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foundry; so that when the entire care devolved upon her, she manifested powers of mind beyond expectation from a female not then in very early life. In a few years her son, the present Mr. William Caslon, became an active co-partner with his mother, but a misunderstanding between them caused a secession, and they separated their concerns...the urbanity of her manners, and her diligence and activity in the conduct of so extensive a concern, attached to her interest all who had dealings with her, and the steadiness of her friendship rendered her death highly lamented by all who had the happiness of being in the extensive circle of her acquaintance.
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457:. Both Elizabeth Caslons attended for the Caslon foundry. William Caslon, now running his own foundry, also joined for his company. Elizabeth Caslon, the wife of William Caslon II, died in 1795. According to Hansard "the foundry was put up for auction in March 1799 and was bought by Mrs. Henry Caslon for £520. Such was the depreciation of the Caslon letter foundry, of which a third share, in 1792, sold for £3000." A. E. Musson felt that although the foundry had depreciated, this value exaggerated the situation and the price "was doubtless because she and her young son already had a large share in the firm."
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375:"about the year 1764, commencing with improved imitations of Baskerville's fonts...but they did not meet the encouraging approbation of the Printers, whose offices generally, throughout the kingdom, were stored from the London and Glasgow Founderies with types of the form introduced by the celebrated William Caslon...By the recommendation, therefore, of several of the most respectable printers of the Metropolis, Doctor Fry, the proprietor, commenced his imitation of the Chiswell Street Foundery...at vast expense, and with very satisfactory encouragement, during the completion of it."
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similar matrices. The type was shown in the OUP 1707 specimen and in a c. 1665 British specimen possibly from the foundry of
Nicholas Nicholls. (According to Mosley Caslon’s punches survive at St Bride’s.) Other copies or duplicate matrices proliferated; the Wilson foundry showed one in 1786 (many of his texturas were purchased from James) and William Caslon III in his breakaway foundry had one; his texturas came from the Caslon foundry as duplicate matrices or from the James foundry via Jackson. A near copy was sold by the Fry foundry; according to Edmund Fry this was cut in house.
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328:, when Jackson showed a punch he had made to William Caslon II, Caslon II hit him and threatened him with gaol. Jackson had in fact secretly drilled a hole through a wall to observe Caslon I teaching his son how to cut punches. Nichols wrote that after a dispute over the price of labour, Caslon II dismissed Cottrell and Jackson on suspicion of organising a deputation of workmen appealing to his retired father. They later set up as type founders themselves, first jointly before Jackson established his own foundry. According to
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1321:, an artist, architect and explorer who was John Catherwood's son, had left him for Henry W. Caslon. The episode became a well-known court case after Catherwood sued. Caslon countered that they had never been validly married under Church of England law because they were married in Beirut by an American missionary. A jury found for Catherwood, but the House of Lords ruled for Caslon four years later. H. W. Caslon married Gertrude in 1853.
821:
266:'s view, they were intended as "unobtrusive substitutes" for specific types his clients already used, and closely resembled them. Besides this, some types he sold came from other founders. He jointly valued the Grover type foundry in 1728 with John James of the James Foundry, although ultimately he did not buy it, and he did buy part of the foundry of Robert Mitchell in 1739. Some older types were sold by the foundry, including a
493:, was particularly admired, and had a most extensive sale. Finding herself, however, from the impaired state of her health...unable to sustain the exertions required in conducting so extensive a concern, she resolved, after the purchase of the foundry, to take as an active partner Mr. Nathaniel Catherwood, who by his energy and knowledge of business fully equalled her expectations.
520:. The design became successful and was widely imitated. The foundry seemingly had no input into the design of the punches (it did strike the matrices) and the Porson types were apparently exclusive to Cambridge, but the Caslon foundry later issued types from its own punchcutters in similar design (see below). Less successfully, around 1802–4, the foundry was commissioned to make
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809:; he was the last lineal male descendant of William Caslon. Despite the reports of labour unrest, his employees donated a memorial window to the local church commemorating him. The foundry was taken over by its manager, Thomas White Smith. He proved to be extremely successful as a promoter of the company, establishing a company magazine,
2401:"The first moderns of the Eliz. Caslon & the Caslon foundry are here: https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/collections/a-specimen-of-printing-types#/?tab=about Largest size Canon (48 pt) is more a transitional and shows a hesitation in design not found in the text sizes. This face seems to disappear from all specimens known"
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longer efficacious in securing the sale of his types, she resolved to have new fonts cut. She commenced the work of renovation with a new canon, double pica, and pica, having the good fortune to secure the services of John Isaac Drury, a very able engraver, since deceased. The Pica, an improvement on the style of
359:'s 1757 edition of Virgil, printed in new types taking inspiration from calligraphy, attracted considerable attention. Baskerville's types were proprietary to him and only used by him and some printers he was connected with in Birmingham, but other founders rapidly began to create types in the same style.
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other punchcutter, and it is known that his foundry burned down in 1790 and he was in poor health for the last two years of his life. He had materials from the James foundry including texturas and
Stephenson Blake in the twentieth century still had his matrices for a sixteenth-century Greek type cut by
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also a most extensive modern foundry". The sale did not reach the reserve price and the foundry continued under the ownership of the Caslon family. The sale catalogue which survives is however historically notable, as it lists the punchcutters of each of the foundry's more modern types from about 1795.
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design, the first known, which it named 'Italian'. It had also issued new Greek typefaces by 1821 influenced by the Porson style; in Bowman's view they are "largely
Porsonic, but never entirely so". Catherwood left the firm in 1821 and later joined the Bessemer foundry, and the company foreman Martin
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It will not appear extraordinary that a property so divided and under the management of two ladies, though both superior and indeed extraordinary women, should be unable to maintain its ground triumphantly against the active competition which had for some time existed against it. In fact, the fame of
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Jackson, although apparently very talented, is extremely poorly documented: no complete specimen survives from his foundry in his lifetime. William Caslon III issued specimens and it seems likely that most of the types shown are
Jackson's, but according to Vincent Figgins II he employed at least one
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William Caslon later left, but the Caslon foundry remained as a member for the rest of the association's existence. It remained in operation intermittently until at least 1820, although a witness to a Select
Committee in 1824 reported informal collusion between foundries to keep wages of workmen low
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On Henry Caslon's death in 1850, the foundry was taken over by his son, Henry
William Caslon. In the same year, the Caslon foundry bought up the London branch of the Wilson foundry. Yet again, changing tastes and probably the acquisitions of types from Wilson led to expansion in the foundry's stock;
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However, in 1846 the foundry was put up for auction because of Henry Caslon's declining health. The sale catalogue offered "to capitalists...a most valuable property for investment...containing the original works of its founder, William Caslon, which have been recently much in request for reprints,
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Both
Elizabeth Caslon (now Elizabeth Strong, since her remarriage) and Nathaniel Catherwood died in 1809, and the business was taken over by her son Henry Caslon and Catherwood's brother, John Hames Catherwood. In the view of James Mosley, they renewed the foundry's material "completely, making the
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The anonymous introduction to a 1787 Fry foundry specimen frankly admitted "The plan on which they first sat out, was an improvement of the Types of the late Mr
Baskerville of Birmingham...but the shape of Mr. Caslon's Type has since been copied by them with such accuracy as not to be distinguished
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The firm's competitors evolved over its existence. At the start of its existence, its main competitors were in London, especially the James foundry, which through purchasing the Grover and other foundries took over almost all the other London foundries which preceded Caslon, but gradually declined;
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Literary
Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century: Comprizing Biographical Memoirs of William Bowyer, Printer, F.S.A., and Many of His Learned Friends; an Incidental View of the Progress and Advancement of Literature in this Kingdom During the Last Century; and Biographical Anecdotes of a Considerable
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Casting large letters from punched matrices was difficult to do due to the complexity of driving in a large punch. Other methods were previously used including casting type or matrices in sand, but sans-pareil matrices were reusuable and much easier than sand-casting. An 1820s source claimed that
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Henry
William Caslon was not successful as an owner of the company; its manager Thomas White Smith later wrote that Caslon was a man "of generous impulse, but of little wisdom in business matters" and losses led to an attempt to cut the wages of workers, leading to a strike. A later article wrote
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The management of the foundry devolved on Mrs. Henry Caslon, who, possessing an excellent understanding, and being seconded by servants of zeal and ability, was enabled, though suffering severely under ill health, in a great measure to retrieve its credit. Finding the renown of William Caslon no
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The foundry issued a new specimen book in 1785 and separate specimen of its large capitals, showcasing a range of complex printers' flowers and interlocking designs. James Mosley felt that the specimen of 1785 contained "little that is really new", with only two new typefaces compared to 1766, a
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As an example, his Two-Line Great Primer Black was based on an original perhaps from Paris or Rouen and dating back to around 1504, of which Harry Carter believed at least one copy existed. One was used by Wynkyn de Worde, and Plantin and the type foundries of Voskens, and James in London, had
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In 1807 William Caslon III's son, William Caslon IV took over the business. In 1810 he introduced a new kind of matrix, which he called Sans-pareil. These were made by cutting out the letter form in sheet metal and riveting it to a backing plate. This allowed very large letters to be cast more
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An arduous task now devolved on Mrs. Elizabeth Caslon...the entire management of a very large concern did not, however, come with that weight which it would have borne upon one unaccustomed to the habits of business. Mrs Caslon...had for many years habituated herself to the arrangements of the
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Despite this, the Caslon style continued to be popular with printers. The Fry foundry of Bristol first entered the market in 1764 with copies of Baskerville's types, but finding them not commercially successful, proceeded to then produce copies of Caslon's, to the outrage of the Caslon family.
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Making metal type required a range of techniques which could easily go wrong, including justifying matrices (carefully filing them down so the letters would be properly spaced) and pouring metal into the mould so it filled every space and no air bubbles were left to spoil the types'
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Mosley identifies other non-Caslon types as the Samaritan and Syriac, and "it is difficult to believe that the lower case of the Small Pica no. 1...can be Caslon's work unless it is an early attempt. It was replaced in 1742, the only one of the roman types to be abandoned in this
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The main 1785 specimen does not show William Caslon II's titling capitals. Whereas William Caslon II certainly cut punches, it is not clear if the later Caslon men did. One of the ship designs in the specimen appeared heading the "Shipping" column on the first front page of the
560:, who had hoped to take the foundry over, received support to set his own foundry up from his old client John Nichols.) He apparently was able to take matrices for non-Latin and textura types from his family foundry on leaving the business, and these appear in his specimens.
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In about 1770 the Fry foundry, whose first types in the 1760s were what they called an 'improvement' of Baskerville's, had also made an imitation of the smaller sizes of the Caslon Old Face types – a very close copy that is not easy to tell from the original. In 1907
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Caslon trained his son William Caslon II (1720–1778) to also be a punchcutter. He was cutting his own types at the latest by 1738 and by 1746 the firm was styled as "W. Caslon & Son". William Caslon I retired from the business in 1758 and moved out of the city to
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By the end of Caslon's life his types were quite conservative in design, although very popular. They therefore did not follow the more delicate, stylised and experimental "transitional" styles gaining ground in Europe taking inspiration from calligraphy and
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that "during one of these disagreements...Caslon was so apprehensive of personal violence that, to avoid a bombardment of rotten eggs and other objectionable missiles, he took the prudent course of leaving the foundry by a window which opened on to the
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comments that this size (Canon or 48pt) only has some features of late eighteenth-century transitional typefaces: " is more a transitional and shows a hesitation in design not found in the text sizes. This face seems to disappear from all specimens
403:, (1730–1795) and their two sons: William Caslon III (1754–1833), and his younger brother Henry until his death in 1788. Henry Caslon's widow was Elizabeth, née Rowe. An obituary of William Caslon II's widow Elizabeth Caslon in the
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published a blackletter typeface, Parliament, based on the ultra-bold Caslon Foundry blackletter types of the early nineteenth century; another blackletter font family based on the Caslon Foundry's blackletter types is Avebury by
1268:, although again this is poorly documented in the Caslon-era specimens for his foundry because Caslon III seemingly took duplicate matrices for exotic types on leaving the family business which he tended to show on his specimens.
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William Caslon III decided to leave the family business in 1792, buying up the foundry of Joseph Jackson (see below). In 1793, the major type founders in London formed a society or association, with the goal of functioning as a
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script and an extra size of Syriac, although new flowers had been added. It attacked imitators of the Caslon foundry's types, writing that "the acknowledged excellence of this foundry...has excited the jealousy of the envious".
194:, who wrote a manual of how type was made. However, London was seemingly not a hub of skill in typefounding and many of the types available in London were of poor quality. In the second half of the seventeenth century the
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From 1793 to 1819 a separate Caslon foundry was operated by William Caslon III and then his son William Caslon IV, who split off from the family business. This was also bought by a predecessor company of Stephenson Blake.
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230:. He began a career in London with work like cutting the royal coat of arms into government firearms and tooling for bookbinders. The quality of his work came to the attention of printers, who engaged him to cut first
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saw the fifteen years of the foundry's history after William Caslon II died in 1778 (the period of Hansard's childhood) as a period of stagnation, with "little augmentation" to its stock of punches. Hansard wrote in
238:. Specimens of the Caslon foundry published under the management of William Caslon II but in William Caslon I's lifetime wrote that he established his type foundry in 1720. His first roman type appeared around 1725;
4784:
Lane, John A. (2013). "The Printing Office of Gerrit Harmansz van Riemsdijck, Israël Abrahamsz de Paull, Abraham Olofsz, Andries Pietersz, Jan Claesz Groenewoudt & Elizabeth Abrahams Wiaer c. 1660–1709".
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The printing equipment division and the French branch of the company became separate companies after the takeover. Materials of the Paris branch of the company, the Fonderie Caslon, are now held by the
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On the 1821 specimen the title page is undated but 1821 is on the front board. On both of the two surviving copies, the name is changed in pen from "Caslon and Catherwood" to "Henry Caslon"; see below.
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We now know that Caslon moved from Old Street to Chiswell Street in 1737/8. As far as we know, all of the Chiswell Street specimens dated "1734" were issued in various editions of the Chambers'
3886:"Dammit, the newspaper archive is the perfect procrastination tool 😱 From 1999 article on desktop publishing to Caslon and Stephenson Blake merge (1937), the history of Caslon foundry (1910) …"
906:. The old house that had been the foundry's base for over 170 years was demolished in 1910 and replaced by modern premises. During the 1920s and 1930s it manufactured several types designed by
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William Caslon II continued the business with success until his death in 1778. In c. 1774 – 1778, he introduced some very large poster-size types, likely intended for stagecoach services.
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332:, Caslon's brother Samuel worked at the foundry for a time as a mould maker before quitting following a dispute and moving back to Birmingham to work for another type founder, Anderton.
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William Caslon's specimen sheet (dated 1734 but actually issued from 1738 onwards). Some of the types shown were not cut by Caslon, most notably the French Canon roman (probably cut by
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Report of the Committee of the Society of Arts (etc.) Together with the Approved Communications and Evidence Upon the Same, Relative to the Mode of Preventing the Forgery of Bank Notes
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Caslon's type designs were based closely on the seventeenth-century Dutch types popular in London at the time, cut by punchcutters including Nicolaes Briot and the Voskens family. In
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His family later had a tradition that he established his foundry in 1716, although 1720 is the date on William Caslon II's specimens made in his father's lifetime. Neil Macmillan in
851:, a Caslon family friend. However, the foundry switched from casting some of Caslon's original types, now branded as Caslon Old Face, with facsimiles that could be cast by machine.
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In the late nineteenth century, the foundry's historic materials and building remained largely intact, retaining an eighteenth-century sales ledger and a letter from the eccentric
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A Sequel to An Enquiry into the Nature of Certain Nineteenth Century Pamphlets by John Carter and Graham Pollard.; The Forgeries of H. Buxton Forman & T.J. Wise Re-examined
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The company name and many punches and matrices were bought up by Stephenson Blake, especially those of its best-selling types including the Caslon Old Face materials. The
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firm a credible competitor in the sale of modern-face text types and the big new commercial letters which had been developed during the first two decades of the century."
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The foundry was successful by 1730 and issued a first specimen around that time. Its first dated specimen appeared in 1734 and the inclusion of a specimen of its types in
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In the nineteenth century, the company established a division selling printing equipment. This section of the company continues to operate as of 2021, and is now branded
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Hansard wrote that Elizabeth Caslon, after remarrying Mr. Strong, died in Bristol in March 1809 after facing illness with "truly admirable" fortitude and is buried in
249:. He later moved to Helmet Row, then Ironmonger Row from 1727 to 1736, and in 1737 had moved to Chiswell Street, where it would remain for the next two hundred years.
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William Caslon III decided to move out of the family business. William Caslon I's apprentice Joseph Jackson had established a successful foundry at Dorset Street,
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the first William Caslon was peculiarly disadvantageous to Mrs. Caslon, as she never could be persuaded that any attempt to rival him could possibly be successful.
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976:, under the imprint Commercial Classics. This includes Brunel, a large family based on the work of John Isaac Drury and revivals of many other Caslon typefaces.
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Type foundries operated in London from the early days of printing. Some punchcutters worked in London in the seventeenth century, including Arthur Nicholls and
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Elizabeth Caslon decided to renew the foundry's materials, moving on from the types of William Caslon I which were going out of fashion. According to Hansard:
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The Caslon-Smith family (now named Caslon) continued to own the Caslon type foundry for the rest of its existence, and as of 2021 continue to own Caslon Ltd.
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in particular has published a large series of digitisations of types from Caslon and other early nineteenth century British foundries through his company
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552:. When he died childless in 1792, William Caslon III bought up the Jackson foundry and sold his shares in the family business. He moved the foundry to
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A dissertation upon English typographical founders and founderies (1778) : with a catalogue and specimen of the type-foundry of John James (1782)
929:, meanwhile, bought up many of the other punches, including many nineteenth-century types and sets of decorated wood alphabets it had bought from the
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to add the prefix Caslon to their own, and are now known as Caslon-Smiths. For myself I retain my own name and still subscribe myself Thos. W. Smith.
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4746:(1996). "From the Grecs du Roi to the Homer Greek: Two Centuries of Greek Printing Types in the Wake of Garamond". In Macrakis, Michael S. (ed.).
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Feeling, naturally, regret that the honoured and historical name of "Caslon" should die out...my sons, at my request and recommendation, took the
556:. Caslon apparently became bankrupt on January 5, 1793, but later rebuilt the business, moving it back to Salisbury Square. (Jackson's apprentice
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Typologia: Studies in Type Design & Type Making, with Comments on the Invention of Typography, the First Types, Legibility, and Fine Printing
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Jackson had worked on large types, although no specimen of them is known, and Vincent Figgins is recorded as stating that they were new in 1810.
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571:, the first ever, which was branded as "Egyptian". In 1819, Caslon sold the foundry and it was bought by Blake, Garnett & Co., which became
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During the late 18th century the poster began to appear, creating a new market for printing. A watercolour of a theatre shows posters outside
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By the time of William Caslon I's death, and certainly by the death of William Caslon II, aesthetic tastes were on the verge of changing.
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thought that the new non-descending characters had been poorly made, with different stroke widths to the modern-face they were added to.
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James Mosley describes the Fry Foundry imitation of the Caslon types as "a very close copy that is not easy to tell from the original."
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described Caslon's type as "a happy archaism". His other types were also close copies of earlier designs: his blackletter types on
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Mosley, James (1981). "A specimen of printing types cut by William Caslon, London 1766; A facsimile with introduction and notes".
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1233:. If Hansard's information is correct, she may be the Elizabeth Strong with a memorial in the cathedral who died March 3rd, 1809.
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Specimen of Printing Types by Henry Caslon, Chiswell Street, London: Letter-Founder to Her Majesty's Honourable Board of Trade
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Caslon is known to have had other industrial interests, which apparently included a gasworks, later amalgamated into the
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set up a Scottish type foundry in the 1740s and the low cost of labour in Scotland allowed it to undercut London prices.
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The present proprietor, by whose ancestor it was established...is induced to part with from his increasing infirmities.
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The Caslon foundry's 1910 premises were destroyed by bombing in WWII; Chiswell Street is pictured in a 1941 painting by
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had recast this Caslon look-alike from original matrices and began to sell it under the name of Georgian Old Face.
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5125:(1964). "Caslon Architectural: On the origin and design of the large letters cut and cast by William Caslon II".
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949:, while as of 2022 the printing equipment division, Caslon Ltd., continues in business, now based in St. Albans.
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has speculated that this is a confusion with the fact that the successors to his foundry introduced them, while
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Reports of Cases Argued and Ruled at Nisi Prius: In the Courts of Queen's Bench, Common Pleas, & Exchequer
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began using the original Caslon types again for book printing, and they gradually returned to popularity with
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designs, originally French and long standard in British printing, his Greek types on the sixteenth century
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933:. These were later taken over by the St Bride Library, while Stephenson Blake's materials passed to the
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Carrington, Frederick Augustus; Marshman, Joshua Ryland; Court, Great Britain Central Criminal (1843).
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The firm's labour history was not always harmonious. The firm had two apprentices, Thomas Cottrell and
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Bowman, J. H. (1996). "Greek Type Design: the British Contribution". In Macrakis, Michael S. (ed.).
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Modernised to avoid confusion. Hansard wrote 520l and 3000l, a common way of writing £ at the time.
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1821–1840: Henry Caslon II, H. W. Caslon and M. W. Livermore (trading as Caslon, Son and Livermore)
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In 1841, the Caslon foundry issued a specimen book showing its large range of typefaces, including
607:. Henry Caslon was Henry Bessemer's godfather and namesake. Bessemer later set up his own foundry.
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compares the Double Pica (22pt) types cut by William Caslon and for Elizabeth Caslon in the 1790s.
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Greek Printing Types in Britain: from the late eighteenth century to the early twentieth century
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Elizabeth Caslon, widow of William Caslon II, was one of the foundry's owners from 1778 to 1795
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The Origin, Progress, and Present Practice of the Bankrupt Law: Both in England and in Ireland
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Specimens of types & borders and illustrated catalogue of printers' joinery and materials
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The Caslon foundry ceased trading at the end of 1936 and was liquidated the following year.
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4864:"Dusting Latin Type History #1 on the Origin of Bold and Fat Faces with Sébastien Morlighem"
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The 'modern face' in France and Great Britain, 1781-1825: typography as an ideal of progress
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Specimen of Printing Types of the Caslon and Glasgow Letter Foundry, Chiswell Street, London
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4769:. Amsterdam: Special Collections of the University of Amsterdam. pp. 70–86, 211–213.
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on John James' death in 1772 it was purchased by the antiquarian and insurance pioneer
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4603:
3380:
Ovink, G.W. (1971). "Nineteenth-century reactions against the didone type model – I".
3086:
5163:
1078:
998:
982:
962:
314:
295:
4917:
Mosley, James (1993a). "The Caslon Type Foundry in 1902: Selections from an Album".
4184:
2884:"Comments on Typophile thread – "Unborn: sans serif lower case in the 19th century""
1286:
has speculated that Jackson began work on them but the Caslons finished the project.
1121:
he cut the foundry's Anglo-Saxon characters which appeared on its specimens by 1734.
222:
William Caslon (1692 – 23 January 1766) was an engraver who had come to London from
202:
in 1670–2 and the London typefounder John James in 1710 imported matrices from it.
4883:
4743:
4691:
4622:
4580:
4576:
4546:
Typographia: An Historical Sketch of the Origin and Progress of the Art of Printing
3351:
2828:
2145:
2022:
1283:
1279:
934:
894:
The Caslon foundry continued to be prosperous for some more decades, licensing the
829:
630:
display typefaces, besides its range of text faces. Example pages are shown below:
549:
454:
291:
263:
215:
191:
180:
137:
125:
44:
32:
4973:
4707:
3517:
2350:
1428:
1063:
Briot, who was based in Amsterdam, is not to be confused with the French engraver
794:
Johnson notes that "very few types are the same" in the 1857 specimen as in 1841.
4981:
Musson, A. E. (1955). "The London Society of Master Letter-Founders, 1793–1820".
4369:
3719:
3567:
3531:
1500:
1155:, published by T. Evans and with an introduction credited to an anonymous editor.
282:
notes that his 1764 specimen "might have been produced a hundred years earlier".
4994:
4852:
4554:
4242:
3965:. International Typeface Corporation. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012
1091:
287:
4965:
4932:
Ornamented types: twenty-three alphabets from the foundry of Louis John Poucheé
3509:
1710:
4798:
1671:
911:
783:
657:
Fat face italic; the sample text "VANWAYMAN" shows its range of swash capitals
627:
623:
368:
235:
160:
133:
108:
4715:
Lane, John A. (1993). "The Caslon Type Specimen in the Museum Van Het Boek".
4125:
2938:
259:
made it well-known. By 1763 its stock had expanded to be shown in book form.
4728:
4694:(1991). "Arthur Nicholls and his Greek Type for the King's Printing House".
4589:"A to Z of Founder's London: A showing and synopsis of ITC Founder's Caslon"
3755:
3393:
1184:
907:
876:
837:
806:
576:
525:
396:
275:
149:
4560:
Notes on a Century of Typography at the University Press, Oxford, 1693–1794
875:
By the late nineteenth century it was clear that for large-run printing of
5009:
Number of Eminent Writers and Ingenious Artists; with a Very Copious Index
883:, which cast fresh new type for each printing job, and in the case of the
2671:[Untitled fragment of a specimen book of printing types, c. 1816]
619:
599:
During the early nineteenth century, the foundry employed as punchcutter
246:
5012:. Vol. 2. Printed for the author , by Nichols, Son, and Bentley ...
4317:
3751:"Best of British: A historic type firm that's still at the cutting edge"
863:
Materials of the Fonderie Caslon at the Musée de l'imprimerie de Nantes.
371:, the foundry's last owner, commented that the foundry began operations
301:
4432:
Sir Henry Bessemer, F.R.S.: an autobiography; with a concluding chapter
3893:
2408:
4446:
Greek Printing Types in Britain in the Nineteenth Century: A Catalogue
2891:
2157:
958:
946:
450:
239:
129:
112:
91:
4044:
4042:
4040:
2691:
2689:
152:, was the oldest type foundry in London, and the most prestigious.
4934:. I.M. Imprimit in association with the St. Bride Printing Library.
3851:(1st ed.). Nottingham, England: Plough Press. pp. 101–2.
31:
Painting of William Caslon, founder of the Caslon type foundry, by
992:
866:
858:
819:
814:
760:
586:
535:
474:
459:
417:
386:
300:
209:
3998:
Mosley, James (1982). "Eric Gill and the Golden Cockerel Type".
4939:
Mosley, James (2001). "Memories of an Apprentice Typefounder".
2641:
John Cheney and His Descendants: Printers in Banbury Since 1767
1098:
in Birmingham that appeared towards the end of Caslon's career.
965:
based on the Caslon Foundry's later types have been published.
540:
William Caslon IV's Egyptian typeface in an early specimen book
294:
model and his Armenian type on types cut in the Netherlands by
245:
Caslon's premises as a gun engraver were based in Vine Street,
198:
was one of the largest centres of printing expertise, and both
4863:
4154:
1672:"John Lane & Mathieu Lommen: ATypI Amsterdam Presentation"
1151:
The specimen is included in a reprint edition of John Smith's
3718:
Squire, Sir John Collings; Scott-James, Rolfe Arnold (1923).
3346:
3344:
3342:
1483:
1481:
887:
cast each line in rigid blocks. In 1897 James Figgins of the
1054:
suggests that the foundry opened "probably in 1722 or 1723".
144:, probably in 1720. For most of its history it was based at
5141:
4854:
Robert Thorne and the Introduction of the 'modern' fat face
2378:[Untitled fragment of a specimen of printing types]
2229:
2227:
524:, an attempt to create a new paper-saving typeface with no
497:
Much of Drury's work survives intact in the collection of
4015:
4013:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
610:
In 1821, a Caslon & Catherwood specimen introduced a
3438:
3436:
3434:
2811:
2809:
2485:
2483:
163:. The type foundry section of the company was bought by
4912:. Oxford Bibliographical Society/University of Reading.
3679:"Eminent Living Printers No. IX: Mr Henry James Tucker"
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
902:
and issuing a specimen designed by the leading printer
367:
from those of that celebrated Founder." Decades later,
2708:
2706:
2704:
2341:
2339:
2099:
2097:
1242:
Most of Austin's punches survive at St. Bride library.
805:
On 14 July 1874, Henry William Caslon died at home in
399:
in 1778, ownership of the foundry was divided between
5190:
Companies based in the City and District of St Albans
5109:
Treadwell, Michael (1980). "The Grover typefoundry".
4954:
Mosley, James (2004). "Jackson, Joseph (1733–1792)".
2218:
Freemason's Magazine, Or General and Complete Library
813:, developing a French branch of the company based in
5091:
Revival Type: Digital Typefaces Inspired by the Past
3744:
3742:
2619:. University of California Press. pp. 141–142.
1849:
1847:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1134:
also ran a chocolate business. Its name survives in
242:
is the name now given to designs based on his work.
3871:
2754:
2695:
1949:
1873:
1871:
464:In the 1790s the Caslon foundry began to introduce
183:, carefully cutting punches in steel used to stamp
104:
86:
76:
68:
58:
50:
40:
5175:Companies based in the London Borough of Islington
3493:
3059:"A. Bessemer's Specimen of Printing Types, 1830".
2784:William Caslon, of Finsbury-square, letter-founder
1417:Mosley, James (2008). "William Caslon the elder".
3141:"Arbor, a Fresh Interpretation of Caslon Italian"
2933:
2931:
2435:"Strong, Elizabeth, d. 1809; BRSBC.M428 on eHive"
1164:The Glasgow foundry is presumably the foundry of
786:for high-class printing in a traditional style.
324:. According to Jackson's later client and friend
5170:Letterpress font foundries of the United Kingdom
3652:"Atelier de Typographie de Défense de la France"
1505:The Printers' Journal and Typographical Magazine
4910:British type specimens before 1831: a hand-list
3034:"Sir Henry Bessemer's Connection with Printing"
1005:1809–1821: Henry Caslon II and F. F. Catherwood
937:collection when it ceased to cast metal type.
4886:(1967). "The Early Career of William Caslon".
2859:Letters of credit : a view of type design
1810:"Type Designs of the Past and Present, Part 3"
567:Some time before 1816, Caslon IV introduced a
504:From 1807 the foundry was paid to cast a new "
5046:A History of the Old English Letter Foundries
5023:A History of the Old English Letter Foundries
1339:
891:commented "the Lino is ruining us entirely".
8:
4960:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
4767:The Diaspora of Armenian Printing, 1512-2012
3626:
3504:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2943:. Caslon & Catherwood/Henry Caslon. 1821
2605:
2603:
2187:Sherman, Nick; Mosley, James (9 July 2012).
1536:
1534:
989:List of names and proprietors of the foundry
19:
4596:Friends of the St. Bride's Printing Library
4527:(1965). "Caslon Punches: An Interim Note".
4031:
3554:
3454:
1889:
1622:
1586:
1487:
1423:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
5111:Journal of the Printing Historical Society
4897:Journal of the Printing Historical Society
4888:Journal of the Printing Historical Society
4529:Journal of the Printing Historical Society
4448:. Oxford: Oxford Bibliographical Society.
4155:"The Past is the Present with Paul Barnes"
3828:. London: H. W. Caslon & Co. Ltd. 1915
3171:Ultrabold: The Journal of St Bride Library
3061:Journal of the Printing Historical Society
2653:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1082:type of the previous century, the work of
25:
18:
5094:. Yale University Press. pp. 79–84.
4625:(2000). "Caslon's punches and matrices".
2992:
1747:
1547:. Yale University Press. pp. 63–64.
800:parade ground at the rear of the premises
5185:British companies disestablished in 1937
4463:Bigmore, E. C.; Wyman, C. W. H. (1880).
3408:"[Advertisement] To Capitalists"
3186:Letters of Credit: A View of Type Design
3020:
2922:Newsletter of the Camden History Society
2214:"Mrs. Elizabeth Caslon, with a portrait"
4957:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4112:
4019:
3810:
3705:
3638:
3501:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2980:
2802:. W. Clarke and Sons. pp. 379–380.
2318:
2233:
1997:
1968:
1420:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1332:
1023:
635:
591:Porsonic Greek typefaces, 1821 specimen
512:based on the handwriting of classicist
187:, the moulds used to cast metal type.
5077:Practical Hints on Decorative Printing
3976:
3442:
3244:
3232:
3208:
2815:
2646:
2594:
2525:
2513:
2501:
2489:
2421:
2330:
2306:
2294:
2282:
2245:
2057:
1937:
1901:
1778:
1759:
1735:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1610:
1598:
1574:
1525:
1461:"A lost Caslon type: Long Primer No 1"
1446:
1387:
1317:In 1840, Gertrude Catherwood, wife of
481:Practical Hints in Decorative Printing
4748:Greek Letters: From Tablets to Pixels
4674:Selected essays on books and printing
4490:. Oak Knoll Press. pp. 129–144.
4488:Greek Letters: From Tablets to Pixels
4074:
2116:Smith, John (1787). Anonymous (ed.).
2009:
1980:
1853:
1838:
179:Metal type was traditionally made by
35:. He holds his specimen of his types.
16:English type foundry, founded c. 1720
7:
4466:A Bibliography of Printing: Volume I
3798:
3308:
3256:
3220:
2961:
2712:
2103:
2072:"Old and New Fashions in Typography"
2045:
1925:
1913:
1877:
1696:
1404:
1375:
1363:
1351:
717:Condensed sans-serif italic capitals
615:William Livermore became a partner.
516:, which had been cut by punchcutter
401:his widow, Elizabeth (née Cartlitch)
3495:"Catherwood, Frederick (1799–1854)"
3038:The Printing Times and Lithographer
2833:"The Nymph and the Grot: an Update"
2351:"Brunel Collection: Read the story"
1117:And possibly earlier: according to
741:Italian (reverse-contrast) typeface
528:. The type did not become popular.
3959:"Eric Gill and the Cockerel Press"
2399:@commerclassics (March 15, 2019).
1541:Macmillan, Neil (1 January 2006).
957:Besides the many digitisations of
871:The Caslon foundry's 1915 specimen
603:, the father of the industrialist
14:
4563:. Oxford: Oxford University Press
4422:William Caslon, Master of Letters
3872:Howes, Mosley & Chartres 1998
3849:George W. Jones: Printer Laureate
2755:Howes, Mosley & Chartres 1998
2696:Howes, Mosley & Chartres 1998
1950:Howes, Mosley & Chartres 1998
959:William Caslon I's original types
435:, his 1825 textbook on printing:
3933:"William Caslon, Letter Founder"
3167:"A Short History of the Italian"
2643:. Banbury. 1936. pp. 26–31.
1717:. TYPO, republished by PampaType
1501:"Messrs. Caslon and Co's Dinner"
746:
734:
722:
710:
698:
686:
674:
662:
650:
638:
305:The Caslon family chest tomb at
5150:library of metal type specimens
4051:"The materials of typefounding"
3884:@GraphicGirl (April 19, 2021).
3677:Bassett, John (November 1890).
3656:Musée de la résistance en ligne
3599:. Amberley Publishing Limited.
3536:. H.W. Caslon and Company. 1857
3298:. 29 August 1828. p. 1638.
2725:Fraas, Mitch (9 January 2014).
2025:(2004). "Caslon's Patagonian".
1014:1850–1873: H. W. Caslon and Co.
5180:1720 establishments in England
3908:"At The Caslon Letter Foundry"
3593:Tucker, Joan (15 March 2012).
2150:"Comments on Typophile thread"
2076:Journal of the Society of Arts
532:The second Caslon type foundry
1:
4862:Morlighem, Sébastien (2021).
4851:Morlighem, Sébastien (2020).
4836:Morlighem, Sébastien (2014).
3278:. 18 April 1826. p. 913.
3139:Shaw, Paul (5 October 2010).
2375:Caslon, Elizabeth (c. 1799).
753:Ultra-bold modern blackletter
729:Rounded and shaded sans-serif
395:Since William Caslon II died
4974:UK public library membership
4509:. Thessaloniki: Typophilia.
3720:"The Late Mr. Sydney Caslon"
3658:. Fondation de la Résistance
3518:UK public library membership
3473:. S. Sweet. pp. 431–433
2915:"The Dutton Street Gasworks"
2727:"Always check the endpapers"
2540:"Porson's Greek type design"
2261:A Specimen of Printing Types
2070:Reed, Talbot Baines (1890).
1928:, pp. 104–107, 129–130.
1429:UK public library membership
772:The Diary of Lady Willoughby
4708:10.1093/library/s6-13.4.297
4549:. Baldwin, Cradock and Joy.
4268:"Caslon Rounded Collection"
3687:. Chicago. pp. 150–151
3596:Ferries of the Upper Thames
3568:"The Caslon Letter Foundry"
3416:. W. Lewer. 10 October 1846
3356:"Recasting Caslon Old Face"
3188:. Boston: David R. Godine.
3115:"Caslon Italian Collection"
2861:. Boston: David R. Godine.
2674:. London: William Caslon IV
2668:Caslon, William IV (1816).
1711:"The Briot project. Part I"
1011:1840–1850: Caslon & Son
765:Title and last page of the
681:Antique (slab-serif) italic
5206:
4643:"A Note on William Caslon"
4185:"Isambard: read the story"
4089:"Pouchee's lost alphabets"
2940:Specimen of Printing Types
2796:Christian, Edward (1818).
2735:University of Pennsylvania
1865:Type Specimen Facsimiles 2
1297:Gas Light and Coke Company
828:on an 1877 Caslon-branded
510:Cambridge University Press
4995:10.1093/library/s5-X.2.86
4823:. Oxford University Press
4799:10.1163/15700690-12341283
3983:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3847:Wallis, Lawrence (2004).
1808:Morison, Stanley (1937).
1340:Barker & Collins 1983
612:reverse-contrast typeface
24:
4429:Bessemer, Henry (1905).
4405:. London: Scolar Press.
4401:; Collins, John (1983).
4343:"Parliament: How to use"
3627:Bigmore & Wyman 1880
3492:Aguirre, Robert (2009).
2258:Caslon, William (1785).
1544:An A–Z of Type Designers
1180:Daily Universal Register
1052:An A–Z of Type Designers
409:of March 1796 felt that:
136:. It was founded by the
4930:Mosley, James (1993b).
4729:10.1163/157006993X00235
4293:"Caslon French Antique"
4032:Reed & Johnson 1974
3555:Reed & Johnson 1974
3455:Reed & Johnson 1974
3394:10.1163/157006971X00301
3165:Shields, David (2008).
1890:Reed & Johnson 1974
1816:: 17–81. Archived from
1623:Reed & Johnson 1974
1587:Reed & Johnson 1974
1488:Reed & Johnson 1974
569:new sans-serif typeface
206:William Caslon I and II
200:Oxford University Press
4966:10.1093/ref:odnb/14539
4908:Mosley, James (1984).
4765:Lane, John A. (2012).
4676:. Van Gendt & Co.
4541:Hansard, Thomas Curson
4505:Bowman, J. H. (1998).
4444:Bowman, J. H. (1992).
4424:. The Roundwood Press.
4420:Ball, Johnson (1973).
3963:Upper & Lower Case
3510:10.1093/ref:odnb/38316
3321:Caslon, Henry (1841).
3184:Tracy, Walter (2003).
3010:. 1819. pp. 68–9.
2857:Tracy, Walter (2003).
2566:"Porson's Greek Types"
2564:Mosley, James (1960).
2189:"The Dunlap Broadside"
1130:The company's founder
1001:
900:American Type Founders
872:
864:
842:
832:
778:In the mid-1840s, the
775:
592:
541:
495:
484:
469:
442:
423:
416:
392:
377:
348:for historical value.
309:
219:
5080:. London. p. 72.
5039:Reed, Talbot Baines;
4844:University of Reading
3641:, pp. 36–37, 42.
2461:"New bottle old wine"
2119:The Printer's Grammar
1153:The Printer's Grammar
1140:Fry's Turkish Delight
1136:Fry's Chocolate Cream
1090:in Amsterdam and the
1084:Pierre-Simon Fournier
996:
943:Musée de l'imprimerie
881:hot metal typesetting
870:
862:
838:necessary legal steps
834:
823:
764:
590:
539:
486:
478:
463:
437:
428:Thomas Curson Hansard
421:
411:
390:
373:
307:St Luke's, Old Street
304:
213:
2913:Mills, Mary (2001).
2888:Typophile (archived)
2220:. J.W. Bunney. 1796.
2160:on 28 September 2017
1319:Frederick Catherwood
927:Monotype Corporation
522:Rusher's Patent Type
406:Freemason's Magazine
132:which cast and sold
5018:Reed, Talbot Baines
4750:. Oak Knoll Press.
4239:Schwartz, Christian
3457:, pp. 250–251.
3259:, pp. 359–360.
3235:, pp. 119–124.
3083:Schwartz, Christian
2528:, pp. 131–134.
1841:, pp. 113–115.
1507:. September 3, 1866
1465:Type Foundry (blog)
1354:, pp. 301–303.
426:The London printer
122:Caslon type foundry
21:
20:Caslon Type Foundry
5041:Johnson, Alfred F.
4815:Ricks, Christopher
4807:Mores, Edward Rowe
4737:from 1738 to 1753.
4670:Johnson, Alfred F.
4639:Johnson, Alfred F.
4609:on 1 November 2005
4473:. pp. 103–109
4247:Christian Schwartz
3725:The London Mercury
3684:The Inland Printer
3295:The London Gazette
3275:The London Gazette
2772:Universal Magazine
2757:, pp. 20, 30.
2613:(1 January 1977).
2570:The Penrose Annual
1637:, pp. 74, 76.
1378:, p. 162–166.
1002:
873:
865:
833:
784:fine book printers
776:
605:Sir Henry Bessemer
593:
542:
485:
470:
424:
393:
310:
220:
5129:. pp. 57–72.
5101:978-0-300-21929-6
4972:(Subscription or
4650:Monotype Recorder
4585:Chartres, Richard
3937:Spitalfields Life
3912:Spitalfields Life
3780:. Companies House
3606:978-1-4456-2007-7
3516:(Subscription or
2626:978-0-520-03308-5
2285:, pp. 89–90.
2236:, pp. 351–2.
2173:Stephenson, Blake
2012:, pp. 59–62.
1904:, pp. 86–87.
1750:, pp. 48–53.
1699:, pp. 408–9.
1613:, pp. 73–74.
1554:978-0-300-11151-4
1427:(Subscription or
1231:Bristol Cathedral
1119:Edward Rowe Mores
1076:For instance the
855:Twentieth century
849:Philip Thicknesse
811:Caslon's Circular
705:Shaded slab-serif
693:Shaded slab serif
645:Fat-face typeface
479:William Savage's
346:Edward Rowe Mores
330:Edward Rowe Mores
280:Alfred F. Johnson
118:
117:
5197:
5155:Photograph, 1910
5130:
5118:
5105:
5081:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5013:
4998:
4977:
4969:
4950:
4935:
4926:
4913:
4904:
4891:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4858:
4847:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4802:
4780:
4761:
4739:
4711:
4687:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4647:
4634:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4608:
4602:. Archived from
4600:St Bride Library
4593:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4550:
4536:
4520:
4501:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4471:Bernard Quaritch
4459:
4440:
4425:
4416:
4391:Cited literature
4385:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4368:Parkinson, Jim.
4365:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4347:Hoefler & Co
4339:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4322:Jonathan Hoefler
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4214:"Notes on Notes"
4206:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4153:(10 July 2019).
4147:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4084:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4046:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4017:
4008:
4007:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3982:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3881:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3778:"Caslon Limited"
3774:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3746:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3513:
3497:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3421:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3348:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2935:
2926:
2925:
2919:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2890:. Archived from
2879:
2873:
2872:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2837:Typefoundry blog
2825:
2819:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2699:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2652:
2644:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2607:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2343:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2156:. Archived from
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1797:. pp. 52–3.
1788:
1782:
1776:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1709:de Jong, Feike.
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1538:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1322:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1293:
1287:
1275:
1269:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1227:
1221:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1175:
1169:
1166:Alexander Wilson
1162:
1156:
1149:
1143:
1128:
1122:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1096:John Baskerville
1092:Baskerville type
1074:
1068:
1061:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1028:
978:Jonathan Hoefler
885:Linotype machine
750:
738:
726:
714:
702:
690:
678:
666:
654:
642:
601:Anthony Bessemer
573:Stephenson Blake
546:Salisbury Square
508:" for Greek for
499:St Bride Library
357:John Baskerville
350:Alexander Wilson
268:display typeface
165:Stephenson Blake
142:William Caslon I
140:and typefounder
81:Stephenson Blake
29:
22:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5160:
5159:
5138:
5133:
5123:Wolpe, Berthold
5121:
5108:
5102:
5084:
5072:Savage, William
5070:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5038:
5029:
5027:
5016:
5001:
4980:
4971:
4953:
4938:
4929:
4916:
4907:
4894:
4882:
4873:
4871:
4861:
4850:
4835:
4826:
4824:
4805:
4783:
4777:
4764:
4758:
4742:
4714:
4690:
4684:
4668:
4659:
4657:
4645:
4637:
4621:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4591:
4575:
4566:
4564:
4553:
4539:
4523:
4517:
4504:
4498:
4485:
4476:
4474:
4462:
4456:
4443:
4428:
4419:
4413:
4399:Barker, Nicolas
4397:
4393:
4388:
4378:
4376:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4352:
4350:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4326:
4324:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4301:
4299:
4297:Commercial Type
4291:
4290:
4286:
4276:
4274:
4272:Commercial Type
4266:
4265:
4261:
4251:
4249:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4222:
4220:
4218:Commercial Type
4208:
4207:
4203:
4193:
4191:
4189:Commercial Type
4179:
4178:
4174:
4164:
4162:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4134:
4132:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4111:
4107:
4097:
4095:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4073:
4069:
4059:
4057:
4049:Mosley, James.
4048:
4047:
4038:
4030:
4026:
4018:
4011:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3975:
3968:
3966:
3957:Mosley, James.
3956:
3955:
3951:
3941:
3939:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3916:
3914:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3831:
3829:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3809:
3805:
3797:
3793:
3783:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3761:
3759:
3749:Eccles, Simon.
3748:
3747:
3740:
3730:
3728:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3690:
3688:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3661:
3659:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3637:
3633:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3577:
3575:
3572:British Printer
3566:
3565:
3561:
3553:
3549:
3539:
3537:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3515:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3476:
3474:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3441:
3432:
3419:
3417:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3362:
3350:
3349:
3340:
3330:
3328:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3307:
3303:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3243:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3121:
3119:Commercial Type
3112:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3041:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3023:, pp. 4–8.
3019:
3015:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2979:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2944:
2937:
2936:
2929:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2895:
2894:on 28 June 2014
2882:Mosley, James.
2881:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2841:
2839:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2807:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2777:
2775:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2737:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2711:
2702:
2694:
2687:
2677:
2675:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2611:Goudy, Frederic
2609:
2608:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2579:
2577:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2538:Mosley, James.
2537:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2357:
2355:Commercial Type
2345:
2344:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2321:, pp. 352.
2317:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2225:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2163:
2161:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1459:Mosley, James.
1458:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1436:
1426:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1294:
1290:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:was continuing.
1196:
1192:
1176:
1172:
1163:
1159:
1150:
1146:
1129:
1125:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1102:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1021:
991:
974:Commercial Type
955:
931:Pouchée foundry
920:
904:George W. Jones
889:Figgins foundry
879:the future was
857:
759:
758:
757:
754:
751:
742:
739:
730:
727:
718:
715:
706:
703:
694:
691:
682:
679:
670:
667:
658:
655:
646:
643:
585:
558:Vincent Figgins
554:Finsbury Square
534:
506:Porson typeface
385:
341:
284:Stanley Morison
208:
177:
146:Chiswell Street
113:Caslon typeface
111:
100:
94:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5203:
5201:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5162:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5144:
5137:
5136:External links
5134:
5132:
5131:
5119:
5106:
5100:
5088:(April 2017).
5082:
5068:
5055:
5036:
5026:. Elliot Stock
5014:
4999:
4978:
4951:
4936:
4927:
4914:
4905:
4892:
4880:
4859:
4848:
4833:
4803:
4793:(4): 311–439.
4781:
4775:
4762:
4756:
4740:
4712:
4702:(4): 297–322.
4688:
4682:
4666:
4635:
4619:
4573:
4551:
4537:
4521:
4515:
4502:
4496:
4483:
4460:
4454:
4441:
4426:
4417:
4411:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4360:
4334:
4309:
4284:
4259:
4230:
4201:
4172:
4142:
4117:
4105:
4087:Daines, Mike.
4079:
4067:
4036:
4034:, p. 253.
4024:
4009:
3990:
3949:
3924:
3899:
3892:) – via
3876:
3864:
3857:
3839:
3815:
3803:
3801:, p. 245.
3791:
3769:
3738:
3710:
3698:
3669:
3643:
3631:
3629:, p. 105.
3619:
3605:
3585:
3559:
3557:, p. 251.
3547:
3523:
3484:
3459:
3447:
3430:
3399:
3372:
3338:
3313:
3311:, p. 254.
3301:
3281:
3261:
3249:
3247:, p. 133.
3237:
3225:
3223:, p. 124.
3213:
3201:
3194:
3176:
3157:
3131:
3113:Barnes, Paul.
3105:
3087:"Type Tuesday"
3070:
3051:
3025:
3013:
2997:
2993:Morlighem 2020
2985:
2966:
2964:, p. 253.
2954:
2927:
2905:
2874:
2867:
2849:
2820:
2805:
2788:
2759:
2747:
2731:Unique at Penn
2717:
2715:, p. 320.
2700:
2685:
2660:
2632:
2625:
2599:
2597:, p. 119.
2587:
2556:
2530:
2518:
2516:, p. 118.
2506:
2504:, p. 114.
2494:
2492:, p. 108.
2479:
2444:
2426:
2414:
2407:) – via
2391:
2367:
2335:
2323:
2311:
2309:, p. 101.
2299:
2287:
2275:
2250:
2238:
2223:
2205:
2179:
2137:
2108:
2106:, p. 310.
2093:
2062:
2050:
2048:, p. 319.
2038:
2014:
2002:
2000:, p. 351.
1985:
1973:
1971:, p. 359.
1954:
1942:
1930:
1918:
1906:
1894:
1882:
1867:
1858:
1843:
1831:
1800:
1783:
1764:
1752:
1748:Treadwell 1980
1740:
1728:
1701:
1689:
1663:
1651:
1639:
1627:
1625:, p. 233.
1615:
1603:
1601:, pp. 68.
1591:
1589:, p. 256.
1579:
1567:
1553:
1530:
1518:
1492:
1490:, p. 239.
1477:
1451:
1434:
1409:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1366:, p. 297.
1356:
1344:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1310:
1301:
1288:
1270:
1266:Pierre Haultin
1256:
1252:Frederic Goudy
1244:
1235:
1222:
1209:
1200:
1190:
1170:
1157:
1144:
1132:Dr. Joseph Fry
1123:
1110:
1100:
1069:
1065:Nicholas Briot
1056:
1043:
1033:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
990:
987:
954:
951:
919:
916:
898:typeface from
856:
853:
780:Chiswick Press
767:Chiswick Press
756:
755:
752:
745:
743:
740:
733:
731:
728:
721:
719:
716:
709:
707:
704:
697:
695:
692:
685:
683:
680:
673:
671:
668:
661:
659:
656:
649:
647:
644:
637:
634:
633:
632:
584:
581:
533:
530:
518:Richard Austin
514:Richard Porson
384:
381:
369:Dr. Edmund Fry
340:
337:
322:Joseph Jackson
270:cut by Moxon.
228:Worcestershire
207:
204:
196:Dutch Republic
176:
173:
116:
115:
106:
102:
101:
98:United Kingdom
96:
90:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
63:William Caslon
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
42:
38:
37:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5202:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5167:
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5156:
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5151:
5149:
5145:
5143:
5140:
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5135:
5128:
5124:
5120:
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5112:
5107:
5103:
5097:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5069:
5058:
5056:9780712906357
5052:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5010:
5004:
5003:Nichols, John
5000:
4996:
4992:
4989:(2): 86–102.
4988:
4984:
4979:
4975:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4937:
4933:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4915:
4911:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4884:Mosley, James
4881:
4870:. Type@Cooper
4869:
4865:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4834:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4812:
4811:Carter, Harry
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4778:
4776:9789081926409
4772:
4768:
4763:
4759:
4757:9781884718274
4753:
4749:
4745:
4744:Lane, John A.
4741:
4738:
4736:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4692:Lane, John A.
4689:
4685:
4683:9789063000165
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4655:
4651:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4623:Howes, Justin
4620:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4581:Mosley, James
4578:
4577:Howes, Justin
4574:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4525:Carter, Harry
4522:
4518:
4516:9789607285201
4512:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4497:9781884718274
4493:
4489:
4484:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4461:
4457:
4455:9780901420503
4451:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4427:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4412:9780859676380
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4375:
4374:Jim Parkinson
4371:
4364:
4361:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4335:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4260:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4231:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4202:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4176:
4173:
4161:. Type@Cooper
4160:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4106:
4094:
4090:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4068:
4056:
4052:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4028:
4025:
4022:, p. 34.
4021:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3950:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3877:
3874:, p. 14.
3873:
3868:
3865:
3860:
3858:9780972563673
3854:
3850:
3843:
3840:
3827:
3826:
3819:
3816:
3813:, p. 37.
3812:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3792:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3714:
3711:
3708:, p. 42.
3707:
3702:
3699:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3673:
3670:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3620:
3608:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3589:
3586:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3548:
3535:
3534:
3527:
3524:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3496:
3488:
3485:
3472:
3471:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3448:
3445:, p. 58.
3444:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3415:
3414:
3413:The Athenaeum
3409:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3373:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3352:Mosley, James
3347:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3326:
3325:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3214:
3211:, p. 29.
3210:
3205:
3202:
3197:
3195:9781567922400
3191:
3187:
3180:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3158:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3132:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3106:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3052:
3040:: 226–7. 1880
3039:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3021:Bessemer 1905
3017:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2986:
2983:, p. 35.
2982:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2955:
2942:
2941:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2906:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2875:
2870:
2868:9781567922400
2864:
2860:
2853:
2850:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2829:Mosley, James
2824:
2821:
2818:, p. 99.
2817:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2800:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2698:, p. 30.
2697:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2673:
2672:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2557:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2453:Walters, John
2448:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2424:, p. 20.
2423:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2392:
2380:
2379:
2371:
2368:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2333:, p. 86.
2332:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2300:
2297:, p. 90.
2296:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2276:
2263:
2262:
2254:
2251:
2248:, p. 27.
2247:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2174:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2146:Mosley, James
2141:
2138:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2063:
2060:, p. 89.
2059:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2023:Howes, Justin
2018:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1983:, p. 80.
1982:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1952:, p. 12.
1951:
1946:
1943:
1940:, p. 10.
1939:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1820:on 2017-09-04
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1792:Johnson, A.F.
1787:
1784:
1781:, p. 14.
1780:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1762:, p. 22.
1761:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1661:, p. 11.
1660:
1655:
1652:
1649:, p. 76.
1648:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1577:, p. 73.
1576:
1571:
1568:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1528:, p. 67.
1527:
1522:
1519:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1422:
1421:
1413:
1410:
1407:, p. 78.
1406:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1342:, p. 87.
1341:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1289:
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1201:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1186:
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1174:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1079:romain du roi
1073:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:Louisa Puller
995:
988:
986:
984:
983:Jim Parkinson
979:
975:
971:
966:
964:
963:digital fonts
960:
953:Digital fonts
952:
950:
948:
944:
938:
936:
932:
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890:
886:
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861:
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852:
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831:
827:
822:
818:
816:
812:
808:
803:
801:
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781:
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689:
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364:
360:
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353:
351:
347:
338:
336:
333:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
315:Bethnal Green
308:
303:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
271:
269:
265:
260:
258:
257:
256:Encyclopaedia
250:
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243:
241:
237:
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229:
225:
217:
212:
205:
203:
201:
197:
193:
188:
186:
182:
174:
172:
168:
166:
162:
159:and based in
158:
153:
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147:
143:
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127:
123:
114:
110:
107:
103:
99:
93:
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82:
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75:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
53:
49:
46:
43:
39:
34:
28:
23:
5148:Typographica
5147:
5126:
5114:
5110:
5090:
5076:
5060:. Retrieved
5045:
5028:. Retrieved
5022:
5007:
4986:
4982:
4955:
4946:
4940:
4931:
4922:
4918:
4909:
4900:
4896:
4887:
4872:. Retrieved
4867:
4853:
4838:
4825:. Retrieved
4819:
4790:
4786:
4766:
4747:
4734:
4732:
4723:(1): 78–79.
4720:
4716:
4699:
4698:. Series 6.
4695:
4673:
4658:. Retrieved
4653:
4649:
4630:
4626:
4613:28 September
4611:. Retrieved
4604:the original
4595:
4565:. Retrieved
4559:
4555:Hart, Horace
4545:
4532:
4528:
4506:
4487:
4475:. Retrieved
4465:
4445:
4431:
4421:
4402:
4377:. Retrieved
4373:
4363:
4351:. Retrieved
4346:
4337:
4325:. Retrieved
4321:
4312:
4300:. Retrieved
4287:
4275:. Retrieved
4262:
4250:. Retrieved
4246:
4233:
4221:. Retrieved
4210:Barnes, Paul
4204:
4192:. Retrieved
4181:Barnes, Paul
4175:
4163:. Retrieved
4158:
4151:Barnes, Paul
4145:
4133:. Retrieved
4130:Fonts In Use
4129:
4120:
4115:, p. 1.
4113:Mosley 1993b
4108:
4096:. Retrieved
4093:Eye Magazine
4092:
4082:
4070:
4058:. Retrieved
4054:
4027:
4020:Mosley 1993a
4003:
3999:
3993:
3967:. Retrieved
3962:
3952:
3940:. Retrieved
3936:
3927:
3915:. Retrieved
3911:
3902:
3879:
3867:
3848:
3842:
3830:. Retrieved
3824:
3818:
3811:Mosley 1993a
3806:
3794:
3782:. Retrieved
3772:
3760:. Retrieved
3754:
3729:. Retrieved
3723:
3713:
3706:Mosley 1993a
3701:
3689:. Retrieved
3682:
3672:
3660:. Retrieved
3655:
3646:
3639:Mosley 1993a
3634:
3622:
3610:. Retrieved
3595:
3588:
3576:. Retrieved
3571:
3562:
3550:
3538:. Retrieved
3532:
3526:
3499:
3487:
3475:. Retrieved
3469:
3462:
3450:
3425:
3418:. Retrieved
3411:
3402:
3388:(2): 18–31.
3385:
3381:
3375:
3363:. Retrieved
3360:Type Foundry
3359:
3329:. Retrieved
3323:
3316:
3304:
3293:
3284:
3273:
3264:
3252:
3240:
3228:
3216:
3204:
3185:
3179:
3170:
3160:
3148:. Retrieved
3144:
3134:
3122:. Retrieved
3108:
3096:. Retrieved
3092:Eye magazine
3090:
3079:Barnes, Paul
3073:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3042:. Retrieved
3037:
3028:
3016:
3006:
3000:
2995:, p. 9.
2988:
2981:Mosley 1993a
2957:
2945:. Retrieved
2939:
2921:
2908:
2896:. Retrieved
2892:the original
2887:
2877:
2858:
2852:
2840:. Retrieved
2836:
2823:
2798:
2791:
2783:
2776:. Retrieved
2771:
2762:
2750:
2738:. Retrieved
2730:
2720:
2676:. Retrieved
2670:
2663:
2640:
2635:
2615:
2590:
2578:. Retrieved
2573:
2569:
2559:
2547:. Retrieved
2544:Type Foundry
2543:
2533:
2521:
2509:
2497:
2470:. Retrieved
2464:
2457:Barnes, Paul
2447:
2438:
2429:
2417:
2394:
2382:. Retrieved
2377:
2370:
2358:. Retrieved
2347:Barnes, Paul
2326:
2319:Hansard 1825
2314:
2302:
2290:
2278:
2266:. Retrieved
2260:
2253:
2241:
2234:Hansard 1825
2217:
2208:
2196:. Retrieved
2193:Fonts in Use
2192:
2182:
2169:
2164:28 September
2162:. Retrieved
2158:the original
2153:
2140:
2128:. Retrieved
2118:
2111:
2086:17 September
2084:. Retrieved
2079:
2075:
2065:
2053:
2041:
2032:
2026:
2017:
2005:
1998:Hansard 1825
1976:
1969:Nichols 1812
1945:
1933:
1921:
1909:
1897:
1885:
1861:
1834:
1822:. Retrieved
1818:the original
1813:
1803:
1795:Type Designs
1794:
1786:
1755:
1743:
1738:, p. 9.
1731:
1719:. Retrieved
1714:
1704:
1692:
1680:. Retrieved
1675:
1666:
1654:
1642:
1630:
1618:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1570:
1558:. Retrieved
1543:
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1504:
1495:
1468:. Retrieved
1464:
1454:
1418:
1412:
1390:, p. 8.
1383:
1371:
1359:
1347:
1335:
1313:
1304:
1291:
1284:James Mosley
1280:Justin Howes
1273:
1259:
1247:
1238:
1225:
1212:
1203:
1193:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1160:
1152:
1147:
1126:
1113:
1103:
1077:
1072:
1059:
1051:
1046:
1036:
1026:
967:
956:
939:
935:Type Archive
924:
921:
912:fine presses
893:
874:
846:
843:
835:
830:Albion press
826:maker's mark
810:
804:
796:
792:
788:
777:
770:
617:
609:
598:
594:
583:1809 onwards
566:
562:
550:Fleet Street
543:
503:
496:
487:
480:
471:
455:price fixing
447:
443:
438:
432:
425:
412:
404:
394:
383:1778 to 1809
378:
374:
365:
361:
354:
342:
334:
326:John Nichols
319:
311:
292:Grecs du roi
272:
264:James Mosley
261:
255:
251:
244:
221:
216:Joseph Moxon
192:Joseph Moxon
189:
181:punchcutting
178:
169:
156:
154:
126:type foundry
121:
119:
87:Headquarters
45:Type foundry
33:Francis Kyte
5142:Caslon Ltd.
4983:The Library
4696:The Library
4567:6 September
4437:Engineering
4353:24 February
4327:24 February
4318:"Typefaces"
4302:16 February
4277:16 February
4252:16 February
4135:16 February
4060:20 December
4055:Typefoundry
3942:20 December
3917:20 December
3784:21 December
3762:21 December
3662:19 December
3612:21 December
3578:22 December
3540:22 December
3477:22 December
3443:Mosley 1984
3420:18 December
3290:"No. 18500"
3270:"No. 18239"
3245:Bowman 1996
3233:Bowman 1998
3209:Mosley 1984
3173:(4): 22–27.
3124:19 November
3044:11 February
2947:31 December
2842:12 December
2816:Musson 1955
2778:20 December
2768:"Bankrupts"
2740:20 December
2595:Bowman 1998
2580:31 December
2549:31 December
2526:Bowman 1996
2514:Bowman 1998
2502:Bowman 1998
2490:Bowman 1998
2472:19 December
2422:Savage 1822
2384:18 December
2360:17 December
2331:Musson 1955
2307:Musson 1955
2295:Musson 1955
2283:Musson 1955
2268:21 December
2246:Mosley 1984
2122:. pp.
2058:Musson 1955
1938:Mosley 1981
1902:Bowman 1998
1779:Mosley 1981
1760:Mosley 1981
1736:Mosley 1981
1659:Mosley 1981
1647:Mosley 1967
1635:Mosley 1967
1611:Mosley 1967
1599:Mosley 1967
1575:Mosley 1967
1560:29 December
1526:Mosley 1967
1511:19 December
1447:Mosley 1981
1388:Mosley 1981
1217:Paul Barnes
1088:Fleischmann
1031:appearance.
970:Paul Barnes
466:modern face
433:Typographia
339:Competitors
278:engraving.
276:copperplate
157:Caslon Ltd.
138:punchcutter
5164:Categories
5086:Shaw, Paul
5030:27 October
4976:required.)
4735:Cyclopedia
4660:19 October
4469:. London:
4435:. London:
4349:. Monotype
4075:Howes 2000
3832:10 January
3520:required.)
3150:30 October
2898:15 October
2198:6 November
2010:Wolpe 1964
1981:Mores 1961
1854:Mores 1961
1839:Mores 1961
1470:2 February
1431:required.)
1328:References
1086:in Paris,
961:, several
896:Cheltenham
628:sans-serif
624:slab-serif
526:descenders
468:typefaces.
296:Miklós Kis
254:Chambers'
236:roman type
175:Background
167:in 1937.
161:St. Albans
134:metal type
109:Metal type
4787:Quaerendo
4717:Quaerendo
4370:"Avebury"
3969:7 October
3799:Reed 1887
3756:Printweek
3731:9 January
3382:Quaerendo
3331:9 January
3309:Reed 1887
3257:Reed 1887
3221:Shaw 2017
3098:10 August
2962:Reed 1887
2713:Lane 1991
2649:cite book
2154:Typophile
2104:Reed 1887
2082:: 527–538
2046:Lane 1991
1926:Lane 2012
1914:Lane 1996
1878:Lane 1991
1715:PampaType
1697:Lane 2013
1405:Lane 1993
1376:Hart 1900
1364:Lane 1991
1352:Lane 1991
1185:The Times
968:Designer
908:Eric Gill
877:body text
807:Medmenham
577:Sheffield
397:intestate
234:and then
150:Islington
77:Successor
5127:Alphabet
5117:: 36–53.
5074:(1822).
5043:(1974).
5020:(1887).
5005:(1812).
4925:: 34–42.
4903:: 1–113.
4890:: 66–81.
4817:(eds.).
4809:(1961).
4672:(1970).
4656:(4): 3–7
4641:(1936).
4587:(1998).
4557:(1900).
4543:(1825).
4535:: 68–70.
4379:15 April
4243:"Brunel"
4165:10 March
4126:"Caslon"
4098:12 March
4006:: 17–23.
3979:cite web
3365:1 August
3327:. London
2264:. London
2035:: 61–71.
1182:, later
620:fat face
564:easily.
247:Minories
185:matrices
105:Products
41:Industry
5062:21 July
4949:: 1–13.
4857:. Poem.
4842:(PhD).
4827:9 April
4477:21 June
3894:Twitter
3691:21 June
3067:. 1969.
2576:: 36–40
2409:Twitter
2130:16 June
1721:10 June
1682:12 July
1678:. ATypI
1676:YouTube
1220:known."
548:, near
288:textura
224:Cradley
69:Defunct
59:Founder
54:c. 1720
51:Founded
5098:
5053:
4970:
4942:Matrix
4919:Matrix
4874:13 May
4773:
4754:
4680:
4633:: 1–7.
4627:Matrix
4513:
4494:
4452:
4409:
4223:16 May
4194:16 May
4000:Matrix
3855:
3603:
3574:. 1905
3514:
3192:
2924:(183).
2865:
2774:. 1793
2678:19 May
2623:
2028:Matrix
1824:4 June
1551:
1425:
947:Nantes
918:Legacy
669:Shaded
491:Bodoni
451:cartel
240:Caslon
232:Arabic
130:London
124:was a
92:London
4868:Vimeo
4646:(PDF)
4607:(PDF)
4592:(PDF)
4159:Vimeo
3890:Tweet
3145:Print
2918:(PDF)
2439:eHive
2405:Tweet
1041:way."
1019:Notes
815:Paris
5096:ISBN
5064:2021
5051:ISBN
5032:2017
4987:s5-X
4876:2021
4829:2022
4771:ISBN
4752:ISBN
4678:ISBN
4662:2015
4615:2017
4569:2020
4511:ISBN
4492:ISBN
4479:2023
4450:ISBN
4407:ISBN
4381:2023
4355:2023
4329:2023
4304:2023
4279:2023
4254:2023
4225:2020
4196:2020
4167:2021
4137:2023
4100:2016
4062:2021
3985:link
3971:2016
3944:2021
3919:2021
3853:ISBN
3834:2023
3786:2021
3764:2021
3733:2022
3693:2023
3664:2021
3614:2021
3601:ISBN
3580:2021
3542:2021
3479:2021
3422:2021
3367:2015
3333:2022
3190:ISBN
3152:2015
3126:2021
3100:2015
3046:2019
2949:2021
2900:2016
2863:ISBN
2844:2015
2780:2021
2742:2021
2680:2020
2655:link
2621:ISBN
2582:2021
2551:2021
2474:2021
2386:2021
2362:2021
2270:2021
2200:2017
2166:2017
2132:2018
2126:–316
2088:2016
1826:2017
1723:2018
1684:2019
1562:2021
1549:ISBN
1513:2021
1472:2017
1138:and
910:for
824:The
802:."
626:and
453:for
120:The
72:1937
4991:doi
4962:doi
4795:doi
4725:doi
4704:doi
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