic gases
168:grape vines
119:developed "
101:respirators
1483:Categories
1463:MolluSCAN
1179:2024-07-24
1155:2022-10-17
1070:1 November
1040:1 November
1029:Reuters TV
1005:January 3,
978:2014-01-25
953:2023-05-13
933:, page 76.
931:1566701414
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268:California
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