Political career of Fidel Castro

1628: 1015:, and engaged in a firefight with a local revolutionary militia. Castro ordered Captain José Ramón Fernández to launch the counter-offensive, before taking personal control himself. After bombing the invader's ships and bringing in reinforcements, Castro forced the Brigade's surrender on 20 April. He ordered the 1189 captured rebels to be interrogated by a panel of journalists on live television, personally taking over questioning on 25 April. 14 were put on trial for crimes allegedly committed before the revolution, while the others were returned to the U.S. in exchange for medicine and food valued at U.S. $ 25 million. Castro's victory was a powerful symbol across Latin America, but it also increased internal opposition primarily among the middle-class Cubans who had been detained in the run-up to the invasion. Although most were freed within a few days, many left Cuba for the United States and established themselves in Florida. 1296:

but 1969's crop was heavily damaged by a hurricane; the government postponed the 1969–70 New Year holidays in order to lengthen the harvest. The military were drafted in, while Castro, and several other Cabinet ministers and foreign diplomats joined in. The country nevertheless failed that year's sugar production quota. Castro publicly offered to resign, but assembled crowds denounced the idea. Despite Cuba's economic problems, many of Castro's social reforms remained popular, with the population largely supportive of the "Achievements of the Revolution" in education, medical care and road construction, as well as the government's policy of "direct democracy". Cuba turned to the Soviets for economic help, and from 1970 to 1972, Soviet economists re-planned and organized the Cuban economy, founding the Cuban-Soviet Commission of Economic, Scientific and Technical Collaboration, while Soviet Premier

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primary education system offered a work-study program, with half of the time spent in the classroom, and the other half in a productive activity. Health care was nationalized and expanded, with rural health centers and urban polyclinics opening up across the island, offering free medical aid. Universal vaccination against childhood diseases was implemented, and infant mortality rates were reduced dramatically. A third aspect of the social programs was the construction of infrastructure; within the first six months of Castro's government, 600 miles of road had been built across the island, while $ 300 million was spent on water and sanitation schemes. Over 800 houses were constructed every month in the early years of the administration in a measure to cut homelessness, while nurseries and day-care centers were opened for children and other centers opened for the disabled and elderly.

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month halved, with measures implemented to increase the Cuban people's purchasing powers. Productivity decreased, and the country's financial reserves were drained within only two years. In 1960 the Urban Reform Law was passed, guaranteeing that no household would pay more than 10% of its income in rent. Those who were retired, sick, or below the poverty line paid less than 10% or nothing. Private landlords were abolished as tenants and subtenants gained titles to their residences. These reduced rents were to be paid to the state over a period of 5 to 20 years, after which the renters would become homeowners; the state was supposed to turn over this income to the former landlords as compensation, but there is disagreement as to how often it did. In the 1970s, plans to abolish rents altogether were reversed, but nonetheless, by 1972 just 8% of families were paying any rent.

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table. Support for Castro remained strong, and although there were small anti-government demonstrations, the Cuban opposition rejected the exile community's calls for an armed uprising. In August 1994, the most serious anti-Castro demonstration in Cuban history occurred in Havana, as 200 to 300 young men began throwing stones at police, demanding that they be allowed to emigrate to Miami. A larger pro-Castro crowd confronted them, joined by Castro who informed the media that the men were anti-socials misled by U.S. media. The protests dispersed with no recorded injuries. Fearing that dissident groups would invade, the government organised the "War of All the People" defence strategy, planning a widespread guerrilla warfare campaign, and the unemployed were given jobs building a network of bunkers and tunnels across the country.

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los Censos Demográficos y Electoral, 1959–61); Cuba, Dirección Central de Estadística, Boletín Estadístico de Cuba 1966 (Havana: Junta Central de Planificación (JUCEPLAN)), p. 24 ; Boletín 1968, pp. 18-22, Boletín 1970, p. 24; Jorge Risquet, “Comparecencia sobre problemas de la fuerza de trabajo,” Granma (1 August 1970): 2-3; Cuba, Dirección Central de Estadística, Anuario Estadístico de Cuba 1975 (Havana: JUCEPLAN, 1975), p. 44; Banco Nacional de Cuba, Present Planning and Management System of the National Economy of the Republic of Cuba (Havana: Banco Nacional de Cuba, 1977), p. 9 and Banco Nacional, Present Planning (1978), p. 9, (all cited in Mesa-Lago, Economy of Socialist Cuba, pp. 111 and 122 and Mesa-Lago, The Labor Force, pp. 27 and 36).

1356: 1582: 580: 1348:, where he informed a crowd of Guineans that theirs was Africa's greatest leader. He then went on a seven-week tour visiting other leftist allies in Africa and Eurasia: Algeria, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union. On every trip he was eager to meet with ordinary people by visiting factories and farms, chatting and joking with them. Although publicly highly supportive of these governments, in private he urged them to do more to aid revolutionary movements in other parts of the world, in particular in the 1649:

numbers of Cubans fled to Florida, who were labelled "scum" by Castro. In one incident, 10,000 Cubans stormed the Peruvian Embassy requesting asylum, and the U.S. agreed to accept 3,500 refugees. Castro conceded that those who wanted to leave could do so from Mariel port, leading to a mass exodus of 120,000. Hundreds of privately owned boats arrived from the U.S. to ferry refugees. Castro's government responded to the situation by loading criminals and the mentally ill onto the boats destined for Florida. In January 1981,

1473:"There is often talk of human rights, but it is also necessary to talk of the rights of humanity. Why should some people walk barefoot, so that others can travel in luxurious cars? Why should some live for 35 years, so that others can live for 70 years? Why should some be miserably poor, so that others can be hugely rich? I speak on behalf of the children in the world who do not have a piece of bread. I speak on the behalf of the sick who have no medicine, of those whose rights to life and human dignity have been denied." 2154: 862: 1189:, and oversaw large investment into Cuban sport that resulted in an increased international sporting reputation. The government agreed to temporarily permit emigration for anyone other than males aged between 15 and 26, thereby ridding the government of thousands of opponents. In 1963 his mother died. This was the last time his private life was reported in Cuba's press. In 1964, Castro returned to Moscow, officially to sign a new five-year sugar trade agreement, but also to discuss the ramifications of the 962:

industry, greater employment in social services and the government bureaucracy, reduction in the numbers of jobseekers through the expansion of education, and by migration to urban areas, which reduced demand for jobs in the countryside. Many migrants from rural areas found jobs in new public works projects, the army, trade unions, and security roles. Economist Carmelo Mesa-Lago estimated that from a peak of 13.6% unemployed in 1959, unemployment consistently fell to a level of 1.3% by 1970.

648:, which limited landholdings to 993 acres (4.02 km) per owner. He additionally forbade further foreign land-ownership. Large land-holdings (formerly mostly US-owned) were broken up and redistributed; an estimated 200,000 peasants received title deeds. However, the private ownership by the peasants was largely fictitious, as the new farms were largely ran by the state. To Castro, this was an important step that broke the control of the well-off landowning class over Cuba's agriculture. 2111:, a joint medical project that aimed to provide free eye operations on 300,000 individuals from each nation. The alliance boosted the Cuban economy, and in May 2005 Castro doubled the minimum wage for 1.6 million workers, raised pensions, and delivered new kitchen appliances to Cuba's poorest residents. Some economic problems remained; in 2004, Castro shut down 118 factories, including steel plants, sugar mills, and paper processors to compensate for the crisis of fuel shortages. 1098: 1908:"We do not have a smidgen of capitalism or neo-liberalism. We are facing a world completely ruled by neo-liberalism and capitalism. This does not mean that we are going to surrender. It means that we have to adopt to the reality of that world. That is what we are doing, with great equanimity, without giving up our ideals, our goals. I ask you to have trust in what the government and party are doing. They are defending, to the last atom, socialist ideas, principles and goals." 1133:. Castro was left out of the negotiations, in which Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles in exchange for a U.S. commitment not to invade Cuba and an understanding that the U.S. would remove their MRBMs from Turkey and Italy. Feeling betrayed by Khrushchev, Castro was furious and soon fell ill. Proposing a five-point plan, Castro demanded that the U.S. end its embargo, cease supporting dissidents, stop violating Cuban air space and territorial waters and withdraw from 2214: 2033: 1771: 1459:. As well as the deteriorating relationship between the Soviet Union and Cuba due to Glastnost and Perestroika (1980–1989). Beginning in the 1990s Castro led Cuba in an era of economic crisis known as the Special Period. During this decade Castro made many changes to the Cuban economy. Castro reformed Cuban Socialism due to the withdrawal of the Soviet's backing. Subsequently, Cuba received aid from Venezuelan President 2326: 2080: 1939:, although Castro would remain the head of the Communist Party and commander in chief of the armed forces. Many older members of government were to be retired and replaced by their younger counterparts. A number of economic changes were proposed, and subsequently put to a national referendum. Farmers' markets and small-scale private enterprises would be legalised in an attempt to stimulate economic growth, while 5180: 1836: 1851:." Petrol rations were dramatically reduced, Chinese bicycles were imported to replace cars, and factories performing non-essential tasks were shut down. Oxen began to replace tractors, firewood was used for cooking, and electricity cuts were introduced that lasted 16 hours a day. Castro admitted that Cuba faced the worst situation short of open war, and that the country might have to resort to 934: 55: 827: 746:(CDR), a nationwide civilian organization which implemented neighborhood spying to weed out "counter-revolutionary" activities and could support the army in the case of invasion. They also organized health and education campaigns, and were a conduit for public complaints. Eventually, 80% of Cuba's population would be involved in the CDR. Castro proclaimed the new administration a 2298: 406: 972:"There was... no doubts about who the victors were. Cuba's stature in the world soared to new heights, and Fidel's role as the adored and revered leader among ordinary Cuban people received a renewed boost. His popularity was greater than ever. In his own mind he had done what generations of Cubans had only fantasized about: he had taken on the United States and won." 5188: 1271:, declaring it a Soviet-U.S. attempt to dominate the Third World. In turn, Soviet-loyalist Aníbal Escalante began organizing a government network of opposition to Castro, though in January 1968, he and his supporters were arrested for passing state secrets to Moscow. Castro ultimately relented to Brezhnev's pressure to be obedient, and in August 1968 denounced the 1463:, in a period known as The Pink Tide era (2000–2006). On July 31, 2006, Castro temporarily delegated his duties to his brother Raúl, who was the vice president, for health reasons. Castro then renounced his positions as president of the Council of State and commander and chief at the February 24 National Assembly meetings in a letter dated February 18, 2008. 2312: 1019: 2016:, recently released from prison. Mandela would praise Cuba's involvement in battling South Africa in Angola and thanked Castro personally. He would later attend Mandela's inauguration as president of South Africa in 1994. In 2001, he attended the Conference Against Racism in South Africa at which he lectured on the global spread of 1611:. Carter continued criticizing Cuba's human rights abuses, but adopted a respectful approach that gained Castro's attention. Considering Carter well-meaning and sincere, Castro freed certain political prisoners and allowed some Cuban exiles to visit relatives on the island, hoping that in turn Carter would abolish the 1202:"The greatest threat presented by Castro's Cuba is as an example to other Latin American states which are beset by poverty, corruption, feudalism, and plutocratic exploitation ... his influence in Latin America might be overwhelming and irresistible if, with Soviet help, he could establish in Cuba a Communist utopia." 1089:– unduly loyal to Moscow. In March 1962 Castro removed the most prominent "Old Communists" from office, labelling them "sectarian". On a personal level, Castro was increasingly lonely, and his relations with Che Guevara became strained as the latter became increasingly anti-Soviet and pro-Chinese. 2276:

said: "One day the good Lord will take Fidel Castro away". Hearing about this, the atheist Castro ironically replied: "Now I understand why I survived Bush’s plans and the plans of other presidents who ordered my assassination: the good Lord protected me." The quote would subsequently be picked up on

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Castro feared a U.S.-backed coup and in 1959 spent $ 120 million on Soviet, French, and Belgian weaponry. Intent on constructing the largest army in Latin America, by early 1960 the government had doubled the size of the Cuban armed forces. Fearing counter-revolutionary elements in the army, the

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After conservative editors and journalists expressed hostility towards the government, the pro-Castro printers' trade union disrupted editorial staff. In January 1960, the government proclaimed that each newspaper would be obliged to publish a "clarification" written by the printers' union at the end

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Ley de Reforma Urbana 1960 in Grider, “A Proposal for the Marketization of Housing in Cuba,” 472; Banco Nacional de Cuba, Desarrollo y perspectivas de la economía cubana (Havana: Banco Nacional de Cuba, 1975), 104 in Mesa-Lago, Economy of Socialist Cuba, 172; Louis A. Pérez, Cuba: Between Reform and

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In January 1969, Castro publicly celebrated his administration's tenth anniversary in Revolution Square, using the occasion to ask the assembled crowds if they would tolerate reduced sugar rations, reflecting the country's economic problems. The majority of the sugar crop was being sent to the USSR,

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and other religious institutions, recognising the psychological comfort of religion, and religious people were permitted for the first time to join the Communist Party. Although he viewed the Catholic Church as a reactionary, pro-capitalist institution, Castro decided to organise a visit to Cuba by

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meant an end to subsidies for Cuba. Ignoring calls for liberalisation in accordance with the Soviet example, Castro continued to clamp down on internal dissidents and in particular kept tabs on the military, the primary threat to the government. A number of senior military officers, including Ochoa

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That year, Cuba experienced an economic boost, due primarily to the high international price of sugar, but also influenced by new trade credits with Canada, Argentina, and parts of Western Europe. Changing economic policy after the 1970 sugar harvest led to higher economic growth in Cuba throughout

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sank two Cuban fishing boats and captured their crews, demanding the release of Alpha 66 members imprisoned in Cuba. Under U.S. pressure, the hostages were released, and Castro welcomed them back as heroes. In April 1971, Castro gained international condemnation for ordering the arrest of dissident

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Despite Soviet misgivings, Castro continued calling for global revolution and the funding militant leftists. He supported Che Guevara's "Andean project", an unsuccessful plan to set up a guerrilla movement in the highlands of Bolivia, Peru and Argentina, and allowed revolutionary groups from across

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Consejo Nacional de Economía, Empleo y desempleo de la fuerza trabajadora (1958); International Labour Organisation, Yearbook of Labour Statistics, 1960, p. 188; Cuba, Oficina Nacional de los Censos Demográficos y Electoral, Muestro sobre empleo, sub-empleo y desempleo (Havana: Oficina Nacional de

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Castro recognised the need for reform if Cuban socialism was to survive in a world now dominated by capitalist free markets. In October 1991, the Fourth Congress of the Cuban Communist Party was held in Santiago, at which a number of important changes to the government were announced. Castro would

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successfully appealed for more Cuban troops, with Castro later admitting that he devoted more time to Angola than to the domestic situation, believing that a victory would lead to the collapse of apartheid. Gorbachev called for a negotiated end to the conflict and in 1988 organized a quadripartite

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in Havana, further establishing himself as a significant player on the world stage. From this conference, Castro created the Latin American Solidarity Organization (OLAS), which adopted the slogan of "The duty of a revolution is to make revolution", signifying that Havana's leadership of the Latin

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In January 1961, Castro ordered Havana's U.S. Embassy to reduce its 300 staff, suspecting many to be spies. The U.S. responded by ending diplomatic relations, and increasing CIA funding for exiled dissidents; these militants began attacking ships trading with Cuba, and bombed factories, shops, and

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and the two leaders publicly highlighted the poverty faced by U.S. citizens in areas like Harlem; Castro described New York as a "city of persecution" against black and poor Americans. Relations between Castro and Khrushchev were warm; they led the applause to one another's speeches at the General

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In a letter dated February 18, 2008, Castro announced that he would not accept the positions of president of the Council of State and commander in chief at the February 24 National Assembly meetings, stating that his health was a primary reason for his decision, remarking that "It would betray my

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to the Venezuelan Presidency in 1999. In 2000, Castro and Chávez signed an agreement through which Cuba would send 20,000 medics to Venezuela, in return receiving 53,000 barrels of oil per day at preferential rates; in 2004, this trade was stepped up, with Cuba sending 40,000 medics and Venezuela

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members elected directly by the people, rather than through municipal and provincial assemblies. Castro welcomed debate between proponents and opponents of the reforms, although over time he began to increasingly sympathise with the opponents' positions, arguing that such reforms must be delayed.

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and accommodation for the athletes; Castro admitted that it was an expensive error, but it was a success for Cuba's government. Crowds regularly shouted "Fidel! Fidel!" in front of foreign journalists, while Cuba became the first Latin American nation to beat the U.S. to the top of the gold-medal

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At a summit meeting of 16 Caribbean countries in 1998, Castro called for regional unity, saying that only strengthened cooperation between Caribbean countries would prevent their domination by rich nations in a global economy. Caribbean nations embraced Castro while accusing the U.S. of breaking

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were also made legal tender, which allowed exiles to send money to friends and relatives in Cuba. Certain restrictions on emigration were eased, allowing more discontented Cuban citizens to move to the United States. Further democratisation was to be established by having the National Assembly's

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By the 1980s, Cuba's economy was again in trouble, following a decline in the market price of sugar and 1979's decimated harvest. Desperate for money, Cuba's government secretly sold off paintings from national collections and illicitly traded for U.S. electronic goods through Panama. Increasing

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from 1976 to 2008. During this time he participated in many foreign wars including the Angolan Civil War, Mozambique Civil War, Ogaden War; as well as Latin American revolutions. Castro also faced other difficulties as the leader of Cuba, for instance the economic crisis that occurred during the

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Castro used radio and television to develop a "dialogue with the people", posing questions and making provocative statements. His regime remained popular with workers, peasants and students, who constituted the majority of the country's population, while opposition came primarily from the middle

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tourists to visit, advertising it as a tropical paradise free of racial discrimination. Changes to state wages were implemented; judges and politicians had their pay reduced while low-level civil servants saw theirs raised. In March 1959, Castro ordered rents for those who paid less than $ 100 a

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Unemployment in Cuba fell significantly over the course of the 1960s and 70s, and a social security bank was founded in early 1959 to assist the unemployed. Seasonal unemployment, previously endemic, was eradicated, and general unemployment reduced, by overstaffing in the new state farms and in

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Castro's government emphasised social projects to improve Cuba's standard of living, often to the detriment of economic development. Major emphasis was placed on education, and under the first 30 months of Castro's government, more classrooms were opened than in the previous 30 years. The Cuban

1081:- UMAP), something Castro took responsibility for and regretted as a "great injustice" in 2010. By 1962, Cuba's economy was in steep decline, a result of poor economic management and low productivity coupled with the U.S. trade embargo. Food shortages led to rationing, resulting in protests in 1003:

misinformation. Fearing invasion, he ordered the arrest of between 20,000 and 100,000 suspected counter-revolutionaries, publicly proclaiming that "What the imperialists cannot forgive us, is that we have made a Socialist revolution under their noses". This was his first announcement that the

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defected to the U.S. Although President Urrutia denounced the defection, he publicly expressed concern with the rising influence of Marxism. Angered, Castro announced his resignation as prime minister, blaming Urrutia for complicating government with his "fevered anti-Communism". Over 500,000

1332:. Castro supported Allende's socialist reforms, where he toured the country to give speeches and press conferences. Suspicious of right-wing elements in the Chilean military, Castro advised Allende to purge these before they led a coup. Castro was proven right; in 1973, Chile's military 796:

in February 1960, who struck a deal with Castro to trade Cuban sugar, fruit, fibers, and hides in return for crude oil, fertilizers, industrial goods, and a $ 100 million loan. Cuba's government ordered the country's refineries – then controlled by the U.S. corporations

1316:. When Padilla fell ill, Castro visited him in hospital. The poet was released after publicly confessing his guilt. Soon after, the government formed the National Cultural Council to ensure that intellectuals and artists supported the administration. In November 1971 he made a 1951:

and tourism, the latter outstripping Cuba's sugar industry as its primary source of revenue in 1995. The arrival of thousands of Mexican and Spanish tourists led to increasing numbers of Cubans turning to prostitution; officially illegal, Castro refrained from cracking down on

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in October 1979 and gave a speech on the disparity between the world's rich and poor. His speech was greeted with much applause from other world leaders, though his standing in NAM was damaged by Cuba's abstaining from the U.N.'s General Assembly condemnation of the

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took control of 383 private-run businesses on 14 October, and on 25 October a further 166 U.S. companies operating in Cuba had their premises seized and nationalized. On 16 December, the U.S. ended its import quota of Cuban sugar, the country's primary export.

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Ley de Reforma Urbana 1960 (Cuba) in Stuart Grider, “A Proposal for the Marketization of Housing in Cuba: The Limited Equity Housing Corporation: A New Form of Property,” The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 27, no. 3 (Spring-Summer 1996): 473,

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nuclear missiles on Cuba to even the power balance. Although conflicted, Castro agreed, believing it would guarantee Cuba's safety and enhance the cause of socialism. Undertaken in secrecy, only the Castro brothers, Guevara, Dorticós and security chief

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has described him as "the grandfather of all Latin American revolutionaries". In contrast to the improved relations between Cuba and a number of leftist Latin American states, in 2004 it broke off diplomatic ties with Panama after centrist President

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talks between the USSR, U.S., Cuba, and South Africa; they agreed that all foreign troops would pull out of Angola. Castro was angered by Gorbachev's approach, believing that he was abandoning the plight of the world's poor in favour of détente. In

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the refineries. In retaliation, the U.S. cancelled its import of Cuban sugar, provoking Castro to nationalize most U.S.-owned assets on the island, including banks and sugar mills, having already expropriated large land holdings the year before.

2065:"As I have said before, the ever more sophisticated weapons piling up in the arsenals of the wealthiest and the mightiest can kill the illiterate, the ill, the poor and the hungry but they cannot kill ignorance, illnesses, poverty or hunger." 1414:

the 1970s. Estimates of this vary, but a conservative figure came from the World Bank, which put the average annual figure at 4.4% for the period 1971–1980. A number of Latin American states began calling for Cuba's re-admittance into the

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Assembly. Although Castro publicly denied being a socialist, Khrushchev informed his entourage that the Cuban would become "a beacon of Socialism in Latin America." Subsequently, visited by four other socialists, Polish First Secretary

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unanimously voted Raúl as president. Describing his brother as "not substitutable", Raúl proposed that Fidel continue to be consulted on matters of great importance, a motion unanimously approved by the 597 National Assembly members.

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In 1979, the Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was held in Havana, where Castro was selected as NAM president, a position he held till 1982. In his capacity as both president of the NAM and of Cuba, he appeared at the

2254:, the vice president; the transfer was described as a temporary measure while Fidel recovered from surgery for an "acute intestinal crisis with sustained bleeding". Late February 2007, Fidel called into Hugo Chávez's radio show 789:. Expressing contempt for the U.S., Castro shared the ideological views of the USSR, establishing relations with several Marxist-Leninist states. The first Soviet official to visit Cuba (other than intelligence officers) was 1042:- ORI), renamed the United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution (PURSC) in 1962. Although the USSR was hesitant regarding Castro's embrace of socialism, relations with the Soviets deepened. Castro sent Fidelito for a 823:, a French vessel carrying weapons purchased from Belgium, in Havana harbor in March 1960. The cause of the explosion was never determined, but Castro publicly insinuated that the U.S. government was guilty of sabotage. 1129:. The U.S. saw the missiles as offensive, though Castro insisted they were defensive. Castro urged Khrushchev to threaten a nuclear strike on the U.S. should Cuba be attacked, but Khrushchev was desperate to avoid 1255:. Castro was personally devastated when Guevara was subsequently killed by CIA-backed troops in Bolivia in October 1967 and publicly attributed it to Che's disregard for his own safety. In 1966 Castro staged a 765:

announced that Cuba was adopting the Soviet model of communist rule, with a one-party state, government control of trade unions, suppression of civil liberties, and the absence of freedoms of speech and press.

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trade promises. Castro, previously a regional outcast, increased grants and scholarships to the Caribbean countries, while U.S. aid dropped 25% over five years. Cuba opened four additional embassies in the

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in 2001, Castro successfully proposed a one-time cash purchase of food from the U.S. while declining its government's offer of humanitarian aid. Castro expressed solidarity with the U.S. following the 2001

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In February 1963, Castro received a personal letter from Khrushchev, inviting him to visit the USSR. Deeply touched, Castro arrived in April and stayed for five weeks. He visited 14 cities, addressed a

2269: 1988:, and accused the U.S. of being the world's primary polluter. His government's environmentalist policies would prove highly effective; by 2006, Cuba was the only nation in the world that met the 1719: 1638: 2616:

Grider, “A Proposal for the Marketization of Housing in Cuba,” 472; Jill Hamberg, Under Construction: Housing Policy in Revolutionary Cuba (New York: Center for Cuban Studies, 1986), 31, note 9.

1193:. In October 1965, the Integrated Revolutionary Organizations was officially renamed the "Cuban Communist Party" and published the membership of its Central Committee. Fidel Castro served as 1895:'s policies in the UK, believing that Cuban socialism could learn from her emphasis on low taxation and personal initiative. He ceased support for foreign militants, refrained from praising 1398:, Castro's government sent 4,000 troops to prevent Israeli forces from entering Syrian territory. In 1974, Cuba broke off relations with Israel over the treatment of Palestinians during the 5498: 2126:

pardoned four Cuban exiles accused of attempting to assassinate Cuban President Fidel Castro in 2000. Diplomatic ties were reinstalled in 2005 following the election of leftist President

685:"Until Castro, the U.S. was so overwhelmingly influential in Cuba that the American ambassador was the second most important man, sometimes even more important than the Cuban president." 595:, and accepted the position on the condition that the prime minister's powers be increased. Between 15 and 26 April, Castro visited the U.S. with a delegation of representatives, hired a 1287:, in 1968 Castro proclaimed a Great Revolutionary Offensive, closed all remaining privately owned shops and businesses and denounced their owners as capitalist counter-revolutionaries. 1085:. Security reports indicated that many Cubans associated austerity with the "Old Communists" of the PSP, while Castro considered a number of them – namely Aníbal Escalante and 6519: 1795:, socialist governments fell to capitalist reformers between 1989 and 1991 and many western observers expected the same in Cuba. Increasingly isolated, Cuba improved relations with 2189:

and was an honorary pall bearer at Trudeau's funeral in October 2000. They had continued their friendship after Trudeau left office until his death. Canada became one of the first

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government created a People's Militia to arm citizens favorable to the revolution, and trained at least 50,000 supporters in combat techniques. In September 1960, they created the

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Castro-supporters surrounded the Presidential Palace demanding Urrutia's resignation, which was duly received. On July 23, Castro resumed his Premiership and appointed the Marxist

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arrived in Cuba to meet Castro and highlight their close ties. He was the first Canadian government leader to visit the island since Trudeau was in Havana on 16 July 1976.

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Consolidating "Socialist Cuba", Castro united the MR-26-7, Popular Socialist Party and Revolutionary Directorate into a governing party based on the Leninist principle of

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to senior government and military positions. Most notably, Che Guevara became governor of the Central Bank and then minister of industries. Appalled, Air Force commander

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to expel Cuba; the Soviets privately reprimanded Castro for recklessness, although he received praise from China. Despite their ideological affinity with China, in the

5404: 2012:. Castro also maintained his devout anti-apartheid beliefs, and at the July 26 celebrations in 1991, Castro was joined onstage by the South African political activist 1499:, Castro ordered a further 18,000 troops to Angola, who played a major role in forcing a South African retreat. Traveling to Angola, Castro celebrated with President 1483:

Castro considered Africa to be "the weakest link in the imperialist chain." In November 1975, he ordered 230 military advisors to southern Africa to aid the Marxist

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Wyatt MacGaffey and Clifford R. Barnett, Twentieth Century Cuba: The Background of the Castro Revolution, 2nd Ed. (Garden City, New York: Anchor Books, 1965), 207.

1422:. It adopted a new constitution based on the Soviet model, abolished the position of President and Prime Minister. Castro took the presidency of the newly created 1194: 472: 2607:

Roberto Veiga, “Informe Central del XXXIV Consejo Nacional de la CTC,” Granma 11, no. 31 (1975): 5 in Carmelo Mesa-Lago, "The Economy of Socialist Cuba", 172.

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had declined by over 40% in under two years, with major food shortages, widespread malnutrition, and a lack of basic goods. Castro hoped for a restoration of

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conscience to take up a responsibility that requires mobility and total devotion, that I am not in a physical condition to offer". On February 24, 2008, the

999:'s bombed three Cuban military airfields; the U.S. announced that the perpetrators were defecting Cuban air force pilots, but Castro exposed these claims as 743: 1382:

and therefore should not be at the conference, particularly as he praised the Soviet Union in a speech that asserted that it was not imperialistic. As the

2245: 1759:, helping to set an example for the rest of the populace. Castro became passionate in his denunciation of the Third World debt problem, arguing that the 1402:

and their increasingly close relationship with the United States. This earned him respect from leaders throughout the Arab world, in particular from the

514:, his criticisms of other international figures, and the economic and social changes that were initiated. Castro's Cuba became a key element within the 5454: 5472: 4302: 434: 169: 3132:

Carmelo Mesa-Lago, The Labor Force, Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment in Cuba: 1899–1970 (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1972), p. 49.

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Castro's improving relations across Latin America were accompanied by continuing animosity towards the U.S. However, after massive damage caused by

790: 4275: 1867:. When Gorbachev regained control, Cuba-Soviet relations deteriorated further and Soviet troops were withdrawn in September 1991. In December, the 1827:, Switzerland. Cuba asserted that this was a manifestation of U.S. hegemony and refused to allow an investigative delegation to enter the country. 1355: 991:

supported a CIA plan to aid a dissident militia, the Democratic Revolutionary Front, to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro; the plan resulted in the

6494: 6408: 6180: 1142: 854:(CIA) to develop a plan to overthrow Castro's government. He provided them with a budget of $ 13 million and permitted them to ally with the 734:

that lasted longer and involved more soldiers than the revolution. The government won with superior numbers and executed those who surrendered.

6386: 6079: 5502: 2282: 1820: 1317: 1276: 874: 722:, subjecting prisoners to solitary confinement, rough treatment, and threatening behavior. Militant anti-Castro groups, funded by exiles, the 5215: 5164: 5152: 5133: 3378: 3366: 2793: 2781: 1900: 1786:

By November 1987, Castro began spending more time on the Angolan Civil War, in which the Marxists had fallen into retreat. Angolan President

1559: 1054:, and in his Second Declaration of Havana he called on Latin America to rise up in revolution. In response, the U.S. successfully pushed the 950: 633: 617:, a man Castro instantly disliked. Proceeding to Canada, Trinidad, Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina, Castro attended an economic conference in 1864: 1535:. From there he proceeded to Somalia, Tanzania, Mozambique, and Angola where he was greeted by crowds as a hero for Cuba's role in opposing 6524: 6112: 1563: 1418:(OAS). Cuba's government called the first National Congress of the Cuban Communist Party, thereby officially announcing Cuba's status as a 5099: 1755:, tried, and executed in 1989, despite calls for leniency. On medical advice given him in October 1985, Castro gave up regularly smoking 467:, forcing Batista out of power on 1 January 1959. Castro, who had already been an important figure in Cuban society, went on to serve as 5032: 2147: 1876: 1492: 786: 611: 6047: 6026: 6003: 5984: 5960: 5936: 5913: 5887: 5866: 5840: 5814: 5795: 2470: 1884: 1612: 946: 254: 5975: 2687: 1685: 510:

from 1962 until 1992. Cuba attained international prominence under Fidel Castro's rule, for reasons including his staunch belief in

1399: 847: 195: 5682: 1887:. Castro tried improving relations with the capitalist nations. He welcomed western politicians and investors to Cuba, befriended 1304:(Comecon), an economic organization of socialist states, although this further limited Cuba's economy to agricultural production. 730:'s Dominican government, undertook armed attacks and set up guerrilla bases in Cuba's mountainous regions. This led to a six-year 2179: 1800: 1190: 1074: 759: 535: 2043: with: Information on Cuba's increasingly good relationship with the Pink Tide and its co-founding of ALBA. You can help by 1739: 1069:

such as prostitutes and homosexuals; Castro considered the latter a bourgeois trait. Government officials spoke out against his

809:– to process Soviet oil, but under pressure from the U.S. government, they refused. Castro responded by expropriating and 550:, reasoning that American troops bogged down throughout the world could not fight any single insurgency effectively, a position 6429: 6418: 1868: 1661: 1591: 1415: 1055: 866: 543: 374: 651:

Castro appointed himself president of the National Tourist Industry as well. He introduced unsuccessful measures to encourage

5850: 2444: 2349: 1734:) in an attempt to strengthen socialism. Like many orthodox Marxist critics, Castro feared that the reforms would weaken the 1684:

in October 1983, Castro cautiously continued supporting Grenada's government. However, the U.S. used the coup as a basis for

1451: 604: 480: 354: 5408: 1558:

to aid the overwhelmed Ethiopian army. After forcing back the Somalis, Mengistu then ordered the Ethiopians to suppress the

1333: 707:

class. Thousands of doctors, engineers, and other professionals emigrated to the U.S. (mostly Florida), causing an economic

758:

systems served the interests of socio-economic elites. In contrast, critics condemned the new regime as un-democratic. The

1799:'s right-wing government in Panama – despite Castro's personal hatred of Noriega – but it was overthrown in a 1676:

in 1979, sent doctors, teachers, and technicians to aid the country's development, and befriended the Grenadine President

1570:

in July 1979. Castro's critics accused the government of wasting Cuban lives in these military endeavors; the anti-Castro

427: 369: 6161: 1927: 1767:

banks and governments imposed upon it. In 1985, Havana hosted five international conferences on the world debt problem.

1427: 911: 641: 359: 304: 561:. Castro's ideas continue to be the primary foundation and manner in which the Cuban government functions to this day. 241: 5756: 2146:

and offering Cuban airports for the emergency diversion of any U.S. planes. He recognized that the attacks would make

1616: 1121:

knew the full plan. Upon discovering it through aerial reconnaissance, in October the U.S. implemented an island-wide

851: 723: 695: 492: 389: 379: 6244: 1738:

and allow capitalist elements to regain control. Gorbachev conceded to U.S. demands to reduce support for Cuba, with

1562:, a measure Castro refused to support. Castro extended support to Latin American revolutionary movements, namely the 677: 1263:

Castro's increasing role on the world stage strained his relationship with the Soviets, now under the leadership of

754:

at demonstrations and express their democratic will. As a result, he rejected the need for elections, claiming that

579: 6332: 6102: 6072: 1989: 1787: 1644:

were among the major players on the world stage in the 1980s, and would heavily affect Castro's governance of Cuba.

1240: 3456: 2194: 1231:, to train in Cuba. He considered western-dominated Africa ripe for revolution, and sent troops and medics to aid 895: 6499: 6256: 2366: 2354: 2009: 1974: 1956:, fearing a political backlash. Economic hardship led many Cubans to turn towards religion, both in the forms of 1808: 1688:. Cuban construction workers died in the conflict, with Castro denouncing the invasion and comparing the U.S. to 1134: 332: 209: 149: 111: 5788:

The United States and the Origins of the Cuban Revolution: An Empire of Liberty in an Age of National Liberation

5100:"Speech by Fidel Castro to the International Conference on Financing and Development, Monterrey, March 21, 2002" 6413: 1567: 1423: 835: 755: 420: 394: 384: 364: 233: 85: 34: 2272:, with Chávez visiting in August, and Morales in September. As a comment on Castro's recovery, U.S. President 2153: 861: 5451: 6313: 6281: 6196: 6168: 6131: 6123: 5832: 5548: 2265: 2001: 1993: 1919: 1504: 1162: 1035: 877:. Offended by the attitude of the elite Shelburne Hotel, he and his entourage stayed at the cheap, run-down 731: 672: 484: 5476: 4310: 838:(second from the right) with other leading revolutionaries, marching through the streets in protest at the 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6423: 6297: 6226: 2182:, making Cuba the only country to have embassies in all independent countries of the Caribbean Community. 1581: 1575: 1528: 855: 592: 500: 488: 468: 157: 1596: 6509: 6504: 6459: 6348: 6340: 6117: 6065: 4279: 2463:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed

1965: 1551: 1329: 1244: 1031: 1964:. Although he had long considered religious belief to be backward, Castro softened his approach to the 1860: 1378:(NAM). Various NAM members were critical of Castro's attendance, claiming that Cuba was aligned to the 4137: 2260:, and in April, Chávez told press that Castro was "almost totally recovered". On April 21, Castro met 1847:

With favourable trade from the Eastern Bloc ended, Castro publicly declared that Cuba was entering a "

1668:

against the United Kingdom and offered military aid to the Argentinians. Castro supported the leftist

6220: 6151: 6146: 2371: 2139: 1997: 1953: 1940: 1903:

and the Mexican government in 1995. Publicly, he presented himself as a moderate on the world stage.

1880: 1816: 1520: 1403: 1375: 1126: 996: 992: 607: 531: 296: 288: 5255: 1097: 6202: 6141: 2167: 2163: 2084: 1852: 1571: 1228: 1145:, the U.S. ignored them, and in turn Castro refused to allow the U.N.'s inspection team into Cuba. 839: 62: 1336:, banned elections, executed thousands and established a military junta led by Commander-in-Chief 2134: 2005: 1923: 1752: 1748: 1669: 1654: 1284: 1185: 1065:

The ORI began shaping Cuba using the Soviet model, persecuting political opponents and perceived

938: 903: 715: 225: 6238: 5608: 2127: 1600: 718:, many of whom were executed. Castro's government was characterized by the use of psychological 5631: 5103: 3908: 6356: 6305: 6289: 6043: 6022: 5999: 5980: 5956: 5932: 5909: 5883: 5862: 5836: 5810: 5791: 2683: 2466: 2256: 2017: 1970: 1957: 1892: 1715: 1704: 1653:

became U.S. president and pursued a hardline anti-Castro approach. Castro accused the U.S. of

1641: 1488: 1345: 1082: 1059: 1047: 890: 798: 782: 464: 141: 133: 76: 5039: 6156: 6107: 2361: 2339: 2198: 1981: 1337: 1325: 1313: 1118: 1051: 907: 762: 747: 691: 668: 652: 596: 584: 456: 246: 125: 1840: 1007:

The CIA and Democratic Revolutionary Front had based a 1,400-strong army, Brigade 2506, in

5970: 5946: 5458: 3732: 2679: 2440: 2344: 2331: 1856: 1735: 1524: 1419: 1407: 1264: 1252: 1232: 1208: 988: 923: 919: 810: 793: 738:

of any articles critical of the government; thus began press censorship in Castro's Cuba.

727: 600: 554:

had advocated in the 1960s. An estimated 7,000–11,000 Cubans died in conflicts in Africa.

476: 452: 217: 183: 99: 43: 1973:, which took place in January 1998; ultimately, it strengthened the position of both the 817:

Relations between Cuba and the U.S. were further strained following the explosion of the

5708: 2427: 1046:

schooling and while the first Soviet technicians arrived in June Castro was awarded the

495:. He retained the title until 2008, when the presidency was transferred to his brother, 6435: 6250: 6232: 6214: 6208: 6015: 5925: 5686: 2317: 2273: 2251: 2186: 2123: 2103: 2013: 1985: 1848: 1796: 1792: 1770: 1711:

fighting the Sandanistas, but the U.S. Congress sought to prevent further involvement.

1677: 1631: 1604: 1508: 1500: 1460: 1383: 1297: 1280: 1248: 1166: 1110: 915: 496: 312: 5855: 2325: 2213: 2079: 2032: 6453: 6364: 6039:

Changing Venezuela by Taking Power: The History and Policies of the Chávez Government

6037: 5902: 5877: 2087: 1948: 1872: 1804: 1696: 1681: 1665: 1650: 1634: 1555: 1431: 1272: 1023: 899: 878: 626: 622: 614: 519: 507: 2935: 945:

On 13 October 1960, the U.S. prohibited the majority of exports to Cuba, initiating

858:, who were aggrieved that Castro's government closed down their businesses in Cuba. 6391: 6088: 5897: 5824: 5184: 2261: 1888: 1835: 1812: 1756: 1689: 1608: 1578:

claimed an estimated 14,000 Cubans were killed in Cuba's foreign military actions.

1447: 1360: 978: 806: 618: 523: 460: 280: 5730: 5660: 5562: 5326: 5304: 5282: 5229: 2224: with: Information on Castro's second presidency of the NAM.. You can help by 1742:

deteriorating. When Gorbachev visited Cuba in April 1989, he informed Castro that

1546:

broke out as Somalia invaded Ethiopia; although a former ally of Somali President

5382: 5360: 1062:, Cuba allied with the wealthier Soviets, who offered economic and military aid. 5950: 5525: 5430: 2303: 2114: 1936: 1899:

on a 1994 visit to Colombia, and called for a negotiated settlement between the

1764: 1760: 1730: 1700: 1532: 1379: 1349: 1130: 1012: 941:

before their meeting on the sidelines of United Nations General Assembly in 1960

933: 927: 831: 708: 699: 645: 551: 547: 410: 2595: 1554:'s Marxist government of Ethiopia. He sent troops under the command of General 826: 785:, and the Soviet Union (USSR), a Marxist-Leninist socialist state ruled by the 503:. Fidel Castro remained the first secretary of the Communist Party until 2011. 2293: 1547: 1543: 1456: 1150: 1122: 1070: 1000: 779: 527: 320: 54: 5181:"Cuba's Doctors Resuscitate Economy Aid Missions Make Money, Not Just Allies" 17: 5927:

Hugo Chávez: The Definitive Biography of Venezuela's Controversial President

2449:

Organization of Solidarity with the People of Asia, Africa and Latin America

2443:(1967) A letter sent by Che Guevara from his jungle camp in Bolivia, to the 2099: 2091: 1803:

in December 1989. In February 1990, Castro's allies in Nicaragua, President

1536: 1491:. When the U.S. and South Africa stepped up their support of the opposition 1363: 1224: 1086: 1008: 886: 819: 664: 660: 511: 463:

and an associated group of revolutionaries toppled the ruling government of

5760: 1707:, but received little support from the Soviet Union. Reagan supported the 6403: 5233: 3737: 2190: 2175: 2171: 2143: 1961: 1724: 1599:. Cuba's relations across North America improved under Mexican President 1308: 1236: 1213: 1066: 775: 515: 2008:

movement. He criticized U.S. global hegemony and the control exerted by

1722:. A reformer, he implemented measures to increase freedom of the press ( 1523:. In February, Castro visited Algeria and Libya and spent ten days with 1169:. Castro returned to Cuba with new ideas; inspired by Soviet newspaper 2118: 2004:

of over 0.8 for 2007. Similarly, Castro also became a proponent of the

1708: 1680:. When Bishop was murdered in a Soviet-backed coup by hardline Marxist 1673: 1512: 1371: 1301: 1158: 1154: 1138: 719: 714:

Castro's government cracked down on opponents and arrested hundreds of

4136:

Macrotrends, “Cuba Economic Growth 1970–2022,” accessed May 14, 2022,

1018: 850:, on 17 March 1960, U.S. President Eisenhower secretly authorized the 1824: 1779: 1775: 1516: 1387: 1341: 1171: 1043: 882: 558: 5807:

The Castro Obsession: U.S. Covert Operations Against Cuba, 1959–1965

1935:

step down as head of government, to be replaced by the much younger

885:. There he met with journalists and anti-establishment figures like 4138:

https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/CUB/cuba/economic-growth-rate

3457:"Castro admits 'injustice' for gays and lesbians during revolution" 2098:

Mired in economic problems, Cuba would be aided by the election of

1883:. Yeltsin despised Castro and developed links with the Miami-based 1093:

The Cuban Missile Crisis and furthering socialism (1962–1968)

2414:

Oxford IB Diploma Programme: Authoritarian States Course Companion

2185:

Castro was known to be a friend of former Canadian Prime Minister

2152: 2078: 1834: 1769: 1626: 1580: 1395: 1391: 1354: 1321: 1096: 1017: 949:. (An arms embargo had been established in 1958.) In retaliation, 932: 860: 825: 578: 2250:

On July 31, 2006, Castro delegated all his duties to his brother

2107:

providing 90,000 barrels a day. That same year, Castro initiated

1550:, Castro had warned him against such action, and Cuba sided with 1101:

U-2 reconnaissance photograph of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba.

1896: 1484: 1113: 1106: 966:

The Bay of Pigs Invasion and embracing socialism (1961–62)

802: 266: 6061: 6057: 6017:

Red Heat: Conspiracy, Murder, and the Cold War in the Caribbean

1815:, the U.S. secured a majority vote for a resolution condemning 5499:"Castro says he resigned as Communist Party chief 5 years ago" 3460: 2208: 2157:

Castro amid cheering crowds supporting his presidency in 2005.

2027: 621:. He unsuccessfully proposed a $ 30 billion U.S.-funded " 526:

and its allies. Castro's desire to take the offensive against

1720:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

1267:. Asserting Cuba's independence, Castro refused to sign the 1257:

Tri-Continental Conference of Africa, Asia and Latin America

2150:

more aggressive, which he believed was counter-productive.

1913:— Fidel Castro explaining the reforms of the Special Period 659:

Although he refused to initially categorize his regime as '

1947:

Castro's government decided to diversify its economy into

1839:

Castro in front of a Havana statue of Cuban national hero

1774:

Castro's image painted onto a now-destroyed lighthouse in

1566:

in its overthrow of the Nicaraguan rightist government of

5123: 5121: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 1984:, campaigning against the waste of natural resources and 1478:— Fidel Castro's message to the UN General Assembly, 1979 1275:

as led by a "fascist reactionary rabble" and praised the

914:

organized an evening's reception for Castro, attended by

5015: 5013: 5011: 4534: 4532: 4471: 4469: 4408: 4406: 4186: 4184: 4182: 3973: 3971: 3969: 2676:

Ernesto "Che" Guevara (World Leaders Past & Present)

1291:

Economic stagnation and Third World politics (1969–1974)

937:

Castro giving press statement next to Egypt's President

873:

In September 1960, Castro flew to New York City for the

3920: 3918: 3691: 3689: 2225: 2044: 479:, from 1961 to 2011. In 1976, Castro officially became 1807:

and the Sandinistas, were defeated by the U.S.-funded

5790:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 4393: 4391: 3141:

Carmelo Mesa-Lago, Economy of Socialist Cuba, p. 124.

2072:

International Conference on Financing for Development

1751:, were investigated for corruption and complicity in 1253:

revolutionaries against the western-backed government

1247:, and in 1965 Castro authorized Guevara to travel to 5923:

Marcano, Christina; Barrera Tyszka, Alberto (2007).

5407:. Caribbean Net News. March 13, 2006. Archived from 1695:

Castro feared a U.S. invasion of Nicaragua and sent

1340:. Castro proceeded to West Africa to meet socialist 778:

raged between two superpowers: the United States, a

640:- INRA), on 17 May 1959, Castro signed into law the 6379: 6324: 6273: 6266: 6189: 6095: 2193:allies to trade openly with Cuba. Cuba still has a 6014: 5955:. New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company. 5924: 5901: 5879:Guerrilla Prince: The Untold Story of Fidel Castro 5854: 4330: 4328: 1269:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 603:, and presented himself as a "man of the people". 5151:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFMarcanoTyszka2007 ( 2936:http://www.historyofcuba.com/history/franqui2.htm 5526:"Cuba's Castro says recovering, sounds stronger" 2447:, published by the Executive Secretariat of the 1050:. In December 1961, Castro proclaimed himself a 5908:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 5861:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 2063: 1906: 1471: 1300:visited in 1971. In July 1972, Cuba joined the 1200: 1125:to search vessels headed to Cuba, sparking the 1022:Che Guevara (left) and Castro, photographed by 987:sugar mills. Both Eisenhower and his successor 970: 683: 587:, arriving at the MATS Terminal, in April 1959. 5638:. Comité Central del Partido Comunista de Cuba 5256:"Spiegel interview with Bolivia's Evo Morales" 4758: 4756: 4072: 4070: 1195:First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba 1165:and became the first foreigner to receive the 663:' and repeatedly denied specifically being a ' 610:avoided meeting Castro; he was instead met by 557:Castro died of natural causes in late 2016 at 473:first secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba 6520:States and territories disestablished in 2008 6073: 5683:"Fidel Castro stepping down as Cuba's leader" 5146: 2792:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFranqui1984 ( 1011:. At night, Brigade 2506 landed along Cuba's 750:, in which the Cuban populace could assemble 591:On February 16, 1959, Castro was sworn in as 428: 8: 5882:. New York City: Little, Brown and Company. 5685:. Reuters. February 18, 2008. Archived from 5524:Pretel, Enrique Andres (February 28, 2007). 5452:Reaction Mixed to Castro’s Turnover of Power 4671: 4669: 4667: 4301:O'Grady, Mary Anastasia (October 30, 2005). 3365:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBourne1987 ( 2596:https://www.jstor.org/stable/40176383?seq=21 2197:. On 20 April 1998, Canadian Prime Minister 1863:in the USSR, but refrained from backing the 1511:, where they agreed to support Mozambique's 1467:Foreign wars and NAM Presidency: (1975–1979) 744:Committees for the Defense of the Revolution 5609:"Bush wishes Cuba's Castro would disappear" 5163:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFKozloff2008 ( 2000:of less than 1.8 hectares per capita and a 1307:In May 1970, Florida-based dissident group 1079:Unidades Militares de Ayuda a la Producción 930:. Castro returned to Cuba on 28 September. 846:Inspired by their earlier success with the 6515:States and territories established in 1959 6270: 6080: 6066: 6058: 5214:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKozloff2008 ( 5132:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKozloff2008 ( 4276:"Recipient Grants: Center for a Free Cuba" 3909:"Castro comments on Czechoslovakia crisis" 2246:2006 Cuban transfer of presidential duties 1235:'s socialist regime in Algeria during the 632:After appointing himself president of the 435: 421: 28: 6021:. New York City: Henry Holt and Company. 2780:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRos2006 ( 1811:in an election. With the collapse of the 1161:, was awarded an honorary doctorate from 1040:Organizaciones Revolucionarias Integradas 995:in April 1961. On 15 April, CIA-supplied 770:Soviet support and U.S. opposition (1960) 506:Fidel Castro's government was officially 5809:. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, Inc. 5547:Pearson, Natalie Obiko (13 April 2007). 4309:. Center for a Free Cuba. Archived from 455:, political, and social changes. In the 5757:"CUBA: Raúl Shares His Seat with Fidel" 5347: 5209: 5158: 5127: 3616: 3596: 3584: 3572: 3552: 3540: 3528: 3516: 3500: 3480: 3444: 3404: 3384: 3377:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFQuirk ( 3336: 3308: 3288: 3276: 3256: 3236: 3200: 3180: 3062: 3014: 2994: 2974: 2954: 2923: 2863: 2827: 2811: 2787: 2771: 2759: 2747: 2731: 2715: 2663: 2643: 2545: 2529: 2509: 2404: 1143:Secretary-General of the United Nations 346: 331: 265: 194: 168: 110: 84: 61: 42: 31: 3628: 3608: 3564: 3512: 3492: 3472: 3432: 3416: 3396: 3360: 3332: 3300: 3268: 3248: 3228: 3212: 3192: 3172: 3107: 3095: 3074: 3054: 3026: 3006: 2986: 2966: 2946: 2915: 2899: 2855: 2839: 2743: 2727: 2699: 2655: 2635: 2581: 2541: 2521: 2501: 2485: 2416:. Oxford University Press. p. 63. 1869:Soviet Union was officially dismantled 1821:United Nations Human Rights Commission 1623:Reagan and Gorbachev (1980–1990) 1585:Fidel Castro speaking in Havana, 1978. 1302:Council for Mutual Economic Assistance 1109:, Khrushchev wanted to install Soviet 1036:Integrated Revolutionary Organizations 875:General Assembly of the United Nations 5632:"Message from the Commander in Chief" 5501:. CNN. March 22, 2011. Archived from 5405:"Cuba opens more Caribbean embassies" 3632: 3612: 3568: 3496: 3476: 3463:, Shasta Darlington, August 31, 2010. 3420: 3400: 3348: 3320: 3304: 3272: 3252: 3232: 3216: 3196: 3176: 3111: 3058: 3042: 3030: 3010: 2990: 2970: 2950: 2919: 2903: 2887: 2859: 2843: 2823: 2807: 2711: 2659: 2639: 2569: 2557: 2525: 2505: 2489: 1073:, but many gays were forced into the 638:Instituto Nacional de Reforma Agraria 634:National Institute of Agrarian Reform 7: 1980:In the early 1990s, Castro embraced 1831:The Special Period (1991–2000) 1664:, Castro supported them in the 1982 1564:Sandinista National Liberation Front 1366:on his visit to the country in 1972. 5731:"Raúl Castro named Cuban president" 5709:"Fidel Castro announces retirement" 5661:"Fidel Castro announces retirement" 5630:Castro, Fidel (February 18, 2008). 5549:"Venezuela: Ally Castro Recovering" 5431:"Canadian PM visits Fidel in April" 5283:"Cuba and Panama restore relations" 5230:"Cuba to shut plants to save power" 2775: 2283:National Assembly of People's Power 1877:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 1374:to attend the Fourth Summit of the 471:from 1959 to 1976. He was also the 5829:Fidel: A Biography of Fidel Castro 5563:"Castro resumes official business" 5475:. Juventud Rebelde. Archived from 5361:"Castro calls for Caribbean unity" 5305:"Castro welcomes one-off US trade" 5281:Gibbs, Stephen (August 21, 2005). 2682:, 1989, Chelsea House Publishers, 1891:and took a particular interest in 1885:Cuban American National Foundation 1560:Eritrean People's Liberation Front 1410:, who became his friend and ally. 1386:broke out in October 1973 between 1370:In September 1973, he returned to 475:, the most senior position in the 255:United States embargo against Cuba 25: 5976:Mandela: The Authorised Biography 5179:Morris, Ruth (18 December 2005). 4278:. August 25, 2006. Archived from 3372: 2451:(OSPAAAL), Havana, 16 April 1967. 1926:, which involved construction of 1763:would never escape the debt that 1728:) and economic decentralisation ( 1619:support for militant dissidents. 1260:American revolutionary movement. 889:. He also met the Soviet Premier 667:', Castro appointed advocates of 5471:Castro, Fidel (March 22, 2011). 2324: 2310: 2296: 2212: 2180:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2083:Castro meeting with center-left 2031: 1359:Fidel Castro and members of the 1328:had been elected as the head of 1191:assassination of John F. Kennedy 1075:Military Units to Aid Production 536:Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces 449:political career of Fidel Castro 404: 53: 2205:Stepping down (2006–2008) 2070:— Fidel Castro's speech at the 2024:The Pink Tide (2000–2006) 1849:Special Period in Time of Peace 1660:Although despising Argentina's 1592:United Nations General Assembly 1416:Organization of American States 1056:Organization of American States 867:United Nations General Assembly 698:, during 1960 testimony to the 540:Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias 6495:20th-century Cuban politicians 6042:. London and New York: Verso. 4909:. pp. 276–281, 284, 287. 2445:Tricontinental Conference 1966 2350:History of land reform in Cuba 1817:Cuba's human rights violations 1452:President of the State Council 1137:. Presenting these demands to 1: 6013:Von Tunzelmann, Alex (2011). 5759:. Ipsnews.net. Archived from 5711:. BBC News. February 19, 2008 5663:. BBC News. February 18, 2008 5329:. BBC News. December 16, 2001 5307:. BBC News. November 17, 2001 3907:Castro, Fidel (August 1968). 3479:, pp. 203–204, 410–412, 3179:, pp. 353–354, 365–366; 2918:, pp. 189–190, 198–199; 2441:Message to the Tricontinental 2195:good relationship with Canada 1879:and introducing a capitalist 1507:and Guinea-Bissaun President 1390:and an Arab coalition led by 546:. His aim was to create many 451:saw Cuba undergo significant 5876:Geyer, Georgie Anne (1991). 2461:Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). 1527:before attending talks with 1324:, where socialist President 912:Fair Play for Cuba Committee 881:in the impoverished area of 6525:Political careers by person 5786:Benjamin, Jules R. (1992). 5363:. BBC News. August 21, 1998 4303:"Counting Castro's Victims" 1977:, and Castro's government. 1960:and the syncretic faith of 1740:Cuba–Soviet Union relations 1243:'s socialist government in 852:Central Intelligence Agency 848:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 724:Central Intelligence Agency 696:American Ambassador to Cuba 6541: 5931:. New York: Random House. 5595: 5583: 5565:. BBC News. April 21, 2007 5433:. BBC News. April 20, 1998 5385:. BBC News. 25 August 1998 5383:"Castro finds new friends" 5086: 5074: 5062: 5019: 5002: 4990: 4978: 4966: 4954: 4942: 4930: 4918: 4906: 4894: 4882: 4870: 4858: 4846: 4834: 4822: 4810: 4798: 4786: 4774: 4762: 4747: 4735: 4723: 4711: 4699: 4687: 4675: 4658: 4646: 4634: 4622: 4610: 4598: 4586: 4574: 4562: 4550: 4538: 4523: 4511: 4499: 4487: 4475: 4460: 4448: 4436: 4424: 4412: 4397: 4382: 4370: 4358: 4346: 4334: 4262: 4250: 4238: 4226: 4214: 4202: 4190: 4173: 4161: 4149: 4124: 4112: 4100: 4088: 4076: 4061: 4049: 4037: 4025: 4013: 4001: 3989: 3977: 3960: 3948: 3936: 3924: 3894: 3882: 3870: 3858: 3846: 3834: 3822: 3810: 3798: 3786: 3774: 3762: 3750: 3719: 3707: 3695: 3680: 3668: 3656: 3644: 3160: 2875: 2465:. McFarland. p. 566. 2412:Authors, Multiple (2015). 2243: 1603:, Canadian Prime Minister 1004:government was socialist. 625:" for the whole region of 522:and its allies versus the 6036:Wilpert, Gregory (2007). 5996:Fidel Castro: A Biography 5327:"US food arrives in Cuba" 5147:Marcano & Tyszka 2007 4969:. pp. 278, 294–295. 4040:. pp. 233–236, 240. 3777:. pp. 255–256, 260. 2989:, pp. 202, 211–213; 2367:Foreign relations of Cuba 2355:Timeline of Cuban history 1865:1991 coup in that country 1809:National Opposition Union 1662:right wing military junta 1400:Israel-Palestine conflict 1135:Guantanamo Bay Naval Base 981:, Castro biographer, 1986 756:representative democratic 575:Consolidating rule (1959) 150:Cuban War of Independence 112:Captaincy General of Cuba 6245:Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart 5833:Dodd, Mead & Company 5473:"My Shoes Are Too Tight" 3741:, April 27, 1964, p. 23. 3619:, pp. 199–200, 203. 2560:, pp. 262–269, 281. 1639:Soviet General Secretary 1568:Anastasio Somoza Debayle 1434:and head of government. 1283:. Influenced by China's 836:William Alexander Morgan 644:, heavily influenced by 234:Cuban Revolution of 1933 86:Viceroyalty of New Spain 6424:Relationship with dairy 6314:638 Ways to Kill Castro 6282:Fidel: The Untold Story 6181:Death and state funeral 6124:History Will Absolve Me 5994:Skierka, Volka (2006). 5611:. Reuters. 28 June 2007 5584:Marcano and Tyszka 2007 3375:, pp. 395, 400–401 2266:Chinese Communist Party 2002:Human Development Index 1994:sustainable development 1788:José Eduardo dos Santos 1699:to train the governing 1241:Alphonse Massemba-Débat 1163:Moscow State University 1105:Militarily weaker than 834:(third from left), and 760:U.S. Secretary of State 716:counter-revolutionaries 6387:Assassination attempts 6257:Alejandro Castro Espín 6227:Natalia Revuelta Clews 6162:Intervention in Angola 2277:by the world's media. 2158: 2095: 2067: 1910: 1844: 1783: 1645: 1586: 1576:Center for a Free Cuba 1529:the Marxist government 1475: 1367: 1239:. He also allied with 1204: 1153:rally and watched the 1102: 1027: 974: 942: 870: 843: 687: 680:as the new president. 588: 534:ultimately led to the 305:Intervention in Angola 242:1952 Cuban coup d'état 170:US Military Government 6349:Fidel Castro Handbook 6341:The Real Fidel Castro 6118:26th of July Movement 5998:. Cambridge: Polity. 5857:The Real Fidel Castro 5805:Bohning, Don (2005). 5461:. PBS. August 1, 2006 3731:"Cuba Once More", by 3307:, pp. 387, 396; 2746:, pp. 181, 197; 2156: 2102:and anti-imperialist 2082: 1966:Roman Catholic Church 1838: 1773: 1672:that seized power in 1630: 1607:, and U.S. President 1584: 1552:Mengistu Haile Mariam 1358: 1330:a left-wing coalition 1100: 1032:democratic centralism 1021: 936: 902:, Egyptian President 898:, Bulgarian chairman 864: 829: 642:First Agrarian Reform 582: 518:struggle between the 6197:Ángel Castro y Argiz 6152:Cuban Missile Crisis 6147:Bay of Pigs Invasion 5236:. 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Eisenhower 532:communist revolution 493:Council of Ministers 297:Cuban Missile Crisis 289:Bay of Pigs Invasion 5904:Cuba: A New History 5737:. February 24, 2008 5551:. 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HarperCollins. 5831:. New York City: 5505:on April 15, 2011 5479:on April 27, 2011 5262:. August 28, 2006 5191:on 1 October 2007 2242: 2241: 2090:, a significant " 2061: 2060: 1992:'s definition of 1971:Pope John Paul II 1958:Roman Catholicism 1893:Margaret Thatcher 1753:cocaine smuggling 1716:Mikhail Gorbachev 1705:guerrilla warfare 1597:Soviet–Afghan War 1505:Ahmed Sékou Touré 1489:Angolan Civil War 1334:led a coup d'état 1245:Congo-Brazzaville 1175:, he amalgamated 1060:Sino-Soviet Split 1048:Lenin Peace Prize 896:Władysław Gomułka 891:Nikita Khrushchev 783:liberal democracy 465:Fulgencio Batista 445: 444: 325: 317: 309: 301: 293: 285: 271: 259: 251: 238: 230: 222: 214: 200: 188: 174: 162: 154: 146: 138: 130: 116: 104: 90: 67: 16:(Redirected from 6532: 6500:Authoritarianism 6409:Eponymous things 6271: 6203:Ramón Castro Ruz 6157:Machurucuto raid 6108:Cuban Revolution 6082: 6075: 6068: 6059: 6053: 6032: 6020: 6009: 5990: 5971:Sampson, Anthony 5966: 5947:Quirk, Robert E. 5942: 5930: 5919: 5907: 5893: 5872: 5860: 5846: 5825:Bourne, Peter G. 5820: 5801: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5468: 5462: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5187:. 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T. Smith 678:Osvaldo Dorticós 669:Marxism-Leninism 653:African-American 597:public relations 585:Washington, D.C. 569: 568: 485:Council of State 457:Cuban Revolution 437: 430: 423: 409: 408: 407: 385:Military history 365:Economic history 323: 315: 307: 299: 291: 283: 269: 267:Republic of Cuba 257: 249: 247:Cuban Revolution 236: 228: 220: 212: 198: 196:Republic of Cuba 186: 172: 160: 152: 144: 136: 128: 126:Lopez Expedition 114: 102: 88: 65: 57: 47: 29: 21: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6529: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6419:Religious views 6371: 6320: 6267:Popular culture 6262: 6239:Alina Fernández 6235:(sister-in-law) 6185: 6091: 6086: 6056: 6050: 6035: 6029: 6012: 6006: 5993: 5987: 5969: 5963: 5945: 5939: 5922: 5916: 5896: 5890: 5875: 5869: 5849: 5843: 5823: 5817: 5804: 5798: 5785: 5781: 5776: 5766: 5764: 5763:on May 11, 2011 5755: 5754: 5750: 5740: 5738: 5729: 5728: 5724: 5714: 5712: 5707: 5706: 5702: 5692: 5690: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5666: 5664: 5659: 5658: 5654: 5648: 5641: 5639: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5614: 5612: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5594: 5590: 5582: 5578: 5568: 5566: 5561: 5560: 5556: 5546: 5545: 5541: 5531: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5518: 5508: 5506: 5497: 5496: 5492: 5482: 5480: 5470: 5469: 5465: 5459:Wayback Machine 5450: 5446: 5436: 5434: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5414: 5412: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5388: 5386: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5366: 5364: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5346: 5342: 5332: 5330: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5288: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5275: 5265: 5263: 5254: 5253: 5249: 5239: 5237: 5228: 5227: 5223: 5213: 5208: 5204: 5194: 5192: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5162: 5150: 5145: 5141: 5131: 5126: 5119: 5109: 5107: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5061: 5057: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5018: 5009: 5001: 4997: 4989: 4985: 4977: 4973: 4965: 4961: 4953: 4949: 4945:. pp. 290, 322. 4941: 4937: 4929: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4833: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4809: 4805: 4797: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4761: 4754: 4746: 4742: 4734: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4674: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4633: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4597: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4545: 4537: 4530: 4522: 4518: 4510: 4506: 4498: 4494: 4486: 4482: 4474: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4423: 4419: 4411: 4404: 4396: 4389: 4381: 4377: 4369: 4365: 4357: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4333: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4261: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4237: 4233: 4225: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4189: 4180: 4172: 4168: 4160: 4156: 4148: 4144: 4135: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4075: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4012: 4008: 4000: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3947: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3923: 3916: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3821: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3797: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3733:Walter Lippmann 3730: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3694: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3627: 3623: 3611:, p. 239, 3607: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3571:, p. 425, 3563: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3539: 3535: 3527: 3523: 3511: 3507: 3491: 3487: 3475:, p. 233, 3471: 3467: 3455: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3431: 3427: 3419:, p. 232, 3415: 3411: 3395: 3391: 3376: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3347: 3343: 3335:, p. 231, 3331: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3303:, p. 230; 3299: 3295: 3287: 3283: 3267: 3263: 3247: 3243: 3235:, p. 369; 3227: 3223: 3211: 3207: 3191: 3187: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3106: 3102: 3094: 3081: 3073: 3069: 3061:, p. 349; 3057:, p. 214; 3053: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3025: 3021: 3005: 3001: 2985: 2981: 2973:, p. 302; 2965: 2961: 2945: 2941: 2934: 2930: 2914: 2910: 2902:, p. 202; 2898: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2862:, p. 345; 2858:, p. 233; 2854: 2850: 2842:, p. 125; 2838: 2834: 2826:, p. 300; 2822: 2818: 2810:, p. 197; 2806: 2802: 2791: 2779: 2774:, p. 167; 2770: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2742: 2738: 2726: 2722: 2714:, p. 280; 2710: 2706: 2698: 2694: 2680:Douglas Kellner 2674: 2670: 2654: 2650: 2642:, p. 248; 2634: 2630: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2592: 2588: 2580: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2556: 2552: 2540: 2536: 2528:, p. 243; 2524:, p. 177; 2520: 2516: 2500: 2496: 2488:, p. 173; 2484: 2480: 2473: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2439: 2435: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2345:History of Cuba 2332:Politics portal 2330: 2323: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2248: 2238: 2232: 2229: 2222:needs expansion 2207: 2128:Martín Torrijos 2077: 2069: 2057: 2051: 2048: 2041:needs expansion 2026: 1916: 1912: 1855:. By 1992, the 1833: 1736:socialist state 1625: 1601:Luis Echeverría 1525:Muammar Gaddafi 1481: 1477: 1469: 1445: 1439: 1438: 1420:socialist state 1408:Muammar Gaddafi 1293: 1277:Soviet invasion 1265:Leonid Brezhnev 1233:Ahmed Ben Bella 1220: 1209:Walter Lippmann 1206: 1095: 1067:social deviants 989:John F. Kennedy 984: 976: 968: 924:C. Wright Mills 920:Langston Hughes 842:, 5 March 1960. 794:Anastas Mikoyan 787:Communist Party 772: 728:Rafael Trujillo 704: 689: 601:charm offensive 577: 572: 566: 565: 477:communist state 441: 411:Cuba portal 405: 403: 395:Women's history 218:Negro Rebellion 184:Platt Amendment 158:Treaty of Paris 100:Siege of Havana 45: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6538: 6536: 6528: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6452: 6451: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6441: 6433: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6395: 6394: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6361: 6357:Castro's Beard 6353: 6345: 6337: 6328: 6326: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6310: 6302: 6294: 6286: 6277: 6275: 6268: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6254: 6251:Mariela Castro 6248: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6224: 6218: 6215:Juanita Castro 6212: 6206: 6200: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6178: 6177: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6129: 6128: 6127: 6120: 6115: 6105: 6099: 6097: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6077: 6070: 6062: 6055: 6054: 6049:978-1844675524 6048: 6033: 6028:978-0805090673 6027: 6010: 6005:978-0745640815 6004: 5991: 5986:978-0006388456 5985: 5967: 5962:978-0393034851 5961: 5943: 5938:978-0679456667 5937: 5920: 5915:978-0300104110 5914: 5894: 5889:978-0316308939 5888: 5873: 5868:978-0300107609 5867: 5847: 5842:978-0396085188 5841: 5821: 5816:978-1574886764 5815: 5802: 5797:978-0691025360 5796: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5774: 5748: 5722: 5700: 5674: 5652: 5622: 5600: 5588: 5576: 5554: 5539: 5516: 5490: 5463: 5444: 5422: 5396: 5374: 5352: 5350:, p. 320. 5340: 5318: 5296: 5273: 5247: 5221: 5202: 5171: 5139: 5117: 5091: 5079: 5067: 5055: 5024: 5007: 4995: 4983: 4971: 4959: 4947: 4935: 4923: 4911: 4899: 4887: 4875: 4863: 4851: 4839: 4827: 4815: 4803: 4791: 4779: 4767: 4752: 4740: 4728: 4716: 4704: 4692: 4680: 4663: 4651: 4639: 4627: 4615: 4603: 4591: 4579: 4567: 4555: 4543: 4528: 4516: 4504: 4492: 4480: 4465: 4453: 4441: 4429: 4417: 4402: 4387: 4375: 4373:. pp. 247–248. 4363: 4351: 4349:. pp. 244–245. 4339: 4324: 4293: 4267: 4255: 4253:. pp. 291–292. 4243: 4241:. pp. 243–244. 4231: 4219: 4217:. pp. 242–243. 4207: 4195: 4178: 4166: 4154: 4142: 4129: 4117: 4105: 4093: 4081: 4066: 4054: 4042: 4030: 4018: 4006: 3994: 3982: 3965: 3953: 3941: 3929: 3914: 3899: 3887: 3875: 3863: 3851: 3839: 3827: 3815: 3803: 3791: 3779: 3767: 3755: 3743: 3724: 3712: 3700: 3685: 3673: 3661: 3649: 3637: 3621: 3601: 3589: 3587:, p. 197. 3577: 3557: 3555:, p. 195. 3545: 3543:, p. 194. 3533: 3521: 3505: 3503:, p. 192. 3485: 3483:, p. 189. 3465: 3449: 3437: 3435:, p. 233. 3425: 3423:, p. 397. 3409: 3389: 3387:, p. 190. 3353: 3351:, p. 405. 3341: 3339:, p. 188. 3325: 3313: 3311:, p. 188. 3293: 3281: 3261: 3241: 3221: 3219:, p. 371. 3205: 3185: 3183:, p. 178. 3165: 3153: 3143: 3134: 3125: 3116: 3114:, p. 324. 3100: 3079: 3077:, p. 215. 3067: 3065:, p. 177. 3047: 3045:, p. 339. 3035: 3033:, p. 337. 3019: 2999: 2979: 2977:, p. 172. 2959: 2957:, p. 173. 2939: 2928: 2908: 2906:, p. 296. 2892: 2890:, p. 330. 2880: 2868: 2866:, p. 176. 2848: 2846:, p. 300. 2832: 2830:, p. 176. 2816: 2800: 2764: 2752: 2750:, p. 168. 2736: 2734:, p. 167. 2720: 2718:, p. 168. 2704: 2702:, p. 179. 2692: 2668: 2666:, p. 162. 2648: 2628: 2618: 2609: 2600: 2586: 2584:, p. 186. 2574: 2572:, p. 234. 2562: 2550: 2534: 2532:, p. 158. 2514: 2494: 2492:, p. 228. 2478: 2472:978-0786474707 2471: 2453: 2433: 2428:"Cuba (09/01)" 2419: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2321: 2318:History portal 2307: 2291: 2288: 2274:George W. Bush 2257:Aló Presidente 2240: 2239: 2219: 2217: 2206: 2203: 2187:Pierre Trudeau 2124:Mireya Moscoso 2109:Mision Milagro 2062: 2059: 2058: 2038: 2036: 2025: 2022: 2014:Nelson Mandela 2010:multinationals 1986:global warming 1975:Church in Cuba 1905: 1875:abolished the 1832: 1829: 1797:Manuel Noriega 1793:Eastern Europe 1678:Maurice Bishop 1657:against Cuba. 1632:U.S. President 1624: 1621: 1605:Pierre Trudeau 1501:Agostinho Neto 1470: 1468: 1465: 1444: 1436: 1384:Yom Kippur War 1298:Alexei Kosygin 1292: 1289: 1281:Czechoslovakia 1249:Congo-Kinshasa 1229:Black Panthers 1199: 1167:Order of Lenin 1094: 1091: 969: 967: 964: 916:Allen Ginsberg 865:Castro at the 771: 768: 682: 612:Vice President 605:U.S. President 593:prime minister 576: 573: 571: 563: 501:vice president 469:prime minister 443: 442: 440: 439: 432: 425: 417: 414: 413: 400: 399: 398: 397: 392: 387: 382: 380:Jewish history 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 349: 348: 344: 343: 342: 341: 336: 335: 329: 328: 327: 326: 318: 313:Special Period 310: 302: 294: 286: 273: 272: 263: 262: 261: 260: 252: 244: 239: 231: 223: 215: 202: 201: 192: 191: 190: 189: 176: 175: 166: 165: 164: 163: 155: 147: 139: 134:Ten Years' War 131: 118: 117: 108: 107: 106: 105: 92: 91: 82: 81: 80: 79: 77:Taíno genocide 69: 68: 59: 58: 50: 49: 40: 39: 32: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6537: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6490:2000s in Cuba 6488: 6486: 6485:1990s in Cuba 6483: 6481: 6480:1980s in Cuba 6478: 6476: 6475:1970s in Cuba 6473: 6471: 6470:1960s in Cuba 6468: 6466: 6465:1950s in Cuba 6463: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6378: 6367: 6366: 6365:The Cuba Wars 6362: 6359: 6358: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6333:Guerrilla War 6330: 6329: 6327: 6323: 6316: 6315: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6303: 6300: 6299: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6269: 6265: 6258: 6255: 6252: 6249: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6213: 6210: 6207: 6204: 6201: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6182: 6179: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6130: 6125: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6113:Participation 6111: 6110: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6083: 6078: 6076: 6071: 6069: 6064: 6063: 6060: 6051: 6045: 6041: 6040: 6034: 6030: 6024: 6019: 6018: 6011: 6007: 6001: 5997: 5992: 5988: 5982: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5954: 5953: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5934: 5929: 5928: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5906: 5905: 5899: 5898:Gott, Richard 5895: 5891: 5885: 5881: 5880: 5874: 5870: 5864: 5859: 5858: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5812: 5808: 5803: 5799: 5793: 5789: 5784: 5783: 5778: 5762: 5758: 5752: 5749: 5736: 5732: 5726: 5723: 5710: 5704: 5701: 5688: 5684: 5678: 5675: 5662: 5656: 5653: 5637: 5636:Diario Granma 5633: 5626: 5623: 5610: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5592: 5589: 5585: 5580: 5577: 5564: 5558: 5555: 5550: 5543: 5540: 5527: 5520: 5517: 5504: 5500: 5494: 5491: 5478: 5474: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5453: 5448: 5445: 5432: 5426: 5423: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5397: 5384: 5378: 5375: 5362: 5356: 5353: 5349: 5344: 5341: 5328: 5322: 5319: 5306: 5300: 5297: 5284: 5277: 5274: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5248: 5235: 5231: 5225: 5222: 5217: 5212:, p. 21. 5211: 5206: 5203: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5175: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5148: 5143: 5140: 5135: 5130:, p. 24. 5129: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5080: 5076: 5071: 5068: 5064: 5059: 5056: 5045:on 2018-08-21 5041: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4975: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4960: 4956: 4951: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4876: 4872: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4855: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4840: 4836: 4831: 4828: 4824: 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1016: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 983: 980: 973: 965: 963: 959: 955: 952: 948: 940: 935: 931: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 900:Todor Zhivkov 897: 892: 888: 884: 880: 879:Hotel Theresa 876: 868: 863: 859: 857: 853: 849: 841: 837: 833: 828: 824: 822: 821: 815: 812: 811:nationalizing 808: 804: 800: 795: 792: 788: 784: 781: 777: 774:By 1960, the 769: 767: 764: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 739: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 712: 710: 703: 701: 697: 693: 686: 681: 679: 674: 670: 666: 662: 657: 654: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 630: 628: 627:Latin America 624: 623:Marshall Plan 620: 616: 615:Richard Nixon 613: 609: 606: 602: 598: 594: 586: 581: 574: 564: 562: 560: 555: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 520:United States 517: 513: 509: 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 438: 433: 431: 426: 424: 419: 418: 416: 415: 412: 402: 401: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 352: 351: 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F. Stone 832:Che Guevara 726:(CIA), and 709:brain drain 700:U.S. Senate 646:Che Guevara 599:firm for a 570:(1959–1976) 567:Premiership 552:Che Guevara 530:and spread 497:Raúl Castro 355:Agriculture 324:(2015–2017) 316:(1991–2000) 308:(1975–1991) 250:(1953–1959) 229:(1917–1922) 213:(1906–1909) 199:(1902–1959) 173:(1898–1902) 153:(1895–1898) 145:(1879–1880) 137:(1868–1878) 129:(1850–1851) 115:(1607–1898) 89:(1535–1821) 66:(1511–1519) 44:History of 6454:Categories 6298:Comandante 6241:(daughter) 6169:Presidency 6103:Early life 5596:Sivak 2008 5285:. BBC News 5266:August 12, 5049:2016-12-23 5033:"untitled" 4286:August 25, 3633:Quirk 1993 3613:Quirk 1993 3569:Quirk 1993 3497:Quirk 1993 3477:Quirk 1993 3421:Quirk 1993 3401:Quirk 1993 3349:Quirk 1993 3321:Quirk 1993 3305:Quirk 1993 3273:Quirk 1993 3253:Quirk 1993 3233:Quirk 1993 3217:Quirk 1993 3197:Quirk 1993 3177:Quirk 1993 3112:Quirk 1993 3059:Quirk 1993 3043:Quirk 1993 3031:Quirk 1993 3011:Quirk 1993 2991:Quirk 1993 2971:Quirk 1993 2951:Quirk 1993 2920:Quirk 1993 2904:Quirk 1993 2888:Quirk 1993 2876:Quirk 1993 2860:Quirk 1993 2844:Quirk 1993 2824:Quirk 1993 2808:Quirk 1993 2712:Quirk 1993 2660:Quirk 1993 2640:Quirk 1993 2570:Quirk 1993 2558:Quirk 1993 2526:Quirk 1993 2506:Quirk 1993 2490:Quirk 1993 2380:References 2244:See also: 1996:, with an 1901:Zapatistas 1841:José Martí 1548:Siad Barre 1544:Ogaden War 1457:Reagan Era 1450:served as 1440:Presidency 1344:President 1181:Revolución 1151:Red Square 1123:quarantine 1071:homophobia 1001:false flag 780:capitalist 528:capitalism 499:, who was 370:Healthcare 321:Cuban thaw 142:Little War 6211:(brother) 6205:(brother) 5767:March 16, 5586:. p. 287. 5569:April 21, 5532:April 28, 5528:. 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FBIS. 2690:, pg 66 2264:of the 2119:Bolivia 1819:at the 1782:, 1995. 1718:became 1709:contras 1674:Grenada 1519:in the 1487:in the 1372:Algiers 1342:Guinean 1227:to the 1159:Kremlin 1155:May Day 1139:U Thant 720:torture 542:– FAR) 508:atheist 491:of the 483:of the 347:Topical 284:(1959–) 270:(1959–) 258:(1958–) 6437:Granma 6368:(2008) 6360:(2006) 6352:(2006) 6344:(2003) 6336:(1987) 6317:(2006) 6309:(2004) 6301:(2003) 6293:(2002) 6285:(2001) 6223:(wife) 6190:Family 6046: 6025: 6002: 5983: 5959: 5935: 5912: 5886: 5865: 5839: 5813: 5794: 2686: 2469: 2178:, and 2074:, 2002 1920:hosted 1825:Geneva 1780:Angola 1776:Lobito 1635:Reagan 1517:RENAMO 1404:Libyan 1388:Israel 1186:Granma 1172:Pravda 1044:Moscow 1034:: the 910:, the 883:Harlem 805:, and 559:Havana 300:(1962) 292:(1961) 237:(1933) 221:(1912) 187:(1901) 161:(1898) 103:(1762) 37:on the 6404:Birán 6380:Other 6325:Other 6290:Fidel 6274:Films 6247:(son) 5043:(PDF) 5036:(PDF) 3373:Quirk 2678:, by 2395:Other 2385:Notes 1497:UNITA 1396:Syria 1392:Egypt 1322:Chile 1312:poet 856:Mafia 799:Shell 6044:ISBN 6023:ISBN 6000:ISBN 5981:ISBN 5957:ISBN 5933:ISBN 5910:ISBN 5884:ISBN 5863:ISBN 5837:ISBN 5811:ISBN 5792:ISBN 5769:2011 5743:2008 5717:2008 5695:2008 5669:2008 5644:2011 5617:2007 5571:2007 5534:2012 5511:2011 5485:2011 5439:2006 5417:2006 5391:2006 5369:2006 5335:2006 5313:2006 5291:2006 5268:2009 5242:2006 5216:help 5197:2006 5165:help 5153:help 5134:help 5112:2016 4319:2006 4288:2006 3379:help 3367:help 2794:help 2782:help 2684:ISBN 2467:ISBN 2252:Raúl 1922:the 1897:FARC 1747:and 1637:and 1495:and 1493:FLNA 1485:MPLA 1426:and 1394:and 1179:and 1114:MRBM 1111:R-12 1107:NATO 997:B-26 951:INRA 926:and 803:Esso 487:and 447:The 46:Cuba 5735:BBC 3461:CNN 2268:'s 2228:. 2117:of 2047:. 1990:WWF 1871:as 1823:in 1703:in 1617:CIA 1531:of 1320:to 1279:of 1177:Hoy 6456:: 5835:. 5733:. 5634:. 5258:. 5232:. 5183:. 5157:; 5120:^ 5010:^ 4755:^ 4666:^ 4531:^ 4468:^ 4405:^ 4390:^ 4327:^ 4305:. 4181:^ 4069:^ 3968:^ 3917:^ 3735:, 3688:^ 3459:, 3383:, 3371:, 3082:^ 2786:; 2174:, 2170:, 2166:: 2130:. 1778:, 1692:. 1352:. 1211:, 1207:— 977:— 922:, 918:, 801:, 711:. 690:— 629:. 459:, 6126:" 6122:" 6081:e 6074:t 6067:v 6052:. 6031:. 6008:. 5989:. 5965:. 5941:. 5918:. 5892:. 5871:. 5845:. 5819:. 5800:. 5771:. 5745:. 5719:. 5697:. 5671:. 5646:. 5619:. 5573:. 5536:. 5513:. 5487:. 5441:. 5419:. 5393:. 5371:. 5337:. 5315:. 5293:. 5270:. 5244:. 5218:) 5199:. 5169:. 5167:) 5155:) 5136:) 5114:. 5052:. 4321:. 4290:. 4140:. 3381:) 3369:) 2798:. 2796:) 2784:) 2598:. 2475:. 2430:. 2235:) 2231:( 2054:) 2050:( 1077:( 1038:( 636:( 538:( 436:e 429:t 422:v 20:)

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