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Meanwhile, Basilicata's population began to rise against the new government, because it did not get any benefit from the political change and became even poorer than before, while the bourgeois class (faithful to the
Bourbons in the past) maintained its privileges, after having supported the cause of
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When Crocco heard about these events he was angry and decided to avenge his sister. Knowing the habits of
Peppino, who generally attended a particular club to gamble in the evening hours, Crocco awaited his return at Peppino's home. When Don Peppino arrived, Crocco questioned him, but the discussion
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After other battles and retreating to
Monticchio, one of his headquarters, Crocco broke the alliance with Borjes because he did not want to serve under a foreigner and did not believe the promise of the Bourbon government about the provision of reinforcements. Disappointed, Borjes planned to go to
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While a child, Crocco began to develop an aversion towards the upper class, after his brother was beaten by Don
Vincenzo, a young lord, for killing a dog which had attacked a Crocco family chicken. His mother, pregnant at that time, tried to defend her son but the lord kicked her in the belly,
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to be once again displayed. The raids were bloody and ruthless and many people (especially liberal politicians and wealthy landowners) were kidnapped, blackmailed or brutally killed by Crocco himself or his members but, in most cases, people of lower classes regarded him as a "liberator" and
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River. Aquilecchia rewarded him with 50 ducats, permitting Crocco to eventually return to his home town from Apulia and find a new job. Crocco had the opportunity to meet Don Pietro
Ginistrelli, Aquilecchia's brother-in-law, who was able to secure the release of his father from prison.
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Don
Ferdinando offered him a job as a farmer on his property, but Crocco preferred to take money instead, which he used to avoid military service, as during the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, service was avoidable upon payment. The nobleman accepted but was killed on 15 May 1848 in
286:
While in hiding, Crocco met other outlaws and together they formed a band who lived on the proceeds of blackmail and robbery. Crocco returned to
Rionero but was arrested on 13 October 1855. He escaped during the night of 13–14 December 1859, hiding in the woods between
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woods. However, this account is controversial because
Captain Eugenio Massa, who collaborated on Crocco's autobiography, conducted a detailed investigation on the spot and could not confirm that a murder had taken place in the circumstances described by Crocco.
472:, the most well-defended stronghold of the Italian army in Basilicata. Crocco did not trust Borjes from the start and worried about losing his leadership, but he accepted the alliance. Meanwhile, another legitimist agent arrived: Augustin De Langlais from
547:. Vespasiano De Luca, director of Public Safety in Rionero, invited him to sign a treaty of surrender but Crocco declined. Even without the help of the Bourbons, Crocco, skilled in guerrilla warfare, was able to harass the Piedmontese soldiers.
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was soon on the verge of collapse, requiring all forces remaining at its command to confront
Garibaldi. Garibaldi managed to defeat them, gain control of Sicily and then cross to the mainland, where he moved swiftly north towards
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During Crocco's absence. his sister, Rosina, then not yet eighteen years old, was courted by a nobleman, Don
Peppino. Rosina was not interested in him and rejected him. Annoyed by this refusal, Peppino proceeded to defame her.
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Although some authors of the 19th and the early 20th century regarded him as a "wicked thief and assassin" or a "fierce thief, vulgar murderer", since the second half of the 20th century, writers (especially supporters of the
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His band suffered many casualties, and some of his lieutenants, such as Ninco Nanco and Giuseppe "Sparviero" Schiavone, were captured and executed by firing squad, leaving Crocco to retire toward the
610:
The manuscript was republished in the post-World War II era by other authors like Tommaso Pedìo (1963), Mario Proto (1994) and Valentino Romano (1997). Crocco was later transferred to the prison at
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Garibaldi promised to forgive the deserters in exchange for military service and Crocco joined Garibaldi's army hoping for a pardon as well as other rewards. Crocco accompanied Garibaldi north to
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Suddenly, Crocco was betrayed by Giuseppe Caruso, one of his lieutenants. Caruso went to the Piedmontese authorities and revealed Crocco's location and hideouts. Under the command of General
350:), he was able to get away. Disappointed by the new Italian government's lies, Crocco was persuaded by noblemen linked to Bourbons and the local clergy to join the legitimist cause.
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among the others. The movie was unsuccessful and was quickly suspended from its run in cinemas, although reviewers claimed that the truth was uncomfortable to some viewers.
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to Basilicata, to reinforce and discipline the bands and warn the band chief about an imminent reinforcement of soldiers. The goal of Borjes was the capitulation of
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Without external support, Crocco turned to plundering and extortion to raise funds, cooperating with like-minded confederates and making raids from
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the Italian unification opportunistically. With the war and pecuniary support of the legitimists, he recruited an army of 2000 men, beginning the
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However, by the time he was released, Francesco Crocco was old and sick and this left Crocco to act as head of his family, working as a farmer in
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forcing her to miscarry. His father was later accused of the attempted murder of Don Vincenzo and was imprisoned without sufficient proof.
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254:'s army, but he deserted as a result of killing a comrade in a brawl. In his absence, his sister Rosina had to take care of the family.
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and imprisoned in Rome. He was then turned over to the Italian authorities and sentenced to death on 11 September 1872 in
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and sacked it. During the siege of Venosa, Crocco's men killed Francesco Nitti, a physician and an ex-member of the
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tactics, such as cutting water supplies, destroying flour mills, cutting telegraph wires and ambushing stragglers.
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Crocco, with the support of Borjes and De Langlais, conquered other towns searching for new recruits, including
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Faced with the apparent invincibility of Crocco's army, the Hungarian Legion (who helped Garibaldi during the
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was invaded, where he set up a court which judged 27 liberals and the municipal coffers were emptied of 7,000
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Left to right: Filomena Pennacchio, Giuseppina Vitale, Maria Giovanna Tito (Crocco's fiancée)
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160:) began to see him in a new light, as an "engine of the peasant revolution" and a "resistant
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215:. Crocco grew up with the tales of his uncle, from whom he learned to read and write.
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Il brigante e il generale. La guerra di Carmine Crocco e Emilio Pallavicini di Priola
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Impressed by his victories, the Bourbon government in exile sent the Spanish General
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and becoming the most formidable leader on the Bourbon side. He was renowned for his
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he formed an army of two thousand men, leading the most cohesive and feared band in
1614:"Italian Brigandage. The story of Crocco–The hero of one hundred and thirty crimes"
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196:. His father, Francesco Crocco, was a servant of the noble Santangelo family from
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area. In the conquered territory he ordered the badges and ornaments of the king
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Blinded by rage, Crocco pulled out a knife, killed Peppino and then fled to the
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Portrait of Crocco (first on the right) during his imprisonment in Portoferraio
499:. Crocco's army made its way to Potenza, occupying neighbouring cities such as
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but, with the help of the noble Fortunato family (relatives of the politician
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Today, many people of Southern Italy and, in particular, of his native region
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Priests, prelates and people: a history of European Catholicism since 1750
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His uncle Martino was a veteran of the Napoleonic army who fought in
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and shot by Piedmontese soldiers headed by Major Enrico Franchini.
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zone. After losing the last battle, he was forced to flee to the
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164:, one of the most brilliant military geniuses that Italy had".
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and his mother, Maria Gerarda Santomauro, was a housewife.
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He appears in the second episode of the Italian TV drama
417:, 6,500 of which were distributed to the people and then
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mountains), the royal army engaged and defeated Crocco.
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Indietro Savoia! Storia controcorrente del Risorgimento
1343:
Brigand life in Italy: a history of Bourbonist reaction
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ended in a fight after Peppino hit Crocco with a whip.
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Come divenni brigante: autobiografia di Carmine Crocco
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In November 2008, a museum dedicated to Crocco, named
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Upon arrival, Crocco was captured by papal troops in
1258:""La storia bandita": un film dal vivo sui briganti"
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In 10 days, Crocco and his army occupied the entire
1256:Rossani, Ottavio; Grassi, Giovanna (25 June 2000).
358:under the flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
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94:
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39:
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1443:Carmine Cròcco Donatelli: un brigante guerrigliero
266:Crocco killing Don Peppino who insulted his sister
230:, who had tried to cross the raging waters of the
188:Crocco was born into a family of five children in
1496:Storia d'Italia dal Risorgimento ai nostri giorni
1396:. Ann Arbor. Mich.: University of Michigan Press.
1260:(in Italian). Corriere della sera. Archived from
1329:. Vol. 2. London: S. Low, son, and Marston.
626:(The Bandit's Story) that is held every year in
554:) intervened in support of the royal coalition.
1569:Carmine Crocco. Un brigante nella grande storia
622:Crocco is the main character of the production
603:, which published them in 1903, under the name
250:by some Swiss troops. Thus Crocco had to join
1475:Storia della Basilicata raccontata ai ragazzi
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776:mother, claims to be a descendant of Crocco.
684:He is the main protagonist of the 1999 movie
402:, as well as a grandfather of the politician
117:(5 June 1830 – 18 June 1905), known as
8:
847:Vito "Totaro" Di Gianni (right) with his men
690:(They called them... brigands!) directed by
1217:
1571:(2 ed.). Pisa-Cagliari: Della Porta.
1345:. Vol. 2. London: Hurst and Blackett.
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1145:
1133:
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713:He is the main protagonist of the TV film
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1710:Italian people of the Italian unification
1352:Il brigante Crocco e la sua autobiografia
211:, losing a leg, probably in the siege of
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421:. Crocco's army also conquered parts of
222:During his adolescence, Crocco moved to
1375:. Milan: Istituto Editoriale Cisalpino.
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671:He made a cameo appearance in the film
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655:, is vaguely based on Crocco's story.
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642:have participated in the production.
7:
1637:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
1415:A short history of guerrilla warfare
1251:
1249:
605:Gli ultimi briganti della Basilicata
192:, which was at the time part of the
133:, he later fought in the service of
1643:Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
1232:"Il brigantaggio nella letteratura"
947:. Turin: Roux e Favale. p. 25.
607:(The last brigands of Basilicata).
561:(known to have stopped Garibaldi's
1715:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies people
1486:. Manduria: Piero Lacaita Editore.
1373:Il brigantaggio e l'unitĂ d'Italia
1364:Uomini e cose della vecchia Italia
974:. Milan: Feltrinelli. p. 568.
793:Giuseppe Nicola Summa, nicknamed "
14:
1639:, Volume 31: Cristaldi–Dalla Nave
1406:L'Italia dei notabili (1861-1900)
614:, where he died on 18 June 1905.
1384:. Vol. 2. Milan: Longanesi.
945:Il regno di Vittorio Emanuele II
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386:On 7 April 1861 Crocco occupied
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753:) was opened in his home town.
1720:People from Rionero in Vulture
1680:19th-century Italian criminals
1450:Barbagallo, Francesco (1984).
1354:. Melfi: Tipografia G. Grieco.
1325:Wheeler, David Hilton (1864).
985:Nicola Zitara (14 July 2004).
871:Michele "Il Guercio" Volonnino
859:Giuseppe "Sparviero" Schiavone
835:Agostino Sacchitiello (center)
342:He was taken to the prison in
129:. Initially a soldier for the
107:Brigandage in the Two Sicilies
1:
1507:. Casale Monferrato: Piemme.
780:Some of Crocco's band members
648:Il Brigante di Tacca del Lupo
1298:(in Italian). Archived from
987:"li chiamarono... BRIGANTI!"
779:
362:In the service of Francis II
335:and took part in the famous
1632:"CROCCO DONATELLI, Carmine"
1546:Il brigantaggio meridionale
1434:Proletari senza rivoluzione
943:Bersezio, Vittorio (1895).
321:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
194:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
158:Revisionism of Risorgimento
1736:
1503:Del Boca, Lorenzo (2003).
1432:Del Carria, Renzo (1975).
1350:Del Zio, Basilide (1903).
823:"Caporal" Teodoro Gioseffi
810:Giuseppe "Zi Beppe" Caruso
736:Il Brigante Carmine Crocco
687:Li chiamarono... briganti!
552:expedition of the thousand
317:Expedition of the Thousand
299:Expedition of the Thousand
1685:Fugitives wanted by Italy
1567:Cinnella, Ettore (2016).
1482:Mario Proto, ed. (1995).
1468:. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
1327:Brigandage in south Italy
1170:Maffei & Monnier 1865
970:Alianello, Carlo (1963).
698:(in the role of Crocco),
30:
1525:; Tallet, Frank (2003).
1441:De Leo, Antonio (1983).
1371:Perrone, Adolfo (1963).
1234:(in Italian). eleaml.org
989:(in Italian). eleaml.org
716:Il generale dei briganti
427:Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi
1630:Agnello, Luigi (1985).
1586:Pinto, Carmine (2022).
1529:. London: I.B. Tauris.
1473:Pedìo, Tommaso (1994).
1452:Francesco Saverio Nitti
1394:Italy: a modern history
1218:Atkin & Tallet 2003
1110:La Basilicata Borbonica
580:, hoping for help from
563:expedition against Rome
404:Francesco Saverio Nitti
307:The Battle of Volturnus
1544:De Jaco, Aldo (2005).
1445:. Cosenza: Pellegrini.
972:L'ereditĂ della priora
738:, from the 1980 album
723:; Crocco is played by
661:L'ereditĂ della priora
536:
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267:
1417:. London: Ian Allan.
1380:Monti, Mario (1967).
1112:, Lavello, 1986, p. 7
760:, born and raised in
730:The Italian musician
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383:supported his bands.
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16:Italian revolutionary
1641:(in Italian). Rome:
1413:Ellis, John (1975).
751:The Tavern of Crocco
651:(1952), directed by
597:Santo Stefano Island
460:Augustin De Langlais
390:and, the day after,
1498:. Milan: Longanesi.
1382:I briganti italiani
1296:"La Tavern R Crocc"
1208:, pp. 159–160.
734:dedicated the song
677:(1989) directed by
666:Anton Giulio Majano
337:Battle of Volturnus
142:Italian unification
1705:Italian guerrillas
1690:Italian brigandage
1625:. 26 October 1872.
1622:The New York Times
1264:on 23 January 2009
770:Rionero in Vulture
756:The Italian actor
692:Pasquale Squitieri
636:Antonello Venditti
630:. Artists such as
559:Emilio Pallavicini
537:
505:San Chirico Raparo
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315:was launching his
313:Giuseppe Garibaldi
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258:Becoming an outlaw
190:Rionero in Vulture
135:Giuseppe Garibaldi
54:Rionero in Vulture
1590:. Bari: Laterza.
1477:. Lecce: Congedo.
1460:Hobsbawm, Eric J.
1408:. Milan: Rizzoli.
1402:Montanelli, Indro
1390:Mack Smith, Denis
1302:on 26 August 2016
747:La Tavern r Crocc
700:Claudia Cardinale
628:Brindisi Montagna
624:La Storia Bandita
501:Guardia Perticara
311:At the same time
171:, consider him a
125:, was an Italian
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1700:Italian folklore
1695:Italian escapees
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1652:978-8-81200032-6
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1436:. Rome: Savelli.
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1366:. Bari: Laterza.
1360:Croce, Benedetto
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1134:Montanelli 1973
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1108:Tommaso Pedìo,
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1607:External links
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1597:978-8858147504
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1578:978-8896209219
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1559:978-8835956853
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1514:978-8838470400
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1492:Romano, Sergio
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1454:. Turin: UTET.
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1424:978-0711006355
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1335:Maffei, Andrea
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1285:, p. 231.
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873:
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863:
861:
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851:
849:
846:
839:
837:
834:
827:
825:
822:
815:
813:
808:
801:
799:
792:
785:
781:
778:
725:Daniele Liotti
619:
616:
528:
525:
363:
360:
300:
297:
259:
256:
209:Peninsular War
185:
182:
180:
177:
146:Southern Italy
115:Carmine Crocco
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
78:
76:(aged 75)
70:
66:
65:
52:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
25:Carmine Crocco
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1732:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
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1701:
1698:
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1435:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1339:Monnier, Marc
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1283:Del Boca 2003
1279:
1276:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1172:, p. 39.
1171:
1166:
1163:
1160:, p. 87.
1159:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1136:, p. 88.
1135:
1130:
1127:
1124:, p. 49.
1123:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1099:, p. 86.
1098:
1093:
1090:
1087:, p. 72.
1086:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1063:, p. 36.
1062:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1022:, p. 85.
1021:
1016:
1013:
1010:, p. 17.
1009:
1004:
1001:
988:
981:
978:
973:
966:
963:
959:
954:
951:
946:
939:
936:
933:, p. 83.
932:
927:
924:
921:, p. 25.
920:
919:Hobsbawm 1985
915:
913:
909:
905:
900:
898:
894:
888:
879:
874:
867:
862:
855:
850:
843:
838:
831:
826:
819:
814:
811:
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796:
789:
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777:
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771:
767:
763:
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748:
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733:
728:
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629:
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579:
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502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
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477:
475:
471:
467:
458:
454:
452:
451:Terra di Bari
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
409:Subsequently
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
381:
377:
368:
361:
359:
357:
351:
349:
345:
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334:
329:
327:
322:
318:
314:
305:
298:
296:
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284:
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276:
272:
264:
257:
255:
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236:
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216:
214:
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
183:
178:
176:
174:
170:
165:
163:
162:ante litteram
159:
153:
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:or sometimes
120:
116:
108:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1635:
1620:
1587:
1568:
1545:
1526:
1504:
1495:
1483:
1474:
1463:
1451:
1442:
1433:
1414:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1351:
1342:
1326:
1304:. Retrieved
1300:the original
1290:
1278:
1266:. Retrieved
1262:the original
1236:. Retrieved
1225:
1213:
1206:Del Zio 1903
1201:
1189:
1182:De Jaco 2005
1177:
1165:
1153:
1148:, p. 5.
1141:
1129:
1117:
1109:
1104:
1092:
1080:
1068:
1056:
1049:Del Zio 1903
1044:
1015:
1003:
991:. Retrieved
980:
971:
965:
958:Del Zio 1903
953:
944:
938:
926:
768:father from
755:
750:
746:
744:
739:
735:
729:
714:
712:
685:
683:
672:
670:
659:
657:
653:Pietro Germi
646:
644:
623:
621:
612:Portoferraio
609:
604:
586:
578:Papal States
571:
556:
549:
538:
513:
478:
463:
408:
385:
373:
352:
341:
330:
310:
285:
277:
273:
269:
252:Ferdinand II
244:
237:
221:
217:
202:
187:
166:
161:
154:
139:
122:
118:
114:
113:
103:Organization
80:Portoferraio
74:(1905-06-18)
72:18 June 1905
62:Two Sicilies
18:
1675:1905 deaths
1670:1830 births
1238:30 December
1122:Romano 1998
1061:De Leo 1983
795:Ninco Nanco
721:Paolo Poeti
708:Franco Nero
704:Remo Girone
694:, starring
679:Luigi Magni
640:Lucio Dalla
521:Tagliacozzo
466:José Borjes
392:Ripacandida
370:José Borjes
207:during the
50:5 June 1830
1664:Categories
1194:Croce 1927
1073:Pedìo 1994
1037:Pedìo 1994
1008:Monti 1967
931:Ellis 1975
904:Pedìo 1994
889:References
749:(English:
719:(2012) by
664:(1980) by
645:The movie
601:royal army
431:Monteverde
388:Lagopesole
380:Francis II
356:resistance
319:, and the
293:Lagopesole
289:Monticchio
169:Basilicata
58:Basilicata
46:1830-06-05
993:2 January
567:Calabrian
527:Last days
400:Carbonari
344:Cerignola
213:Saragossa
173:folk hero
150:guerrilla
123:Donatelli
119:Donatello
98:Donatello
1548:. Rome:
1494:(1998).
1462:(1985).
1404:(1973).
1392:(1969).
1362:(1927).
1341:(1865).
1306:15 March
1268:15 March
766:Lucanian
742:to him.
489:Garaguso
485:Calciano
481:Trivigno
423:Campania
348:Giustino
131:Bourbons
1465:Bandits
1318:Sources
774:Apulian
772:and an
593:Potenza
582:Pius IX
565:in the
470:Potenza
411:Lavello
376:Vulture
280:Forenza
240:Rionero
127:brigand
84:Tuscany
1649:
1594:
1575:
1556:
1533:
1511:
1421:
762:Apulia
618:Legacy
589:Veroli
574:Ofanto
545:Apulia
541:Molise
509:Vaglio
497:Aliano
474:France
447:Bovino
443:Apulia
415:ducats
396:Venosa
333:Naples
326:Naples
248:Naples
232:Ofanto
228:Atella
224:Apulia
198:Venosa
1617:(PDF)
764:to a
674:'o Re
493:Craco
439:Teora
435:Conza
419:Melfi
205:Spain
184:Youth
88:Italy
1647:ISBN
1592:ISBN
1573:ISBN
1554:ISBN
1531:ISBN
1509:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1308:2011
1270:2011
1240:2011
995:2012
638:and
517:Rome
507:and
495:and
449:and
291:and
179:Life
69:Died
40:Born
543:to
453:).
441:),
1666::
1645:.
1634:.
1619:.
1552:.
1337:;
1248:^
1027:^
911:^
896:^
727:.
706:,
702:,
681:.
668:.
634:,
503:,
491:,
487:,
483:,
437:,
433:,
429:,
406:.
328:.
295:.
175:.
137:.
86:,
82:,
60:,
56:,
1655:.
1600:.
1581:.
1562:.
1539:.
1517:.
1427:.
1310:.
1272:.
1242:.
997:.
797:"
445:(
425:(
48:)
44:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
