536:
562:
574:
31:
548:
404:
165:. Lead time bias is the concept that early diagnosis may artificially inflate the survival statistics of a cancer, without really improving the natural history of the disease. Length bias is the concept that slower growing, more indolent tumors are more likely to be diagnosed by screening tests, but improvements in diagnosing more cases of indolent cancer may not translate into better patient outcomes after the implementation of screening programs. A related concern is
123:
252:
131:
472:
died in out of 2,820,179 cases. In 2013, the incidence and mortality of cancer is highest in the north-eastern region of India. In 2015, breast cancer was the most common, and stomach cancer was the leading cause of death by cancer. In 2015, breast cancer and lung cancer killed the most women and men respectively.
471:
In 2015, more than 1,300 Indians died every day due to cancer. Between 2012 and 2014, the mortality rate due to cancer increased by approximately 6%. In 2012, there were 478,180 deaths out of 2,934,314 cases reported. In 2013 there were 465,169 deaths out of 3,016,628 cases. In 2014, 491,598 people
484:
The leading cause of death in both males and females is lung cancer, which contributes to 26.8% of all cancer deaths. Statistics indicate that between the ages of 20 and 50 years, the incidence rate of cancer is higher amongst women whereas after 50 years of age, the incidence rate increases in men.
270:
Although the age-related increase in cancer risk is well-documented, the age-related patterns of cancer are complex. Some types of cancer, like testicular cancer, have early-life incidence peaks, for reasons unknown. Besides, the rate of age-related increase in cancer incidence varies between cancer
480:
In 2007, cancer was the number one cause of death, contributing to 29.6% of all deaths in Canada. In 2007,the second highest cause of death was cardiovascular diseases, resulting in 21.5% of deaths. In 2011, prostate cancer was the most common form of cancer among males (about 28% of all new cases)
866:
In 2003, in the developed world, one in three people developed cancer during their lifetimes. If all cancer patients survived and cancer occurred randomly, the normal lifetime odds of developing a second primary cancer (not the first cancer spreading to a new site) would be one in nine. However,
427:
in some Third World countries, incidence of cancer is expected to rise. In the
Eastern Mediterranean region, for example, in 2008, cancer incidence was expected to increase by 100% to 180% in the next 15 years due to increases in life expectancy, an increasing proportion of elderly people, and the
875:
The increased risk is believed to be primarily due to the same risk factors that produced the first cancer, such as the person's genetic profile, alcohol and tobacco use, obesity, and environmental exposures, and partly due, in some cases, to the treatment for the first cancer, which might have
525:
in locations other than the urinary bladder. As seen, breast/prostate cancer, lung cancer and colorectal cancer are responsible for approximately half of cancer incidence. The same applies for cancer mortality, but with lung cancer replacing breast/prostate cancer as the main cause.
196:
are organizations that abstract clinical data about cancer from patient medical records. These institutions provide information to state and national public health groups to help track trends in cancer diagnosis and treatment. One of the largest and most important
968:
In 1999, White infants had higher cancer rates than Black infants. Leukemias accounted for a substantial proportion of this difference. The average annual rate for white infants, at 48.7 per million, was 66% higher than for black infants, at 29.4 per million.
388:
at their workplaces. Currently, most cancer deaths caused by occupational risk factors occur in the developed world. It is estimated that approximately 20,000 cancer deaths and 40,000 new cases of cancer each year in the U.S. are attributable to occupation.
958:, is often cited as the most common tumor in this age group, but most teratomas are surgically removed while still benign, hence not necessarily cancer. Prior to the widespread routine use of prenatal ultrasound examinations, the incidence of
267:, "If we lived long enough, sooner or later we all would get cancer." Essentially all of the increase in cancer rates between prehistoric times and people who died in England between 1901 and 1905 is due to increased lifespans.
871:
have an increased risk of developing a second primary cancer, and the odds in 2003 were about one in 4.5. About half of these second primaries can be attributed to the normal one-in-nine risk associated with random chance.
520:
In 2008, cancer was responsible for about 25% of all US deaths. The statistics below are estimates for the U.S. in 2008, and may vary substantially in other countries. They exclude basal and squamous cell skin cancers, and
501:
was the most commonly occurring cancer, with about 25% of cancer diagnoses. Cancer can occur in children and adolescents, but it is uncommon, with about 150 cases per million in the U.S., with
239:
then test whether hypotheses generated by epidemiological studies and laboratory research actually result in reduced cancer incidence and mortality. In many cases, findings from observational
2034:
282:
Over a third of cancer deaths worldwide (and about 75-80% of cancers in the United States) are due to potentially modifiable risk factors. The leading modifiable risk factors worldwide are:
1127:
Bedard PL, Krzyzanowska MK, Pintilie M, Tannock IF (2007). "Statistical power of negative randomized controlled trials presented at
American Society for Clinical Oncology annual meetings".
947:
The average annual incidence rates for malignant germ cell and malignant soft tissue tumors were essentially the same, at 15 per million infants. Each comprised about 6% of infant cancer.
876:
included mutagenic chemotherapeutic drugs or radiation. Cancer survivors may be more likely to comply with recommended screening, and may be more likely than average to detect cancers.
220:
and other institutions. The
American Cancer Society predicts that approximately 1,690,000 new cancer cases will be diagnosed and 577,000 Americans will ultimately die of cancer in 2012.
271:
types with, for instance, prostate cancer incidence accelerating much faster than brain cancer. It has been proposed that the age distribution of cancer incidence can be viewed as the
924:. The average annual incidence in the United States, 1975–1995, was 233 per million infants. Several estimates of incidence exist. According to SEER, in the United States in 1999:
2064:
535:
419:, insofar as this can be measured, appears much lower, most likely because of the higher death rates due to infectious disease or injury. With the increased control over
231:
that show associations between risk factors and specific cancers mostly serve to generate hypotheses about potential interventions that could reduce cancer incidence or
2027:
1249:
561:
485:
Predictions by the
Canadian Cancer Society indicate that with time, there will be an increase in the rates of incidence of cancer for both males and females.
912:. Childhood cancers increased 19% between 1975 and 1990, mainly due to an increased incidence in acute leukemia. Since 1990, incidence rates have decreased.
573:
217:
2228:
1983:
337:
Other lifestyle and environmental factors known to affect cancer risk (either beneficially or detrimentally) include the use of exogenous hormones (e.g.,
372:
Every year, at least 200,000 people die worldwide from cancer related to their workplace. Millions of workers run the risk of developing cancers such as
547:
2020:
1873:
202:
493:
In 2008, cancer was responsible for 25% of all US deaths, with 30% of these from lung cancer. In 2008, the most commonly occurring cancer in men was
2235:
169:, the tendency of screening tests to diagnose diseases that may not actually impact the patient's longevity. This problem especially applies to
2161:
2084:
1620:
1822:
1937:
2252:
529:
In 2016, an estimated 1,685,210 new cases of cancer will be diagnosed in the United States and 595,690 people will die from the disease.
2007:
2218:
2245:
2178:
2173:
2114:
2109:
1812:
National Cancer
Registry Programme (2013). Three-year report of population based cancer registries:2009-2011. NCDIR-ICMR, Bangalore.
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comprised 28% of infant cancer cases and was the most common malignancy among these young children, at 65 cases per million infants.
965:
Female and male infants have essentially the same overall cancer incidence rates, a notable difference compared to older children.
989:
398:
2292:
2129:
2104:
1472:
Doll R, Peto R (1981). "The causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today".
2223:
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2139:
2094:
2079:
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2099:
994:
2297:
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2119:
893:
30:
1041:
2188:
2151:
2134:
338:
236:
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1260:
184:
to discover a benefit to treatment. This may be due to fewer patients enrolled in the study than originally planned.
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as a group, at 41 per million infants, represented the next most common type of cancer, comprising 17% of all cases.
2272:
2168:
1277:
2257:
1998:
1415:"The Erlang distribution approximates the age distribution of incidence of childhood and young adulthood cancers"
909:
255:
The approximate relative levels of the preventable causes of cancer in the United States, taken from the article
174:
2318:
2287:
2198:
2156:
2124:
2074:
1517:"Causes of cancer in the world: comparative risk assessment of nine behavioural and environmental risk factors"
514:
506:
443:
cancer) is rare in the West but is the main cancer in China and neighbouring countries, most likely due to the
436:
416:
415:
as the leading cause of death; in the UK it is the leading cause of death. In many developing countries cancer
272:
2328:
2277:
2240:
2213:
2203:
959:
377:
2282:
2069:
2059:
1750:"Cancer prevention and control in the Eastern Mediterranean region: the need for a public health approach"
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412:
358:
1295:
309:
physical inactivity, which is associated with increased risk of colon, breast, and possibly other cancers
2323:
2262:
206:
944:
comprised 13% of infant cancer, with an average annual incidence rate of nearly 30 per million infants.
251:
1624:
1369:
1217:
1022:
806:
708:
692:
354:
319:
1921:
403:
228:
1963:
Cancer
Incidence and Survival among Children and Adolescents, United States SEER program 1975–1995
1714:
1546:
1497:
1338:
1250:"Negative Impact of HIPAA on Population-Based Cancer Registry Research: Update of a Brief Survey"
702:
681:
346:
334:
Men with cancer are twice as likely as women to have a modifiable risk factor for their disease.
295:, which is associated with a small increase in oral, esophageal, breast, liver and other cancers;
292:
264:
1886:
1933:
1830:
1771:
1706:
1597:
1538:
1489:
1454:
1436:
1395:
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1199:
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and cancer in adolescents was rare, at about 150 cases per million yearly in the US. In 2008,
823:
774:
752:
675:
652:
522:
256:
181:
2012:
1857:
1761:
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868:
615:
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323:
286:
240:
213:
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170:
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920:
The age of peak incidence of cancer in children occurs during the first year of life, in
905:
180:
Some cancer researchers have argued that negative cancer clinical trials lack sufficient
1373:
1002:, a symptom-free tumor that is found accidentally and whose treatment may be unimportant
330:, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, penile cancer, rectal cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer.
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1357:
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786:
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successful control of childhood disease. This is termed an epidemiologic transition in
365:
that are produced by the body to digest fatty foods. Bile acids are likely endogenous
276:
158:
122:
1926:
1766:
1749:
1533:
1516:
1195:
1092:
Brawley OW (2004). "Prostate cancer screening: clinical applications and challenges".
1067:
130:
2312:
999:
928:
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829:
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624:
510:
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342:
166:
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1501:
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838:
698:
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147:
35:
17:
1961:
1869:
1105:
1960:
Ries LA, Smith MA, Gurney JG, Linet M, Tamra T, Young JL, Bunin GR, eds. (1999).
315:, which is associated with colon, breast, endometrial, and possibly other cancers
2183:
1731:
941:
897:
896:, was the most common cancer in children aged 1–14 in the U.S., followed by the
770:
635:
481:
and breast cancer the most common in females (also about 28% of all new cases).
460:
448:
350:
327:
1381:
1358:"The number of key carcinogenic events can be predicted from cancer incidence"
1182:
Furlow B (September 2007). "Accuracy of US cancer surveillance under threat".
980:, and fairly good (80%) for leukemia, but not for most other types of cancer.
303:
1966:. Bethesda MD: National Cancer Institute, SEER Program. NIH Pub. No. 99-4649.
1834:
1485:
1440:
1140:
435:
Cancer epidemiology closely mirrors risk factor spread in various countries.
1646:"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health- Occupational Cancer"
935:
452:
362:
232:
1775:
1710:
1645:
1601:
1542:
1458:
1399:
1334:
1203:
1148:
1113:
1988:
1876:, a project of the U.S. National Cancer Institute, posted October 20, 2011
1689:
Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al. (2008). "Cancer statistics, 2008".
1493:
289:, which is strongly associated with lung cancer, mouth, and throat cancer;
1702:
951:
889:
800:
759:
729:
723:
502:
381:
366:
263:
The most significant risk factor is age. According to cancer researcher
1582:
1431:
509:
is about 230 cases per million in the U.S., with the most common being
420:
385:
373:
312:
1623:(Press release). World Health Organization. 2007-04-27. Archived from
1566:"Bile acids as endogenous etiologic agents in gastrointestinal cancer"
1413:
Belikov, Aleksey V.; Vyatkin, Alexey; Leonov, Sergey V. (2021-08-06).
212:
Health information privacy concerns have led to the restricted use of
1648:. United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
921:
151:
146:, as a way to infer possible trends and causes. The study of cancer
143:
1326:
517:
of cancer was approximately 460 per 100,000 men and women per year.
440:
402:
299:
129:
121:
29:
1313:
de
Magalhaes JP (2013). "How ageing processes influence cancer".
1515:
Danaei G, Vander Hoorn S, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, Ezzati M (2005).
2016:
1621:"WHO calls for prevention of cancer through healthy workplaces"
1564:
Bernstein, H.; Bernstein, C.; Payne, C. M.; Dvorak, K. (2009).
2003:
972:
Relative survival for infants is very good for neuroblastoma,
353:
radiation, and certain occupational and chemical exposures. A
1924:. In Frei, Emil; Kufe, Donald W.; Holland, James F. (eds.).
1994:
1162:
243:
studies are not confirmed by randomized controlled trials.
1979:
38:
death rate from cancer per 100,000 inhabitants, 2004.
541:
The most common cancers in US males, by occurrence, 2008.
1920:
Rheingold, Susan; Neugut, Alfred; Meadows, Anna (2003).
459:
becoming more common in various Third World countries,
505:
being the most common. In the first year of life, the
497:, at about 25% of new cases. In 2008, amongst women,
1823:"Cancer cases on the rise but death rate is falling"
962:
diagnosed at birth was 25 to 29 per million births.
27:
The study of factors in cancer causes and treatments
2052:
583:
1984:International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
1925:
1218:"VA Cancer Data Blockade May Imperil Surveillance"
150:uses epidemiological methods to find the cause of
513:. From 2004 to 2008, the US overall age-adjusted
157:This area of study must contend with problems of
154:and to identify and develop improved treatments.
1163:"SEER Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results"
463:incidence has increased in a parallel fashion.
134:The percent of new US cancer cases by age, 2023
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
2028:
357:is associated with increased exposure of the
8:
1615:
1613:
1611:
218:United States Department of Veterans Affairs
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1296:"Unearthing Prehistoric Tumors, and Debate"
1289:
1287:
2035:
2021:
2013:
1995:Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results
1042:"WHO Disease and injury country estimates"
1874:Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results
1765:
1684:
1682:
1591:
1581:
1532:
1448:
1430:
1389:
1356:Belikov, Aleksey V. (22 September 2017).
862:Incidence of a second cancer in survivors
203:Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results
2065:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1280:. Journalist's Resource.org. 2012-01-09.
1232:"States and V.A. at Odds on Cancer Data"
818:liver & intrahepatic bile duct (2%)
250:
126:Age adjusted, new cases of cancer, 2017.
1033:
557:
531:
142:is the study of the factors affecting
1790:"Cancer kills 1300 Indians every day"
411:In the U.S. cancer is second only to
407:New cancer diagnosis in England, 2012
275:to accumulate the required number of
229:Observational epidemiological studies
7:
1853:
1294:Johnson, George (28 December 2010).
455:in that population. Similarly, with
2162:Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease
942:Central nervous system malignancies
567:In US females, by occurrence, 2008.
579:In US females, by mortality, 2008.
380:from inhaling asbestos fibers, or
25:
1570:World Journal of Gastroenterology
610:most common, by mortality, 2008.
607:Most common, by occurrence, 2008.
604:Most common, by mortality, 2008.
601:Most common, by occurrence, 2008.
1870:SEER Stat Fact Sheets: All Sites
1220:. Medpage Today. 31 August 2007.
990:List of countries by cancer rate
572:
560:
553:In US males, by mortality, 2008.
546:
534:
399:List of countries by cancer rate
1278:"Cancer Facts and Figures 2012"
1259:. 14 June 2007. Archived from
898:central nervous system cancers
841:and other nervous system (2%)
1:
1989:Cancer Epidemiology Resources
1767:10.1016/s1658-3876(08)50060-4
1534:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67725-2
1196:10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70258-9
1106:10.1016/j.urolonc.2004.04.014
995:Epidemiology of breast cancer
1932:. Hamilton, Ont: BC Decker.
1754:Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther
894:acute lymphoblastic leukemia
369:in gastrointestinal cancer.
237:Randomized controlled trials
205:(SEER), administered by the
1748:Khatib O, Aljurf M (2008).
609:
606:
603:
600:
339:hormone replacement therapy
273:distribution of probability
2345:
1382:10.1038/s41598-017-12448-7
741:non-Hodgkin lymphoma (3%)
591:
396:
2004:Cancer's global footprint
1999:National Cancer Institute
1891:National Cancer Institute
1732:Cancer: Number one killer
1046:World Health Organization
593:
586:
2236:Motor vehicle collisions
1141:10.1200/JCO.2007.11.3670
960:sacrococcygeal teratomas
437:Hepatocellular carcinoma
1738:. Retrieved 2005-01-29.
687:pancreatic cancer (6%)
664:colorectal cancer (9%)
661:colorectal cancer (10%)
378:peritoneal mesothelioma
318:sexual transmission of
2085:Cardiovascular disease
1486:10.1093/jnci/66.6.1192
910:non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
658:colorectal cancer (8%)
413:cardiovascular disease
408:
359:gastrointestinal tract
260:
140:epidemiology of cancer
135:
127:
119:
2263:Risky sexual behavior
2047:of medical conditions
1315:Nature Reviews Cancer
641:prostate cancer (10%)
406:
397:Further information:
254:
207:US Federal government
133:
125:
33:
2253:Periodontal diseases
1858:Cancer among infants
1703:10.3322/CA.2007.0010
1474:J. Natl. Cancer Inst
1023:Genetic epidemiology
807:non-Hodgkin lymphoma
709:non-Hodgkin lymphoma
693:non-Hodgkin lymphoma
647:breast cancer (15%)
320:human papillomavirus
1887:"Cancer Statistics"
1734:(9 November 2000).
1583:10.3748/wjg.15.3329
1432:10.7717/peerj.11976
1374:2017NatSR...712170B
701:& intrahepatic
393:Rates and mortality
192:State and regional
116: more than 305
18:Cancer epidemiology
2219:Metabolic syndrome
1362:Scientific Reports
1300:The New York Times
1238:. 10 October 2007.
1068:"Cancer incidence"
682:endometrial cancer
630:lung cancer (26%)
409:
347:ionizing radiation
326:and some forms of
279:by the given age.
265:Robert A. Weinberg
261:
136:
128:
120:
50: less than 55
2306:
2305:
2293:Teenage pregnancy
2179:Domestic violence
2174:Diabetes mellitus
1939:978-1-55009-213-4
1928:Cancer medicine 6
1860:(PDF) pp. 149–156
1576:(27): 3329–3340.
1527:(9499): 1784–93.
1072:Our World in Data
859:
858:
824:pancreatic cancer
775:pharyngeal cancer
753:esophageal cancer
676:pancreatic cancer
653:colorectal cancer
644:lung cancer (14%)
621:lung cancer (31%)
523:carcinoma in situ
384:from exposure to
257:Cancer prevention
199:cancer registries
194:cancer registries
182:statistical power
16:(Redirected from
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2224:Mental disorders
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1691:CA Cancer J Clin
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1257:IOM Presentation
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1038:
886:childhood cancer
869:cancer survivors
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367:etiologic agents
293:drinking alcohol
163:length time bias
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1480:(6): 1191–308.
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616:prostate cancer
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495:prostate cancer
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457:tobacco smoking
430:epidemiological
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395:
345:), exposure to
324:cervical cancer
322:, which causes
287:tobacco smoking
249:
241:epidemiological
226:
214:cancer registry
190:
171:prostate cancer
118:
117:
113:
111:
107:
105:
101:
99:
95:
93:
89:
87:
83:
81:
77:
75:
71:
69:
65:
63:
59:
57:
53:
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47:
45:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2342:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2329:Carcinogenesis
2326:
2321:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
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2191:
2186:
2181:
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2166:
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2164:
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2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2087:
2082:
2080:Binge drinking
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1986:
1975:
1974:External links
1972:
1970:
1969:
1945:
1938:
1903:
1878:
1862:
1846:
1829:. 2015-05-29.
1814:
1805:
1781:
1740:
1724:
1658:
1637:
1627:on May 1, 2007
1607:
1556:
1507:
1464:
1405:
1348:
1305:
1283:
1269:
1266:on 2009-02-05.
1241:
1236:New York Times
1223:
1209:
1174:
1154:
1135:(23): 3482–7.
1129:J. Clin. Oncol
1119:
1084:
1059:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1013:Cancer cluster
1004:
1003:
997:
992:
985:
982:
978:retinoblastoma
949:
948:
945:
939:
932:
917:
914:
881:
878:
863:
860:
857:
856:
853:
850:
847:
843:
842:
836:
833:
827:
820:
819:
816:
810:
804:
797:
796:
793:uterine cancer
790:
787:ovarian cancer
784:
781:bladder cancer
778:
767:
766:
765:leukemia (3%)
763:
756:
750:
743:
742:
739:
736:thyroid cancer
733:
727:
719:
718:
715:ovarian cancer
712:
706:
696:
689:
688:
685:
679:
673:
670:bladder cancer
666:
665:
662:
659:
656:
649:
648:
645:
642:
639:
632:
631:
628:
622:
619:
612:
611:
608:
605:
602:
598:
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587:
582:
581:
578:
571:
569:
566:
559:
556:
555:
552:
545:
543:
540:
533:
490:
487:
477:
474:
468:
465:
394:
391:
332:
331:
316:
310:
307:
298:a diet low in
296:
290:
248:
245:
225:
222:
189:
186:
159:lead time bias
112:
106:
100:
94:
88:
82:
76:
70:
64:
58:
52:
46:
40:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2341:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2268:Schizophrenia
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2141:
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2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
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2091:
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2086:
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2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1991:— CancerIndex
1990:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1980:CANCERMondial
1978:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1806:
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1791:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
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1696:
1692:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
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1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1460:
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1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1321:(5): 357–65.
1320:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1262:
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1103:
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1037:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
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1010:
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1001:
1000:Incidentaloma
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
983:
981:
979:
975:
970:
966:
963:
961:
957:
953:
946:
943:
940:
937:
933:
930:
929:Neuroblastoma
927:
926:
925:
923:
915:
913:
911:
907:
903:
902:neuroblastoma
899:
895:
891:
887:
879:
877:
873:
870:
861:
854:
851:
848:
845:
844:
840:
837:
835:leukemia (3%)
834:
831:
830:kidney cancer
828:
825:
822:
821:
817:
814:
813:kidney cancer
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
798:
794:
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785:
782:
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776:
772:
769:
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764:
761:
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754:
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748:
747:kidney cancer
745:
744:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
721:
720:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
700:
697:
694:
691:
690:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
667:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
650:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
633:
629:
626:
625:breast cancer
623:
620:
617:
614:
613:
599:
585:
575:
570:
563:
558:
549:
544:
537:
532:
530:
527:
524:
518:
516:
512:
511:neuroblastoma
508:
504:
500:
499:breast cancer
496:
489:United States
488:
486:
482:
475:
473:
466:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
432:terminology.
431:
426:
422:
418:
414:
405:
400:
392:
390:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
343:breast cancer
340:
335:
329:
325:
321:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
301:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
284:
283:
280:
278:
277:driver events
274:
268:
266:
258:
253:
246:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
223:
221:
219:
215:
210:
208:
204:
200:
195:
188:Organizations
187:
185:
183:
178:
176:
175:PSA screening
172:
168:
167:overdiagnosis
164:
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
132:
124:
110: 280–305
104: 255–280
98: 230–255
92: 205–230
86: 180–205
80: 155–180
74: 130–155
68: 105–130
44: no data
37:
32:
19:
2324:Epidemiology
2298:Tuberculosis
2209:Malnutrition
2089:
2053:Health topic
2045:epidemiology
1962:
1927:
1895:. Retrieved
1893:. 2015-04-02
1890:
1881:
1865:
1849:
1838:. Retrieved
1826:
1817:
1808:
1797:. Retrieved
1793:
1784:
1760:(1): 44–52.
1757:
1753:
1743:
1735:
1727:
1697:(2): 71–96.
1694:
1690:
1650:. Retrieved
1640:
1629:. Retrieved
1625:the original
1573:
1569:
1559:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1368:(1): 12170.
1365:
1361:
1351:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1299:
1272:
1261:the original
1256:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1212:
1190:(9): 762–3.
1187:
1184:Lancet Oncol
1183:
1177:
1166:. Retrieved
1157:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1100:(4): 353–7.
1097:
1093:
1087:
1075:. Retrieved
1071:
1062:
1050:. Retrieved
1045:
1036:
1006:
1005:
974:Wilms' tumor
971:
967:
964:
950:
919:
906:Wilms' tumor
883:
874:
865:
855:other (25%)
528:
519:
492:
483:
479:
470:
447:presence of
434:
425:tuberculosis
410:
371:
355:Western diet
336:
333:
281:
269:
262:
247:Risk factors
227:
216:data in the
211:
191:
179:
156:
148:epidemiology
139:
137:
62: 80–105
36:age-adjusted
2189:Hepatitis D
2184:Hepatitis C
2152:Chikungunya
1094:Urol. Oncol
1077:20 February
852:other (22%)
849:other (24%)
846:other (20%)
636:lung cancer
461:lung cancer
449:hepatitis B
351:ultraviolet
328:anal cancer
56: 55–80
2313:Categories
2273:Snakebites
2169:Depression
2115:esophageal
2110:colorectal
1897:2016-11-17
1840:2016-02-27
1799:2015-05-17
1652:2007-10-13
1631:2007-10-13
1425:: e11976.
1168:2007-11-02
1029:References
892:, usually
363:bile acids
304:vegetables
2258:Pneumonia
2246:childhood
1854:SEER 1999
1835:0971-751X
1827:The Hindu
1441:2167-8359
936:leukemias
884:In 2008,
703:bile duct
515:incidence
507:incidence
453:aflatoxin
417:incidence
233:morbidity
2288:Syphilis
2199:HIV/AIDS
2157:Dementia
2130:prostate
2125:lymphoma
2105:cervical
2075:Bed bugs
1776:20063528
1719:43737426
1711:18287387
1602:19610133
1551:17354479
1543:16298215
1502:36210635
1459:34434669
1400:28939880
1335:23612461
1204:18348351
1149:17687153
1114:15283896
1007:General:
984:See also
952:Teratoma
890:leukemia
880:Children
801:leukemia
760:melanoma
730:leukemia
724:melanoma
503:leukemia
382:leukemia
2278:Suicide
2241:Obesity
2214:Measles
2204:Leprosy
2145:ovarian
2140:stomach
2095:bladder
2043:Global
1593:2712893
1494:7017215
1450:8351573
1391:5610194
1370:Bibcode
1343:5726826
1052:Nov 11,
922:infants
916:Infants
445:endemic
421:malaria
386:benzene
374:pleural
341:causes
313:obesity
224:Studies
2283:Stroke
2194:Herpes
2100:breast
2090:Cancer
2070:Autism
2060:Asthma
1936:
1833:
1774:
1717:
1709:
1600:
1590:
1549:
1541:
1521:Lancet
1500:
1492:
1457:
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1439:
1398:
1388:
1341:
1333:
1202:
1147:
1112:
1048:. 2009
908:, and
595:Female
476:Canada
152:cancer
144:cancer
114:
108:
102:
96:
90:
84:
78:
72:
66:
60:
54:
48:
42:
2229:child
2120:liver
1922:"156"
1715:S2CID
1547:S2CID
1498:S2CID
1419:PeerJ
1339:S2CID
1264:(PDF)
1253:(PDF)
839:brain
795:(3%)
758:Skin
722:skin
717:(6%)
699:liver
655:(10%)
638:(15%)
627:(26%)
618:(25%)
467:India
441:liver
300:fruit
2135:skin
1934:ISBN
1831:ISSN
1772:PMID
1707:PMID
1598:PMID
1539:PMID
1490:PMID
1455:PMID
1437:ISSN
1396:PMID
1331:PMID
1200:PMID
1145:PMID
1110:PMID
1079:2020
1054:2009
976:and
954:, a
934:The
832:(3%)
826:(3%)
815:(3%)
809:(3%)
803:(3%)
789:(3%)
783:(3%)
777:(3%)
773:and
771:oral
762:(4%)
755:(4%)
749:(4%)
738:(4%)
732:(4%)
726:(5%)
711:(4%)
705:(4%)
695:(5%)
684:(7%)
678:(6%)
672:(7%)
588:Male
451:and
423:and
376:and
349:and
302:and
173:and
161:and
138:The
34:The
1872:by
1762:doi
1699:doi
1588:PMC
1578:doi
1529:doi
1525:366
1482:doi
1445:PMC
1427:doi
1386:PMC
1378:doi
1323:doi
1192:doi
1137:doi
1102:doi
361:to
201:is
2315::
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1997:—
1982:—
1948:^
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
