68:
45:
422:
674:(combined modulus of the weft and warp directions). For example, the effective modulus at 30% relative humidity is 180 MPa, which drops to 13 MPa at 90% relative humidity, suggesting that canvas is becoming more flexible and susceptible to deformation. There is an inherent anisotropy to the elastic modulus measured in the weft and warp direction as evidenced in the strain vs. load behavior of the canvas. The canvas exhibits a 0.1
53:
456:
heavy-weight is about 10 oz/sq yd (340 g/m) or 12 oz/sq yd (410 g/m). They are prepared with two or three coats of gesso and are ready for use straight away. Artists desiring greater control of their painting surface may add a coat or two of their preferred gesso. Professional artists who wish to work on canvas may prepare their own canvas in the traditional manner.
550:
327:
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of materials, such as paper and yarns, by reducing the clamping distance to 0.1 mm and applying load to a particular point on the yarn. This minimizes effects from material geometry and accurately assesses intrinsic fiber strength. This also reduces the amount of material needed for samples to 60 mm.
475:
masters took extreme measures to ensure that none of the texture of the canvas came through. This required a painstaking, months-long process of layering the raw canvas with (usually) lead-white paint, then polishing the surface, and then repeating. The final product had little resemblance to fabric,
688:
Using zero-span strength analysis, conservationists measured tensile strength of flax, commonly used canvas material in historical paintings and correlated tensile strength to the degree of cellulose depolymerization -- cellulose is a component of flax. Another method for assessing canvas quality is
649:
Understanding the mechanical properties of art canvases is necessary for art conservation, especially when deciding on transporting paintings, conservation treatments and environmental specifications inside museums. Canvases are layered structures made from weaving fibers together, where each layer
289:
in the 1480s was still unusual for the period. Large paintings for country houses were apparently more likely to be on canvas, and are perhaps less likely to have survived. It was a good deal cheaper than a panel painting, and may sometime indicate a painting regarded as less important. In the
416:
When I first started doing the stain paintings, I left large areas of canvas unpainted, I think, because the canvas itself acted as forcefully and as positively as paint or line or color. In other words, the very ground was part of the medium, so that instead of thinking of it as background or
678:
in the weft direction and 0.2 strain in the warp direction before failing (thread ripping apart). Though, tensile testing provides an explicit measure of material strength, conservationists are unable to tare a piece of painting to create the samples (required length of 250 mm), therefore the
455:
Gessoed canvases on stretchers are also available. They are available in a variety of weights: light-weight is about 4 oz/sq yd (140 g/m) or 5 oz/sq yd (170 g/m); medium-weight is about 7 oz/sq yd (240 g/m) or 8 oz/sq yd (270 g/m);
444:", came into use. Linen is composed of higher quality material, and remains popular with many professional artists, especially those who work with oil paint. Cotton duck, which stretches more fully and has an even, mechanical weave, offers a more economical alternative. The advent of
569:
technique. Finally, the surface was sealed with a transparent varnish. While the gessoed canvas was a perfect painting surface, the primary purpose of the canvas application may have been the strengthening of the wooden shield corpus in a manner similar to modern
417:
negative space or an empty spot, that area did not need paint because it had paint next to it. The thing was to decide where to leave it and where to fill it and where to say this doesn't need another line or another pail of colors. It's saying it in space.
682:
Art conservationists have recently adopted a new method called zero-span strength analysis, nanoindentation, and numerical modelling to quantitatively evaluate the mechanical properties of painting canvases. Zero-span strength analysis measures the
696:. However, with the nanoindentation method, conservationists can probe the composite behavior of the layers of paint on top of the canvas, not the actual strength of the canvas itself. Lastly, conservationists are using finite element modeling (
589:
at the rear of the frame. This allows the artist to incorporate painted edges into the artwork itself without staples at the sides, and the artwork can be displayed without a frame. Splined canvas can be restretched by adjusting the spline.
134:
and for other items for which sturdiness is required, as well as in such fashion objects as handbags, electronic device cases, and shoes. It is popularly used by artists as a painting surface, typically stretched across a wooden frame.
1095:
Aida Canvas. — This material, introduced under the French name Toile
Colbert, is a description of linen cloth. It is also called " Aida Cloth," and Java Canvas ( which see), as well as " Fancy Oatmeal."
342:
prior to being used to prevent oil paint from coming into direct contact with the canvas fibres which would eventually cause the canvas to decay. A traditional and flexible chalk gesso is composed of
1202:
Janas, Arkadiusz; Fuster-López, Laura; Andersen, Cecil Krarup; Escuder, Angel
Vicente; Kozłowski, Roman; Poznańska, Katarzyna; Gajda, Aleksandra; Scharff, Mikkel; Bratasz, Łukasz (2022-10-10).
186:, canvas is classified in two ways: by weight (ounces per square yard) and by a graded number system. The numbers run in reverse of the weight so a number 10 canvas is lighter than number 4.
1025:
361:
is poisonous, care has to be taken in using it. Various alternative and more flexible canvas primers are commercially available, the most popular being a synthetic latex paint composed of
290:
Uccello, the armour does not use silver leaf, as other of his paintings do (and the colour therefore remains undegraded). Another common category of paintings on lighter cloth such as
1404:"Experiment B: Nondestructive Estimation of Strength in Historical Papers - Paper Through Time: Non-Destructive Analysis of 14th through 19th Century Papers - University of Iowa"
408:
and others. Staining acrylic paint into the fabric of cotton duck canvas was more benign and less damaging to the fabric of the canvas than the use of oil paint. In 1970, artist
479:
With a properly prepared canvas, the painter will find that each subsequent layer of color glides on in a "buttery" manner, and that with the proper consistency of application (
440:, a sturdy brownish fabric of considerable strength. Linen is particularly suitable for the use of oil paint. In the early 20th century, cotton canvas, often referred to as "
883:
666:. There are two directions to the canvas: the warp direction (threads run vertically) and the weft direction (threads run horizontally). Researchers performed
606:
backing, and sealed on the backside. The canvas is typically linen primed for a certain type of paint. They are primarily used by artists for quick
1029:
937:
270:
323:
and
Venetian artists were among those leading the change; Venetian sail canvas was readily available and regarded as the best quality.
1284:
Lee, D. S.-H.; Kim, N.-S.; Scharff, M.; Nielsen, A. V.; Mecklenburg, M.; Fuster-López, L.; Bratasz, L.; Andersen, C. K. (2022-08-12).
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has greatly increased the popularity and use of cotton duck canvas. Linen and cotton derive from two entirely different plants, the
467:
Masters is in the preparation of the canvas. "Modern" techniques take advantage of both the canvas texture as well as those of the
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to determine the effects of humidity on the strength of canvases and observed that increasing humidity decreased the effective
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or glue, often used for banners to be carried in procession. This is a less durable medium, and surviving examples such as
77:
980:
261:. It was used from the 14th century in Italy, but only rarely. One of the earliest surviving oils on canvas is a French
3113:
2861:
2930:
1340:"Mapping the mechanical properties of paintings via nanoindentation: a new approach for cultural heritage studies"
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266:
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stay stretched tighter over a longer period of time, but are more difficult to re-stretch when the need arises.
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67:
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1204:"Mechanical properties and moisture-related dimensional change of canvas paintings–canvas and glue sizing"
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704:) on canvases undergoing desiccation (removal of moisture) to visualize the global and local stresses.
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190:
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shields. The canvas was applied to the wooden surface of the pavise, covered with multiple layers of
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traditional methods of assessing mechanical properties have been visual cues and pH values.
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One of the most outstanding differences between modern painting techniques and those of the
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2018:
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utilizing a millimeter-sized cantilever with a microsphere at its end and measuring local
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1286:"Numerical modelling of mechanical degradation of canvas paintings under desiccation"
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1993:
1988:
1978:
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827:
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774:
663:
515:
350:
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204:
131:
1338:
Tiennot, Mathilde; Paardekam, Erik; Iannuzzi, Davide; Hermens, Erma (2020-05-13).
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pigment and calcium carbonate is rather brittle and susceptible to cracking. As
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100:
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the largest Polish painting "Battle of
Grunwald" by Jan Matejko (426 x 987 cm).
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17:
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differ from traditional side-stapled canvas in that canvas is attached with a
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506:. After printing, the canvas can be wrapped around a stretcher and displayed.
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1127:
America's fabrics: origin and history, manufacture, characteristics and uses
1053:
The Rise and Fall of Art
Needlework: Its Socio-Economic and Cultural Aspects
832:
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526:(also called Java canvas), Penelope canvas, Chess canvas, and Binca canvas.
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Art activities : that are easy to prepare and that children will love
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Encyclopedia of
Victorian needlework: Dictionary of needlework, Volume 1
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From the 13th century onwards, canvas was used as a covering layer on
502:. This process of digital inkjet printing is popularly referred to as
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Painters
Painting, a Candid History of The Modern Art Scene 1940–1970
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responds differently to changes in humidity, resulting in localized
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is applied over a piece of wet cotton to flatten the wrinkles.
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Panel painting remained more common until the 16th century in
170:. The threads in duck canvas are more tightly woven. The term
432:, very possibly canvas, 1670s near Haarlem in the Netherlands
215:
859:
Gordon, Dillian, National
Gallery Catalogues (new series):
334:
Canvas is usually stretched across a wooden frame called a
1428:
372:
Many artists have painted onto unprimed canvas, such as
514:
Canvas is a popular base fabric for embroidery such as
2905:
2881:
2852:
2818:
2809:
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154:. It differs from other heavy cotton fabrics, such as
85:(426 cm × 987 cm (168 in × 389 in)), displayed in the
37:
This article is about the fabric. For other uses, see
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428:covered with sheets of new-made textiles, probably
189:The word "canvas" is derived from the 13th century
1147:. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. p. 166.
1144:Victorian embroidery : an authoritative guide
578:Splined canvas, stretched canvas and canvas boards
522:. Some specific types of embroidery canvases are
312:) are rare, and often rather faded in appearance.
602:are made of canvas stretched over and glued to a
717:(see photo of canvas being stretched on a canoe)
1174:. Bedfordshire, UK: Brilliant Pub. p. 65.
476:but instead had a glossy, enamel-like finish.
150:(PVC), although historically it was made from
1444:
983:. Theblurb.com.au. 2002-10-04. Archived from
166:. Canvas comes in two basic types: plain and
8:
645:Mechanical Properties in Canvas Conservation
802:, often fishing, hunting, tactical/military
1470:
1451:
1437:
1429:
483:technique), a painting entirely devoid of
452:plant and the cotton plant, respectively.
1379:
1311:
1301:
1229:
1219:
940:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
498:or specialist digital printers to create
319:and the 17th century in Northern Europe.
369:, bound with a thermo-plastic emulsion.
66:
1110:Primary Embroidery Stitches and Designs
875:
861:The Fifteenth Century Italian Paintings
27:Extremely heavy-duty plain-woven fabric
1333:
1331:
1279:
1277:
1257:
1255:
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1251:
1249:
1197:
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1191:
412:commented about her use of staining:
7:
1124:Bendure, Zelma & Gladys (1946).
494:Canvas can also be printed on using
884:"National Museum (Muzeum Narodowe)"
731:Non-disintegrating ammunition belts
530:is a stiffer form of Binca canvas.
1026:"Classical Oil Painting Technique"
249:Canvas has become the most common
25:
1130:. Macmillan Company. p. 616.
917:"The Online Etymology Dictionary"
203:. Both may be derivatives of the
138:Modern canvas is usually made of
75:'s biggest canvas paintings, the
1028:. Cartage.org.lb. Archived from
723:, including coated canvas (e.g.
346:and linseed oil, applied over a
330:Canvas stretched on wooden frame
308:, in distemper on linen (1450s,
1008:, p. 82, Abbeville Press 1984,
214:", originating from the Greek
1:
565:and often richly painted in
553:Stretching canvas on a canoe
2906:
2882:
2853:
2819:
2810:
2756:
2197:
1077:Saward, Blanche C. (1887).
272:Saint George and the Dragon
3135:
1364:10.1038/s41598-020-64892-7
1303:10.1186/s40494-022-00763-w
1221:10.1186/s40494-022-00794-3
981:"Jackson Pollock – A Life"
231:
216:
36:
29:
1168:Goodridge, Paula (2009).
436:Early canvas was made of
48:Sailor bag made of canvas
3073:Swatches and strike-offs
2976:Vitale Barberis Canonico
1141:Morris, Barbara (2003).
572:glass-reinforced plastic
487:can be achieved. A warm
265:from around 1410 in the
99:is an extremely durable
30:Not to be confused with
1113:. Taylor & Francis.
1050:Cluckie, Linda (2008).
694:viscoelastic properties
406:Lyrical Abstractionists
338:and may be coated with
39:Canvas (disambiguation)
2114:Vinyl coated polyester
1262:Maisey, Sarah (2023).
1083:. Dover Publications.
631:Water-resistant canvas
554:
546:
433:
419:
331:
267:Gemäldegalerie, Berlin
246:
93:
64:
49:
2990:Manufacturingindustry
1056:. Arena. p. 60.
938:"Oxford Dictionaries"
552:
541:
424:
414:
329:
241:
70:
55:
47:
2946:Holland & Sherry
700:) and extended-FEM (
353:; a variation using
3048:History of textiles
1408:paper.lib.uiowa.edu
1356:2020NatSR..10.7924T
1264:"Conserving Canvas"
1004:De Antonio, Emile.
816:Vehicle seat covers
534:As a compound agent
410:Helen Frankenthaler
386:Helen Frankenthaler
279:in about 1470, and
263:Madonna with angels
56:Canvas roof at the
3114:Painting materials
2901:Woodblock printing
2430:Conductive textile
1599:Cedar bark textile
1344:Scientific Reports
863:, Volume 1, 2003,
555:
547:
434:
332:
247:
148:polyvinyl chloride
94:
78:Battle of Grunwald
65:
50:
3096:
3095:
2455:Lenticular fabric
2406:
2405:
2104:Vegetable flannel
944:on March 13, 2013
894:on 7 October 2013
888:www.warsawtour.pl
634:Waterproof canvas
622:Fire-proof canvas
367:calcium carbonate
281:Sandro Botticelli
16:(Redirected from
3126:
3119:Maritime culture
3078:Synthetic fabric
2911:
2887:
2877:Textile printing
2858:
2824:
2815:
2761:
2335:Machine knitting
2269:Velours du Kasaï
2202:
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1208:Heritage Science
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919:. Etymonline.com
913:
907:
906:
901:
899:
890:. Archived from
880:
713:Wood-and-canvas
685:tensile strength
594:Stapled canvases
583:Splined canvases
520:Berlin wool work
426:Bleaching-fields
398:Ronnie Landfield
363:titanium dioxide
359:lead-based paint
348:rabbit skin glue
310:National Gallery
219:
218:
178:word for cloth,
106:used for making
21:
3134:
3133:
3129:
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3099:
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3053:History of silk
3026:
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2914:
2862:Roller printing
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2556:Tartan or plaid
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2420:Ballistic nylon
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2024:Seerhand muslin
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777:uniforms (e.g.
710:
690:nanoindentation
672:elastic modulus
668:tensile testing
647:
616:
580:
536:
512:
390:Dan Christensen
374:Jackson Pollock
236:
230:
174:comes from the
146:, or sometimes
87:National Museum
58:Erasmus station
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Canvas painting
15:
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355:titanium white
344:lead carbonate
286:Birth of Venus
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1032:on 2012-03-01
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277:Paolo Uccello
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269:. Its use in
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259:wooden panels
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244:stretcher bar
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3012:Preservation
2919:Fabric mills
2896:Waxed cotton
2501:Bizarre silk
2259:Polar fleece
1994:Saga Nishiki
1989:Russell cord
1794:Harris tweed
1583:
1539:Brilliantine
1519:Bedford cord
1485:(Medriñaque)
1411:. Retrieved
1407:
1398:
1347:
1343:
1313:10251/193061
1293:
1289:
1268:Project MUSE
1267:
1231:10251/193062
1211:
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1126:
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1109:
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1094:
1079:
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1045:
1034:. Retrieved
1030:the original
1020:
1005:
1000:
989:. Retrieved
985:the original
975:
966:
961:Gordon, xiii
957:
946:. Retrieved
942:the original
932:
921:. Retrieved
911:
903:
896:. Retrieved
892:the original
887:
878:
860:
828:Canvas print
781:, Shureido,
775:Martial arts
681:
664:delamination
648:
637:Waxed canvas
599:
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257:, replacing
255:oil painting
248:
228:For painting
207:
205:Vulgar Latin
200:
193:
191:Anglo-French
188:
179:
171:
162:rather than
137:
132:oil painting
96:
95:
76:
3022:Terminology
3007:Performance
2855:Rōketsuzome
2800:Heatsetting
2775:Calendering
2765:Bògòlanfini
2712:Spider silk
2526:Houndstooth
2521:Herringbone
2480:Windstopper
2325:Boiled wool
1844:Kente cloth
1834:Khaki drill
1814:Irish linen
1799:Herringbone
1664:Cotton duck
1624:Cheesecloth
1483:Abacá cloth
1350:(1): 7924.
740:Covers and
735:machine gun
656:deformation
654:that cause
619:Dyed canvas
545:canvas bags
543:Canada Post
473:Renaissance
442:cotton duck
402:Color Field
253:medium for
208:cannapaceus
164:twill weave
160:plain weave
158:, in being
101:plain-woven
83:Jan Matejko
81:, 1878, by
3103:Categories
2956:Loro Piana
2951:Larusmiani
2884:Tsutsugaki
2872:Tenterhook
2780:Decatising
2657:Microfiber
2561:Tattersall
2541:Pinstripes
2516:Glen plaid
2440:E-textiles
2307:Cedar bark
2264:Terrycloth
2211:Pile woven
2099:Ultrasuede
2029:Seersucker
1954:Perpetuana
1879:Madapollam
1824:Kerseymere
1609:Char cloth
1564:Byrd Cloth
1544:Broadcloth
1529:Beta cloth
1413:2024-05-12
1296:(1): 130.
1214:(1): 160.
1154:0486426092
1036:2012-05-05
991:2012-05-05
970:Gordon, xv
948:2014-03-01
923:2012-05-05
898:20 October
869:1857092937
854:References
848:Salembaree
742:tarpaulins
524:Aida cloth
404:painters,
305:Entombment
300:Dirk Bouts
242:Canvas on
232:See also:
198:Old French
182:. In the
32:Canvassing
3068:Shrinkage
3017:Recycling
2941:E. Thomas
2790:Finishing
2728:Finishing
2672:Polyester
2622:Eisengarn
2546:Polka dot
2412:Technical
2340:Milliskin
2279:Velveteen
2234:Crimplene
2049:Shot silk
1974:Rayadillo
1969:Rakematiz
1869:Longcloth
1789:Haircloth
1779:Grosgrain
1769:Grenadine
1759:Ghalamkar
1754:Georgette
1739:Gabardine
1614:Charmeuse
1534:Bombazine
1524:Bengaline
1509:Barkcloth
1372:2045-2322
1322:2050-7445
1240:2050-7445
833:Eisengarn
794:Wrestling
604:cardboard
394:Larry Zox
336:stretcher
296:distemper
120:backpacks
3058:Knitting
2961:Piacenza
2936:Dormeuil
2821:Katazome
2805:Indienne
2751:Beetling
2741:Androsia
2732:printing
2692:Sea silk
2667:Pashmina
2607:Cashmere
2551:Shweshwe
2489:Patterns
2475:SympaTex
2470:Stub-tex
2460:Silnylon
2450:Gore-Tex
2368:Bobbinet
2294:Nonwoven
2284:Zibeline
2249:Moquette
2229:Corduroy
2224:Chenille
2163:Figured
2144:Whipcord
1944:Paduasoy
1929:Osnaburg
1899:Nainsook
1889:Moleskin
1874:Mackinaw
1719:Eolienne
1679:Cretonne
1659:Corduroy
1594:Capilene
1589:Chambray
1569:C change
1504:Barathea
1494:Armazine
1390:32404938
822:See also
751:Converse
708:Products
660:cracking
652:stresses
471:itself.
321:Mantegna
222:cannabis
217:κάνναβις
196:and the
124:shelters
116:marquees
3083:Weaving
3031:Related
2931:Cerruti
2795:Fulling
2770:Burnout
2758:Bingata
2707:Spandex
2587:Acrylic
2536:Paisley
2465:Spandex
2435:Darlexx
2425:Ban-Lon
2330:Coolmax
2317:Knitted
2244:Mockado
2239:Fustian
2192:Songket
2172:Brocade
2154:Zorbeez
2119:Viyella
2109:Ventile
2074:Ticking
2059:Taffeta
2019:Scarlet
1984:Ripstop
1949:Percale
1934:Ottoman
1924:Organza
1919:Organdy
1914:Oilskin
1904:Nankeen
1819:Jamdani
1784:Habutai
1764:Gingham
1734:Fustian
1729:Foulard
1724:Flannel
1714:Drugget
1654:Cordura
1629:Chiffon
1619:Charvet
1604:Challis
1579:Cambric
1554:Bunting
1549:Buckram
1514:Batiste
1381:7220919
1352:Bibcode
811:Jackets
779:Tokaido
608:studies
567:tempera
461:Flemish
294:was in
251:support
201:canevas
194:canevaz
128:support
126:, as a
71:One of
60:of the
3038:Dyeing
2997:Design
2971:Scabal
2812:Kasuri
2785:Devoré
2662:Olefin
2647:Mohair
2637:Kevlar
2617:Cotton
2597:Angora
2592:Alpaca
2531:Kelsch
2496:Argyle
2445:Gannex
2360:Netted
2350:Velour
2345:Jersey
2274:Velvet
2187:Lampas
2182:Damask
2177:Camlet
2149:Zephyr
2134:Waffle
2129:Wadmal
2084:Tucuyo
2069:Tartan
2034:Sendal
2004:Sateen
1999:Samite
1964:Poplin
1959:Pongee
1939:Oxford
1894:Muslin
1884:Madras
1809:Hodden
1804:Himroo
1704:Dowlas
1699:Dornix
1689:Dimity
1669:Coutil
1644:Cloqué
1639:Chintz
1584:Canvas
1574:Calico
1559:Burlap
1489:Aertex
1460:Fabric
1388:
1378:
1370:
1320:
1238:
1178:
1151:
1087:
1060:
1012:
867:
783:Judogi
749:(e.g.
725:Goyard
715:canoes
676:strain
662:, and
587:spline
559:pavise
504:Giclée
496:offset
351:ground
140:cotton
104:fabric
97:Canvas
91:Warsaw
73:Poland
3063:Pandy
3043:Fiber
2981:Zegna
2908:Yūzen
2833:Moire
2746:Batik
2702:Sisal
2687:Rayon
2682:Ramie
2652:Nylon
2642:Linen
2602:Bashō
2581:Abacá
2511:Chiné
2506:Check
2398:Tulle
2393:Ninon
2254:Plush
2219:Baize
2199:Rinzu
2165:woven
2139:Wigan
2124:Voile
2094:Twill
2089:Tweed
2079:Toile
2054:Stuff
2044:Scrim
2039:Serge
2009:Satin
1909:Ninon
1864:Loden
1829:Khādī
1749:Gazar
1744:Gauze
1709:Drill
1684:Denim
1674:Crêpe
1634:Chino
1475:Woven
1467:Types
806:Coats
800:Vests
770:Swags
765:Tents
747:Shoes
614:Types
563:gesso
469:paint
465:Dutch
438:linen
430:linen
340:gesso
317:Italy
292:linen
176:Dutch
156:denim
144:linen
112:tents
108:sails
3088:Yarn
2966:Reda
2717:Wool
2697:Silk
2677:Piña
2632:Jute
2627:Hemp
2612:Coir
2383:Mesh
2378:Lace
2302:Felt
2064:Tais
2014:Saye
1854:Lawn
1849:Lamé
1386:PMID
1368:ISSN
1318:ISSN
1236:ISSN
1176:ISBN
1149:ISBN
1085:ISBN
1058:ISBN
1010:ISBN
900:2013
865:ISBN
759:Keds
755:Vans
721:Bags
702:XFEM
518:and
489:iron
463:and
450:flax
365:and
212:hemp
180:doek
172:duck
168:duck
152:hemp
130:for
2838:Nap
2730:and
1979:Rep
1376:PMC
1360:doi
1308:hdl
1298:doi
1226:hdl
1216:doi
698:FEM
283:'s
275:by
224:).
142:or
89:in
3105::
1406:.
1384:.
1374:.
1366:.
1358:.
1348:10
1346:.
1342:.
1330:^
1316:.
1306:.
1294:10
1292:.
1288:.
1276:^
1266:.
1248:^
1234:.
1224:.
1212:10
1210:.
1206:.
1190:^
1093:.
902:.
886:.
757:,
753:,
658:,
610:.
574:.
400:,
396:,
392:,
388:,
384:,
380:,
376:,
302:'
122:,
118:,
114:,
110:,
1452:e
1445:t
1438:v
1416:.
1392:.
1362::
1354::
1324:.
1310::
1300::
1270:.
1242:.
1228::
1218::
1184:.
1157:.
1066:.
1039:.
994:.
951:.
926:.
785:)
761:)
737:.
727:)
220:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
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