139:
begin appear in peninsular southern Italy. They were "interstitial" sites, located between walled villages and fortified towns, and being either undefended or protected by at most a ditch. The term
311:. He was an intermediary, representing the villeins to their usually absentee landlord and representing the lord to his fellow villeins. All administration was in the hands of the
124:
from the tenth century on. They were highly discrete and stable units. During the eleventh century, churches (both public and private) proliferated and by the twelfth each
279:). In practice, native villeins were tied to the land could not leave, and all villeins were required to use the communal installations, which belonged to the lord. Each
200:, almost all of them bearing names of local origin. Most probably corresponded to previously existing divisions. In the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the
537:
214:. The smallest had just a few houses, while the largest were practically towns, although they lacked municipal institutions. Each had a
172:(castles) or even walled towns with suburbs of their own. The established towns, however, successfully asserted their jurisdiction over
132:
315:, who supervised farming, collected taxes, administered justice and mediated disputes. He may have been assisted by a
542:
532:
210:
could have
European, local Christian or Muslim inhabitants, and at least one is recorded as being inhabited by
474:
Migliario, Elvira (1992). "Terminologia e organizzazione agraria tra tardo antico e alto medioevo: ancora su
456:
Marin, Brigitte (2001). "Town and
Country in the Kingdom of Naples, 1500–1800". In S. R. Epstein (ed.).
465:
Martin, Jean-Marie (2002). "Settlement and the
Agrarian Economy". In G. A. Loud; A. Metcalfe (eds.).
197:
440:
Domestic
Settings: Sources on Domestic Architecture and Day-to-Day Activities in the Crusader States
500:
247:
144:
162:
was undertaken by noblemen seeking to claim new land by resettling vacant areas. Successful
40:
231:
219:
79:
69:
502:
Rural
Conditions in the Kingdom of Jerusalem during the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries
36:
78:, meaning "house". The term originated in western Europe and was also employed in the
526:
510:
284:
235:
180:
only ceased to exist in the 18th and 19th centuries, when their inhabitants, the
289:
215:
48:
20:
211:
104:
came into use in the eighth century to refer to an isolated rural tenement or
44:
128:
seems to have had one, which probably fostered social cohesion and identity.
143:
was also used in Latin documents to refer to the small rural settlements of
515:
The
Mountains and the City: The Tuscan Appennines In the Early Middle Ages
74:
316:
251:
243:
227:
268:
255:
239:
223:
202:
121:
105:
320:
303:
168:
96:
84:
196:
was the basic unit of rural settlement. There were about 600 in the
16:
Group of a few rural houses, in the open countryside, without walls
90:
68:), was "a cluster of houses in a rural setting". The word is not
276:
449:
Crusader
Archaeology: The Material Culture of the Latin East
135:
brought disruption to settlement patterns. At the same time
404:
402:
365:
363:
361:
505:(PhD thesis). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
254:
and even defensive towers. The inhabitants were called
275:
In the Levant, villeins were typically free (i.e. non-
192:
In the
Crusader states in the Levant (1098–1291), the
348:
346:
344:
342:
340:
319:(which office was often hereditary) and sometimes a
184:, sought and received their own administrations.
460:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 316–31.
8:
266:) and each possessed a house and one or two
218:and a church, while most possessed common
82:. Depending on the situation, the terms
408:
381:
336:
206:, an isolated farmstead, was rare. The
369:
458:Town and Country in Europe, 1300–1800
393:
307:). There was sometimes more than one
7:
420:
352:
297:in Latin), elected by the families (
158:In some cases, the establishment of
451:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
72:, but derives from the Latin word
14:
272:, the basic unit of arable land.
133:Norman conquest of southern Italy
499:Preston, Helen Gertrude (1903).
469:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 17–46.
120:was the basic village unit in
1:
131:In the eleventh century, the
242:. Some were associated with
100:could by synonyms. The word
538:Agricultural establishments
467:The Society of Norman Italy
559:
517:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
447:Boas, Adrian J. (2017).
438:Boas, Adrian J. (2010).
176:in their vicinity. The
166:could grow to become
198:Kingdom of Jerusalem
396:, pp. 319–29.
384:, pp. 175–76.
372:, pp. 31–32.
550:
543:Medieval society
533:Types of village
518:
506:
495:
470:
461:
452:
443:
442:. Leiden: Brill.
424:
418:
412:
411:, pp. 5–10.
406:
397:
391:
385:
379:
373:
367:
356:
350:
232:threshing floors
97:locum suburbanum
558:
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190:
188:Crusader states
114:
80:Crusader states
70:classical Latin
17:
12:
11:
5:
556:
554:
546:
545:
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535:
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524:
520:
519:
511:Wickham, Chris
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496:
471:
462:
453:
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429:
426:
425:
413:
398:
386:
374:
357:
355:, p. 364.
335:
334:
332:
329:
189:
186:
145:Islamic Sicily
113:
110:
37:Medieval Latin
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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541:
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430:
423:, p. 62.
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22:
514:
501:
494:(2): 371–84.
491:
487:
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448:
439:
416:
409:Preston 1903
389:
382:Wickham 1988
377:
324:
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56:
55:
51:
31:
30:
25:
24:
18:
370:Martin 2002
301:, singular
293:in Arabic (
287:, called a
216:manor house
155:in Arabic.
49:Old Spanish
21:Middle Ages
527:Categories
394:Marin 2001
212:Samaritans
54:), plural
45:Old French
488:Athenaeum
421:Boas 2017
353:Boas 2010
325:scribanus
244:vineyards
228:dovecotes
222:, ovens,
147:, called
513:(1988).
317:dragoman
269:carrucae
256:villeins
252:Bedouins
240:pastures
224:cisterns
182:casalini
480:casalis
431:Sources
299:ḥamāyil
295:raicius
285:headman
277:servile
264:rustici
260:villani
248:springs
208:casalia
203:curtile
178:casalia
174:casalia
164:casalia
160:casalia
137:casalia
122:Tuscany
106:demesne
66:casales
57:casalia
41:Italian
26:casalis
19:In the
484:casale
476:fundus
321:scribe
304:ḥamūla
283:had a
281:casale
236:crofts
194:casale
169:castra
149:manzil
141:casale
126:casale
118:casale
102:casale
85:feudum
62:casali
32:casale
331:Notes
313:raʾīs
309:raʾīs
290:raʾīs
220:mills
112:Italy
91:villa
52:casal
238:and
153:raḥl
116:The
94:and
75:casa
47:and
39:and
23:, a
486:".
327:).
262:or
151:or
29:or
529::
492:80
490:.
478:e
401:^
360:^
339:^
250:,
246:,
234:,
230:,
226:,
108:.
88:,
64:,
43:;
482:/
323:(
258:(
60:(
35:(
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