455:, the Turks brought down the once impregnable walls of the castle with cannon fire. The age of castles was over, but the age of great forts had just begun. Gone were high walls, proud keeps and strong towers, transitioning into low stonewalls built around mounds of earth to repulse cannonballs. The straight lines of walls were replaced by star-like angles to allow for cannon and gunfire to be crossed with deadly results against the enemy. These forts became much more sophisticated in the 16th and 17th centuries. Portuguese engineers-built hundreds of forts to defend the empire. Many are still found across South America, Africa, and Asia. The finest examples in Portugal are found in Almeida, Valença do Minho, Marvão, and Elvas. These gun forts were in use until the 1830s Civil War, the last war to be fought on Portuguese soil and some had military uses into the 20th century.
262:. These conditions made the defense of Portugal difficult, the region was marked by eras of fortification building. Unlike many of their European counterparts, Portuguese castles were heavily influenced by the master-builders of Rome and Northern Africa. Even the early Celtic tribes of Portugal, the early Lusitanians, already fortified their villages within simple stone walls by this time. The Romans, who occupied Portugal for the next 400 years after this period, then built forts with high walls and strong towers to defend their towns. The Romans were the first to bring in organized military outposts in order to guard their domains. These outposts were usually built on existing fortified
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427:, launched a bold crusade to carve the southwestern half of the Iberian Peninsula away from the Moors. Many of Portugal's earliest castles from this post-1139 A.D. period were reconstructions of Moorish and Roman forts. Their ogival style has certain common themes: high simple granite walls, a dual towered gatehouse, a cistern, and pointed castellated walls.
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The 13th and 14th centuries was a period of flamboyant castle building, with more decorative touches and features, like pepper pots on towers, ornate brickwork, and massive great halls built of stone. Many of these castles became fortified palaces to protect the monarch and courts, but just as castle
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Portugal has well-defined geographic boundaries, with the
Atlantic Ocean to the south and west, and rivers and mountains to the east and north. It occupies the westernmost portion of the Iberian Peninsula and is about the size of the American state of Indiana. The country is a place of topographical
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During the Gothic period, the castles became more and more flamboyant and deadly, with archers’ loops in the castellated walls, oil spouts at the base of parapets, and increasingly higher keeps and towers. By 1249 the Moors had been expelled from southern
Portugal and the nation became the first in
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around 711 A.D., conquering the
Christian lands ruled by the Germanic Kingdoms of the peninsula, built strong castles and fortifications in many cities. They brought innovative stonework and heavily fortified gates to Portugal. Meanwhile, Northern European and English forts/castles were built with
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or defensible
Neolithic/Paleolithic strongholds in the hills. Eventually, the Romans gradually built their centers based on their trade and/or commercial needs and abandoned many sites for places along rivers or lowland agricultural settlements. The outposts that remained continued to serve as
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contrasts, making defense difficult. The areas around Porto in the north are covered in green hills, with fertile river valleys and a rocky coast. The green mountains are less fertile as they spread to the east and become mountainous towards the south to the
343:(near Lisbon), has also preserved remains of its walls and a cistern from the Moorish occupation. Similarly, many of modern Portuguese towns and cities still retain examples of Moorish city walls that have been preserved or reused locally, such as in the
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By the Middle Ages, Portugal was a crossroads of cultures, with hostile Moors to the south and rival
Iberian kingdoms to the east. There were primarily two main periods of fortified castle construction: those built and defended by the
246:. Along the coastal Beiras, the topography becomes hillier with pine forests and a sandy coast. The capitol Lisbon in the central region and its surrounding area is known for its white rocks, olive fields, and open spaces. The
447:. Many castles were encircled by multiple layers of walls, many with staggered gates and hidden escape doors. The wooden buildings used by the garrisons were built with more room for provisions and space for soldiers.
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wood material during this period. Although many
Portuguese medieval castles originated in the Islamic period, most of them were extensively remodeled after the Christian reconquest. One of the best-preserved is the
155:. The Romans, who ruled and colonized the territory of current-day Portugal for more than four centuries, built forts with high walls and strong towers to defend their populations. The Moors, who invaded the
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to
Portuguese military architecture. In addition to supporting national integrity, the castle was used to defend many of the settlements and towns in the hinterland and promote the possession of crown.
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Europe to take on its modern borders. The focus of
Portuguese castles during this period shifted from lines along east to west flowing rivers, to the towns along the long Portuguese border with rival
439:, who rebuilt almost every major castle in the land. Until Denis, Portugal’s castles were usually just a three-story keep with one or two rings of walls. New tower keeps were built like the one at
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of Lisbon or the fortifications of Évora. Many of these walls were marked by the characteristic horseshoe-shaped gates leading into their courtyards, as shown from the castles in
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316:). Built between the 8th and 13th centuries, the castle retains its walls and square-shaped towers from the Moorish period (including its 11th-century
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sentries or outposts, while some points evolved into larger towns or cities that survived long after the Romans had retreated.
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to the south. The
Alentejo is a vast golden plain that extends south to the red cliffs and green hills of the
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367:(12th and 13th centuries) many of the castles were reused or rebuilt to protect their fledgling
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sponsored the building of many fortifications (often remodeling
Moorish castles) such as the
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1961:
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from Northern Africa, between the 8th and 13th centuries, and those built or maintained by
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in the year 711 A.D., brought new stonework and heavily fortified gates to the peninsula.
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435:. The pinnacles of this period were the 13th-century castles built under King
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divides the nation in half, with the yellow hills and cattle fields of the
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Around the 12th century, Portugal emerged as a nation led by the nobleman
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building reached its apex the era came to quick end in 1453: in
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387:(in Lisbon) and granted land to Military Orders (especially the
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or water reservoirs). The old Moorish center of the city, the
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building technique used in some period construction. The
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Another example of Islamic castles in the Algarve is the
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1742:Castle of Monforte (Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo)
1101:Seven Wonders of Portuguese Origin in the World
331:, whose ruined walls serves as evidence of the
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415:. They are credited as having introduced the
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254:on the north bank and the beginnings of the
53:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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182:. The highest tower is the square-shaped
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
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174:, built c. 1171 on an island of the
51:adding citations to reliable sources
16:Overview on the castles of Portugal
1607:Castle of Freixo de Espada-à-Cinta
14:
1692:Castle of Mau Vizinho (Vila Real)
2085:
2080:
2075:
2052:Castle of Vila Verde dos Francos
1199:
1086:Portuguese Colonial architecture
1039:Tallest buildings and structures
987:
308:, in the ancient capital of the
23:
2042:Castle of Vila Nova de Cerveira
375:and rival Christians, like the
295:peoples who had arrived in the
132:were crucial components of the
2047:Castle of Vila Nova de Foz Côa
1917:Castle of Santa Maria da Feira
1497:Castelo de Torre de Coelheiros
1422:Castle of Carrazeda de Ansiães
196:Castle of Santa Maria da Feira
1:
2124:Military history of Portugal
1992:Castelo de Torre de Moncorvo
1342:Castle of Atouguia da Baleia
1091:Sino-Portuguese architecture
475:Military history of Portugal
143:learned the art of building
2022:Castle of Viana do Alentejo
1737:Castle of Monforte (Chaves)
1542:Castle of Celorico da Beira
465:List of castles in Portugal
399:river, like the castles of
2140:
1767:Castle of Montemor-o-Velho
1712:Castle of Miranda do Douro
1532:Castle Fortress of Almeida
1452:Castelo de Montemor-o-Novo
443:or the five-sided keep at
2094:
2073:
2007:Tower of Ferreira de Aves
1612:Castle of Freixo de Numão
1597:Fernandine Walls of Porto
1527:Castle of Castelo Rodrigo
1522:Castle of Castelo de Vide
1437:Castelo de Idanha-a-Velha
1327:Castle of Amieira do Tejo
1267:Castle of Alfândega da Fé
1212:
1145:
1137:Seven Wonders of Portugal
985:
371:from invasions from both
1947:Castle of Senhora da Luz
1837:Castle of Pena de Aguiar
1777:Castle of Moreira de Rei
1512:Castle of Castelo Melhor
1502:Castelo de Torres Vedras
1432:Castle of Castelo Branco
1227:Castle of Alcácer do Sal
1927:Castle of Santo Estêvão
1882:Castelo de Porto de Mós
1632:Castle of Idanha-a-Nova
1517:Castle of Castelo Mendo
1307:Castle of Alter Pedroso
1302:Castle of Alter do Chão
910:Portuguese architecture
470:Portuguese architecture
206:Montemor-o-Velho Castle
1997:Castle of Torres Novas
1537:Castle of Castro Marim
1237:Castle of Alcantarilha
1155:Portuguese Renaissance
575:Bosnia and Herzegovina
363:During the Portuguese
238:
228:
218:
208:
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137:throughout its history
2062:Castle of Vilar Maior
2057:Castle of Vila Viçosa
2032:Castle of Vidigueiras
1952:Castle of Sernancelhe
1847:Castle of Penas Róias
1427:Castle of Castelo Bom
1417:Castle of Campo Maior
1357:Castle of Azinhalinho
979:Soft Portuguese style
283:, after this period.
279:forces including the
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204:
193:
170:
66:"Castles in Portugal"
2027:Castle of Vidigueira
1872:Castle of Portalegre
1637:Castelo de Juromenha
1602:Castle of Folgosinho
1587:Castle of Evoramonte
1477:Castelo de Portuzelo
1472:Castelo de Pirescoxe
1442:Castelo de Longroiva
1272:Castle of Alfeizerão
393:Knights Hospitallers
47:improve this article
2119:Castles in Portugal
2100:Castles in Portugal
2037:Castle of Vila Flor
1937:Castle of São Ramão
1887:Castle of Rebordãos
1842:Castle of Penamacor
1772:Castle of the Moors
1762:Castle of Montalvão
1752:Castelo de Monsaraz
1722:Castle of Mogadouro
1717:Castle of Mirandela
1707:Castle of Messejana
1627:Castle of Guimarães
1487:Castelo de Sesimbra
1482:Castelo de Ranhados
1367:Castle of Barbacena
1337:Castle of Arronches
1332:Castle of Arraiolos
1287:Castle of Aljustrel
1262:Castle of Alfaiates
1222:Castle of Alandroal
1206:Castles in Portugal
1034:Reservoirs and dams
974:Summer architecture
791:States with limited
480:History of Portugal
385:Castle of São Jorge
337:Castle of the Moors
281:Kingdom of Portugal
236:Castle of Arraiolos
130:Castles in Portugal
2012:Castle of Trancoso
1967:Castle of Sortelha
1922:Castle of Santarém
1897:Castle of Redondos
1852:Castle of Penedono
1747:Castle of Monsanto
1682:Castle of Marialva
1662:Castle of Linhares
1582:Castle of Estremoz
1562:Castle of Curutelo
1467:Castelo de Palmela
1462:Castelo de Oleiros
1407:Castle of Bragança
1392:Castle of Bemposta
1382:Castle of Belmonte
1372:Porto Pim bartizan
1362:Castle of Balsamão
1297:Castle of Almourol
1257:Castle of Alenquer
1252:Castle of Alegrete
1247:Castle of Alcoutim
1242:Castle of Alcobaça
1232:Castle of Alcanede
1217:Castle of Abrantes
526:Castles in Europe
239:
229:
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2067:Castle of Vinhais
2017:Castle of Valongo
1892:Castle of Redondo
1832:Castle of Paderne
1827:Castle of Outeiro
1822:Castle of Ourique
1812:Castle of Ouguela
1757:Montalegre Castle
1727:Castle of Moinhos
1702:Castle of Mertola
1697:Castle of Melgaço
1652:Castle of Lanhoso
1617:Castle of Geraldo
1577:Castle of Esporão
1507:Castelo de Veiros
1447:Castelo de Montel
1412:Castle of Caminha
1282:Castle of Aljezur
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1162:
1024:Football stadiums
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329:Castle of Paderne
297:Iberian Peninsula
216:Evoramonte Castle
157:Iberian Peninsula
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1987:Castelo de Tomar
1982:Castle of Terena
1977:Castle of Tavira
1962:Castle of Silves
1932:São Jorge Castle
1877:Castle of Portel
1867:Castle of Pombal
1862:Castle of Pinhel
1857:Castle of Penela
1807:Castle of Óbidos
1797:Castle of Noudar
1792:Castle of Mourão
1732:Castle of Monção
1687:Castle of Marvão
1657:Castle of Leiria
1647:Castle of Lamego
1622:Castle of Guarda
1567:Castle of Degebe
1547:Castle of Chaves
1492:Castelo de Sines
1387:Castle of Belver
1317:Castle of Alvito
1292:Castle of Almada
1277:Castle of Algoso
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533:Sovereign states
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425:Afonso Henriques
381:Afonso Henriques
306:Castle of Silves
226:Castle of Leiria
194:The keep of the
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27:
19:
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2071:
1972:Castle of Soure
1957:Castle of Serpa
1912:Castle of Salir
1902:Castle of Ródão
1817:Castle of Ourém
1802:Castle of Numão
1787:Castle of Moura
1677:Castle of Lousã
1672:Castle of Lousa
1667:Castle of Loulé
1642:Castle of Lagos
1592:Castle of Faria
1572:Castle of Elvas
1557:Castle of Crato
1457:Castelo de Nisa
1402:Castle of Braga
1397:Castle of Borba
1322:Castle of Alvor
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810:Northern Cyprus
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707:North Macedonia
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523:
461:
389:Templar Knights
361:
301:Northern Africa
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180:Templar Knights
172:Almourol Castle
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1552:Castle of Cola
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1377:Castle of Beja
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1354:
1349:
1347:Castle of Avis
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1339:
1334:
1329:
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1312:Castle of Alva
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834:
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831:other entities
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782:United Kingdom
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68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
48:
42:
41:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2099:
2096:
1165:
820:Transnistria
721:
449:
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362:
344:
326:
321:
290:
269:
240:
129:
128:
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
45:Please help
33:
969:Neo-Mudéjar
939:Renaissance
858:Isle of Man
793:recognition
767:Switzerland
702:Netherlands
490:Reconquista
365:Reconquista
345:Cerca Velha
291:The Moors,
248:Tagus basin
2113:Categories
1117:Architects
1019:Cathedrals
997:Structures
924:Romanesque
737:San Marino
697:Montenegro
677:Luxembourg
657:Kazakhstan
560:Azerbaijan
377:Castilians
141:Portuguese
77:newspapers
2097:Also See:
1122:Monuments
1029:Hospitals
959:Pombaline
934:Manueline
848:Gibraltar
672:Lithuania
453:Byzantium
312:(today's
277:Christian
147:from the
34:does not
1150:Category
1079:Colonial
1070:Pavement
1048:Elements
1004:Airports
868:Svalbard
853:Guernsey
800:Abkhazia
752:Slovenia
747:Slovakia
722:Portugal
580:Bulgaria
459:See also
413:Almourol
391:and the
322:Almedina
318:cisterns
256:Alentejo
151:and the
134:military
107:May 2016
1132:IGESPAR
1127:Housing
1096:Sobrado
1060:Gilding
1055:Azulejo
1014:Castles
1009:Bridges
949:Baroque
777:Ukraine
727:Romania
687:Moldova
645:Ireland
640:Iceland
635:Hungary
625:Germany
620:Georgia
610:Finland
605:Estonia
600:Denmark
585:Croatia
570:Belgium
565:Belarus
555:Austria
550:Armenia
545:Andorra
540:Albania
445:Sabugal
433:Castile
379:. King
369:kingdom
359:Kingdom
314:Algarve
310:Al-Garb
293:Islamic
264:castros
260:Algarve
163:History
91:scholar
55:removed
40:sources
1110:Others
954:Rococo
929:Gothic
917:Styles
863:Jersey
805:Kosovo
772:Turkey
762:Sweden
742:Serbia
732:Russia
717:Poland
712:Norway
692:Monaco
662:Latvia
630:Greece
615:France
590:Cyprus
485:Castle
409:Belver
401:Pombal
341:Sintra
244:Beiras
149:Romans
139:. The
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
944:Plain
838:Åland
757:Spain
682:Malta
652:Italy
437:Denis
405:Tomar
397:Tagus
373:Moors
353:Elvas
333:taipa
299:from
287:Moors
273:Moors
176:Tagus
153:Moors
98:JSTOR
84:books
1065:Lioz
417:keep
411:and
351:and
349:Faro
184:keep
70:news
38:any
36:cite
339:in
49:by
2115::
407:,
403:,
355:.
1191:e
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120:)
114:(
109:)
105:(
95:·
88:·
81:·
74:·
57:.
43:.
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