888:
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294:(CCU). The attempt to decertify the United Mine Workers and replace it with a new union was part of a larger movement among Canadian labour unions to split away from their parent "international" unions in the United States. Widespread discontent existed over the amount of dues sent to international union headquarters in America (many Canadian unions called them "profits") and the relatively minor attention given to the problems of Canadian workers in return.
186:(UMWA) attempted to organize the miners and supplant the PWA in 1909. The two unions fought for control, but in 1917 joined forces and formed the Amalgamated Mine Workers of Nova Scotia. The Amalgamated affiliated fully with UMWA within three years. Miners were represented continuously by District 26 of UMWA over the next 80 years. Strikes during this period were exceedingly rare. Nevertheless, major and often violent work stoppages occurred in 1920s.
282:
strike after paying the
American union millions of dollars in dues since their last strike. A delegation from District 26 went to the UMW's headquarters in Washington, D.C. during the strike and were told "it was their responsibility to provide a strike fund." To support the strike effort, the local union organized a United Mine Workers Wives Association to raise funds and provide food, financial support, and other charity for strikers' families.
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305:, flew in from Washington about a week before the second vote. His visit boosted the UMWA and the miners rejected disaffiliation a second time by a vote of 1,795 to 1,242. CMU's support declined quickly thereafter, as miners became disenchanted with the constant campaigning for votes. UMWA was never challenged again, and continued to represent miners on Cape Breton Island for the next 17 years.
237:
each year, over a two-year contract that DEVCO accepted. However, when
District 26's president, Ray Holland, brought it to a ratification vote on July 7, the rank and file members rejected it 1,954 to 827. On July 13, Holland informed DEVCO president Steve Rankin that they were in a legal strike situation, and would strike if they didn't get a better offer from the new federal mediator.
1627:
265:
to demand an end to the strike. The 125 or so strikers were expecting Prime
Minister Trudeau but his plane arrived a few hours later. Three federal mediators attempted to negotiate an end to the strike, and three times the miners rejected tentative contracts (the last one proposing a 50 percent wage
236:
eroded a miner's buying power. The miners were without a contract since
December 31, 1980 and were making a base pay of $ 58 per day (roughly $ 181 CAD in 2023). Nova Scotia judge Nathan Green wrote a conciliation report in spring 1981 recommending an $ 8.50 (roughly $ 26 CAD in 2023) per day raise,
218:
On July 7, 1967, the Cape Breton
Development Corporation (DEVCO) – a federal crown corporation – was founded. Its original mandate was to close the mines, but when it took ownership of the Cape Breton mines management discovered they could continue for at least another 15 years with modernization.
209:
period of the 1950s and 1960s, technological innovation, the difficulty of mining coal (coal in Cape Breton was increasingly mined from veins under the sea floor), and the availability of natural gas (piped from oil fields in
Western Canada) led to rapid decreases in the amount of coal mined as well
281:
160,000 UMW members were on a 72-day strike in the United States during the spring of 1981. This major strike only ended on June 6, 1981. There was no money left in the international union's strike fund. The Cape Breton miners were deeply angered when the UMW was unable to support their
District 26
166:
In the aftermath of the strike, the UMW leadership, both locally and internationally were criticized. The UMW did not issue the pre-paid strike fund, so the miners went 13 weeks without any pay. The local's president and executive were removed by the president of the UMW in 1983. It was a move to
163:, Canada. It was the first strike by District 26 since 1947. The high double-digit inflation of the late 1970s and early 1980s affected the buying power for the miners. The strike, which was bitter and violent, began on July 17, 1981. It ended on October 8, 1981 after the fourth contract vote.
301:, and began an organizing campaign in 1982. In a federally-supervised union election in March 1983, the miners voted 1,750 to 1,393 against affiliating with the CMU. CMU forced a second election in March 1984 when it signed up a majority of DEVCO's 3,400 workers. The UMWA's new president,
308:
However, the economic viability of the Cape Breton coal mines continued to decline. On
September 13, 1999, DEVCO's Lingan Phalen mine was abruptly closed a year early because of safety concerns making 430 miners jobless. DEVCO closed all mines in 2001, and UMWA Local 26 disbanded.
245:
On July 17, 1981, 4,000 miners in the Cape Breton coal fields went on strike against DEVCO. The miners sought a 50 percent wage increase over two years. It was the first strike since nationalization of the mines in 1968. The 13-week strike was a bitter one. When the
Cabinet of
451:
219:
Relations between the
District 26 and the various companies that owned the mines post-war were good. These amicable labour relations meant there was over 33 years of labour peace since the previous strike in 1947.
269:
Vandalism against company property began in August, and quickly escalated. In mid-September, a bomb was detonated at a DEVCO mine, and DEVCO coal rail cars derailed at the company's Lingan mine in New Waterford.
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A fourth federal mediator arrived just days after the bombings. The strike finally ended on October 8, 1981, when a tentative agreement which raised wages 50 percent over two years was ratified.
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167:
stop a challenge from a new Canadian union trying to decertify the UMW. In the end, the UMW prevailed, but the strike left bitter feelings between the local and the international union.
198:(BESCO) took ownership of all coal mines on Cape Breton Island. UMWA and BESCO had an extremely adversarial relationship. Three strikes in 1921, 1922 and 1925 eventually damaged BESCO.
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as the number of miners. The economic viability of the Cape Breton mines declined significantly to the point that they were only operable because of federal government subsidies.
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Seething over the international union's inability to fund the strike, dissident miners attempted to organize their own union with the help and support of the
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Earle, Michael and Gamberg, Herbert. "The United Mine Workers and the Coming of the CCF to Cape Breton."
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996:
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591:
233:
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Frank, David. "Industrial Democracy and Industrial Legality: The UMWA in Nova Scotia, 1908-1927." In
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1419:
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Macgillivray, Don. "Military Aid to the Civil Power: The Cape Breton Experience in the 1920s." In
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39:
257:, in mid-September 1981, striking miners forced their way onto the airport tarmac and cornered
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Don Macgillivray and Brian Tennyson, eds. Sydney, Nova Scotia: College of Cape Breton, 1980.
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347:
394:
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1407:
523:"Public Enterprise as Social Welfare: The Case of the Cape Breton Development Corporation"
498:
329:
1195:
Mackay, Ian and Morton, Suzanne. "The Maritimes: Expanding the Circle of Resistance." In
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John H.M. Laslett, ed. State College, Penn.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996.
302:
258:
250:
917:
670:. Alberni, British Columbia: Sterling Newspapers Ltd. The Canadian Press. p. 20.
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The Company Store: James Bryson McLachlan and the Cape Breton Coal Miners, 1900-1925.
359:
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59:
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The company was not making a profit and was reorganized, emerging in 1928 as the
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63:
730:
Donham, Parker Barss (October 19, 1981). "Bitter Strike Ends Bitterly".
623:"Cape Breton's Coal Mines Far From Finished, DEVCO President Discovers"
555:
67:
1169:
The United Mine Workers of America: A Model of Industrial Solidarity?
1143:
Michael Earle, ed. Fredericton, Nova Scotia: Acadiensis Press, 1989.
539:
881:"MINERS' PRESIDENT RECEIVES PRAISE ON TRIP PROMOTING NEW COAL PACT"
566:
522:
340:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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1258:
1230:
Remple, Chris. "Cape Breton Miners Tell Story of Their Fight."
1157:
Paperback ed. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1979.
1199:
Craig Heron, ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998.
784:
Plaskin, "Nova Scotia Premier to Meet With Striking Miners,"
497:. Toronto: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from
393:. Toronto: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from
77:
Schism within the union, lower than asked-for wage increase
751:
749:
824:. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. The Canadian Press. p. 11
1664:
Labor disputes led by the United Mine Workers of America
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
1249:
1141:
Workers and the State in Twentieth Century Nova Scotia.
324:
322:
809:
807:
988:"Labor battles on hold as 'rebel' leader settles in"
759:"Striking miners shout angrily at cabinet ministers"
534:(4). Toronto: University of Toronto Press: 530–534.
452:"How my great-grandfather was killed by mine police"
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1387:
1344:
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910:
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853:. Canadian Newspaper Company Limited. p. B21.
766:. Kingston, Ontario. The Canadian Press. p. 13
111:
81:
73:
55:
47:
34:
26:
21:
1090:"Cape Breton's Last Underground Coal Mine Closing"
1055:"Cape Breton colliery, closes lays off 430 miners"
1053:
986:
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757:
734:. Vol. 94, no. 48. Toronto. p. 48.
697:
659:
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450:
333:
1023:"Canada Shuts Atlantic Coal Mines for Efficiency"
980:
978:
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630:. Toronto: The Globe and Mail Limited. p. B5
699:"Nova Scotia miners set to vote on new contract"
484:
482:
480:
478:
417:"British Empire Steel and Coal Company (BESCO)"
1476:1987 Metro Toronto elementary teachers' strike
1303:1912–1914 Vancouver Island Coal Miners' Strike
1209:MacKinnon, Harvey. "Cape Breton Coal Unrest."
1096:. Toronto: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
528:Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques
1270:
1062:. Torstar. The Associated Press. p. A6.
16:1981 coal miner strike in Nova Scotia, Canada
8:
1379:1938 Vancouver unemployed workers' protests
1285:Strikes and other labour disputes in Canada
444:
442:
178:in Nova Scotia were first organized by the
1277:
1263:
1255:
944:
942:
940:
706:. Torstar. The Canadian Press. p. A16
423:. Sydney, N.S.: Beaton Institute Archive.
232:Wages became a major issue as the 1980-81
18:
1220:Toronto: Doubleday Canada Limited, 1983.
1197:The Workers' Revolt in Canada, 1917-1925.
985:Donham, Parker Barss (January 28, 1984).
725:
723:
721:
491:"INDEPTH: CAPE BRETON – Cape Breton Coal"
1155:The Maritime Rights Movement, 1919-1927.
1586:2021 New Brunswick public sector strike
661:"Coal strike could be first since 1947"
583:"Subsidies: Not Economic but Political"
318:
1425:1958–1959 Newfoundland loggers' strike
918:"David and Goliath in N.S. mine fight"
380:
378:
376:
1308:1914 Saint John street railway strike
1100:from the original on October 24, 2020
7:
1626:
1298:1903 Consolidated Lake Superior riot
1021:DePalma, Anthony (August 28, 2001).
891:from the original on August 21, 2023
756:Ferguson, John (September 9, 1981).
590:. Toronto Star Limited. p. 25.
580:Dow, Alistair (September 20, 1967).
234:recession and double-digit inflation
1596:2023 Canadian federal worker strike
1511:Toronto Transit Commission strikes
1250:Cape Breton Development Corporation
949:Martins, Douglas (March 12, 1984).
620:Watkins, Lyndon (January 5, 1968).
387:"INDEPTH: CAPE BRETON – The Unions"
203:Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation
153:Cape Breton Development Corporation
101:Cape Breton Development Corporation
1541:2009 municipal employees' strikes
1128:William Davis Miners' Memorial Day
1033:from the original on July 25, 2023
817:"Miners to vote on tentative pact"
427:from the original on July 25, 2023
14:
1669:Miners' labour disputes in Canada
1430:1962 Saskatchewan doctors' strike
879:Franklin, Ben A. (June 2, 1981).
1625:
1614:
1613:
1420:1957 Murdochville miners' strike
1313:1916 Hamilton machinists' strike
915:Story, Alan (January 30, 1983).
449:Davis, Murdoch (June 13, 1980).
292:Confederation of Canadian Unions
196:British Empire Steel Corporation
180:Provincial Workmen's Association
1674:1981 labor disputes and strikes
1088:CBC Staff (November 22, 2001).
1052:AP Staff (September 14, 1999).
846:"Coal miners begin work return"
335:"The Labour Movement in Canada"
261:and local Member of Parliament
137:Cape Breton coal strike of 1981
1654:Labour disputes in Nova Scotia
1395:1945 Ford auto workers' strike
1374:1935 Vancouver dockers' strike
1183:Cape Breton Historical Essays.
489:CBC Staff (December 8, 2004).
385:CBC Staff (December 8, 2004).
184:United Mine Workers of America
151:(UMW) District 26 against the
149:United Mine Workers of America
93:United Mine Workers of America
1:
1491:1997 Ontario teachers' strike
1357:1933 Stratford general strike
1331:1918 Vancouver general strike
957:. p. D12. Archived from
520:Tupper, Allan (Autumn 1978).
1576:2020 Port of Montreal strike
1471:1981 Cape Breton coal strike
1461:1976 Canadian general strike
1413:Royal Canadian Navy mutinies
1400:1946 Montreal Cottons strike
1336:1919 Winnipeg general strike
951:"A CANADIAN SPLIT ON UNIONS"
843:Globe Staff (June 9, 1981).
814:CP Staff (October 5, 1981).
696:CP Staff (October 5, 1981).
22:1981 Cape Breton coal strike
1601:2024 Canada railway dispute
1581:2021 Kitimat smelter strike
1451:1969 Montreal police strike
1352:1931 Estevan miners' strike
933:– via Newspapers.com.
832:– via Newspapers.com.
799:United Press International,
786:United Press International,
774:– via Newspapers.com.
685:– via Newspapers.com.
1695:
1557:2009–2010 Vale Inco strike
1456:1972 Québec general strike
1245:Cape Breton Miners' Museum
1123:Canadian Mineworkers Union
658:CP Staff (July 15, 1981).
352:10.1177/000271622310700140
299:Canadian Mineworkers Union
1609:
1446:1963 Reesor Siding strike
116:
86:
1526:York University strikes
266:hike over three years).
147:who were members of the
1323:1918–1925 Labour Revolt
925:. Sun Media. p. 12
277:Missing UMW Strike Fund
248:Canadian Prime Minister
30:July 17–October 8, 1981
1659:Culture of Nova Scotia
1362:1935 On-to-Ottawa Trek
995:. Toronto. p. 8.
1077:– via ProQuest.
1010:– via ProQuest.
868:– via ProQuest.
714:– via ProQuest.
638:– via ProQuest.
228:Lead-up to the Strike
1345:Great Depression era
667:Alberni Valley Times
459:. Ottawa. p. 48
297:The CCU founded the
1679:1981 in Nova Scotia
1562:2012–13 NHL lockout
1507:2004–05 NHL lockout
1486:1994–95 NHL lockout
801:September 19, 1981.
788:September 16, 1981.
255:Sydney, Nova Scotia
182:(PWA) in 1881. The
1591:2021 Olymel strike
1567:2016–2017 Halifax
1153:Forbes, Ernest R.
993:The Globe and Mail
885:The New York Times
851:The Globe and Mail
628:The Globe and Mail
588:Toronto Daily Star
171:Historical context
157:Cape Breton Island
40:Cape Breton Island
1641:
1640:
1439:Late 20th century
797:"Regional News,"
263:Russell MacLellan
241:The Strike Begins
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1211:New Maritimes.
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42:, Nova Scotia
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1515:2006 wildcat
1500:21st century
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1060:Toronto Star
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134:
122:4,000 miners
1388:Postwar era
1367:Regina Riot
457:The Citizen
330:Coats, R.H.
190:BESCO/DOSCO
176:Coal miners
161:Nova Scotia
155:(DEVCO) of
145:coal miners
95:District 26
74:Resulted in
1648:Categories
1134:References
1068:1348927609
895:August 21,
859:1143190655
596:1418607737
1530:2008–2009
1001:386546995
740:0024-9262
732:MacLean's
676:0839-2706
548:0317-0861
360:144819997
313:Citations
286:Aftermath
205:. In the
1620:Category
1117:See also
1104:July 24,
1098:Archived
1094:CBC News
1073:July 25,
1064:ProQuest
1037:July 24,
1031:Archived
1006:July 25,
997:ProQuest
965:July 25,
929:July 25,
889:Archived
864:July 25,
855:ProQuest
828:July 26,
770:July 25,
710:July 25,
681:July 28,
634:July 26,
607:ProQuest
601:July 26,
592:ProQuest
561:July 26,
505:July 25,
463:July 25,
431:July 25,
425:Archived
421:MemoryNS
401:July 25,
365:July 25,
332:(1923).
207:post-war
64:sabotage
35:Location
1632:Commons
1550:Windsor
1545:Toronto
556:3549976
253:met in
82:Parties
68:bombing
56:Methods
1571:strike
1224:
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223:Strike
141:strike
139:was a
112:Number
60:Strike
1404:1949
1291:Early
567:JSTOR
552:JSTOR
356:S2CID
214:DEVCO
48:Goals
1535:2018
1520:2008
1222:ISBN
1201:ISBN
1187:ISBN
1173:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1145:ISBN
1106:2023
1075:2023
1039:2023
1008:2023
967:2023
931:2023
897:2023
866:2023
830:2023
772:2023
736:ISSN
712:2023
683:2023
672:ISSN
636:2023
603:2023
563:2023
544:ISSN
507:2023
465:2023
433:2023
403:2023
367:2023
135:The
27:Date
536:doi
348:doi
344:107
143:by
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