Chandragupta II - Knowledge (XXG)

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viceroy there. As a result, Ujjain might have become a second capital of the Gupta empire, and subsequently, legends about him (as Vikramaditya) might have developed. Guttas of Guttavalal, a minor dynasty based in present-day Karnataka, claimed descent from the imperial Guptas. The Caudadanapura inscription of the Guttas alludes to the legendary Vikramaditya ruling from Ujjayni, and several Gutta royals were named "Vikramaditya". According to Vasundhara Filliozat, their reference to the legendary Vikramaditya is simply because they confused him with Chandragupta II. However, D. C. Sircar sees this as further proof that the legendary Vikramaditya was based on Chandragupta II.

466: 1746: 1635: 2279: 2270: 2261: 2252: 2243: 1243: 2194: 2331: 1324:, and states that he came to Udayagiri in Central India with the king who sought to "conquer the whole world". This indicates that Chandragupta had reached Udayagiri in central India during a military campaign. The theory that Chandragupta led an army to Central India is also corroborated by the c. 412–413 CE (Gupta year 93) Sanchi inscription of Amrakardava, who is said to have "acquired victory and fame in many battles and whose livelihood was secured by serving Chandragupta." A c. 401–402 CE (Gupta year 82) inscription of Chandragupta's feudatory 2222: 2069: 1109:(1942) restored the missing letters as "cāme" ("fifth") and concluded that the inscription was dated to the Chandragupta's fifth regnal year. The missing letters have alternatively been read as "prathame" ("first"). According to these interpretations, the inscription is thus dated in year 61 of the Gupta era, and either the first or the fifth regnal year of Chandragupta. Assuming that the Gupta era starts around 319–320 CE, the beginning of Chandragupta's reign can be dated to either 376–377 CE or 380–381 CE. 475: 1416: 2028:, the people did not consume meat, intoxicating drinks, onions or garlic. The Chandalas lived apart from other people and struck a piece of wood to announce their presence when they entered a city or a marketplace: this would enable other people to avoid contact with them. Only the Chandalas engaged in the fisheries and hunting and sold meat. In the general markets, there were no butchers' shops or alcohol dealers, and the people did not keep pigs or fowl. According to historian 730: 4244: 1593:, and by some coins bearing the name "Chandragupta". However, there is no evidence that Chandragupta annexed Punjab to the Gupta Empire, which suggests that Chandragupta's victory in this region was not a decisive one. There is little evidence of Gupta influence in Punjab after his reign: numismatic evidence suggests that Punjab was ruled by petty chieftains after his death. These chieftains bore Indian names, but issued coins that imitate the 73: 547: 1917: 563: 557: 528: 520: 510: 497: 575: 569: 537: 1396: 4216: 4273: 4230: 736: 1001: 1205:

also denotes a year of the Gupta era: this is obviously incorrect, since Kumaragupta I ruled after Chandragupta II. Scholars K.K. Thaplyal and R.C. Sharma, who studied the Buddhist image pedestal inscription, speculated that the scribe had mistakenly interchanged the years 121 and 15, but Falk calls this assumption unnecessary.

4258: 2014:, as a populous region with good climate and happy people. He mentions that the citizens were not required to "register their households or attend to any magistrates and their rules". Faxian mentions that wicked repeated rebels had their right hand cut off by the king's administration, but otherwise, there was no 3744:

with crescent and star." in Rapson "A catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. The Andhras etc...", p.cli. Most people now realize that Rapson was mistaken in identifying the central bird as a peacock; rather, it is the mythic eagle Garuda, the dynastic symbol of the Guptas. For example, A.S.

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According to most legends, Vikramaditya had his capital at Ujjain, although some legends mention him as the king of Pataliputra. The Guptas had their capital at Pataliputra. According to D. C. Sircar, Chandragupta II may have defeated the Shaka invaders of Ujjain, and placed his son Govindagupta as a

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It is possible that a large part of the Bengal region was annexed to the Gupta empire by Chandragupta, and that this control continued into the 6th century. The Delhi iron pillar inscription suggests that an alliance of semi-independent chiefs of Bengal unsuccessfully resisted Chandragupta's attempts

1474:("conquest of all quarters") campaign. He is known to have been a powerful sovereign emperor, and this fits in well with the iron pillar inscription's description of king Chandra as someone who "attained sole supreme sovereignty in the world acquired by his own arm and (enjoyed) for a very long time". 1998:

visited India during the reign of Chandragupta and spent around six years in the Gupta kingdom. He was mostly interested in Buddhist religious affairs and did not bother to record the name of the reigning king. His account presents an idealised picture of the Gupta administration, and not everything

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region to the south of the Gupta empire. After her husband's death in c. 390, Prabhavati-gupta acted as a regent for her minor sons. In the two copper-plate inscriptions issued during her regency, the names of her Gupta ancestors with their imperial titles appear before the name of the Vakataka king

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inscription of Chandragupta's foreign minister Virasena suggests that the king had a distinguished military career. It states that he "bought the earth", paying for it with his prowess, and reduced the other kings to the status of slaves. His empire seems to have extended from the mouth of the Indus

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Falk agrees that the missing letters denote a numerical year, but dismisses Sircar's reading as "mere imagination", pointing out that the missing letters are "abraded beyond recovery". In support of his Kushana era theory, Falk presents four Gupta inscriptions (in chronological order) that mention

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Sanakanika has also been discovered in Central India. The only important power to have ruled in this region during Chandragupta's period were the Western Kshatrapas, whose rule is attested by their distinct coinage. The coins issued by the Western Kshatrapa rulers abruptly come to end in the last

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year cannot be regnal year, because Chandragupta I is not known to have ruled for as long as 61 years. If we assume "61" of the Mathura pillar inscription denotes a year of the Gupta era (as assumed by Bhandarkar, Sircar and other scholars), we must assume that "15" of the Buddhist image pedestal

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era used during the reign of Chandragupta II must have started in 327 CE. Thus, the Mathura inscription can be dated to 327+61 = c. 388 CE. While Falk's theory does not change the Gupta chronology significantly, it implies that the date of the Mathura inscription cannot be used to determine the

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enemy when besieged, but Chandragupta goes to the enemy camp disguised as the queen and kills the enemy. Sometime later, Chandragupta dethrones Ramagupta, and becomes the new king. The historicity of this narrative is debated among modern historians, with some believing it to be based on true

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The iron pillar is said to have been set up by king Chandra in honour of Vishnu, on a hill named Vishnu-pada, but the king seems to have died shortly before the inscription was engraved, as the inscription states that "the king has quit the earth and gone to the other world". A similar

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during the reign of Chandragupta II is to be seen in his rare silver coins which are more directly imitated from those of the Western Satraps... they retain some traces of the old inscriptions in Greek characters, while on the reverse, they substitute the Gupta type ... for the

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The Sanchi inscription, dated to 412–413 CE (year 93 of the Gupta era), is the last known dated inscription of Chandragupta. His son Kumaragupta was on the throne by the 415–416 CE (year 96 of the Gupta era), so Chandragupta's reign must have ended sometime during 412–415 CE.

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is a legendary emperor of ancient India, who is characterised as the ideal king, known for his generosity, courage, and patronage to scholars. A number of historians believe that at least some of the Vikramaditya legends are based on Chandragupta II. These historians include

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chiefs had established centres for dispensing charity and medical help to the destitute. These centres attracted the poor, the orphans, the widowers, the childless, the handicapped, and the sick, who were examined by doctors and given food and medicine until they got better.

1535:, mention the name Chandra. A few of these inscriptions also mention the name Harishena, and one particular inscription mentions Chandra with the epithet "Vikramaditya". Based on the identification of "Chandra" with Chandragupta, and Harishena with the Gupta courtier 1720:

suggests that the daughters of the Kadamba king Kakusthavarman, married into other royal families, including that of the Guptas. While Kakusthavarman was a contemporary of Chandragupta's son Kumaragupta I, it is noteworthy that some medieval chiefs of present-day

1737:. While the Kuntala king referred to in this legend has been identified by some scholars with a Vakataka king, it is more likely that he was a Kadamba king, because the Vakataka king did not rule over Kuntala, and was never called the lord of Kuntala. 1677:, which held considerable power in central India before Samudragupta subjugated them. This matrimonial alliance may have helped Chandragupta consolidate the Gupta empire, and the Nagas may have helped him in his war against the Western Kshatrapas. 2132:, such as the Sceptre type (rare for Chandragupta II), the Archer type, and the Tiger-Slayer type. However, Chandragupta II also introduced several new types, such as the Horseman type and the Lion-slayer type, both of which were used by his son 636:– were ruled by the Devarakshitas around the same time as the Guptas. Since it seems unlikely that an obscure dynasty named Devarakshita was powerful enough to control substantial territory during the Gupta period, some scholars, such as 1892:

is considered a literary forgery of a date later than Kalidasa by multiple scholars. There is no mention of such "Navaratnas" in earlier literature, and D. C. Sircar calls this tradition "absolutely worthless for historical purposes".

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pillar inscription of Chandragupta II (as well as some other Gupta inscriptions) mention two dates: several historians have assumed that one of these dates denotes the king's regnal year, while the other date denotes the year of the

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after Chandragupta II defeated them and were modelled on the Kshatrapa coinage. The main difference was to replace the dynastic symbol of the Kshatrapas (the three-arched hill) by the dynastic symbol of the Guptas (the mythic eagle

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kingdom of the Bengal region was a Gupta tributary. The Guptas are known to have been ruling Bengal in the early 6th century, although there are no surviving records of the Gupta presence in this region for the intervening period.

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These coins depict Chandragupta seated on a couch and holding a flower in his right hand. The legend "rupa-kriti" occurs below the couch. These coins are similar to Samudragupta's coins which depict the king playing a musical

1286:, and the misreading of its inscription as "Chandramgu" (taken to be "Chandragupta"), led to speculation that Chandragupta also performed the Ashvamedha sacrifice. However, there is no actual evidence to support this theory. 611:), it appears that "Dhava" was another name for the king. Another possibility is that "dhava" is a mistake for a common noun "bhava", although this is unlikely, as the rest of the inscription does not contain any errors. 1539:, these inscriptions can be considered as further evidence of a Gupta military campaign in the area. However, this identification is not certain, and Chandra of the Hunza inscriptions could have well been a local ruler. 3745:

Altekar says: "... the three-arched hill in the centre is replaced by Garuda, which was the imperial insignia of the Guptas. The view of earlier writers ... that the bird is a peacock is clearly untenable." in Altekar:

1670:. It is unlikely that Chandragupta had two different queens with similar names: it appears that Dhruvasvamini was most probably another name for Dhruvadevi, and that Govindagupta was a real brother of Kumaragupta. 1340:

310 or 319 (the coin legend is partially lost), that is 388 or 397. Chandragupta's coins, dated to 409, are similar to the Kshtrapa coins, with the Shakas' Buddhist vihara symbol replaced by the Gupta symbol of

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believe that the Vakataka kingdom was "practically a part of the Gupta empire" during her 20-year long regency. The Vakatakas may have supported Chandragupta during his conflict with the Western Kshatrapas.

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names the "Shaka-Murundas" among the kings who tried to appease him. It may be possible that Samudragupta reduced the Shakas to a state of subordinate alliance, and Chandragupta completely subjugated them.

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era used during Kumaragupta's time must have started in 432–5 = 427 CE. The years mentioned in the Buddhist image pedestal inscription also suggests that the epoch of this era was c. 426–427 CE. Since the

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region as the most prosperous part of the Middle kingdom, describing its people as benevolent and righteous. He describes an annual Buddhist celebration, which involved a procession of 20 grand carts of

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decade of the 4th century. The coins of this type reappear in the second decade of the 5th century, and are dated in the Gupta era, which suggests that Chandragupta subjugated the Western Kshatrapas.

644:: Devarakṣita) was another name for Chandragupta II. Others, such as D. K. Ganguly, oppose this theory, arguing that this identification is quite arbitrary, and cannot be explained satisfactorily. 2120: 2193: 3717:"The conquest is indicated by the issue of the new Gupta silver coinage modelled on the previous Saka coinage showing on observe the King's head, Greek script, and dates as on Saka coins" in 2420:

beginning in 57 BCE, is associated with the legendary Vikramaditya. However, this association did not exist before 9th century. The earlier sources call this era by various names, including

591:. He was also simply known as "Chandra", as attested by his coins. The Sanchi inscription of his officer Amrakardava states that he was also known as Deva-raja. The records of his daughter 1477:

The iron pillar inscription states that the southern ocean is "perfumed by the breezes" of Chandra's prowess. This may be a reference to Chandragupta's extension of the Gupta rule to the

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he states can be taken at face value. However, his description of the kingdom as a peaceful and prosperous one seems to be generally true, attested by the fact that he did not face any

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Chandragupta was also tolerant of other faiths. The Udayagiri inscription of Chandragupta's foreign minister Virasena records the construction of a temple dedicated to the god Shambhu (

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after his conquest of the Western Kshatrapa territory. Arabian Sea was located to the south of the Gupta empire, and thus, the term "southern ocean" is applicable to it in this context.

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for crimes: the criminals were only fined, lightly or heavily, according to the severity of the crime. According to Faxian, the king's bodyguards and attendants all received salaries.

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Gold coin of Chandragupta II, with a figure of an archer (obverse), and with a figure of the Indian goddess of good fortune, Shri, seated on a lotus (reverse), Cleveland Museum of Art

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Mathura pillar inscription, dated to the year 61 of the Gupta era. The date has been interpreted as c. 380–381 by earlier scholars, but Harry Falk (2004) dates it to 388 (see

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The exact date of Chandragupta's victory is not known, but it can be tentatively dated to sometime between 397 and 409. The last of the 4th century Kshatrapa coins – that of

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contains an inscription of a king called "Chandra". Modern scholars generally identify this king with Chandragupta II, although this cannot be said with complete certainty.

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era denotes a system that restarts counting after a hundred years. The Yaksha figure inscription is dated to year 112 of the Gupta era (c. 432 CE), which corresponds to the

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Nevertheless, multiple scholars believe that one of these Navaratnas – Kalidasa – may have indeed flourished during the reign of Chandragupta II. These scholars include

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It is quite possible that Chandragupta passed through the Punjab region during this campaign: his political influence in this region is attested to by the use of the

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The iron pillar inscription states that "his name was Chandra and he was holding the glory of a full moon on his face". This is reminiscent of his descendant

2802: 683:, as attested by his own inscriptions. According to the official Gupta genealogy, Chandragupta succeeded his father on the Gupta throne. The Sanskrit play 1430:

While alternative identifications have been proposed, there is strong evidence for identifying Chandra of the iron pillar inscription as Chandragupta II:

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of Indus. Historians R. C. Majumdar and K. P. Jayaswal, on the other hand, believe that the term refers to the tributaries of Indus: the five rivers of

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to a Shaka chief when besieged, but Chandragupta went to the enemy camp disguised as the queen, and killed the Shaka chief. Chandragupta bore the title

1046:. However, Indologist Harry Falk in 2004 has theorised that the date understood to be the regnal year by the earlier scholars is actually a date of the 3740:... they retain some traces of the old inscriptions in Greek characters, while on the reverse, they substitute the Gupta type (a peacock) for the 1986:

near Udayagiri records donations to the local Buddhist monastery by his military officer Amrakardava, in year 93 of the Gupta era (c. 412–413).

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In addition, Chandragupta II was the first Gupta king to issue silver coins. These coins were intended to replace the silver coinage of the

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is found) may have presented him with an opportunity to hunt lions, resulting in the substitution of tiger with lion on the imperial coins.

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who defeated the Shakas. Several modern scholars have theorised that these legends may be based on Chandragupta's victory over the Shakas.

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through military conquests and marital alliances. Historical evidence attests to his remarkable victories, which include the defeat of the

1062:, whose coronation Falk dates to 127 CE. The Kushana era restarts counting after a hundred years (e.g. the year after 100 is 1, not 101). 392:. Under the reign of Chandragupta II, the Gupta Empire reached its zenith, directly controlling a vast territory which stretched from the 1038: 1006: 1634: 3991: 2401:. His victory over these foreign tribes was probably transposed on upon a fictional character, resulting in the Vikramaditya legends. 1605:

The identification of Chandra with Chandragupta II also suggests Chandragupta achieved victories in the Vanga area in the present-day

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during the reign of Chandragupta II is to be seen in his rare silver coins which are more directly imitated from those of the

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pillar inscription, it is believed that Chandragupta II adopted the title "Vikramaditya". The Cambay and Sangli plates of the

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horse sacrifice to proclaim their military prowess. In the 20th century, the discovery of a stone image of a horse found near

431:, who visited India during his reign, suggests that he ruled over a peaceful and prosperous kingdom. The legendary figure of 2278: 2269: 2260: 2251: 2242: 1403:, which features an inscription of king Chandra, identified as Chandragupta II. It was installed as a victory pillar in the 1242: 2378:

use the epithet "Sahasanka" for Chandragupta II. The name "Sahasanka" has also been applied to the legendary Vikramaditya.

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believe that the name of the era changed to "Vikram Samvat" after the reign of Chandragupta II, who had adopted the title

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Amrakardava, a military officer, known from the Sanchi inscription recording his donations to the local Buddhist monastery

1700:. This suggests that the Gupta court may have had influence in the Vakataka administration during her regency. Historians 31: 1936:

Many gold and silver coins of Chandragupta, as well the inscriptions issued by him and his successors, describe him as a

729: 2295:). The obverse of these coins depicts a bust of the king, with corrupted Greek legend "OOIHU". The reverse features the 1717: 4333: 4328: 1897: 607:

inscription states that king Chandra was also known as "Dhava": if this king Chandra is identified with Chandragupta (

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Chandragupta II was the second ruler of the dynasty to bear the name "Chandragupta", the first being his grandfather

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An 8 gram gold coin featuring Chandragupta II astride a caparisoned horse, with a bow in his left hand. The name

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candragupta-sya vijarajya-saṃvatsa ... kālānuvarttamāna-saṃvatsare ekaṣaṣṭhe 60 ... thame śukla-divase paṃcāmyaṃ

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with crescent and star." in Rapson "A catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. The Andhras etc.", p.cli

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Chandragupta also married Kuvera-naga (alias Kuberanaga), whose name indicates that she was a princess of the

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Becker, Catherine (2010). "Not Your Average Board: The Colossal Varāha at Erāṇ, an Iconographic Innovation".

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As a result of his victory over the Western Kshatrapas, Chandragupta must have extended his empire up to the

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Rhi, Ju-Hyung (1994). "From Bodhisattva to Buddha: The Beginning of Iconic Representation in Buddhist Art".

2068: 2055:'s invitation to the Buddhas to enter the city, and music performances. He mentions that in the cities, the 1901: 1597:

coinage: they may have been Hinduized foreigners or Indians continuing the usage of foreign-style coinage.

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Political history of ancient India, from the accession of Parikshit to the extinction of the Gupta dynasty

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Literary evidence also corroborates Chandragupta's victory over the Western Kshatrapas. The Sanskrit play

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Historical and literary evidence suggests that Chandragupta II achieved military successes against the

2150:. Similar coins issued by his father Samudragupta depict the king slaying a tiger and bear the legend 1415: 4318: 1839:, foreign minister, known from the Udayagiri inscription recording his construction of a Shiva temple 1729:

legends, emperor Vikramaditya (a character believed to be based on Chandragupta) sent his court poet

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Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History [3 volumes]

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Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History [3 volumes]

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Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History [3 volumes]

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Falk notes that the "dynastic year" in the table above appears to be a year of the Gupta era. The

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The following ministers and officers of Chandragupta are known from various historical records:

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invaders, and was therefore, known as Śakari ("enemy of the Śakas). Chandragupta II conquered

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If Chandra is identified with Chandragupta, it appears that Chandragupta marched through the

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and northern Pakistan in the west to the Bengal region in the east, and from the Himalayan

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According to Falk, the discrepancy can be explained satisfactorily, if we assume that the

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J. N. Banerjea (1982). "Vaishnavism, Saivism and Minor Sects". In R. C. Mujumdar (ed.).

2555: 1820:, was also probably a Gupta feudatory if we assume that his inscription is dated in the 1546:, the term "seven faces", mentioned in the iron pillar inscription, refers to the seven 693:, who preceded him on the throne. In the play, Ramagupta decides to surrender his queen 4235: 4092: 2413: 2048: 2029: 2022: 1846: 1333: 1097:

In the ... year of ... Chandragupta, ... on the fifth of the bright half of the first (

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region of Karnataka through a marriage alliance with Kadambas, and during his daughter

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A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

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Chandragupta continued issuing most of the gold coin types introduced by his father

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Chandragupta's various gold coins depict his martial spirit or peacetime pursuits.

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in the south. Chandragupta II expanded his influence and indirectly ruled over the

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inscription of Virasena describes Chandragupta as a "king of kings" as well as an

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Faxian describes Madhya-desha ("Middle kingdom"), the region to the south-east of

574: 568: 4163: 4096: 4061: 4023: 3981: 2639: 2560:. Robarts - University of Toronto. Calcutta, Univ. of Calcutta. pp. 282–288. 2511: 2154:. Historian R. C. Majumdar theorises that Chandragupta's conquest of present-day 2371: 2043: 2036: 1964: 1921: 1798: 1794: 1762: 1754: 1666:

clay seal mentions Dhruva-svamini as a queen of Chandragupta, and the mother of

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among others. It is possible that Kalidasa was a court poet of Chandragupta.

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The Guptas also appear to have entered into a matrimonial alliance with the

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script legend "Chandragupta Vikramaditya, King of Kings, and a devotee of

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The iron pillar inscription credits Chandra with the following victories:

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as "year following the Gupta era". He translated the entire sentence as:

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is probably based on Chandragupta II (among other kings), and the noted

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Several feudatories of Chandragupta are known from historical records:

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A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta

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in present-day Afghanistan. Some short Sanskrit inscriptions at the

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historical events, while others dismissing it as a work of fiction.

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stone pillar inscription, issued during the reign of his descendant

3897:. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts / Abhinav. p. 7. 2146:

These coins depict Chandragupta slaying a lion and bear the legend

1437:

According to the iron pillar inscription, Chandra was a devotee of

483:

The name "Chandra" on a coin of Chandragupta II (left), and on the

2386: 2329: 2316: 2067: 1979: 1915: 1744: 1633: 1524: 1414: 1394: 1260: 1241: 1000: 361:. Modern scholars generally identify him with King Chandra of the 358: 191: 187: 161: 157: 2713: 2093:

Udayagiri cave inscription, dated to the year 82 of the Gupta era

2079:

The following inscriptions of Chandragupta have been discovered:

3292: 3290: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2322:, and declares that his activities were "beyond comprehension". 2199:

Obverse of "Chhatra" type (left) and "Archer" type (right) coins

1320:

Virasena's Udayagiri inscription describes him as a resident of

1066: 641: 633: 600: 63: 3720:

Early history of Jammu region: pre historic to 6th century A.D.

3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3125: 3123: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2981: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2680: 2678: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2595: 1824:; according to another theory, his inscription is dated in the 1807:

Shri Vishvamitra Svami, a feudatory known from a seal found at

1468:

According to his Udayagiri inscription, Chandragupta went on a

599:

queen, call him Chandragupta as well as Deva-gupta. Deva-shri (

3470:

Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi and Narayan Raghunath Navlekar (1969).

1441:. Chandragupta was also a Vaishnavite, and is described as a 2941: 2939: 2914: 2912: 2818: 2816: 1952:, literally, " powerful discus", and shows him receiving a 1683:, the daughter of Chandragupta and Kuvera-naga, married the 4074:

Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D

1523:, and advanced up to the country of the Vahlikas, that is, 1461:(a grandson of Chandragupta) after the death of his father 620:

suggests that major parts of the eastern coast of India –

4186:

Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions

1658:

as Chandragupta's queen, and the mother of his successor

2381:

The legendary Vikramaditya is said to have defeated the

514:

formed of the vertical combination of the three letters

427:

but tolerated other faiths as well. The Chinese pilgrim

1849:'s theory, he was the author of the political treatise 1920:

Chandragupta II is associated with the development of

1065:

The date portion of the Mathura inscription reads (in

416:

20 years long regency, he effectively integrated the

4034:. Institute of Silk Road Studies, Kamakura: 167–176. 1638:

Probable image of Chandragupta II, paying homage to

2741: 2533:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 240 & 264. 1845:Shikhara-svami, a minister; according to historian 284: 269: 259: 249: 237: 209: 198: 168: 143: 139: 129: 115: 97: 90: 41: 3866: 3797: 3773: 3410: 1876:, Dhanvantari, Ghatakarapara, Kshapanaka, Shanku, 1457:in honour of Vishnu) was set up the Gupta emperor 1021:in the reign of Chandragupta Vikramaditya, son of 603:: Devaśri) is another variation of this name. The 443:may have been his court poet. The cave shrines at 400:region in the east, and from the foothills of the 3819:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 254–275. 3749:Varanasi: Banaras Hindu University, 1957, p. 151. 2803:"Collections-Virtual Museum of Images and Sounds" 3575:Curta, Florin; Holt, Andrew (28 November 2016). 3545:Curta, Florin; Holt, Andrew (28 November 2016). 1868:, states that nine famous scholars known as the 1716:, the southern neighbours of the Vakatakas. The 3929: 3763:. Vol. 2. Hawkins Publications. 4821–4823. 3648: 3224: 3035: 2789: 1502:Crossed the "seven faces" of the river Sindhu ( 1434:Chandragupta's coins refer to him as "Chandra". 1017:by Udita Acharya in the "year 61 following the 3660: 3601: 3532: 3366: 3296: 3281: 3260: 3236: 3177: 3165: 3148: 3129: 3114: 3068: 3047: 3023: 2998: 2969: 2957: 2891: 2777: 2729: 2717: 2684: 2326:Identification with the legendary Vikramaditya 1626:to extend the Gupta influence in this region. 1225:system restarts counting every 100 years, the 1081:are abraded in the inscription, but historian 550:The full name "Chandragupta" in Gupta script ( 3840:Maurice Winternitz; Moriz Winternitz (1963). 3624: 3248: 2753: 2669: 2641:Catalogue of the coins of the Gupta dynasties 982: 608: 8: 3983:Ancient Malwa And The Vikramaditya Tradition 3941: 3917: 3878: 3785: 3457: 2765: 3816:Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics 3570: 3568: 3423: 3421: 3419: 2982:Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 2004 2596:Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 2004 2179:These coins depict the king riding a fully- 302:Chandragupta II's Huna Expedition (356-399) 27:Ruler of Gupta Empire from c. 375 to c. 415 4039:Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). 3636: 3379: 3377: 3375: 2945: 2930: 2918: 2903: 2870: 2858: 2846: 2834: 2822: 2513:Studies in Indian History and Civilization 2393:(a branch of Śakas); he also expelled the 1963:inscription records the construction of a 1366:, and several Indian legends talk of king 989: 975: 709: 71: 38: 3894:The Temple of Muktēśvara at Cauḍadānapura 2111:Mehrauli iron pillar inscription, undated 1445:(devotee of Vishnu) in the Gupta records. 1101:) of the year 61 following the Gupta era. 327:Chandragupta II's Campaign of Balkh (367) 3390:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 94–111. 3387:History of Classical Sanskrit Literature 2119: 1967:cave temple by Chandragupta's feudatory 1932:saving the world from chaos). Circa 400. 1308:), who ruled in west-central India. The 1119: 545: 345:(r.c. 375-415), also known by his title 2809:. American Institute of Indian Studies. 2611:Coin Splendour: A Journey Into the Past 2456: 2235: 2186: 2108:, dated to the year 93 of the Gupta era 2102:, dated to the year 88 of the Gupta era 1944:. One of his gold coins, discovered at 1924:in India, and the establishment of the 1630:Personal life and matrimonial alliances 1496:Defeated an alliance of enemies in the 712: 659:("having no equal or antagonist"). The 3084:India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765 1531:(in present-day Pakistan), written in 3431:; Narayan Raghunath Navlekar (1969). 2237:Various gold coins of Chandragupta II 2073:Sanchi inscription of Chandragupta II 2035:Faxian mentions that the people used 1312:inscription of Chandragupta's father 290:Gupta conquests of Bengal (c 320-380) 7: 3962:Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas 3691:Curta, Florin; Holt, Andrew (2016). 3476:. Popular Prakashan. pp. 1–35. 2633: 2631: 2614:. Abhinav Publications. p. 11. 2573:Annual Report Of Mysore 1886 To 1903 2530:Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas 2084: 2021:Faxian mentions that other than the 1793:Trikamala, a feudatory known from a 1250:mention the rule of Chandragupta II. 1058:calendar era established by emperor 4004:The Imperial Guptas and Their Times 3846:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 42. 2554:Raychaudhuri, Hem Channdra (1923). 2096:Udayagiri cave inscription, undated 2090:Mathura pillar inscription, undated 1391:Chandragupta II's Campaign of Balkh 1230:beginning of Chandragupta's reign. 1007:Lakulisa Mathura Pillar Inscription 4024:"The Kaniṣka era in Gupta Records" 3081:Eaton, Richard M. (25 July 2019). 2479:The Hindus: An Alternative History 1864:(22.10), a treatise attributed to 1246:Cave 6 and Cave 8 inscriptions at 1085:(1931–1932) reconstructed them as 1013:recording the installation of two 25: 2003:unlike the later Chinese pilgrim 1928:with Vaishnava iconography (here 1091:gupta-kālānuvarttamāna-saṃvatsare 667:, also calls him "Vikramaditya". 640:, theorize that "Deva-rakshita" ( 447:were also built during his rule. 4271: 4256: 4242: 4228: 4214: 4098:A Comprehensive History of India 4063:A Comprehensive History of India 3747:The Coinage of the Gupta Empire, 3503:. Penguin UK. pp. 268–274. 2277: 2268: 2259: 2250: 2241: 2220: 2204: 2192: 1940:, that is, a devotee of the god 1733:as an ambassador to the lord of 1506:) during a war and defeated the 1278:are known to have performed the 1054:system is a continuation of the 735: 728: 647:Chandragupta assumed the titles 573: 567: 561: 555: 535: 526: 518: 508: 495: 473: 464: 3761:Oriental coins and their values 3473:Kālidāsa; Date, Life, and Works 2337:, a modern artist's imagination 1419:The inscription of king Chandra 1050:system. According to Falk, the 1025:" (380 CE). Rangeshwar Temple. 3551:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 270–273. 3434:Kalidasa: Date, Life And Works 2608:Bandela, Prasanna Rao (2003). 2335:Vikramaditya goes forth to war 2039:for buying and selling goods. 1971:Sanakanika, in year 82 of the 1358:agreed to surrender his queen 1005:The pillar inscribed with the 368:Chandragupta II continued the 1: 4028:Silk Road Art and Archaeology 3891:Vasundhara Filliozat (1995). 3732:"Evidence of the conquest of 3672:"Evidence of the conquest of 2231:style (15mm, 2.1 grams.) 2211:Coin with the king's name in 1765:, inscribed "year 64" of the 1077:The letters before the words 946: 929: 912: 811: 784: 767: 750: 423:Chandragupta II was a devout 388:and the vassalization of the 353:, was the third ruler of the 172: 101: 4344:5th-century maharajadhirajas 4339:4th-century maharajadhirajas 4123:. Harvard University Press. 4001:Dilip Kumar Ganguly (1987). 3843:History of Indian Literature 3384:M. Srinivasachariar (1974). 2366:Based on some coins and the 1718:Talagunda pillar inscription 4314:5th-century Indian monarchs 4309:4th-century Indian monarchs 4147:. Pearson Education India. 4071:Kailash Chand Jain (1972). 3759:Mitchiner, Michael (1978). 1982:). An inscription found at 1589:in an inscription found at 1263:region in the north to the 1115:kālānuvarttamāna-saṃvatsare 1079:kālānuvarttamāna-saṃvatsare 4360: 3437:. Popular. pp. 8–29. 3087:. Penguin UK. p. 37. 2340: 1797:inscription engraved on a 1749:One of the earliest dated 1613:inscription of his father 1388: 1293: 1089:, and translated the term 675:Chandragupta was a son of 81:appears in the upper left 29: 3697:. ABC-CLIO. p. 271. 3581:. ABC-CLIO. p. 271. 2527:Agrawal, Ashvini (1989). 1609:region. According to the 351:Chandragupta Vikramaditya 336: 279: 70: 46: 4284:Coins of Chandragupta II 3986:. Munshiram Manoharlal. 3959:Ashvini Agrawal (1989). 3869:, pp. 158–159, 164. 2742:Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1987 2510:Prakash, Buddha (1962). 2188:Coins of Chandragupta II 2106:Sanchi stone inscription 2100:Gadhwa stone inscription 1385:Other military victories 4183:Tej Ram Sharma (1978). 4162:Tej Ram Sharma (1989). 4077:. Motilal Banarsidass. 3965:. Motilal Banarsidass. 3867:Kailash Chand Jain 1972 3798:Kailash Chand Jain 1972 3774:Kailash Chand Jain 1972 3411:Kailash Chand Jain 1972 2476:Doniger, Wendy (2009). 1185:Buddhist image pedestal 771: late 3rd century 754: late 3rd century 655:, and bore the epithet 420:into the Gupta Empire. 3497:Chandra Rajan (2005). 3429:Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi 2338: 2125: 2076: 1933: 1906:Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi 1826:Kalachuri calendar era 1774: 1696:with the lesser title 1654:Gupta records mention 1651: 1420: 1412: 1336:– can be dated to the 1270:Chandragupta's father 1251: 1034: 584: 458:"Chandra" inscriptions 324:Submission of Varahran 3980:D. C. Sircar (1969). 2516:. Shiva Lal Agarwala. 2333: 2167:Couch-and-flower type 2123: 2071: 1989: 1919: 1748: 1637: 1574:), plus possibly the 1418: 1398: 1377:coast in present-day 1245: 1004: 549: 4280:at Wikimedia Commons 4045:. Psychology Press. 3930:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 3776:, pp. 157, 161. 3649:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 3225:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 3036:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 2790:Ashvini Agrawal 1989 2638:Allen, John (1914). 2389:after defeating the 2042:Faxian mentions the 1529:Sacred Rock of Hunza 1425:iron pillar of Delhi 1411:in the 13th century. 1401:iron pillar of Delhi 800:(early 4th century?) 485:Iron Pillar of Delhi 404:in the north to the 330:Battle of Oxus (399) 30:For other uses, see 4189:. Concept. p. 4022:Harry Falk (2004). 3932:, pp. 174–175. 3661:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3639:, pp. 169–173. 3602:J. N. Banerjea 1982 3533:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3460:, pp. 120–123. 3413:, pp. 162–163. 3367:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3297:Tej Ram Sharma 1989 3282:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3261:Tej Ram Sharma 1978 3237:Tej Ram Sharma 1989 3227:, pp. 191–200. 3178:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3166:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3149:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3130:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3115:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3069:R. C. Majumdar 1981 3048:Tej Ram Sharma 1989 3024:R. C. Majumdar 1981 2999:R. C. Majumdar 1981 2970:R. C. Majumdar 1981 2958:R. C. Majumdar 1981 2933:, pp. 172–173. 2906:, pp. 169–171. 2892:R. C. Majumdar 1981 2861:, pp. 169–170. 2849:, pp. 168–171. 2778:R. C. Majumdar 1981 2730:R. C. Majumdar 1981 2718:Tej Ram Sharma 1989 2685:R. C. Majumdar 1981 2435:. Scholars such as 2152:vyaghra-parakramaha 2016:corporal punishment 1691:, who ruled in the 829:(late 4th century?) 396:in the west to the 370:expansionist policy 299:Conquests in Punjab 4334:5th-century Hindus 4329:4th-century Hindus 4120:The Past Before Us 4042:A History of India 3944:, p. 165–166. 3722:by Raj Kumar p.511 3625:Upinder Singh 2008 3249:Romila Thapar 2013 2754:Upinder Singh 2008 2670:Upinder Singh 2008 2391:Western Kshatrapas 2339: 2288:Western Kshatrapas 2126: 2077: 1934: 1822:Gupta calendar era 1775: 1706:Dietmar Rothermund 1652: 1421: 1413: 1302:Western Kshatrapas 1290:Western Kshatrapas 1252: 1216:year 5. Thus, the 1044:Gupta calendar era 1035: 585: 502:conjunct consonant 500:, followed by the 386:Western Kshatrapas 4276:Media related to 4175:978-81-7022-251-4 4154:978-81-317-1677-9 4130:978-0-674-72651-2 4084:978-81-208-0824-9 4052:978-0-415-32920-0 4014:978-81-7017-222-2 3972:978-81-208-0592-7 3942:D. C. Sircar 1969 3918:D. C. Sircar 1969 3904:978-81-7017-327-4 3879:D. C. Sircar 1969 3853:978-81-208-0056-4 3786:D. C. Sircar 1969 3704:978-1-61069-566-4 3663:, pp. 61–62. 3651:, pp. 24–27. 3588:978-1-61069-566-4 3558:978-1-61069-566-4 3458:D. C. Sircar 1969 3444:978-81-7154-468-4 3180:, pp. 57–58. 3094:978-0-14-196655-7 2972:, pp. 52–53. 2766:D. C. Sircar 1969 2732:, pp. 63–64. 2540:978-81-208-0592-7 1890:Jyotirvidabharana 1862:Jyotirvidabharana 1757:derived from the 1351:Devichandraguptam 1198: 1197: 1019:era of the Guptas 999: 998: 966: 965: 686:Devichandraguptam 638:Dasharatha Sharma 614:A passage in the 605:Delhi iron pillar 414:Prabhavatigupta’s 363:Delhi iron pillar 340: 339: 105: 375 or 380 16:(Redirected from 4351: 4324:History of Malwa 4275: 4266: 4264:Biography portal 4261: 4260: 4259: 4252: 4247: 4246: 4238: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4224: 4219: 4218: 4217: 4202: 4179: 4158: 4134: 4110: 4088: 4067: 4056: 4035: 4018: 3997: 3976: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3756: 3750: 3730: 3724: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3688: 3682: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3572: 3563: 3562: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3515: 3514: 3500:The Loom of Time 3494: 3488: 3487: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3425: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3381: 3370: 3364: 3343: 3342: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3285: 3279: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3152: 3146: 3133: 3127: 3118: 3112: 3099: 3098: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3051: 3050:, p. 77–78. 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3002: 2996: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2811: 2810: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2688: 2682: 2673: 2667: 2650: 2649: 2635: 2626: 2625: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2578: 2577: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2441:D. R. Bhandarkar 2353:D. R. Bhandarkar 2281: 2272: 2263: 2254: 2245: 2224: 2208: 2196: 2143:Lion-slayer type 1994:Chinese pilgrim 1851:Kamandakiya Niti 1681:Prabhavati-gupta 1611:Allahabad Pillar 1310:Allahabad Pillar 1227:kālānuvarttamāna 1223:kālānuvarttamāna 1218:kālānuvarttamāna 1214:kālānuvarttamāna 1210:kālānuvarttamāna 1202:kālānuvarttamāna 1133:kālānuvarttamāna 1126:Reigning monarch 1120: 1083:D. R. Bhandarkar 1052:kālānuvarttamāna 1048:kālānuvarttamāna 991: 984: 977: 951: 948: 934: 931: 917: 914: 816: 813: 789: 786: 772: 769: 755: 752: 739: 732: 725: 724: 719: 710: 577: 571: 565: 559: 539: 530: 522: 512: 499: 477: 468: 451:Names and titles 418:Vakataka kingdom 177: 174: 110: 106: 103: 75: 39: 21: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4299:Chandragupta II 4289: 4288: 4278:Chandragupta II 4262: 4257: 4255: 4250:Monarchy portal 4248: 4241: 4234: 4229: 4227: 4220: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4205: 4182: 4176: 4161: 4155: 4137: 4131: 4113: 4091: 4085: 4070: 4059: 4053: 4038: 4021: 4015: 4000: 3994: 3979: 3973: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3877: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3811:Alf Hiltebeitel 3809: 3808: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3738:Western Satraps 3731: 3727: 3716: 3712: 3705: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3671: 3667: 3659: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3637:Harry Falk 2004 3635: 3631: 3623: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3589: 3574: 3573: 3566: 3559: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3518: 3511: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3445: 3427: 3426: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3383: 3382: 3373: 3365: 3346: 3323:10.2307/3250056 3308: 3307: 3303: 3295: 3288: 3280: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3164: 3155: 3147: 3136: 3128: 3121: 3113: 3102: 3095: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3067: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3034: 3030: 3022: 3005: 2997: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2946:Harry Falk 2004 2944: 2937: 2931:Harry Falk 2004 2929: 2925: 2919:Harry Falk 2004 2917: 2910: 2904:Harry Falk 2004 2902: 2898: 2890: 2877: 2871:Harry Falk 2004 2869: 2865: 2859:Harry Falk 2004 2857: 2853: 2847:Harry Falk 2004 2845: 2841: 2835:Harry Falk 2004 2833: 2829: 2823:Harry Falk 2004 2821: 2814: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2744:, pp. 5–6. 2740: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2691: 2683: 2676: 2668: 2653: 2637: 2636: 2629: 2622: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2594: 2581: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2541: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2482:. p. 379. 2475: 2474: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2426:the era of the 2411: 2345: 2328: 2320:rajadhirajarshi 2309: 2282: 2273: 2264: 2255: 2246: 2232: 2229:Western Satraps 2227:Silver coin in 2225: 2216: 2209: 2200: 2197: 2118: 2087:section above). 2085:Period of reign 2066: 1992: 1950:chakra-vikramah 1938:parama-bhagvata 1926:Udayagiri Caves 1914: 1859: 1818:ruler of Valkha 1816:Svamidasa, the 1743: 1714:Kadamba dynasty 1648:Udayagiri Caves 1632: 1603: 1517: 1393: 1387: 1304:(also known as 1298: 1296:Gupta–Saka Wars 1292: 1248:Udayagiri Caves 1240: 1238:Military career 1143:Chandragupta II 995: 949: 941:Kumaragupta III 932: 915: 839:(380 – 413/415) 835:Chandragupta II 814: 787: 770: 753: 717: 716: 708: 706:Period of reign 673: 653:Maharajadhiraja 593:Prabhavatigupta 581:Cha-ndra-gu-pta 578: 566: 544: 543: 542: 541: 513: 480: 479: 478: 470: 469: 460: 459: 453: 343:Chandragupta II 294:Gupta-Saka Wars 280:Military career 233: 224:Prabhavatigupta 178: 175: 148: 108: 104: 86: 59: 55: 53:Maharajadhiraja 51: 42:Chandragupta II 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4357: 4355: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4304:Gupta emperors 4301: 4291: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4281: 4268: 4267: 4253: 4239: 4236:History portal 4225: 4209: 4208:External links 4206: 4204: 4203: 4180: 4174: 4159: 4153: 4135: 4129: 4111: 4093:R. C. Majumdar 4089: 4083: 4068: 4057: 4051: 4036: 4019: 4013: 3998: 3993:978-8121503488 3992: 3977: 3971: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3934: 3922: 3920:, p. 136. 3910: 3903: 3883: 3881:, p. 131. 3871: 3859: 3852: 3832: 3825: 3802: 3800:, p. 162. 3790: 3788:, p. 130. 3778: 3766: 3751: 3725: 3710: 3703: 3683: 3665: 3653: 3641: 3629: 3627:, p. 505. 3606: 3604:, p. 781. 3594: 3587: 3564: 3557: 3537: 3516: 3509: 3489: 3482: 3462: 3450: 3443: 3415: 3403: 3396: 3371: 3344: 3301: 3299:, p. 174. 3286: 3265: 3253: 3251:, p. 359. 3241: 3239:, p. 111. 3229: 3217: 3182: 3170: 3153: 3134: 3119: 3100: 3093: 3073: 3052: 3040: 3038:, p. 125. 3028: 3003: 2986: 2974: 2962: 2950: 2948:, p. 173. 2935: 2923: 2921:, p. 172. 2908: 2896: 2875: 2873:, p. 170. 2863: 2851: 2839: 2837:, p. 171. 2827: 2825:, p. 169. 2812: 2794: 2782: 2770: 2768:, p. 139. 2758: 2756:, p. 479. 2746: 2734: 2722: 2720:, p. 148. 2689: 2674: 2672:, p. 480. 2651: 2627: 2620: 2600: 2579: 2563: 2546: 2539: 2519: 2502: 2488: 2468: 2455: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2414:Vikrama Samvat 2410: 2407: 2363:among others. 2341:Main article: 2327: 2324: 2308: 2305: 2284: 2283: 2276: 2274: 2267: 2265: 2258: 2256: 2249: 2247: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2226: 2219: 2217: 2210: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2177: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2163: 2144: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2065: 2062: 2030:R. C. Majumdar 1991: 1990:Faxian's visit 1988: 1975:(c. 401–402). 1913: 1910: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1847:K. P. Jayaswal 1843: 1840: 1830: 1829: 1811: 1802: 1788: 1742: 1741:Administration 1739: 1631: 1628: 1602: 1599: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1500: 1490: 1489: 1482: 1475: 1466: 1446: 1435: 1389:Main article: 1386: 1383: 1334:Rudrasimha III 1294:Main article: 1291: 1288: 1267:in the south. 1239: 1236: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1140:Mathura pillar 1137: 1136: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1103: 1102: 1075: 1074: 1031:Mathura Museum 1027:Mathura Museum 997: 996: 994: 993: 986: 979: 971: 968: 967: 964: 963: 960: 954: 953: 943: 937: 936: 926: 920: 919: 909: 901: 900: 899:(495 – ?) 897: 895:Narasimhagupta 891: 890: 887: 881: 880: 877: 875:Kumaragupta II 871: 870: 867: 861: 860: 857: 851: 850: 847: 841: 840: 837: 831: 830: 827: 819: 818: 815: 335/350 808: 802: 801: 798: 792: 791: 781: 779:Chandragupta I 775: 774: 764: 758: 757: 747: 741: 740: 733: 721: 720: 707: 704: 672: 669: 595:, issued as a 589:Chandragupta I 572: 560: 507: 482: 481: 472: 471: 463: 462: 461: 457: 456: 455: 454: 452: 449: 372:of his father 338: 337: 334: 333: 332: 331: 328: 325: 322: 316: 309: 303: 300: 297: 291: 286: 282: 281: 277: 276: 271: 267: 266: 261: 257: 256: 251: 247: 246: 241: 235: 234: 232: 231: 226: 221: 215: 213: 207: 206: 200: 196: 195: 170: 166: 165: 145: 141: 140: 137: 136: 131: 127: 126: 117: 113: 112: 99: 95: 94: 88: 87: 76: 68: 67: 44: 43: 26: 24: 18:Candragupta II 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4356: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4254: 4251: 4245: 4240: 4237: 4226: 4223: 4212: 4207: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4167: 4166: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4146: 4145: 4140: 4139:Upinder Singh 4136: 4132: 4126: 4122: 4121: 4116: 4115:Romila Thapar 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4076: 4075: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4044: 4043: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4010: 4006: 4005: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3985: 3984: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3951: 3943: 3938: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3911: 3906: 3900: 3896: 3895: 3887: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3860: 3855: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3836: 3833: 3828: 3826:9780226340555 3822: 3818: 3817: 3812: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3767: 3762: 3755: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3714: 3711: 3706: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3687: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3595: 3590: 3584: 3580: 3579: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3554: 3550: 3549: 3541: 3538: 3535:, p. 61. 3534: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3510:9789351180104 3506: 3502: 3501: 3493: 3490: 3485: 3483:9788171544684 3479: 3475: 3474: 3466: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3451: 3446: 3440: 3436: 3435: 3430: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3404: 3399: 3397:9788120802841 3393: 3389: 3388: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3369:, p. 62. 3368: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3311:Artibus Asiae 3305: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3284:, p. 60. 3283: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3266: 3263:, p. 30. 3262: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3192:Artibus Asiae 3186: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3171: 3168:, p. 57. 3167: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3151:, p. 58. 3150: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3132:, p. 56. 3131: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3117:, p. 55. 3116: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3090: 3086: 3085: 3077: 3074: 3071:, p. 54. 3070: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3029: 3026:, p. 53. 3025: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3001:, p. 59. 3000: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2984:, p. 92. 2983: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2963: 2960:, p. 64. 2959: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2897: 2894:, p. 52. 2893: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2792:, p. 98. 2791: 2786: 2783: 2780:, p. 51. 2779: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2687:, p. 63. 2686: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2642: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2621:9788170174271 2617: 2613: 2612: 2604: 2601: 2598:, p. 91. 2597: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2574: 2567: 2564: 2559: 2558: 2550: 2547: 2542: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2523: 2520: 2515: 2514: 2506: 2503: 2491: 2489:9781594202056 2485: 2481: 2480: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2465:1910,0403.26 2460: 2457: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2431:, or simply, 2430: 2429: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2409:Vikram Samvat 2408: 2406: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2357:V. V. Mirashi 2354: 2349: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2236: 2230: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2207: 2202: 2195: 2190: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2148:simha-vikrama 2145: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2134:Kumaragupta I 2131: 2122: 2115: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2074: 2070: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1956:from Vishnu. 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1898:William Jones 1894: 1891: 1887: 1886:Vetala Bhatta 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1779: 1778: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1751:Gupta statues 1747: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1702:Hermann Kulke 1699: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1676: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1660:Kumaragupta I 1657: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1601:Bengal region 1600: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1542:According to 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1521:Punjab region 1515:Punjab region 1514: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1499: 1498:Vanga country 1495: 1494: 1493: 1487: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1467: 1464: 1463:Kumaragupta I 1460: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1417: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1346: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1297: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1276:Kumaragupta I 1273: 1268: 1266: 1265:Narmada River 1262: 1257: 1249: 1244: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1203: 1193: 1190: 1188:Kumaragupta I 1187: 1184: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1174:Kumaragupta I 1173: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1157:Not mentioned 1156: 1153: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1129:Dynastic year 1128: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1110: 1108: 1100: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 992: 987: 985: 980: 978: 973: 972: 970: 969: 961: 959: 956: 955: 944: 942: 939: 938: 927: 925: 922: 921: 910: 907: 903: 902: 898: 896: 893: 892: 888: 886: 883: 882: 878: 876: 873: 872: 868: 866: 863: 862: 858: 856: 853: 852: 848: 846: 845:Kumaragupta I 843: 842: 838: 836: 833: 832: 828: 825: 821: 820: 809: 807: 804: 803: 799: 797: 794: 793: 782: 780: 777: 776: 765: 763: 760: 759: 748: 746: 743: 742: 738: 734: 731: 727: 726: 723: 722: 718:320 CE–550 CE 715: 711: 705: 703: 700: 696: 692: 688: 687: 682: 678: 670: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 645: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 618: 617:Vishnu Purana 612: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 583:, on coinage. 582: 576: 570: 564: 558: 553: 548: 538: 534: 529: 525: 521: 517: 511: 506: 503: 498: 494: 490: 486: 476: 467: 450: 448: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 421: 419: 415: 411: 407: 406:Narmada River 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 366: 365:inscription. 364: 360: 356: 352: 349:, as well as 348: 344: 335: 329: 326: 323: 321: 317: 314: 310: 308: 304: 301: 298: 295: 292: 289: 288: 287: 283: 278: 275: 272: 268: 265: 262: 258: 255: 252: 248: 245: 242: 240: 236: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 219:Kumaragupta I 217: 216: 214: 212: 208: 204: 201: 197: 193: 189: 186:(Present day 185: 181: 176: 415 CE 171: 167: 163: 159: 156:(Present day 155: 151: 146: 142: 138: 135: 134:Kumaragupta I 132: 128: 125: 121: 118: 114: 109: 415 CE 100: 96: 93: 92:Gupta emperor 89: 84: 80: 74: 69: 66: 65: 62: 58: 54: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 4222:India portal 4185: 4164: 4143: 4119: 4097: 4073: 4062: 4041: 4031: 4027: 4003: 3982: 3961: 3952:Bibliography 3937: 3925: 3913: 3893: 3886: 3874: 3862: 3842: 3835: 3815: 3805: 3793: 3781: 3769: 3760: 3754: 3746: 3728: 3719: 3713: 3693: 3686: 3668: 3656: 3644: 3632: 3597: 3577: 3547: 3540: 3499: 3492: 3472: 3465: 3453: 3433: 3406: 3386: 3317:(3/4): 223. 3314: 3310: 3304: 3256: 3244: 3232: 3220: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3173: 3083: 3076: 3043: 3031: 2977: 2965: 2953: 2926: 2899: 2866: 2854: 2842: 2830: 2806: 2797: 2785: 2773: 2761: 2749: 2737: 2725: 2640: 2610: 2603: 2572: 2566: 2556: 2549: 2529: 2522: 2512: 2505: 2495:24 September 2493:. Retrieved 2478: 2471: 2459: 2445:Vikramaditya 2444: 2437:D. C. Sircar 2432: 2428:Malava tribe 2425: 2421: 2418:calendar era 2416:, an Indian 2412: 2403: 2380: 2365: 2361:D. C. Sircar 2348:Vikramaditya 2346: 2343:Vikramaditya 2334: 2319: 2310: 2285: 2160:Asiatic lion 2151: 2147: 2138: 2130:Samudragupta 2127: 2078: 2064:Inscriptions 2041: 2034: 2020: 2009: 1993: 1977: 1968: 1958: 1949: 1948:, calls him 1937: 1935: 1895: 1889: 1878:Varahamihira 1861: 1860: 1850: 1831: 1813: 1804: 1790: 1782: 1776: 1727:Vikramaditya 1711: 1697: 1689:Rudrasena II 1679: 1675:Naga dynasty 1672: 1668:Govindagupta 1653: 1650:, circa 400. 1642:, avatar of 1624: 1615:Samudragupta 1604: 1584: 1541: 1533:Gupta script 1518: 1491: 1469: 1450: 1442: 1429: 1422: 1405:Qutb complex 1372: 1368:Vikramaditya 1364:Vikramaditya 1363: 1349: 1347: 1331: 1325: 1319: 1314:Samudragupta 1299: 1274:and his son 1272:Samudragupta 1269: 1253: 1232: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1207: 1201: 1199: 1132: 1114: 1111: 1107:D. C. Sircar 1104: 1090: 1086: 1078: 1076: 1064: 1051: 1047: 1036: 1023:Samudragupta 1015:Shiva Lingas 834: 806:Samudragupta 714:Gupta Empire 684: 677:Samudragupta 674: 656: 652: 648: 646: 615: 613: 586: 580: 552:Gupta script 532: 523: 515: 504: 492: 489:Gupta script 433:Vikramaditya 422: 374:Samudragupta 367: 355:Gupta Empire 350: 347:Vikramaditya 346: 342: 341: 311:Battle near 285:Battles/wars 254:Samudragupta 229:Govindagupta 205:, Kuberanaga 184:Gupta Empire 154:Gupta Empire 120:Samudragupta 111:(35-40 year) 78: 49:Vikramaditya 47: 36: 32:Chandragupta 4319:410s deaths 4168:. Concept. 4007:. Abhinav. 2372:Rashtrakuta 2307:Personality 2181:caparisoned 2171:instrument. 2158:(where the 2044:Pataliputra 2023:untouchable 1922:Vaishnavism 1902:A. B. Keith 1799:Bodhisattva 1763:Mathura art 1755:Bodhisattva 1486:Skandagupta 1479:Arabian Sea 1459:Skandagupta 1375:Arabian Sea 1322:Pataliputra 1123:Inscription 962:(540 – 550) 958:Vishnugupta 924:Vainyagupta 889:(476 – 495) 879:(473 - 476) 869:(467 – 473) 859:(455 - 467) 855:Skandagupta 849:(415 – 455) 762:Ghatotkacha 665:Skandagupta 657:Apratiratha 180:Pataliputra 150:Pataliputra 122:, possibly 116:Predecessor 4293:Categories 3198:(1): 127. 2644:. p. 2451:References 2376:Govinda IV 2176:Rider type 2001:brigandage 1874:Amarasimha 1870:Navaratnas 1857:Navaratnas 1785:Sanakanika 1769:, 384 CE, 1656:Dhruvadevi 1544:Sten Konow 1407:by Sultan 1360:Dhruvadevi 1338:Shaka year 1280:Ashvamedha 1105:Historian 950: 530 933: 507 916: 510 906:Bhanugupta 885:Budhagupta 790:– 335/350) 788: 319 695:Dhruvadevi 679:and queen 671:Early life 649:Bhattaraka 630:Tamralipta 394:Oxus River 318:Battle of 305:Battle of 203:Dhruvadevi 107: – c. 79:Cha-gu-pta 3734:Saurastra 3674:Saurastra 3331:0004-3648 3204:0004-3648 2313:Udayagiri 2053:Brahmanas 2026:Chandalas 1973:Gupta era 1965:Vaishnava 1961:Udayagiri 1882:Vararuchi 1837:Vira-sena 1771:Bodh Gaya 1767:Gupta era 1761:style of 1723:Karnataka 1587:Gupta era 1537:Harishena 1471:digvijaya 1409:Iltutmish 1356:Ramagupta 1256:Udayagiri 1160:Not given 1113:the term 865:Purugupta 824:Ramagupta 691:Ramagupta 681:Dattadevi 609:see below 491:: letter 487:(right). 445:Udayagiri 402:Himalayas 378:Sassanids 296:(335-413) 264:Dattadevi 130:Successor 124:Ramagupta 4141:(2008). 4117:(2013). 4107:34008529 4095:(1981). 3813:(2009). 3212:20801634 2395:Kushanas 2005:Xuanzang 1969:Maharaja 1912:Religion 1866:Kalidasa 1814:Maharaja 1805:Maharaja 1791:Maharaja 1783:Maharaja 1731:Kalidasa 1698:Maharaja 1685:Vakataka 1619:Samatata 1595:Kidarite 1582:rivers. 1578:and the 1508:Vahlikas 1455:flagpole 1443:Bhagvata 1326:Maharaja 1284:Varanasi 1060:Kanishka 597:Vakataka 441:Kalidasa 437:Sanskrit 425:Vaishnav 382:conquest 274:Hinduism 270:Religion 83:quadrant 57:Devaraja 4199:5413655 3742:chaitya 3679:chaitya 3339:3250056 2807:vmis.in 2399:Mathura 2317:ascetic 2156:Gujarat 2116:Coinage 2057:Vaishya 2049:Buddhas 2037:cowries 2012:Mathura 1809:Vidisha 1735:Kuntala 1591:Shorkot 1449:Vishnu- 1379:Gujarat 1146:Abraded 1099:Ashadha 1056:Kushana 1039:Mathura 1011:Mathura 410:Kuntala 384:of the 239:Dynasty 147:Unknown 4197: 4172: 4151: 4127: 4105: 4081: 4049: 4011: 3990: 3969: 3901: 3850: 3823: 3701: 3585: 3555: 3507: 3480: 3441: 3394: 3337: 3329: 3210: 3202: 3091: 2618: 2537: 2486: 2433:Samvat 2301:Vishnu 2297:Brahmi 2293:Garuda 2215:script 2213:Brahmi 2183:horse. 2051:, the 1996:Faxian 1984:Sanchi 1954:discus 1946:Bayana 1942:Vishnu 1930:Varaha 1904:, and 1884:, and 1759:Kushan 1693:Deccan 1664:Basarh 1662:. The 1644:Vishnu 1640:Varaha 1617:, the 1607:Bengal 1572:Chenab 1570:, and 1564:Sutlej 1556:Jhelum 1552:Punjab 1548:mouths 1451:dhvaja 1439:Vishnu 1343:Garuda 1306:Shakas 1171:figure 1169:Yaksha 1154:Lintel 817:– 375) 773:- 319) 661:Supiya 632:, and 622:Kosala 505:"ndra" 429:Faxian 398:Bengal 380:, the 320:Sistan 315:valley 313:Kapisa 307:Bagram 260:Mother 250:Father 199:Spouse 3335:JSTOR 3208:JSTOR 2397:from 2387:Malwa 2374:king 2368:Supia 1980:Shiva 1801:image 1687:king 1646:, in 1580:Kunar 1576:Kabul 1525:Balkh 1504:Indus 1261:terai 1135:year 1087:gupta 796:Kacha 745:Gupta 699:Shaka 697:to a 493:"Cha" 439:poet 390:Hunas 359:India 244:Gupta 211:Issue 192:India 188:Bihar 162:India 158:Bihar 98:Reign 4195:OCLC 4170:ISBN 4149:ISBN 4125:ISBN 4103:OCLC 4079:ISBN 4047:ISBN 4009:ISBN 3988:ISBN 3967:ISBN 3899:ISBN 3848:ISBN 3821:ISBN 3699:ISBN 3583:ISBN 3553:ISBN 3505:ISBN 3478:ISBN 3439:ISBN 3392:ISBN 3327:ISSN 3200:ISSN 3089:ISBN 2616:ISBN 2535:ISBN 2497:2022 2484:ISBN 2439:and 2422:Kṛṭa 2383:Śaka 2359:and 2311:The 1795:Gaya 1753:, a 1704:and 1568:Beas 1560:Ravi 1423:The 1399:The 1254:The 1067:IAST 1037:The 651:and 642:IAST 634:Puri 626:Odra 601:IAST 531:and 169:Died 144:Born 64:Shri 61:Deva 3319:doi 1959:An 1194:15 1191:121 1177:112 1163:70 1149:61 1069:): 357:in 4295:: 4193:. 4191:49 4032:10 4030:. 4026:. 3609:^ 3567:^ 3519:^ 3418:^ 3374:^ 3347:^ 3333:. 3325:. 3315:54 3313:. 3289:^ 3268:^ 3206:. 3196:70 3194:. 3156:^ 3137:^ 3122:^ 3103:^ 3055:^ 3006:^ 2989:^ 2938:^ 2911:^ 2878:^ 2815:^ 2805:. 2692:^ 2677:^ 2654:^ 2646:24 2630:^ 2582:^ 2447:. 2424:, 2355:, 2136:. 2007:. 1900:, 1880:, 1566:, 1562:, 1558:, 1381:. 1345:. 1180:5 1117:: 1029:. 1009:, 947:c. 930:c. 913:c. 812:c. 785:c. 768:c. 751:c. 628:, 624:, 579:) 554:: 190:, 182:, 173:c. 160:, 152:, 102:c. 4201:. 4178:. 4157:. 4133:. 4109:. 4087:. 4055:. 4017:. 3996:. 3975:. 3907:. 3856:. 3829:. 3707:. 3591:. 3561:. 3513:. 3486:. 3447:. 3400:. 3341:. 3321:: 3214:. 3097:. 2648:. 2624:. 2576:. 2543:. 2499:. 2463:* 2075:. 1828:. 1773:. 1554:( 1510:. 1465:. 1453:( 1033:. 990:e 983:t 976:v 952:) 945:( 935:) 928:( 918:) 911:( 908:) 904:( 826:) 822:( 810:( 783:( 766:( 756:) 749:( 540:. 533:r 524:d 516:n 194:) 164:) 85:. 34:. 20:)

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