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means cooler temperatures. Black pavements, the hottest, have solar reflectances of 5 to 10 percent. Lighter pavements have solar reflectance rates of 25 percent or higher. Reflectance values for soils and various types of vegetation range from 5 to 45 percent. The second cause of heat islands is the low moisture content of paving and building materials. Such materials are watertight, so no moisture is available to dissipate the sun's heat through evaporation.
64:
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councils should establish maximum parking standards to discourage car use. American cities such as
Washington, DC, are now considering removing parking minimums as a way to add more housing for residents while encouraging the use of public transit. Parking lots designed specifically for bicycle parking are also becoming more prevalent in response to increased environmental and health consciousness. These may include
766:
379:
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parking fees when metered time is added. Another app, Streetline, whose primary purpose is to help motorists find open parking spots using their smartphones, includes a timer, so users can get back to a parking meter before it expires, and a filter that lets users choose between on-street and off-street parking spaces; it also connects to the phone's camera so a user can take a photograph of their car.
538:(signal strengths observed for several detectable access points) to remember the location of a vehicle. Another alternative is to use smartphone applications that does inertial dead reckoning, detection of turns made by the car while driving indoor, correlations of travel time between turns, and machine learning algorithms, to infer the rough location of the parked car based on a map or floorplan.
44:
500:
198:
111:
72:
754:-tread woven mats. These materials allow rain to soak into the ground through the spaces inherent in the parking lot surface. The ground then may become contaminated in the surface of the parking lot park, but this tends to stay in a small area of ground, which effectively filters water before it seeps away. This can however create problems if contaminants seep into
391:
798:, daytime summer temperatures of 120 °F (49 °C) were recorded in the centre of a bare parking lot, whereas where a small island of trees was present, temperatures only reached 89 °F (32 °C). It also found that a further 1 °F temperature reduction could be obtained for every additional canopy tree planted.
427:
At some major airports' parking lots in the United States, a driver can choose to swipe a credit card at the entry ticket dispenser instead of taking a ticket. When the driver swipes the same credit card at the exit terminal upon leaving the lot, the applicable parking fee is automatically calculated
447:
can also be used, with motorists paying in advance for the time required for the bay they are parked in. Pango (a play on "pay and go"), a company founded in Israel in 2007, created a mobile app that allows users to both find and pay for available metered parking; the app can also be used to pay for
436:
and other parts of East Asia influenced by the Hong Kong usage. If a ticket has not been paid, the barrier will not raise. In recent years, cashiers and shroff officers have often been replaced with automated machines. Another variant of payment has motorists paying an attendant on entry to the lot,
452:
friends. Users may also, for a nominal monthly fee per registered car, subscribe to reminders that text alerts shortly before metered time expires, and in some municipalities, users may buy additional metered time via cellphone. Philadelphia, encourages parking space turnover by charging escalating
790:
Paved surfaces contribute to heat islands in two ways. The first is through excessive accumulation of heat. Dark materials and the enclosed canyons created by city buildings trap more of the sun's energy. The reflection rate of paving compared to natural surfaces is important as higher reflectance
237:
Due to a recent trend towards more livable and walkable communities, parking minimums (policies requiring each building to have a minimum number of parking spaces) have been criticized by both livable streets advocates and developers alike. For a time, the
British government recommended that local
809:
A parking lot needs fairly large space, around 25 square meters or 270 square feet per parking spot. This means that lots usually need more land area than for corresponding buildings for offices or shops if most employees and visitors arrive by car. This means covering large areas with asphalt.
277:
abolished the requirement for parking minimum. As of 2 November 2023, Austin (Texas) is the biggest city in the US that has done so - for encouraging, walking, biking, public transit, lowering the cost of housing and increase the amount of housing units that can be built in the city territory.
210:
The effect of large-scale in-city parking has long been contentious. The replacement of historic structures by garages and lots has led to historical preservation movements in many cities. The massive acreage devoted to parking is widely seen as disruptive to walkable urban fabric, maximizing
544:
technology service providers have been created to help drivers find long-term parking in an automated manner, while also providing significant savings for those who book parking spaces ahead of time. They use real-time inventory management checking technology to display parking lots with
318:, there are legally two types of car parking, either on streets and roads, or on private land. A parking violation on streets is a traffic crime, resulting in fines. A parking violation on private land (also if owned by the city) is a contract violation and gives additional parking fee (
431:
In some parking lots, drivers present their tickets to and pay the cashiers at a separate cashier's office or counter (which are often located elsewhere from the entrances and exits of carparks). Such cashier's offices are called shroff offices or simply shroff in some parking lots in
786:
in parking lots. This usually principally means the planting of trees to provide shade. Customers have long preferred shaded parking spaces in the summer, but parking lot providers have long been antagonistic to planting trees because of the extra cost of cleaning the parking lots.
408:
by vehicle, presses the ticket request push button, takes a ticket - which raises the barrier - and enters the parking lot. To exit the lot, the customer presents the ticket to a cashier in a booth at the exit and tenders payment, after which the cashier opens the boom gate.
193:
sets the proper ratio for disabled spaces for private business and public parking lots. Modern parking lots use various technologies to enable motorists to pay parking fees, help them find unoccupied spaces and retrieve their vehicles, and improve their parking experiences.
548:
There are mobile apps providing services for the reservation of long-term parking lot spaces similar to online or aggregate parking facility booking services. Some long-term parking mobile apps also have turn-by-turn maps to locate the parking lot, notably US and UK based
601:
in parking lots. They are up to twice as expensive to install as normal open field solar arrays because the added material in the structure to elevate them for cars to park underneath. They can also be useful at protecting cars from extreme weather and the
211:
convenience to each individual building but hampering foot traffic between them. Large paved areas have been called "parking craters", "parking deserts", and similar terms, emphasizing their "depopulated" nature and the barriers they can create to
369:
sets the proper ratio for disabled spaces for private business and public parking lots. Certain circumstances may demand more designated spaces. These reserved spaces are mandated by the
Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines.
415:
A more modern system uses automatic pay stations, where the driver presents the ticket and pays the fee required before returning to their car, then drives to the exit terminal and presents the ticket. If the ticket has not been paid for, the
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has two types of car parking: either on public or on private land. The police will investigate any reported accident on public land but have no legal obligation and will not do so on private land. Public road is defined by the
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number. In this case, the virtual cashier books the car and the time when the message is sent, and later a new SMS message must be sent whenever the time is due. The actual payment is then made via the mobile phone bill.
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655:. To avoid flooding and unsafe driving conditions, the lots are built to channel and collect runoff. Parking lots, along with roads, are often the principal source of water pollution in urban areas.
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In 1954, the first automated parking lots were built where, for a monthly fee, a driver with a magnetic key card could enter and exit the parking lot by raising and lowering the boom.
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More recently, parking lots have been seen as prime real estate for installing large solar panel installations, with the additional benefit of shade for vehicles parked underneath.
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enforce parking restrictions on public, council-run car parks. These include failure to purchase a ticket as payment (if available)/not parking in a marked bay/other offences.
1270:"Parking app Pango making tracks in NYC, adding 20 more garages over next few weeks (App that speeds up pick-ups and payments spreading to 110 Manhattan garages by year-end)"
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1110:
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can be used to remember the location of a vehicle (some apps saves location automatically when turning off the car when a smartphone breaks communication with a vehicle's
189:
require minimum numbers of parking spaces for buildings such as stores (by floor area) and apartment complexes (by number of bedrooms). In the United States, each state's
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1438:
1300:
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garage parking. Users' accounts are linked to a payment method, and the system remembers where a vehicle is parked and allows users to share a parking session with
1391:
1214:
1207:"House of Lords - Clark (A.P.) and Others v. Kato, Smith and General Accident Fire & Life Assurance Corporation PLCCutter v. Eagle Star Insurance Company"
94:
1550:
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systems, which use plants more extensively to absorb and filter pollutants. However, most existing lots have limited or no facilities to control runoff.
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and locks, as well as more modern technologies for security and convenience. For instance, a growing number of bicycle parking lots in Tokyo include
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1710:
1191:
1682:
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options. The Santa Monica Place shopping mall in
California has cameras on each stall that can help count the lot occupancy and find lost cars.
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vehicles. The term usually refers to an area dedicated only for parking, with a durable or semi-durable surface. In most jurisdictions where
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347:, means any highway and any other road to which the public has access, and includes bridges over which a road passes. There is also a
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Efforts to reduce the amount of space dedicated to parking lots for diminishing the dependence on cars, has been taken in
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contributor blogs about interesting ways of getting around. Streetline app aims to end the hunt for a parking space"
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59:, New York City, in 2010, with its capacity increased through multiple level stacked parking using mechanical lifts
1162:"To fight climate change and housing shortage, Austin becomes largest U.S. city to drop parking-spot requirements"
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Urban planning policies such as parking minimums and maximums can influence the size of private parking lots.
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in parking lots to provide shade and help mitigate the extent to which their paved surfaces contribute to
177:, and because most have limited or no facilities to control runoff. Many areas today also require minimum
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Modern parking lots use a variety of technologies to help motorists find unoccupied parking spaces using
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in March 2007, warning drivers of the maximum height clearance, in this case, roughly 2 meters (6.5 feet)
1318:
Philadelphia
Parking Authority Staff (May 21, 2015). "Pango Mobile Parking App Coming to Philadelphia".
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Tree planting has been shown to significantly reduce temperatures in open, paved areas. In one study in
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system, where a ticket is purchased from a ticket machine and then placed on the dashboard of the car.
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parking lot in 2006, with landscaping and a diagonal parking pattern designed for one-way traffic.
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826:. Some regions with especially cold winters provide electricity at most parking spots for engine
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system, retrieve their vehicles, and improve their experience. This includes adaptive lighting,
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Sensors above each lot in this indoor parking lot determine if a car has already taken the spot.
83:
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326:= check fee). The difference is small for the car owner and the owner is always responsible.
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1681:. Georgia: USDA Forest Service, Southern Region Georgia Forestry Commission. p. 8.
1622:
Stormwater
Effects Handbook: A Toolbox for Watershed Managers, Scientists, and Engineers
1227:
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and speak to a staff member, or reverse out to pay at the pay station or cashier booth.
17:
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Various forms of technology are used to charge motorists for the use of a parking lot.
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Proceedings of the ACM on
Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies
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used to maintain parking lots.) Many parking lots are also significant sources of
106:, demonstrating the design of prioritizing spaces for cars over spaces for people
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Motor vehicles are a constant source of pollutants, the most significant being
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487:, it has been possible to pre-book parking with specialist companies, such as
262:
197:
1509:
1492:
1454:"ParkLoc: Light-weight Graph-based Vehicular Localization in Parking Garages"
1737:"Shifting gears: why US cities are falling out of love with the parking lot"
1039:"Out, Damned Spot! How D.C.'s Onerous Parking Requirements Slow Development"
863:
674:. are found in combustion byproducts of gasoline, as well as in asphalt and
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115:
56:
35:
343:
and (Amendment) Regulations 1988 S.I. 1988/1036 as: "Road", in relation to
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47:
Diagram of example parking lot layout with angle parking as seen from above
1493:"Smartphone-Based Real Time Vehicle Tracking in Indoor Parking Structures"
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Barrier can be installed so that parking is not possible without payment.
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1413:
Joshua Correa, Ed Katz, Patricia
Collins, Martin Griss (November 2008).
1084:
795:
679:
315:
250:
212:
162:, and other similar venues often have immense parking lots. (See also:
159:
143:
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Car occupying two parking spaces, often frowned upon in many countries
1767:
1301:"Mt. Vernon Launches Pango Mobile Payments for Parking on November 5"
758:, especially where there is groundwater abstraction 'downstream' for
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512:
311:
67:
A subterranean parking lot of a
Brazilian shopping mall taken in 2016
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connection). In indoor parking lots, one option is to record one's
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1491:
Gao, R.; Zhao, M.; Ye, T.; Ye, F.; Wang, Y.; Luo, G. (July 2017).
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708:. However, most larger municipalities now require construction of
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will not raise, which will force the customer to either press the
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196:
109:
93:
82:
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154:, parking lots are a major feature of cities and suburban areas.
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ADA Accessibility
Guidelines Parking and Passenger Loading Zones
1107:"Invisible Bicycles: Tokyo's High-Tech Underground Bike Parking"
751:
648:
147:
1247:"Key Card Inserted In Slot Opens Gate At Automated Parking Lot"
712:
management facilities for new lots. Typical facilities include
467:
Similar to this is the system where the parking is paid by the
404:
are used in many parking lots. A customer arrives to the entry
1452:
Cherian, Jim; Luo, Jun; Ho, Shen-Shyang (September 18, 2018).
603:
527:
472:
545:
availability, sorted by price and distance from the airport.
491:. This is prevalent at all airports, major ports and cities.
995:"How to Fix Off-Street Parking Policy, Before It's Too Late"
1675:
Trees, Parking and Green Law: Strategies for Sustainability
1651:
California Stormwater Quality Association. Menlo Park, CA.
1597:
United States. National Research Council. Washington, DC.
1136:"To Tackle Climate Change, Cities Need to Rethink Parking"
464:
patrol the lot to ensure compliance with the requirement.
1588:
2000. Center for Watershed Protection. Ellicott City, MD.
692:
Traditionally, the runoff has been shunted directly into
1707:
National Service Center for Environmental Publications
1653:"Stormwater Best Management Practice (BMP) Handbooks".
846:
because they increase driving and contributing to the
1140:
Institute for transportation & development policy
1599:"Urban Stormwater Management in the United States".
1420:. Carnegie Mellon Silicon Valley MRC-TR-2008-02.
582:chargers underneath the canopy and a 12-stall
1078:Springer, Kate; Han, Sol (October 19, 2016).
8:
1437:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1253:. Hearst Magazines. August 1954. p. 94.
1130:
1128:
850:due to the materials they are built from.
1618:G. Allen Burton Jr.; Robert Pitt (2001).
1508:
1384:"Servant or snoop in the parking garage?"
1263:
1261:
75:A sign at the entrance to an underground
734:An alternative solution today is to use
626:A nearly empty parking lot of estate in
285:
42:
34:. For parking areas along highways, see
1371:from the original on December 22, 2015.
1344:from the original on December 22, 2015.
1217:from the original on February 24, 2017.
1194:from the original on September 9, 2006.
1080:"Japan's crazy underground bike vaults"
1045:from the original on December 13, 2013.
985:
834:may be inadequate to prevent freezing.
651:(minus evaporation) that falls becomes
618:Parking lot landscaped with trees, 2009
1549:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1542:
1430:
1280:from the original on December 22, 2015
842:Parking lots are responsible for many
782:Many areas today also require minimum
437:with the way out guarded by a one-way
1497:IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
873:, was discovered in a parking lot in
428:and charged to the credit card used.
7:
1735:Milman, Oliver (December 26, 2022).
1716:from the original on October 5, 2017
1577:The Practice of Watershed Protection
1531:from the original on January 3, 2024
1415:"Room-Level Wi-Fi Location Tracking"
1394:from the original on August 31, 2014
1160:FECHTER, JOSHUA (November 2, 2023).
884:has the world's largest parking lot.
1761:Westly, Erica (November 10, 2008).
1565:"The Importance of Imperviousness".
1427:from the original on March 3, 2016.
1355:Motavalli, Jim (October 11, 2012).
1113:from the original on March 28, 2015
1059:. Hamari Society. December 11, 2018
639:Parking lots tend to be sources of
441:that will only allow cars to exit.
365:In the United States, each state's
169:Parking lots tend to be sources of
1763:"The World's Largest Parking Lots"
1709:. EPA. February 2008. p. 40.
1700:"Green Parking Lot Resource Guide"
1688:from the original on May 28, 2015.
1640:from the original on May 19, 2009.
1626:. New York: CRC/Lewis Publishers.
1382:Martha Groves (January 23, 2011).
1268:Furman, Phyllis (August 6, 2013).
1001:from the original on April 2, 2015
901:Automatic number-plate recognition
862:were found under a parking lot in
306:Rural parking lot, Gotland, Sweden
25:
1299:Staff Writer (November 4, 2014).
142:, is a cleared area intended for
27:Cleared area for parking vehicles
1109:. Web Urbanist. March 26, 2015.
668:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
509:parking guidance and information
578:at Hotel Marcel. There are EV
993:Fried, Ben (August 20, 2008).
963:Radio-frequency identification
1:
1057:"Parking Management Software"
732:Alternative paving materials:
724:. Some newer designs include
225:Parking minimums and maximums
219:Parking minimums and maximums
750:, special paving blocks, or
686:which ends up in waterways.
610:Environmental considerations
462:Parking enforcement officers
367:Department of Transportation
191:Department of Transportation
32:Parking lot (disambiguation)
912:British Parking Association
643:because of their extensive
475:message which contains the
173:because of their extensive
1836:
1211:publications.parliament.uk
907:Automatic vehicle location
860:The remains of Richard III
560:
355:Civil enforcement officers
222:
114:Motorcycle parking lot in
87:Car park with drop arm in
29:
1658:January 18, 2008, at the
927:Indoor positioning system
869:A species of tardigrade,
591:Solar canopy parking lots
557:Solar canopy parking lots
526:In outdoor parking lots,
517:indoor positioning system
351:judgment on this matter.
244:automated parking systems
150:are the dominant mode of
98:Parking lot outside of a
1510:10.1109/TMC.2017.2684167
896:Automated parking system
844:greenhouse gas emissions
456:Other lots operate on a
382:Parking, 5 cents a day,
261:and different cities in
18:Car Park Ticket Machines
1672:Wolf, Kathleen (2004).
1205:Department, Law Lords.
1184:"Road Traffic Act 1988"
690:Treatment of pollution:
647:. Virtually all of the
1794:Guinness World Records
1334:"PANGO Mobile Parking"
774:
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1608:October 15, 2008. p.5
1365:Mother Nature Network
1305:Mount Vernon Inquirer
974:Vehicle location data
943:The Parking Lot Movie
933:Multi-storey car park
871:Macrobiotus shonaicus
768:
625:
617:
570:
502:
393:
386:, United States, 1949
381:
341:Road Traffic Act 1972
305:
289:
240:bicycle parking racks
200:
113:
97:
86:
74:
66:
54:
46:
1563:Schueler, Thomas R.
969:Road surface marking
771:San Jose, California
722:percolation trenches
164:multistorey car park
30:For other uses, see
1274:New York Daily News
997:. StreetsBlog NYC.
718:infiltration basins
645:impervious surfaces
290:Universal sign for
175:impervious surfaces
138:), also known as a
1820:Parking facilities
1790:"Largest car park"
1604:2013-08-31 at the
1584:2008-12-23 at the
1570:2009-02-27 at the
1233:2011-05-14 at the
1041:. March 21, 2013.
1025:2009-03-06 at the
1020:Communities.gov.uk
882:West Edmonton Mall
864:Leicester, England
775:
738:surfaces, such as
632:
620:
588:
584:Tesla Supercharger
505:
483:Since 1978 in the
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308:
298:Sweden and Denmark
295:
203:
120:
108:
92:
81:
69:
61:
49:
1388:Los Angeles Times
922:Green parking lot
848:urban heat island
838:Impact on climate
820:charging stations
744:pervious concrete
563:Green parking lot
345:England and Wales
104:Collégien, France
55:A parking lot in
16:(Redirected from
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1503:(7): 2023–2036.
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958:Permeable paving
917:Charging station
824:battery vehicles
736:permeable paving
714:retention basins
292:disabled parking
213:walking movement
128:American English
89:Dazaifu, Fukuoka
21:
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1606:Wayback Machine
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1586:Wayback Machine
1572:Wayback Machine
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1525:"Archived copy"
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1741:The Guardian
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854:Notable Lots
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726:bioretention
694:storm sewers
689:
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672:heavy metals
670:(PAHs), and
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653:urban runoff
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595:solar arrays
589:
572:Solar canopy
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469:mobile phone
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418:boom barrier
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282:Legal issues
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183:heat islands
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1464:(3): 1–23.
1284:January 17,
1168:November 7,
1145:November 7,
1063:December 9,
784:landscaping
778:Landscaping
756:groundwater
439:spike strip
271:Minneapolis
255:Mexico City
179:landscaping
124:parking lot
118:, Indonesia
1720:October 5,
1642:Chapter 2.
1535:January 3,
1398:August 29,
1255:(mid page)
981:References
832:antifreeze
805:Land usage
710:stormwater
630:, Finland.
561:See also:
551:ParkJockey
519:(IPS) and
495:Technology
402:Boom gates
263:California
1799:April 28,
1774:April 25,
1478:214703023
1117:March 27,
1085:CNN Style
1005:March 27,
702:dry wells
664:motor oil
606:'s heat.
576:New Haven
532:Bluetooth
434:Hong Kong
384:Hollywood
233:Criticism
116:Surakarta
57:Manhattan
36:Rest area
1814:Category
1711:Archived
1683:Archived
1656:Archived
1638:Archived
1602:Archived
1582:Archived
1568:Archived
1545:cite web
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1392:Archived
1369:Archived
1342:Archived
1278:Archived
1231:Archived
1215:Archived
1192:Archived
1111:Archived
1091:July 18,
1043:Archived
1023:Archived
999:Archived
889:See also
814:Services
704:or even
680:sealants
676:coal tar
660:gasoline
599:canopies
450:Facebook
422:intercom
267:Portland
132:car park
796:Alabama
762:supply.
698:streams
678:-based
586:behind.
580:level 2
513:sensors
374:Payment
320:Swedish
316:Denmark
251:Beijing
185:. Many
144:parking
140:car lot
1768:Forbes
1630:
1476:
965:(RFID)
903:(ANPR)
312:Sweden
275:Austin
1714:(PDF)
1703:(PDF)
1686:(PDF)
1679:(PDF)
1662:2003.
1474:S2CID
1425:(PDF)
1418:(PDF)
929:(IPS)
830:, as
748:stone
740:brick
684:trash
628:Kotka
259:Delhi
130:) or
1801:2016
1776:2016
1748:2022
1722:2017
1628:ISBN
1551:link
1537:2024
1439:link
1400:2014
1286:2016
1170:2023
1147:2023
1119:2015
1093:2018
1065:2018
1007:2015
880:The
822:for
752:tire
720:and
649:rain
593:are
334:The
314:and
148:cars
1505:doi
1466:doi
604:Sun
528:GPS
489:BCP
473:SMS
310:In
102:in
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