3081:
2569:
1410:
7466:
3154:
1336:
9581:
2909:
2295:
1363:
190:
1544:
3237:
2633:
2400:
1845:
1272:
7459:
3053:
2889:
2268:
1306:
1905:
5963:
3343:
2862:
2349:
6788:
1212:
1242:
6774:
3259:
9033:
8254:
9019:
6767:
3504:
9026:
2043:
5969:
7473:
231:
6781:
9594:
8272:
1185:
8260:
8279:
1390:
9588:
1624:
9013:
3421:
2706:
2447:
1574:
3372:
2662:
2427:
1875:
949:
2023:
8267:
1074:
5393:
3564:, allosauroids were the apex predators that occupied the Middle Jurassic to the early Late Cretaceous periods. Allosauroids have been found in North America, South America, Europe, Africa, and Asia. Specifically, a world-wide dispersal of carcharodontosaurids likely happened in the Early Cretaceous. It has been hypothesized that the dispersal involved Italy's
1604:
3401:
1994:
3321:
964:
bases on their tails have anterior and posterior bone growth. The largest carnosaurs can reach up to 10 meters in length. The length of the body from the tail to the hip is between 54% and 62% of the total body length, and the length of the body from the head to the hip is between 38% and 46% of the
4136:
Infante, P.; Canudo, José Ignacio; Ruiz Omeñaca, José Ignacio (2005). "Primera evidencia de dinosaurios terópodos en la
Formación Mirambel (Barremiense inferior, Cretácico Inferior) en Castellote, Teruel" [First evidence of theropod dinosaurs from the Mirambel Formation (Lower Barremian, Lower
3527:
Although the remains of other large theropods like tyrannosaurids bear evidence of fighting within their species and with other predators, the remains of allosauroids do not bear much evidence of injuries from theropod combat. Most notably, despite a good fossil record, allosauroid skulls lack the
3511:
Multiple severe injuries have been found on allosauroid remains, which implies that allosauroids were frequently in dangerous situations and supports the hypothesis of an active, predatory lifestyle. Despite the multitude of injuries, only a few of those injuries show signs of infection. For those
3575:
Allosauroids were present in both the northern and southern continents during the
Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, but they were later displaced by the tyrannosauroids in North America and Asia during the Late Cretaceous. This is likely due to regional extinction events, which, along with increased
1756:
was the only other taxon known to have that trait at the time. Neovenatorids were envisioned as the latest-surviving allosauroids, which were able to persist well into the Late
Cretaceous due to their low profile and coelurosaur-like adaptations. Later studies supported this hypothesis, such as
3559:
separated into the modern continents. By the Middle
Jurassic period, tetanurans had spread to every continent and diverged into the allosauroids and the coelurosaurs. Allosauroids first appeared in the Middle Jurassic period and were the first giant taxa (weighing more than 2 tons) in theropod
995:
bone, and a short connection between the braincase and the palate. Allosauroid skulls are about 2.5 to 3 times longer as they are tall. Their narrow skull along with their serrated teeth allow carnosaurs to better slice flesh off of their prey. Carnosaur teeth are flat and have equally-sized
976:
across all sizes, which is found to be between 37% and 58% of the femoral length anterior to the hip. Other similarities across all carnosaurs include the structure of their hind limb and pelvis. The pelvis in particular is thought to be designed to reduce stress regardless of body size. In
3741:
Fernandes de
Azevedo, R. P.; Simbras, F. M.; Furtado, M. R.; Candeiro, C. R. A.; Bergqvist, L. P. (2013). "First Brazilian carcharodontosaurid and other new theropod dinosaur fossils from the Campanian–Maastrichtian Presidente Prudente Formation, São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil".
3516:
was able to quickly stop any infection from spreading to the rest of the body. This type of immune response is similar to modern reptilian immune responses; reptiles secrete fibrin near infected areas and localize the infection before it can spread via the bloodstream.
1500:
presented below illustrates the interrelationships between the four major groups (or families) of carnosaurs. It is a simplified version of the tree presented in the 2012 analysis by
Carrano, Benson and Sampson after they excluded three "wildcard" taxa
1153:
The following family tree illustrates the position of
Carnosauria within Theropoda. It is a simplified version of the tree presented in a synthesis of the relationships of the major theropod groups based on various studies conducted in the 2010s.
2537:
in 2021. This publication is also the origin of the hypothesis that several "compsognathids" from Europe may have been juvenile carnosaurs. The results of this analysis differ from those of Rauhut and Pol in that Cau finds
Megalosauroidea to be
969:, did. During the Cretaceous, some carnosaurs grew to sizes similar to those of the largest tyrannosaurids. These large carnosaurs lived in the same time period as the other large theropods found in the upper Morrison and Tendaguru formations.
3524:, similar to non-avian reptiles, which means they require fewer nutrients in order to survive. A lower nutrient requirement means allosauroids do not need to undertake frequent hunts, which lowers their risk of sustaining traumatic injuries.
1145:, among others, have followed this node-based definition. Depending on the study, Carnosauria and Allosauroidea are sometimes considered synonymous. In such cases, several researchers have elected to use Allosauroidea over Carnosauria.
4165:
Paulina-Carabajal, Ariana & Currie, Philip. (2012). New information on the braincase and endocast of
Sinraptor dongi (Theropoda: Allosauroidea): Ethmoidal region, endocranial anatomy and pneumaticity. Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 50.
4656:
Méndez, Ariel H.; Novas, Fernando E.; Iori, Fabiano V. (May–June 2012). "Premier enregistrement de
Megaraptora (Theropoda, Neovenatoridae) au Brésil" [First record of Megaraptora (Theropoda, Neovenatoridae) from Brazil].
3542:
due to drought, the frequency of finding allosauroid remains in groups supports the social animal theory. As social animals, allosauroids would share the burden of hunting, allowing injured members of the pack to recover faster.
1064:
have been interpreted by some authors as quill knobs theorized to have supported primitive quills; however this interpretation has been questioned, and they have been suggested to represent traces of ligaments instead.
3080:
2568:
1409:
4176:
Hendrickx, Christophe; Bell, Phil R.; Pittman, Michael; Milner, Andrew R. C.; Cuesta, Elena; O'Connor, Jingmai; Loewen, Mark; Currie, Philip J.; Mateus, Octávio; Kaye, Thomas G.; Delcourt, Rafael (June 2022).
1748:. These genera were allied with the other neovenatorids on the basis of several features spread out throughout the skeleton, particularly the large amount of pneumatization present. The pneumatic ilium of
5336:
Benson, Roger B. J.; Carrano, Matthew T.; Brusatte, Stephen L. (January 2010). "A new clade of archaic large-bodied predatory dinosaurs (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) that survived to the latest Mesozoic".
3528:
distinctive face-biting wounds that are common in tyrannosaurid skulls, leaving open the question of if allosauroids engaged in interspecies and intraspecies fighting. Remains of the allosauroid
1000:
on both edges. The flat side of the tooth face the sides of the skull, while the edges align on the same plane as the skull. From analyzing the skull of different carnosaurs, the volume of the
960:. They also have 3 fingers per hand, with the second and third digit being approximately equal in length. The femur is larger than the tibia. Another defining feature of carnosaurs is that the
3714:
Delcourt, R.; Grillo, O.N. (2017). "Carcharodontosaurids remained extinct in the Campanian-Maastrichtian: Reassessment of a fragmentary maxilla from Presidente Prudente Formation, Brazil".
3900:
Bates, Karl T.; Benson, Roger B. J.; Falkingham, Peter L. (1 June 2012). "A computational analysis of locomotor anatomy and body mass evolution in Allosauroidea (Dinosauria: Theropoda)".
3943:
Bybee, Paul J.; Lee, Andrew H.; Lamm, Ellen-Thérèse (2006). "Sizing the Jurassic theropod dinosaur Allosaurus: Assessing growth strategy and evolution of ontogenetic scaling of limbs".
3887:
Mateus, Octávio. (1997). Lourinhanosaurus antunesi, A New Upper Jurassic Allosauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Lourinhã, Portugal. Mémorias da Academia Ciêncas de Lisboa. 37.
4519:
Benson, R.B.J.; Carrano, M.T; Brusatte, S.L. (2010). "A new clade of archaic large-bodied predatory dinosaurs (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) that survived to the latest Mesozoic".
3002:. This hypothesis has not been universally accepted, and it notably conflicts with Cau's 2021 publication by finding Megalosauroidea as monophyletic and the sister taxon of
5280:
5040:
984:
In addition to body similarities, most carnosaurs, especially most allosauroids are also united by certain skull features. Some of the defining ones include a smaller
3620:"Probable basal allosauroid from the early Middle Jurassic Cañadón Asfalto Formation of Argentina highlights phylogenetic uncertainty in tetanuran theropod dinosaurs"
1815:
The cladogram below follows a 2016 analysis by Sebastián Apesteguía, Nathan D. Smith, Rubén Juarez Valieri, and Peter J. Makovicky based on the dataset of Carrano
2968:
In 2024, Andrea Cau published a paper which presented an analysis of theropod ontogeny which suggested that several theropods that were traditionally considered
898:, were once considered carnosaurs. However, analysis in the 1980s and 1990s revealed that other than size, the group shared very few characteristics, making it
981:
longus (CFL) muscle that allowed them to flex theirs. Larger carnosaurs are found to have a lower CFL muscle-to-body-mass proportion that smaller carnosaurs.
4078:
Sereno, P. C.; Dutheil, D. B.; Iarochene, M.; Larsson, H. C. E.; Lyon, G. H.; Magwene, P. M.; Sidor, C. A.; Varricchio, D. J.; Wilson, J. A. (17 May 1996).
9708:
4880:
3534:
are also often found in groups, which could imply the existence of social behavior. While there are alternative explanations for the groupings, like
1757:
Carrano, Benson & Sampson large study of tetanuran relationships in 2012, and Zanno & Makovicky description of the newly discovered theropod
1105:
in 1997. Sereno was the first to provide a stem-based definition for the Allosauroidea in 1998, defining the clade as "All neotetanurans closer to
1794:
and a few other taxa as members of the Neovenatoridae. This would make neovenatorids the latest-surviving allosauroids; at least one megaraptoran,
977:
particular, the way the femur is inclined reduces the bending and torsion stress. Furthermore, like other animals with tails, carnosaurs possess a
7465:
9703:
7458:
4179:"Morphology and distribution of scales, dermal ossifications, and other non-feather integumentary structures in non-avialan theropod dinosaurs"
3675:
9580:
5211:
Canale, Juan Ignacio; Novas, Fernando Emilio; Salgado, Leonardo; Coria, Rodolfo Aníbal (December 1, 2015). "Cranial ontogenetic variation in
4300:
3576:
species isolation through the severing of land connections between the continents, differentiated many dinosaurs in the Late Cretaceous.
9693:
5425:
5127:
Foth, Christian; Evers, Serjoscha W.; Pabst, Ben; Mateus, Octávio; Flisch, Alexander; Patthey, Mike; Rauhut, Oliver W.M. (12 May 2015).
2175:
and megaraptorans, which suggests that the latter were not carnosaurs or allosauroids. As a result of these findings, and the fact that
1044:. An impression from the base of the tail preserves larger scales around 2 cm in diameter. However, it has been noted that these may be
2204:
with respect to Allosauroidea. Because the authors amended the definition of Allosauroidea to include all theropods that are closer to
3590:
2153:. Nevertheless, there are still a number of other traits that support megaraptorans as members of the Coelurosauria. Other taxa like
6787:
8253:
1048:
scales due to their similarity and the fact that non-theropod remains were discovered associated with the tail of this particular
4694:
Carrano, Matthew T.; Benson, Roger B. J.; Sampson, Scott D. (1 June 2012). "The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)".
1790:
Phylogenetic studies conducted by Benson, Carrano and Brusatte (2010) and Carrano, Benson and Sampson (2012) recovered the group
6773:
2111:
Subsequent analyses have contradicted the above hypothesis. Novas and colleagues conducted an analysis in 2012 which found that
965:
total body length. Carnosaurs scaled their limbs relative to their body in a way similar to how other large theropods, like the
9018:
1056:
preserves scutes on the underside of the tail, as well as scutes on the feet along with small scales. A series of knobs on the
5962:
3512:
injuries that did become infected, the infections were usually local to the site of the injury, implying that the allosauroid
1671:
6766:
9032:
5968:
5129:"New insights into the lifestyle of Allosaurus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) based on another specimen with multiple pathologies"
4470:
Holtz, T. R., Jr. and Osmólska H. 2004. Saurischia; pp. 21–24 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmólska (eds.),
9698:
4035:
Carrano, Matthew T.; Benson, Roger B. J.; Sampson, Scott D. (2012). "The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)".
9459:
8271:
7472:
5054:
Novas, Fernando E. (2013). "Evolution of the carnivorous dinosaurs during the Cretaceous: The evidence from Patagonia".
3006:, a grouping which includes both carnosaurs (or allosauroids) and coelurosaurs. Notably, this analysis also treats the
1335:
38:
9025:
6780:
1130:
889:
Carnosauria has traditionally been used as a dumping ground for all large theropods. Even non-dinosaurs, such as the
4570:
Hendrickx, C.; Hartman, S.A.; Mateus, O. (2015). "An overview of non-avian theropod discoveries and classification".
2135:
subsequently found that megaraptorans lacked most of the key features in the hands of derived coelurosaurs including
230:
2908:
2542:
and the sister-taxon of Allosauroidea within Carnosauria. An abbreviated version of this phylogeny is shown below.
2294:
1362:
9593:
2533:
The relationship between allosauroids and megalosauroids was also supported by a provisional analysis published by
2179:
itself is the only uncontroversial neovenatorid, the family Neovenatoridae sees little use in recent publications.
189:
8278:
3520:
The injuries were also found to be mostly healed. This healing may indicate that allosauroids had an intermediate
3153:
915:
4490:(Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA"
2219:
was found to fall within Allosauroidea. A cladogram displaying the relationships they recovered is shown below.
5513:
3342:
997:
8259:
2861:
2348:
1674:. Different clades have been recovered by different authors, and a scientific consensus has yet to emerge.
9587:
5313:
5418:
4857:
3595:
1904:
1305:
5397:
4921:
4591:"A New Megaraptoran Dinosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda, Megaraptoridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia"
3236:
2632:
2399:
1844:
1543:
9613:
3868:
3017:
847:
Carnosaurs first appeared in the Middle Jurassic, around 176 mya. The last definite known carnosaurs, the
4389:"A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China"
855:
epoch of the Cretaceous, roughly 90 mya; reportedly later remains of carcharodontosaurids, from the late
9660:
7984:
7896:
5034:
3415:
3052:
2888:
2700:
2267:
1900:
1618:
1271:
1090:
848:
585:
1211:
9012:
1241:
9545:
7673:
7641:
5346:
5292:
5224:
5063:
4810:
4758:
4703:
4602:
4528:
4445:
4403:
4341:
4237:
4094:
4044:
3909:
3811:
3751:
3631:
3572:
during the Early Cretaceous period; various dinosaur footprints found in Apulia support this theory.
3521:
3127:
2628:
2395:
2147:. Instead, their hands retain a number of primitive characteristics seen in basal tetanurans such as
1840:
1682:
1539:
491:
3873:
3845:
9688:
7997:
7784:
3539:
2441:
1695:, a group of theropods with controversial affinities. Other studies recover megaraptorans as basal
335:
8266:
3503:
2042:
9452:
7973:
7833:
7689:
7629:
7064:
6974:
6857:
5721:
5411:
5370:
5318:
5258:
5215:(Dinosauria: Theropoda) and the probable role of heterochrony in carcharodontosaurid evolution".
4858:"Megaraptorans as members of an unexpected evolutionary radiation of tyrant-reptiles in Gondwana"
4799:"An Unusual New Theropod with a Didactyl Manus from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina"
4727:
4552:
4118:
4060:
3968:
3925:
3827:
3689:
3231:
2857:
2344:
2216:
2197:
750:
225:
80:
1670:
The composition of the clade Carnosauria has been controversial among scientists since at least
9665:
9334:
9251:
9225:
9064:
9051:
8929:
8487:
8439:
7271:
6621:
5700:
5362:
5250:
5160:
5022:
4978:
4838:
4776:
4719:
4638:
4620:
4544:
4369:
4296:
4261:
4253:
4206:
4198:
4110:
4008:
3960:
3657:
3258:
1384:
1142:
961:
72:
9651:
3780:
Powell, a giant maniraptoran (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina."
9438:
9195:
9105:
8894:
8826:
8689:
8608:
8580:
8540:
8421:
8391:
7909:
7662:
7526:
7383:
7283:
7132:
7039:
6997:
6564:
5874:
5354:
5308:
5300:
5240:
5232:
5191:
5150:
5140:
5079:
5071:
5014:
4968:
4958:
4911:
4903:
4828:
4818:
4766:
4711:
4674:
4666:
4628:
4610:
4536:
4453:
4411:
4359:
4349:
4288:
4279:
Rauhut, Oliver W. M.; Foth, Christian (2020), Foth, Christian; Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (eds.),
4245:
4190:
4146:
4102:
4052:
4000:
3952:
3917:
3819:
3759:
3723:
3647:
3639:
3336:
3148:
1515:
1331:
1138:
1098:
448:
205:
76:
9501:
9239:
9202:
9134:
8989:
8982:
8810:
8752:
8725:
8715:
8675:
8510:
8369:
8353:
8171:
8143:
8121:
8008:
7853:
7560:
7334:
7217:
7195:
7116:
6945:
6922:
6915:
6893:
6879:
6872:
6833:
6684:
6531:
6458:
6447:
6383:
6271:
6158:
5735:
5644:
5498:
5473:
3513:
3107:
3048:
2754:
2605:
2240:
2193:
2128:
2016:
1707:
1358:
1267:
1207:
1184:
1134:
1033:
966:
802:
635:
399:
366:
100:
96:
5281:"Phylogeny of Allosauroidea (Dinosauria: Theropoda): Comparative analysis and resolution"
817:. Other researchers have found Allosauroidea and Megalosauroidea to be unrelated groups.
5350:
5296:
5228:
5067:
4814:
4797:
Sebastián Apesteguía; Nathan D. Smith; Rubén Juárez Valieri; Peter J. Makovicky (2016).
4762:
4707:
4606:
4532:
4449:
4407:
4345:
4241:
4178:
4098:
4048:
3913:
3815:
3755:
3635:
3020:
and suggests that the postcranial remains of this taxon belong to a carnosaur (possibly
2188:, a basal allosauroid displaying a mosaic of primitive and derived features seen within
1771:
were consistently found to be close relatives of each other; this was also the case for
9466:
9429:
9410:
9372:
9361:
9158:
8871:
8837:
8819:
8799:
8696:
8410:
8155:
8017:
7844:
7826:
7654:
7621:
7607:
7568:
7342:
7203:
7160:
7153:
7075:
7051:
7004:
6963:
6900:
6886:
6614:
6599:
6426:
6260:
6124:
6092:
6081:
6058:
6020:
5881:
5851:
5775:
5714:
5613:
5155:
5128:
4973:
4942:
4833:
4798:
4633:
4590:
4485:
4364:
4325:
3652:
3619:
2904:
2799:
2372:
2321:
2290:
2184:
1598:
1509:
1503:
1179:
978:
973:
877:
574:
470:
428:
388:
4430:
4388:
4287:, Fascinating Life Sciences, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 27–45,
4226:"A bizarre, humped Carcharodontosauria (Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain"
1389:
957:
9682:
9508:
9354:
9315:
9294:
9173:
9166:
9093:
8887:
8860:
8734:
8651:
8629:
8622:
8615:
8558:
8475:
8338:
8310:
8297:
8221:
8098:
7938:
7772:
7703:
7589:
7576:
7321:
7299:
7292:
7256:
7229:
7181:
7105:
6841:
6632:
6606:
6522:
6503:
6496:
6433:
6412:
6391:
6376:
6362:
6321:
6287:
6280:
6199:
6051:
5938:
5931:
5858:
5828:
5817:
5707:
5678:
5671:
5597:
5262:
5100:
4281:"The Origin of Birds: Current Consensus, Controversy, and the Occurrence of Feathers"
4079:
3799:
3535:
3170:
3076:
2998:
2884:
2564:
2263:
2124:
1805:
1696:
1318:
1001:
992:
923:
919:
868:
856:
829:
810:
645:
625:
481:
459:
179:
138:
5374:
5322:
4731:
4556:
4122:
4064:
3972:
3929:
3831:
9480:
9418:
9388:
9308:
9301:
9279:
9271:
9151:
9143:
9123:
8846:
8765:
8703:
8594:
8565:
8517:
8346:
8331:
8106:
8038:
7966:
7945:
7924:
7740:
7696:
7504:
7491:
7421:
7374:
7249:
7139:
7091:
7084:
7021:
6990:
6983:
6864:
6691:
6543:
6440:
6342:
6335:
6230:
6214:
6150:
6101:
6033:
5810:
5693:
5686:
5657:
5620:
5589:
4747:"Neovenatorid theropods are apex predators in the Late Cretaceous of North America"
4457:
3552:
3420:
3007:
3003:
2775:
2705:
2539:
2446:
2422:
2210:
1938:
1870:
1713:
1699:
unrelated to carcharodontosaurs. Other theropods with uncertain affinities such as
1623:
1569:
1284:
1237:
1163:
1116:
1020:
956:
Carnosaurs share certain distinctive features, one of which is a triangular-shaped
903:
894:
806:
695:
655:
512:
406:
314:
211:
5075:
4004:
3763:
3727:
3371:
2661:
2426:
1874:
1784:
1573:
1119:
used a node-based definition in his 2007 study which defined the Allosauroidea as
4823:
4715:
4615:
4354:
4106:
4056:
3823:
3568:
region (the “heel” of the Italian peninsula), which was connected to Africa by a
881:, discovered in rocks dated to 75-70 mya, might potentially also be a carnosaur.
9645:
9534:
9515:
9445:
9395:
9381:
9323:
9264:
9209:
9086:
8880:
8772:
8741:
8658:
8644:
8376:
8324:
8192:
8114:
8077:
7959:
7931:
7884:
7804:
7682:
7390:
7363:
7263:
7210:
7146:
7125:
7098:
6849:
6662:
6655:
6641:
6467:
6314:
6305:
6207:
6178:
6108:
6073:
6066:
5866:
5844:
5837:
5796:
5788:
5764:
5749:
5728:
5636:
5628:
4330:
and Its Implications for the Phylogeny of Allosauroidea (Dinosauria: Theropoda)"
4292:
4080:"Predatory Dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous Faunal Differentiation"
3569:
2986:
2980:
2969:
2816:
2165:
2143:
2037:
1791:
1692:
1405:
1102:
1094:
907:
872:
860:
775:
735:
715:
675:
544:
113:
65:
4856:
F. E. Novas; F. L. Agnolín; M. D. Ezcurra; J. I. Canale; J. D. Porfiri (2012).
4670:
3859:
Holtz, Thomas (December 1998). "A New Phylogeny of the Carnivorous Dinosaurs".
3643:
3026:). An abbreviated version of the cladogram from that analysis is shown below.
9473:
9402:
9347:
8968:
8783:
8601:
8587:
8572:
8524:
8458:
8384:
8206:
8199:
8185:
8091:
8024:
7952:
7916:
7869:
7811:
7797:
7764:
7756:
7749:
7730:
7553:
7518:
7306:
6907:
6698:
6648:
6585:
6556:
6511:
6489:
6482:
6474:
6398:
6294:
6253:
6246:
6238:
6222:
6142:
6013:
5889:
5742:
5605:
5464:
5358:
5304:
5236:
4907:
4540:
4280:
4225:
3530:
3394:
3366:
3022:
2685:
2656:
2534:
2149:
2119:
2113:
2022:
1987:
1809:
1796:
1687:
1112:
1107:
1025:
936:
927:
911:
890:
821:
787:
564:
554:
533:
377:
355:
288:
217:
158:
123:
9636:
5254:
5026:
4723:
4624:
4257:
4202:
9494:
9487:
9187:
9180:
8853:
8792:
8446:
8164:
7710:
7614:
7349:
6934:
6819:
6806:
6733:
6669:
6592:
6571:
6328:
6191:
5999:
5986:
5904:
5756:
5575:
5562:
5525:
5434:
4947:, a tyrannosauroid theropod from the Wealden Supergroup of southern England"
3585:
3253:
3034:
2992:
2550:
2201:
2189:
2162:
1497:
1254:
1224:
1125:
1045:
931:
899:
814:
705:
685:
438:
301:
242:
199:
163:
107:
5366:
5164:
4982:
4842:
4780:
4642:
4548:
4373:
4265:
4210:
4012:
3964:
3661:
1073:
948:
5392:
4114:
17:
9630:
9078:
8503:
8496:
8468:
8361:
7861:
7242:
6578:
6405:
6166:
5803:
5482:
5458:
5018:
4497:
Publications Scientifiques du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris
3205:
3012:
2137:
1955:
1801:
1701:
1037:
988:
985:
852:
783:
779:
665:
275:
262:
175:
153:
148:
133:
128:
118:
5180:"Head-biting behavior in theropod dinosaurs: Paleopathological evidence"
5084:
4963:
4249:
8636:
8398:
8128:
8031:
7356:
6677:
5245:
5002:
4916:
4771:
4746:
4679:
3956:
3556:
3400:
1993:
1603:
809:
with respect to Allosauroidea), and thus including the majority of non-
168:
143:
5196:
5179:
5145:
4194:
4151:
3846:"What do terms like monophyletic, paraphyletic and polyphyletic mean?"
1040:. Another skin impression from the ventral side of the neck preserves
793:
While Carnosauria was historically considered largely synonymous with
9287:
8975:
6419:
5452:
4224:
Ortega, Francisco; Escaso, Fernando; Sanz, José L. (September 2010).
3565:
864:
833:
252:
9607:
4415:
3921:
875:, which may or may not be carnosaurs, became extinct around 66 mya.
8135:
7876:
7818:
4881:"Phylogenetic relationships of the Cretaceous Gondwanan theropods
3502:
3311:
2974:
2117:
was closely related to carcharodontosaurids, simultaneously found
1759:
1086:
1072:
1041:
947:
841:
837:
825:
798:
725:
615:
9551:
8178:
3678:. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 63(1): 1-19.
3320:
2972:
may be juvenile allosauroids or megalosauroids. These included
1057:
9611:
9049:
8295:
7489:
6804:
5984:
5560:
5445:
5407:
1685:
carnosaurs uniting some primitive members of the group such as
1728:, and a newly named clade: Megaraptora. Megaraptora contained
1081:
Within Carnosauria, there is a slightly more exclusive clade,
1036:
measuring 1-3 mm are known from the side of the torso and the
5403:
3991:
Sereno, P. C. (25 June 1999). "The Evolution of Dinosaurs".
5003:"A Unified Framework for Predatory Dinosaur Macroevolution"
4285:
The Evolution of Feathers: From Their Origin to the Present
3688:
Hutchinson, John R. (7 November 2005) . Smith, Dave (ed.).
2171:
Several recent analyses do not find a relationship between
71:"Carnosaur" redirects here. For the 1984 horror novel, see
1720:
Neovenatoridae, as formulated by these authors, contained
5105:
Atti della Società dei Naturalisti e Matematici di Modena
3676:
A Unified Framework for Predatory Dinosaur Macroevolution
922:) that were more closely related to birds were placed in
5279:
Brusatte, Stephen L.; Sereno, Paul C. (1 January 2008).
5101:"Comments on the Mesozoic theropod dinosaurs from Italy"
820:
Distinctive characteristics of carnosaurs include large
3555:
history of allosauroids closely follows the order that
1077:
Cladogram of Allosauroidea after Eddy and Clarke (2011)
42:
4589:
Coria, Rodolfo A.; Currie, Philip J. (20 July 2016).
3618:
Rauhut, Oliver W. M.; Pol, Diego (11 December 2019).
2161:
have been alternatively recovered as coelurosaurs or
4879:
Novas, F.E.; Rolando, A.M.A.; Agnolin, F.L. (2016).
4474:(2nd ed.), University of California Press, Berkeley.
3800:"The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)"
731:
721:
711:
701:
691:
681:
671:
661:
651:
641:
631:
621:
611:
581:
570:
560:
550:
540:
529:
518:
508:
497:
487:
477:
466:
455:
444:
434:
424:
413:
395:
384:
373:
362:
351:
9620:
9533:
9428:
9371:
9333:
9250:
9223:
9133:
9103:
9062:
8960:
8928:
8870:
8836:
8809:
8782:
8751:
8724:
8713:
8673:
8538:
8486:
8457:
8419:
8408:
8308:
8220:
8154:
8076:
8007:
7983:
7895:
7843:
7783:
7739:
7728:
7672:
7640:
7587:
7537:
7502:
7420:
7373:
7320:
7282:
7228:
7179:
7115:
7074:
7050:
7019:
6973:
6943:
6932:
6817:
6732:
6631:
6542:
6521:
6457:
6360:
6304:
6270:
6177:
6122:
6091:
6031:
5997:
5923:
5903:
5827:
5774:
5655:
5573:
5524:
5497:
918:as more primitive theropods. Others (such as the
797:, some recent studies have revived Carnosauria as
5314:20.500.11820/5f3e6d44-fea6-468d-81d3-769f8c2830dd
4792:
4790:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4324:Eddy, Drew R.; Clarke, Julia A. (21 March 2011).
5007:Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana
4889:: the evidence afforded by their manual anatomy"
3895:
3893:
2192:. Their phylogenetic analysis found traditional
3694:University of California Museum of Paleontology
3560:history. Along with members of the superfamily
1763:in 2013, which they placed within Megaraptora.
4484:Currie, Philip J.; Carpenter, Kenneth (2000).
5419:
4936:
4934:
4572:PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology
4438:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
8:
5178:Tanke, Darren H.; Currie, Philip J. (1998).
5039:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
3613:
3611:
4326:"New Information on the Cranial Anatomy of
934:sharing a more recent common ancestor with
26:
9608:
9339:
9256:
9231:
9115:
9111:
9070:
9059:
9046:
8957:
8925:
8757:
8721:
8681:
8550:
8546:
8431:
8427:
8416:
8316:
8305:
8292:
8083:
8073:
7989:
7901:
7789:
7736:
7646:
7599:
7595:
7545:
7510:
7499:
7486:
7417:
7326:
7234:
7187:
7056:
7031:
7027:
6955:
6951:
6940:
6825:
6814:
6801:
6729:
6548:
6539:
6368:
6183:
6134:
6130:
6043:
6039:
6005:
5994:
5981:
5780:
5663:
5581:
5570:
5557:
5503:
5494:
5442:
5426:
5412:
5404:
4996:
4994:
4992:
1093:, but it was given a formal definition by
598:
188:
87:
5312:
5244:
5195:
5154:
5144:
5083:
4972:
4962:
4915:
4832:
4822:
4770:
4678:
4632:
4614:
4363:
4353:
4150:
4137:Cretaceous) from Castellote, Terue].
3872:
3651:
1787:taxon difficult to place with certainty.
1024:preserve skin impressions showing their
32:This is an accepted version of this page
4745:Zanno, L. E.; Makovicky, P. J. (2013).
4431:"The origin and evolution of dinosaurs"
3607:
902:. Most former carnosaurs (such as the
28:
5032:
1089:Allosauroidea was originally named by
930:analysis defines Carnosauria as those
5274:
5272:
5122:
5120:
5118:
4319:
4317:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4022:
3986:
3984:
3982:
867:, were later interpreted as those of
7:
1812:period, about 70 million years ago.
75:. For the 1993 film adaptation, see
5285:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
4696:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
4037:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
3804:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
3387:
3358:
3304:
3223:
3195:
3140:
3133:
3123:
3099:
3069:
3041:
3029:
2877:
2850:
2791:
2767:
2760:
2677:
2648:
2621:
2597:
2587:
2557:
2545:
2415:
2388:
2364:
2337:
2313:
2283:
2256:
2232:
2222:
2009:
1980:
1930:
1923:
1893:
1863:
1833:
1822:
1592:
1562:
1532:
1522:
1378:
1351:
1324:
1290:
1260:
1230:
1200:
1171:
1157:
952:Size comparison of seven carnosaurs
871:. The phylogenetically problematic
61:Extinct group of theropod dinosaurs
4396:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
3591:Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event
2182:In 2019, Rauhut and Pol described
525:Benson, Carrano and Brusatte, 2010
197:Four carnosaurs (top to bottom):
57:
9709:Taxa named by Friedrich von Huene
4943:"The osteology and affinities of
3690:"Tremble Before the Carnosauria!"
1004:ranges between 95 milliliters in
805:(which is sometimes recovered as
801:including both Allosauroidea and
9592:
9586:
9579:
9031:
9024:
9017:
9011:
8277:
8270:
8265:
8258:
8252:
7471:
7464:
7457:
6786:
6779:
6772:
6765:
5967:
5961:
5391:
4941:Naish, D.; Cau, A. (July 2022).
4387:Currie, P. J.; Zhao, X. (1993).
3419:
3399:
3370:
3341:
3319:
3257:
3235:
3152:
3079:
3051:
2907:
2887:
2860:
2704:
2660:
2631:
2567:
2445:
2425:
2398:
2347:
2293:
2266:
2041:
2021:
1992:
1903:
1873:
1843:
1622:
1602:
1572:
1542:
1408:
1388:
1361:
1334:
1304:
1270:
1240:
1210:
1183:
972:Carnosaurs maintained a similar
229:
3782:Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat.
1032:skin impressions showing small
4458:10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.435
3507:Allosauroidea skull comparison
1133:, and all of its descendants.
1097:and Zhao, and later used as a
840:) being longer than the shin (
1:
9704:Fossil taxa described in 1920
5076:10.1016/j.cretres.2013.04.001
4005:10.1126/science.284.5423.2137
3764:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.06.004
3728:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.09.008
1752:was particularly notable, as
1717:are also sometimes included.
603:Uncertain or possible members
5217:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
4824:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793
4716:10.1080/14772019.2011.630927
4616:10.1371/journal.pone.0157973
4355:10.1371/journal.pone.0017932
4107:10.1126/science.272.5264.986
4057:10.1080/14772019.2011.630927
3824:10.1080/14772019.2011.630927
3776:Novas and Agnolin, (2004). "
1800:, lived near the end of the
4293:10.1007/978-3-030-27223-4_3
1131:most recent common ancestor
79:. For the film series, see
9725:
9694:Aalenian first appearances
4896:Memoirs of Museum Victoria
4671:10.1016/j.crpv.2011.12.007
4488:Acrocanthosaurus atokensis
4328:Acrocanthosaurus atokensis
3644:10.1038/s41598-019-53672-7
813:members of theropod clade
70:
63:
9576:
9342:
9259:
9234:
9118:
9114:
9073:
9058:
9045:
9009:
8956:
8924:
8760:
8684:
8553:
8549:
8434:
8430:
8319:
8304:
8291:
8250:
8086:
8072:
7992:
7904:
7792:
7649:
7602:
7598:
7548:
7513:
7498:
7485:
7454:
7416:
7329:
7237:
7190:
7059:
7034:
7030:
6958:
6954:
6828:
6813:
6800:
6762:
6728:
6551:
6371:
6186:
6137:
6133:
6046:
6042:
6008:
5993:
5980:
5958:
5783:
5666:
5584:
5569:
5556:
5506:
5493:
5441:
5359:10.1007/s00114-009-0614-x
5305:10.1017/S1477201907002404
5237:10.1007/s12542-014-0251-3
4908:10.24199/j.mmv.2016.74.05
4541:10.1007/s00114-009-0614-x
3798:Matthew, Carrano (2012).
3499:Paleobiology and behavior
3414:
3392:
3385:
3363:
3356:
3334:
3309:
3302:
3250:
3228:
3221:
3200:
3193:
3167:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3121:
3104:
3097:
3074:
3067:
3046:
3039:
2902:
2882:
2875:
2855:
2848:
2813:
2796:
2789:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2699:
2682:
2675:
2653:
2646:
2626:
2619:
2602:
2595:
2585:
2562:
2555:
2440:
2420:
2413:
2393:
2386:
2369:
2362:
2342:
2335:
2318:
2311:
2288:
2281:
2261:
2254:
2237:
2230:
2123:and related genera to be
2036:
2014:
2007:
1985:
1978:
1952:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1898:
1891:
1868:
1861:
1838:
1831:
1804:era, dating to the early
1617:
1597:
1590:
1567:
1560:
1537:
1530:
1403:
1383:
1376:
1356:
1349:
1329:
1322:
1295:
1288:
1265:
1258:
1235:
1228:
1205:
1198:
1176:
1169:
828:and modifications of the
756:
749:
348:
343:
226:Scientific classification
224:
196:
187:
90:
2185:Asfaltovenator vialidadi
940:than with modern birds.
851:, became extinct in the
64:Not to be confused with
39:latest accepted revision
5021:(inactive 2024-07-19).
3778:Unquillosaurus ceibalii
3596:Theropod paleopathology
774:is an extinct group of
4659:Comptes Rendus Palevol
4429:Sereno, P. C. (1997).
3508:
1681:, a proposed clade of
1666:Alternative hypotheses
1149:Conventional phylogeny
1078:
1008:to 250 milliliters in
953:
782:that lived during the
9661:Paleobiology Database
7985:Carcharodontosaurinae
7897:Carcharodontosauridae
4751:Nature Communications
3945:Journal of Morphology
3506:
3416:Carcharodontosauridae
2701:Carcharodontosauridae
2196:to represent a basal
1901:Carcharodontosauridae
1619:Carcharodontosauridae
1091:Othniel Charles Marsh
1076:
951:
586:Carcharodontosauridae
9699:Turonian extinctions
8961:Dubious coelurosaurs
7674:Metriacanthosaurinae
7642:Metriacanthosauridae
5924:Dubious neotheropods
5400:at Wikimedia Commons
5099:Cau, Andrea (2021).
5019:10.4435/BSPI.2024.08
5001:Cau, Andrea (2024).
3553:paleobiogeographical
3128:Metriacanthosauridae
2629:Metriacanthosauridae
2396:Metriacanthosauridae
1841:Metriacanthosauridae
1808:stage of the latest
1683:carcharodontosaurian
1540:Metriacanthosauridae
1137:and colleagues and
492:Metriacanthosauridae
7998:Carcharodontosaurus
7785:Carcharodontosauria
5351:2010NW.....97...71B
5339:Naturwissenschaften
5297:2008JSPal...6..155B
5229:2015PalZ...89..983C
5068:2013CrRes..45..174N
5056:Cretaceous Research
4964:10.7717/peerj.12727
4815:2016PLoSO..1157793A
4763:2013NatCo...4.2827Z
4708:2012JSPal..10..211C
4607:2016PLoSO..1157973C
4533:2010NW.....97...71B
4521:Naturwissenschaften
4486:"A new specimen of
4450:1997AREPS..25..435S
4408:1993CaJES..30.2037C
4346:2011PLoSO...617932E
4250:10.1038/nature09181
4242:2010Natur.467..203O
4099:1996Sci...272..986S
4049:2012JSPal..10..211C
3999:(5423): 2137–2147.
3914:2012Pbio...38..486B
3816:2012JSPal..10..211C
3756:2013CrRes..40..131F
3744:Cretaceous Research
3716:Cretaceous Research
3636:2019NatSR...918826R
2442:Carcharodontosauria
2215:or Neornithes, the
2206:Allosaurus fragilis
2127:closely related to
1888:Carcharodontosauria
1587:Carcharodontosauria
836:such as the thigh (
522:Carcharodontosauria
29:Page version status
9453:Archaeornithomimus
7974:Veterupristisaurus
7834:Veterupristisaurus
7690:Metriacanthosaurus
7630:Piatnitzkysauridae
7065:Eustreptospondylus
6975:Piatnitzkysauridae
6858:Chuandongocoelurus
5722:Notatesseraeraptor
4772:10.1038/ncomms3827
4183:Biological Reviews
3957:10.1002/jmor.10406
3624:Scientific Reports
3509:
3232:Metriacanthosaurus
2858:Piatnitzkysauridae
2345:Piatnitzkysauridae
2217:Piatnitzkysauridae
1677:One such clade is
1079:
954:
849:carcharodontosaurs
180:Late Maastrichtian
81:Carnosaur (series)
35:
9676:
9675:
9614:Taxon identifiers
9605:
9604:
9601:
9600:
9574:
9573:
9570:
9569:
9566:
9565:
9562:
9561:
9529:
9528:
9525:
9524:
9335:Macrocheiriformes
9252:Ornithomimosauria
9226:Maniraptoriformes
9219:
9218:
9065:Maniraptoromorpha
9052:Maniraptoromorpha
9041:
9040:
9007:
9006:
9003:
9002:
8999:
8998:
8952:
8951:
8948:
8947:
8930:Maniraptoromorpha
8920:
8919:
8916:
8915:
8912:
8911:
8908:
8907:
8904:
8903:
8669:
8668:
8534:
8533:
8488:Proceratosauridae
8440:Chingkankousaurus
8287:
8286:
8248:
8247:
8244:
8243:
8240:
8239:
8216:
8215:
8068:
8067:
8064:
8063:
8060:
8059:
8056:
8055:
8052:
8051:
8048:
8047:
7724:
7723:
7720:
7719:
7481:
7480:
7452:
7451:
7448:
7447:
7444:
7443:
7440:
7439:
7412:
7411:
7408:
7407:
7404:
7403:
7400:
7399:
7316:
7315:
7272:Vallibonavenatrix
7175:
7174:
7171:
7170:
7015:
7014:
6796:
6795:
6760:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6724:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6712:
6711:
6708:
6707:
6356:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6118:
6117:
5976:
5975:
5956:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5899:
5898:
5552:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5396:Media related to
5213:Mapusaurus roseae
5197:10.7939/r34t6fj1p
5146:10.7717/peerj.940
4402:(10): 2037–2081.
4302:978-3-030-27223-4
4236:(7312): 203–206.
4195:10.1111/brv.12829
4093:(5264): 986–991.
3547:Paleobiogeography
3540:habitat reduction
3495:
3494:
3486:
3485:
3477:
3476:
3468:
3467:
3459:
3458:
3450:
3449:
3441:
3440:
3432:
3431:
3317:
3288:
3287:
3279:
3278:
3270:
3269:
3182:
3181:
2965:
2964:
2956:
2955:
2947:
2946:
2938:
2937:
2929:
2928:
2920:
2919:
2837:
2836:
2828:
2827:
2744:
2743:
2735:
2734:
2726:
2725:
2717:
2716:
2530:
2529:
2521:
2520:
2512:
2511:
2503:
2502:
2494:
2493:
2485:
2484:
2476:
2475:
2467:
2466:
2458:
2457:
2131:. However, Novas
2108:
2107:
2099:
2098:
2090:
2089:
2081:
2080:
2072:
2071:
2063:
2062:
2054:
2053:
1967:
1966:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1643:
1635:
1634:
1493:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1466:
1465:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1438:
1430:
1429:
1421:
1420:
1385:Ornithomimosauria
769:
768:
764:
744:
743:
526:
505:
421:
410:
339:
73:Carnosaur (novel)
47:19 September 2024
16:(Redirected from
9716:
9669:
9668:
9656:
9655:
9654:
9641:
9640:
9639:
9609:
9596:
9590:
9583:
9439:Aepyornithomimus
9340:
9257:
9232:
9196:Sinocalliopteryx
9116:
9112:
9106:Neocoelurosauria
9071:
9060:
9047:
9035:
9028:
9021:
9015:
8958:
8926:
8895:Zhuchengtyrannus
8827:Thanatotheristes
8758:
8722:
8690:Appalachiosaurus
8682:
8551:
8547:
8541:Pantyrannosauria
8432:
8428:
8422:Tyrannosauroidea
8417:
8392:Xinjiangovenator
8317:
8306:
8293:
8281:
8274:
8269:
8262:
8256:
8084:
8074:
7990:
7910:Acrocanthosaurus
7902:
7790:
7737:
7663:Yangchuanosaurus
7647:
7600:
7596:
7546:
7527:Lourinhanosaurus
7511:
7500:
7487:
7475:
7468:
7461:
7418:
7384:Sigilmassasaurus
7327:
7284:Ceratosuchopsini
7235:
7188:
7133:Dubreuillosaurus
7057:
7040:Streptospondylus
7032:
7028:
6998:Piatnitzkysaurus
6956:
6952:
6941:
6826:
6815:
6802:
6790:
6783:
6776:
6769:
6730:
6565:Ekrixinatosaurus
6549:
6540:
6369:
6184:
6135:
6131:
6044:
6040:
6006:
5995:
5982:
5971:
5965:
5875:Procompsognathus
5781:
5664:
5582:
5571:
5558:
5504:
5495:
5488:
5487:
5443:
5428:
5421:
5414:
5405:
5395:
5379:
5378:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5316:
5276:
5267:
5266:
5248:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5158:
5148:
5124:
5113:
5112:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5038:
5030:
4998:
4987:
4986:
4976:
4966:
4945:Eotyrannus lengi
4938:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4920:. Archived from
4919:
4893:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4836:
4826:
4794:
4785:
4784:
4774:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4636:
4618:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4516:
4505:
4504:
4494:
4481:
4475:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4435:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4393:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4367:
4357:
4321:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4173:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4084:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4032:
4017:
4016:
3988:
3977:
3976:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3897:
3888:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3795:
3789:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3685:
3679:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3655:
3615:
3423:
3403:
3388:
3374:
3359:
3345:
3337:Lourinhanosaurus
3323:
3315:
3305:
3261:
3239:
3224:
3196:
3156:
3149:Yangchuanosaurus
3141:
3134:
3124:
3100:
3083:
3070:
3055:
3042:
3030:
2911:
2891:
2878:
2864:
2851:
2792:
2768:
2761:
2708:
2678:
2664:
2649:
2635:
2622:
2598:
2588:
2571:
2558:
2546:
2449:
2429:
2416:
2402:
2389:
2365:
2351:
2338:
2314:
2297:
2284:
2270:
2257:
2233:
2223:
2045:
2025:
2010:
1996:
1981:
1931:
1924:
1907:
1894:
1877:
1864:
1847:
1834:
1823:
1626:
1606:
1593:
1576:
1563:
1546:
1533:
1523:
1516:Streptospondylus
1412:
1392:
1379:
1365:
1352:
1338:
1332:Tyrannosauroidea
1325:
1308:
1291:
1274:
1261:
1244:
1231:
1214:
1201:
1187:
1172:
1158:
1099:stem-based taxon
885:History of study
824:, a long narrow
762:
733:
723:
713:
703:
693:
683:
673:
663:
653:
643:
633:
623:
613:
599:
583:
572:
562:
552:
542:
531:
524:
520:
510:
503:
499:
489:
479:
468:
457:
449:Lourinhanosaurus
446:
436:
426:
419:
415:
404:
397:
386:
375:
364:
353:
334:
329:
234:
233:
206:Acrocanthosaurus
192:
173:
110:
94:Temporal range:
88:
77:Carnosaur (film)
21:
9724:
9723:
9719:
9718:
9717:
9715:
9714:
9713:
9679:
9678:
9677:
9672:
9664:
9659:
9650:
9649:
9644:
9635:
9634:
9629:
9616:
9606:
9597:
9584:
9558:
9521:
9502:Sinornithomimus
9424:
9367:
9329:
9246:
9240:Compsognathidae
9228:
9215:
9203:Sinosauropteryx
9135:Compsognathidae
9129:
9108:
9099:
9067:
9054:
9037:
9036:
9022:
8995:
8990:Shanyangosaurus
8983:Phaedrolosaurus
8944:
8900:
8866:
8832:
8811:Daspletosaurini
8805:
8778:
8753:Tyrannosaurinae
8747:
8726:Albertosaurinae
8718:
8716:Tyrannosauridae
8709:
8678:
8676:Eutyrannosauria
8665:
8543:
8530:
8511:Proceratosaurus
8482:
8453:
8424:
8413:
8404:
8370:Richardoestesia
8354:Chilantaisaurus
8313:
8300:
8283:
8282:
8263:
8236:
8212:
8172:Australovenator
8150:
8144:Chilantaisaurus
8122:Phuwiangvenator
8044:
8009:Giganotosaurini
8003:
7979:
7891:
7854:Chilantaisaurus
7839:
7779:
7733:
7716:
7668:
7636:
7592:
7583:
7561:Monolophosaurus
7542:
7533:
7507:
7494:
7477:
7476:
7462:
7436:
7396:
7369:
7335:Camarillasaurus
7312:
7278:
7224:
7218:Ostafrikasaurus
7196:Camarillasaurus
7184:
7167:
7117:Afrovenatorinae
7111:
7070:
7046:
7024:
7011:
6969:
6948:
6946:Megalosauroidea
6937:
6928:
6923:Vectaerovenator
6916:Szechuanosaurus
6894:Monolophosaurus
6880:Kaijiangosaurus
6873:Cryolophosaurus
6834:Calamospondylus
6822:
6809:
6792:
6791:
6784:
6777:
6770:
6748:
6704:
6685:Pycnonemosaurus
6627:
6538:
6532:Majungasaurinae
6517:
6459:Majungasaurinae
6453:
6448:Xenotarsosaurus
6384:Dryptosauroides
6365:
6348:
6300:
6272:Elaphrosaurinae
6266:
6173:
6159:Ornithomimoides
6127:
6114:
6087:
6036:
6027:
6002:
5989:
5972:
5966:
5944:
5919:
5895:
5823:
5770:
5736:Shuangbaisaurus
5660:
5651:
5578:
5565:
5540:
5520:
5514:Avemetatarsalia
5499:Avemetatarsalia
5489:
5474:Avemetatarsalia
5448:
5447:
5437:
5432:
5388:
5383:
5382:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5278:
5277:
5270:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5126:
5125:
5116:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5031:
5000:
4999:
4990:
4940:
4939:
4932:
4924:
4891:
4887:Australovenator
4878:
4877:
4873:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4809:(7): e0157793.
4796:
4795:
4788:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4601:(7): e0157973.
4588:
4587:
4583:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4518:
4517:
4508:
4492:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4469:
4465:
4433:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4416:10.1139/e93-179
4391:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4323:
4322:
4315:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4189:(3): 960–1004.
4175:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4160:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4082:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4034:
4033:
4020:
3990:
3989:
3980:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3922:10.1666/10004.1
3899:
3898:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3874:10.1.1.211.3044
3858:
3857:
3853:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3775:
3771:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3674:Cau A. (2024).
3673:
3669:
3617:
3616:
3609:
3604:
3582:
3562:Megalosauroidea
3549:
3514:immune response
3501:
3496:
3487:
3478:
3469:
3460:
3451:
3442:
3433:
3424:
3404:
3346:
3324:
3289:
3280:
3271:
3183:
3108:Monolophosaurus
3049:Megalosauroidea
2966:
2957:
2948:
2939:
2930:
2921:
2838:
2829:
2755:Megalosauroidea
2745:
2736:
2727:
2718:
2709:
2606:Monolophosaurus
2531:
2522:
2513:
2504:
2495:
2486:
2477:
2468:
2459:
2450:
2241:Monolophosaurus
2208:than to either
2200:of carnosaurs,
2194:Megalosauroidea
2109:
2100:
2091:
2082:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2026:
2017:Chilantaisaurus
1997:
1968:
1769:Australovenator
1746:Australovenator
1726:Chilantaisaurus
1708:Chilantaisaurus
1668:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1607:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1467:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1393:
1359:Compsognathidae
1268:Megalosauroidea
1208:Dilophosauridae
1151:
1135:Thomas R. Holtz
1071:
946:
887:
803:Megalosauroidea
745:
636:Chilantaisaurus
604:
400:Megalosauroidea
367:Monolophosaurus
333:
327:
228:
183:
172:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
105:
104:
101:Late Cretaceous
97:Middle Jurassic
95:
92:
84:
69:
62:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9722:
9720:
9712:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9681:
9680:
9674:
9673:
9671:
9670:
9657:
9642:
9626:
9624:
9618:
9617:
9612:
9603:
9602:
9599:
9598:
9578:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9571:
9568:
9567:
9564:
9563:
9560:
9559:
9557:
9556:
9555:
9554:
9548:
9539:
9537:
9531:
9530:
9527:
9526:
9523:
9522:
9520:
9519:
9512:
9505:
9498:
9491:
9484:
9477:
9470:
9467:Dromiceiomimus
9463:
9456:
9449:
9442:
9434:
9432:
9430:Ornithomimidae
9426:
9425:
9423:
9422:
9415:
9411:Paraxenisaurus
9407:
9399:
9392:
9385:
9377:
9375:
9373:Deinocheiridae
9369:
9368:
9366:
9365:
9362:Shenzhousaurus
9358:
9351:
9343:
9337:
9331:
9330:
9328:
9327:
9320:
9312:
9305:
9298:
9291:
9284:
9276:
9268:
9260:
9254:
9248:
9247:
9245:
9244:
9235:
9229:
9224:
9221:
9220:
9217:
9216:
9214:
9213:
9206:
9199:
9192:
9184:
9177:
9170:
9163:
9159:Beipiaognathus
9155:
9148:
9139:
9137:
9131:
9130:
9128:
9127:
9119:
9109:
9104:
9101:
9100:
9098:
9097:
9090:
9083:
9074:
9068:
9063:
9056:
9055:
9050:
9043:
9042:
9039:
9038:
9030:
9016:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9004:
9001:
9000:
8997:
8996:
8994:
8993:
8986:
8979:
8972:
8964:
8962:
8954:
8953:
8950:
8949:
8946:
8945:
8943:
8942:
8941:
8940:
8934:
8932:
8922:
8921:
8918:
8917:
8914:
8913:
8910:
8909:
8906:
8905:
8902:
8901:
8899:
8898:
8891:
8884:
8876:
8874:
8872:Tyrannosaurini
8868:
8867:
8865:
8864:
8857:
8850:
8842:
8840:
8838:Teratophoneini
8834:
8833:
8831:
8830:
8823:
8820:Daspletosaurus
8815:
8813:
8807:
8806:
8804:
8803:
8800:Qianzhousaurus
8796:
8788:
8786:
8780:
8779:
8777:
8776:
8769:
8761:
8755:
8749:
8748:
8746:
8745:
8738:
8730:
8728:
8719:
8714:
8711:
8710:
8708:
8707:
8700:
8697:Bistahieversor
8693:
8685:
8679:
8674:
8671:
8670:
8667:
8666:
8664:
8663:
8655:
8648:
8641:
8633:
8626:
8619:
8612:
8605:
8598:
8591:
8584:
8577:
8569:
8562:
8554:
8544:
8539:
8536:
8535:
8532:
8531:
8529:
8528:
8521:
8514:
8507:
8500:
8492:
8490:
8484:
8483:
8481:
8480:
8472:
8464:
8462:
8455:
8454:
8452:
8451:
8443:
8435:
8425:
8420:
8414:
8411:Tyrannoraptora
8409:
8406:
8405:
8403:
8402:
8395:
8388:
8381:
8373:
8366:
8358:
8350:
8343:
8335:
8328:
8320:
8314:
8309:
8302:
8301:
8296:
8289:
8288:
8285:
8284:
8276:
8257:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8245:
8242:
8241:
8238:
8237:
8235:
8234:
8233:
8232:
8226:
8224:
8218:
8217:
8214:
8213:
8211:
8210:
8203:
8196:
8189:
8182:
8175:
8168:
8160:
8158:
8156:Megaraptoridae
8152:
8151:
8149:
8148:
8140:
8132:
8125:
8118:
8111:
8103:
8095:
8087:
8081:
8070:
8069:
8066:
8065:
8062:
8061:
8058:
8057:
8054:
8053:
8050:
8049:
8046:
8045:
8043:
8042:
8035:
8028:
8021:
8018:Giganotosaurus
8013:
8011:
8005:
8004:
8002:
8001:
7993:
7987:
7981:
7980:
7978:
7977:
7970:
7963:
7956:
7949:
7942:
7935:
7928:
7921:
7913:
7905:
7899:
7893:
7892:
7890:
7889:
7881:
7873:
7866:
7858:
7849:
7847:
7845:Neovenatoridae
7841:
7840:
7838:
7837:
7830:
7827:Ulughbegsaurus
7823:
7815:
7808:
7801:
7793:
7787:
7781:
7780:
7778:
7777:
7769:
7761:
7753:
7745:
7743:
7734:
7729:
7726:
7725:
7722:
7721:
7718:
7717:
7715:
7714:
7707:
7700:
7693:
7686:
7678:
7676:
7670:
7669:
7667:
7666:
7659:
7655:Xuanhanosaurus
7650:
7644:
7638:
7637:
7635:
7634:
7626:
7622:Xuanhanosaurus
7618:
7611:
7608:Asfaltovenator
7603:
7593:
7588:
7585:
7584:
7582:
7581:
7573:
7569:Megalosauridae
7565:
7557:
7549:
7543:
7538:
7535:
7534:
7532:
7531:
7523:
7514:
7508:
7503:
7496:
7495:
7490:
7483:
7482:
7479:
7478:
7470:
7456:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7449:
7446:
7445:
7442:
7441:
7438:
7437:
7435:
7434:
7433:
7432:
7426:
7424:
7414:
7413:
7410:
7409:
7406:
7405:
7402:
7401:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7394:
7387:
7379:
7377:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7367:
7360:
7353:
7346:
7343:Ichthyovenator
7339:
7330:
7324:
7318:
7317:
7314:
7313:
7311:
7310:
7303:
7296:
7288:
7286:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7276:
7268:
7260:
7253:
7246:
7238:
7232:
7226:
7225:
7223:
7222:
7214:
7207:
7204:Cristatusaurus
7200:
7191:
7185:
7180:
7177:
7176:
7173:
7172:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7165:
7161:Poekilopleuron
7157:
7154:Piveteausaurus
7150:
7143:
7136:
7129:
7121:
7119:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7109:
7102:
7095:
7088:
7080:
7078:
7076:Megalosaurinae
7072:
7071:
7069:
7068:
7060:
7054:
7052:Megalosauridae
7048:
7047:
7045:
7044:
7035:
7025:
7020:
7017:
7016:
7013:
7012:
7010:
7009:
7005:Xuanhanosaurus
7001:
6994:
6987:
6979:
6977:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6967:
6964:Yunyangosaurus
6959:
6949:
6944:
6938:
6933:
6930:
6929:
6927:
6926:
6919:
6912:
6904:
6901:Pandoravenator
6897:
6890:
6887:Kayentavenator
6883:
6876:
6869:
6861:
6854:
6846:
6838:
6829:
6823:
6818:
6811:
6810:
6805:
6798:
6797:
6794:
6793:
6785:
6778:
6771:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6746:
6745:
6744:
6738:
6736:
6726:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6718:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6710:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6702:
6695:
6688:
6681:
6674:
6666:
6659:
6652:
6645:
6637:
6635:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6625:
6618:
6615:Skorpiovenator
6611:
6603:
6596:
6589:
6582:
6575:
6568:
6561:
6552:
6546:
6537:
6536:
6527:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6515:
6508:
6500:
6493:
6486:
6479:
6471:
6463:
6461:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6451:
6444:
6437:
6430:
6427:Spectrovenator
6423:
6416:
6409:
6402:
6395:
6388:
6380:
6372:
6366:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6346:
6339:
6332:
6325:
6318:
6310:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6291:
6284:
6276:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6264:
6261:Spinostropheus
6257:
6250:
6243:
6235:
6227:
6219:
6211:
6204:
6196:
6187:
6181:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6163:
6155:
6147:
6138:
6128:
6125:Abelisauroidea
6123:
6120:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6105:
6097:
6095:
6093:Ceratosauridae
6089:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6082:Saltriovenator
6078:
6070:
6063:
6059:Fosterovenator
6055:
6047:
6037:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6021:Lophostropheus
6017:
6009:
6003:
5998:
5991:
5990:
5985:
5978:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5935:
5927:
5925:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5909:
5907:
5901:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5886:
5882:Pterospondylus
5878:
5871:
5863:
5855:
5852:Lucianovenator
5848:
5841:
5833:
5831:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5821:
5814:
5807:
5800:
5793:
5784:
5778:
5776:Coelophysoidea
5772:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5761:
5753:
5746:
5739:
5732:
5725:
5718:
5715:Lophostropheus
5711:
5704:
5697:
5690:
5683:
5675:
5667:
5661:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5641:
5633:
5625:
5617:
5614:Erythrovenator
5610:
5602:
5594:
5585:
5579:
5574:
5567:
5566:
5561:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5530:
5528:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5507:
5501:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5485:
5476:
5467:
5461:
5455:
5446:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5423:
5416:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5387:
5386:External links
5384:
5381:
5380:
5328:
5291:(2): 155–182.
5268:
5223:(4): 983–993.
5203:
5170:
5114:
5091:
5046:
4988:
4930:
4927:on 2016-08-18.
4871:
4848:
4786:
4737:
4702:(2): 211–300.
4686:
4665:(4): 251–256.
4648:
4581:
4562:
4506:
4476:
4472:The Dinosauria
4463:
4421:
4379:
4313:
4301:
4271:
4216:
4168:
4158:
4141:(in Spanish).
4128:
4070:
4043:(2): 211–300.
4018:
3978:
3951:(3): 347–359.
3935:
3908:(3): 486–507.
3889:
3880:
3851:
3837:
3810:(2): 211–300.
3790:
3769:
3733:
3706:
3680:
3667:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3581:
3578:
3548:
3545:
3536:predator traps
3522:metabolic rate
3500:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3418:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3308:
3303:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3227:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3144:
3139:
3137:
3132:
3130:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3028:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2905:Megalosauridae
2901:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2800:Asfaltovenator
2795:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2771:
2766:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2703:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2652:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2586:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2544:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2373:Asfaltovenator
2368:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2322:Xuanhanosaurus
2317:
2312:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2291:Megalosauridae
2287:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2221:
2129:tyrannosaurids
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1918:Neovenatoridae
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1821:
1679:Neovenatoridae
1667:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1599:Neovenatoridae
1596:
1591:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1521:
1510:Xuanhanosaurus
1504:Poekilopleuron
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1180:Coelophysoidea
1175:
1170:
1168:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1070:
1069:Classification
1067:
1010:Giganotosaurus
979:caudofemoralis
974:center of mass
967:tyrannosaurids
945:
942:
920:tyrannosaurids
886:
883:
878:Unquillosaurus
811:coleurosaurian
767:
766:
754:
753:
747:
746:
742:
741:
740:
739:
729:
719:
709:
699:
689:
679:
669:
659:
649:
639:
629:
619:
606:
605:
602:
597:
596:
595:
594:
593:
592:
591:
590:
589:
579:
575:Ulughbegsaurus
568:
558:
548:
538:
516:
495:
485:
475:
471:Xuanhanosaurus
464:
453:
442:
432:
429:Asfaltovenator
411:
393:
389:Poekilopleuron
382:
371:
360:
346:
345:
341:
340:
325:
318:
317:
312:
305:
304:
299:
292:
291:
286:
279:
278:
273:
266:
265:
260:
256:
255:
250:
246:
245:
240:
236:
235:
222:
221:
194:
193:
185:
184:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
111:
93:
60:
56:
36:
30:
27:
25:
24:
23:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9721:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9686:
9684:
9667:
9662:
9658:
9653:
9647:
9643:
9638:
9632:
9628:
9627:
9625:
9623:
9619:
9615:
9610:
9595:
9591:
9589:
9582:
9553:
9549:
9547:
9543:
9542:
9541:
9540:
9538:
9536:
9532:
9518:
9517:
9513:
9511:
9510:
9509:Struthiomimus
9506:
9504:
9503:
9499:
9497:
9496:
9492:
9490:
9489:
9485:
9483:
9482:
9478:
9476:
9475:
9471:
9469:
9468:
9464:
9462:
9461:
9460:"Coelosaurus"
9457:
9455:
9454:
9450:
9448:
9447:
9443:
9441:
9440:
9436:
9435:
9433:
9431:
9427:
9421:
9420:
9416:
9413:
9412:
9408:
9405:
9404:
9400:
9398:
9397:
9393:
9391:
9390:
9386:
9384:
9383:
9379:
9378:
9376:
9374:
9370:
9364:
9363:
9359:
9357:
9356:
9355:Pelecanimimus
9352:
9350:
9349:
9345:
9344:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9332:
9326:
9325:
9321:
9318:
9317:
9316:Thecocoelurus
9313:
9311:
9310:
9306:
9304:
9303:
9299:
9297:
9296:
9295:Kinnareemimus
9292:
9290:
9289:
9285:
9282:
9281:
9277:
9274:
9273:
9269:
9267:
9266:
9262:
9261:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9249:
9242:
9241:
9237:
9236:
9233:
9230:
9227:
9222:
9212:
9211:
9207:
9205:
9204:
9200:
9198:
9197:
9193:
9190:
9189:
9185:
9183:
9182:
9178:
9176:
9175:
9174:Huaxiagnathus
9171:
9169:
9168:
9167:Compsognathus
9164:
9161:
9160:
9156:
9154:
9153:
9149:
9146:
9145:
9141:
9140:
9138:
9136:
9132:
9126:
9125:
9121:
9120:
9117:
9113:
9110:
9107:
9102:
9096:
9095:
9094:Ornitholestes
9091:
9089:
9088:
9084:
9081:
9080:
9076:
9075:
9072:
9069:
9066:
9061:
9057:
9053:
9048:
9044:
9034:
9029:
9027:
9020:
9014:
8992:
8991:
8987:
8985:
8984:
8980:
8978:
8977:
8973:
8971:
8970:
8966:
8965:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8938:
8937:
8936:
8935:
8933:
8931:
8927:
8923:
8897:
8896:
8892:
8890:
8889:
8888:Tyrannosaurus
8885:
8883:
8882:
8878:
8877:
8875:
8873:
8869:
8863:
8862:
8861:Teratophoneus
8858:
8856:
8855:
8851:
8849:
8848:
8844:
8843:
8841:
8839:
8835:
8829:
8828:
8824:
8822:
8821:
8817:
8816:
8814:
8812:
8808:
8802:
8801:
8797:
8795:
8794:
8790:
8789:
8787:
8785:
8781:
8775:
8774:
8770:
8768:
8767:
8763:
8762:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8750:
8744:
8743:
8739:
8737:
8736:
8735:Albertosaurus
8732:
8731:
8729:
8727:
8723:
8720:
8717:
8712:
8706:
8705:
8701:
8699:
8698:
8694:
8692:
8691:
8687:
8686:
8683:
8680:
8677:
8672:
8661:
8660:
8656:
8654:
8653:
8652:Xiongguanlong
8649:
8647:
8646:
8642:
8639:
8638:
8634:
8632:
8631:
8630:Suskityrannus
8627:
8625:
8624:
8623:Stokesosaurus
8620:
8618:
8617:
8616:Santanaraptor
8613:
8611:
8610:
8606:
8604:
8603:
8599:
8597:
8596:
8592:
8590:
8589:
8585:
8583:
8582:
8578:
8575:
8574:
8570:
8568:
8567:
8563:
8561:
8560:
8559:Alectrosaurus
8556:
8555:
8552:
8548:
8545:
8542:
8537:
8527:
8526:
8522:
8520:
8519:
8515:
8513:
8512:
8508:
8506:
8505:
8501:
8499:
8498:
8494:
8493:
8491:
8489:
8485:
8478:
8477:
8476:Tanycolagreus
8473:
8471:
8470:
8466:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8456:
8449:
8448:
8444:
8442:
8441:
8437:
8436:
8433:
8429:
8426:
8423:
8418:
8415:
8412:
8407:
8401:
8400:
8396:
8394:
8393:
8389:
8387:
8386:
8382:
8379:
8378:
8374:
8372:
8371:
8367:
8364:
8363:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8351:
8349:
8348:
8344:
8341:
8340:
8339:Bahariasaurus
8336:
8334:
8333:
8329:
8327:
8326:
8322:
8321:
8318:
8315:
8312:
8311:Coelurosauria
8307:
8303:
8299:
8298:Coelurosauria
8294:
8290:
8280:
8275:
8273:
8268:
8261:
8255:
8230:
8229:
8228:
8227:
8225:
8223:
8222:Coelurosauria
8219:
8209:
8208:
8204:
8202:
8201:
8197:
8195:
8194:
8190:
8188:
8187:
8183:
8181:
8180:
8176:
8174:
8173:
8169:
8167:
8166:
8162:
8161:
8159:
8157:
8153:
8147:
8145:
8141:
8139:
8137:
8133:
8131:
8130:
8126:
8124:
8123:
8119:
8117:
8116:
8112:
8109:
8108:
8104:
8101:
8100:
8099:Bahariasaurus
8096:
8094:
8093:
8089:
8088:
8085:
8082:
8079:
8075:
8071:
8041:
8040:
8036:
8034:
8033:
8029:
8027:
8026:
8022:
8020:
8019:
8015:
8014:
8012:
8010:
8006:
8000:
7999:
7995:
7994:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7982:
7976:
7975:
7971:
7969:
7968:
7964:
7962:
7961:
7957:
7955:
7954:
7950:
7948:
7947:
7943:
7941:
7940:
7939:Kelmayisaurus
7936:
7934:
7933:
7929:
7927:
7926:
7922:
7919:
7918:
7914:
7912:
7911:
7907:
7906:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7894:
7887:
7886:
7882:
7879:
7878:
7874:
7872:
7871:
7867:
7864:
7863:
7859:
7856:
7855:
7851:
7850:
7848:
7846:
7842:
7836:
7835:
7831:
7829:
7828:
7824:
7821:
7820:
7816:
7814:
7813:
7809:
7807:
7806:
7802:
7800:
7799:
7795:
7794:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7782:
7775:
7774:
7773:Saurophaganax
7770:
7767:
7766:
7762:
7759:
7758:
7754:
7752:
7751:
7747:
7746:
7744:
7742:
7738:
7735:
7732:
7727:
7713:
7712:
7708:
7706:
7705:
7704:Siamotyrannus
7701:
7699:
7698:
7694:
7692:
7691:
7687:
7685:
7684:
7680:
7679:
7677:
7675:
7671:
7665:
7664:
7660:
7657:
7656:
7652:
7651:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7639:
7632:
7631:
7627:
7624:
7623:
7619:
7617:
7616:
7612:
7610:
7609:
7605:
7604:
7601:
7597:
7594:
7591:
7590:Allosauroidea
7586:
7579:
7578:
7577:Spinosauridae
7574:
7571:
7570:
7566:
7563:
7562:
7558:
7556:
7555:
7551:
7550:
7547:
7544:
7541:
7536:
7529:
7528:
7524:
7521:
7520:
7516:
7515:
7512:
7509:
7506:
7501:
7497:
7493:
7488:
7484:
7474:
7469:
7467:
7460:
7430:
7429:
7428:
7427:
7425:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7393:
7392:
7388:
7386:
7385:
7381:
7380:
7378:
7376:
7372:
7366:
7365:
7361:
7359:
7358:
7354:
7352:
7351:
7347:
7345:
7344:
7340:
7337:
7336:
7332:
7331:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7322:Spinosaurinae
7319:
7309:
7308:
7304:
7302:
7301:
7300:Riparovenator
7297:
7295:
7294:
7293:Ceratosuchops
7290:
7289:
7287:
7285:
7281:
7274:
7273:
7269:
7266:
7265:
7261:
7259:
7258:
7257:Riojavenatrix
7254:
7252:
7251:
7247:
7245:
7244:
7240:
7239:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7230:Baryonychinae
7227:
7220:
7219:
7215:
7213:
7212:
7208:
7206:
7205:
7201:
7198:
7197:
7193:
7192:
7189:
7186:
7183:
7182:Spinosauridae
7178:
7163:
7162:
7158:
7156:
7155:
7151:
7149:
7148:
7144:
7142:
7141:
7137:
7135:
7134:
7130:
7128:
7127:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7114:
7108:
7107:
7106:Wiehenvenator
7103:
7101:
7100:
7096:
7094:
7093:
7089:
7087:
7086:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7077:
7073:
7067:
7066:
7062:
7061:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7049:
7042:
7041:
7037:
7036:
7033:
7029:
7026:
7023:
7018:
7007:
7006:
7002:
7000:
6999:
6995:
6993:
6992:
6988:
6986:
6985:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6976:
6972:
6966:
6965:
6961:
6960:
6957:
6953:
6950:
6947:
6942:
6939:
6936:
6931:
6925:
6924:
6920:
6918:
6917:
6913:
6910:
6909:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6898:
6896:
6895:
6891:
6889:
6888:
6884:
6882:
6881:
6877:
6875:
6874:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6862:
6860:
6859:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6847:
6844:
6843:
6842:Chienkosaurus
6839:
6836:
6835:
6831:
6830:
6827:
6824:
6821:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6803:
6799:
6789:
6782:
6775:
6768:
6742:
6741:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6701:
6700:
6696:
6694:
6693:
6689:
6687:
6686:
6682:
6680:
6679:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6646:
6644:
6643:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6634:
6633:Furileusauria
6630:
6624:
6623:
6619:
6617:
6616:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6607:Rahiolisaurus
6604:
6602:
6601:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6583:
6581:
6580:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6569:
6567:
6566:
6562:
6559:
6558:
6554:
6553:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6534:
6533:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6524:
6523:Carnotaurinae
6520:
6514:
6513:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6504:Rahiolisaurus
6501:
6499:
6498:
6497:Majungasaurus
6494:
6492:
6491:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6480:
6477:
6476:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6450:
6449:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6438:
6436:
6435:
6434:Tarascosaurus
6431:
6429:
6428:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6410:
6408:
6407:
6403:
6401:
6400:
6396:
6394:
6393:
6392:Eoabelisaurus
6389:
6386:
6385:
6381:
6379:
6378:
6377:Chenanisaurus
6374:
6373:
6370:
6367:
6364:
6363:Abelisauridae
6359:
6345:
6344:
6340:
6338:
6337:
6333:
6331:
6330:
6326:
6324:
6323:
6322:Masiakasaurus
6319:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6288:Huinculsaurus
6285:
6283:
6282:
6281:Elaphrosaurus
6278:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6269:
6263:
6262:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6212:
6210:
6209:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6200:Austrocheirus
6197:
6194:
6193:
6189:
6188:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6176:
6169:
6168:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6140:
6139:
6136:
6132:
6129:
6126:
6121:
6111:
6110:
6106:
6104:
6103:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6084:
6083:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6052:Berberosaurus
6049:
6048:
6045:
6041:
6038:
6035:
6030:
6023:
6022:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6010:
6007:
6004:
6001:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5983:
5979:
5970:
5964:
5941:
5940:
5939:Halticosaurus
5936:
5934:
5933:
5932:Teinurosaurus
5929:
5928:
5926:
5922:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5906:
5902:
5892:
5891:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5859:Megapnosaurus
5856:
5854:
5853:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5829:Coelophysidae
5826:
5820:
5819:
5818:Powellvenator
5815:
5813:
5812:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5786:
5785:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5767:
5766:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5708:Liliensternus
5705:
5703:
5702:
5698:
5696:
5695:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5679:Dolichosuchus
5676:
5674:
5673:
5672:Dilophosaurus
5669:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5659:
5654:
5647:
5646:
5645:Herrerasauria
5642:
5639:
5638:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5598:Daemonosaurus
5595:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5586:
5583:
5580:
5577:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5559:
5555:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5515:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5484:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5429:
5424:
5422:
5417:
5415:
5410:
5409:
5406:
5399:
5394:
5390:
5389:
5385:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5332:
5329:
5324:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5207:
5204:
5198:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5174:
5171:
5166:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5095:
5092:
5086:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5050:
5047:
5042:
5036:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4984:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4946:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4875:
4872:
4868:(Suppl): R33.
4867:
4863:
4859:
4852:
4849:
4844:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4741:
4738:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4690:
4687:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4652:
4649:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4566:
4563:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4503:(2): 207–246.
4502:
4498:
4491:
4489:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4467:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4422:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4380:
4375:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4340:(3): e17932.
4339:
4335:
4331:
4329:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4304:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4220:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4172:
4169:
4162:
4159:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4132:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4071:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3852:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3737:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3707:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3525:
3523:
3518:
3515:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3490:
3482:
3481:
3473:
3472:
3464:
3463:
3455:
3454:
3446:
3445:
3437:
3436:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3361:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3314:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3284:
3283:
3275:
3274:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3226:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3198:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3171:Saurophaganax
3165:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3143:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3102:
3101:
3095:
3094:Allosauroidea
3092:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:Coelurosauria
3072:
3071:
3065:Avetheropoda
3064:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2999:Compsognathus
2995:
2994:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2961:
2960:
2952:
2951:
2943:
2942:
2934:
2933:
2925:
2924:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2885:Spinosauridae
2880:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2833:
2832:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2770:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2740:
2739:
2731:
2730:
2722:
2721:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2651:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2600:
2599:
2593:
2592:Allosauroidea
2590:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2565:Coelurosauria
2560:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2536:
2526:
2525:
2517:
2516:
2508:
2507:
2499:
2498:
2490:
2489:
2481:
2480:
2472:
2471:
2463:
2462:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2367:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2308:Allosauroidea
2306:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2264:Spinosauridae
2259:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2104:
2103:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2085:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2067:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1827:Allosauroidea
1825:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1806:Maastrichtian
1803:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1665:
1658:
1657:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1528:
1527:Allosauroidea
1525:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1499:
1489:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1461:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1319:Coelurosauria
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1302:Allosauroidea
1299:
1293:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1143:Ken Carpenter
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:Allosauroidea
1075:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:cranial vault
999:
994:
990:
987:
982:
980:
975:
970:
968:
963:
959:
950:
943:
941:
939:
938:
933:
929:
925:
924:Coelurosauria
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
904:megalosaurids
901:
897:
896:
892:
884:
882:
880:
879:
874:
873:megaraptorans
870:
866:
862:
858:
857:Maastrichtian
854:
850:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
795:Allosauroidea
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
765:
760:
759:Allosauroidea
755:
752:
748:
738:
737:
730:
728:
727:
720:
718:
717:
710:
708:
707:
700:
698:
697:
690:
688:
687:
680:
678:
677:
670:
668:
667:
660:
658:
657:
650:
648:
647:
646:Compsognathus
640:
638:
637:
630:
628:
627:
626:Bahariasaurus
620:
618:
617:
610:
609:
608:
607:
601:
600:
588:
587:
580:
577:
576:
569:
567:
566:
559:
557:
556:
549:
547:
546:
539:
536:
535:
528:
527:
523:
517:
515:
514:
507:
506:
502:
496:
494:
493:
486:
484:
483:
482:Saurophaganax
476:
473:
472:
465:
462:
461:
460:Siamotyrannus
454:
451:
450:
443:
441:
440:
433:
431:
430:
423:
422:
418:
417:Allosauroidea
412:
408:
402:
401:
394:
391:
390:
383:
380:
379:
372:
369:
368:
361:
358:
357:
350:
349:
347:
342:
337:
332:
326:
323:
320:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
267:
264:
261:
258:
257:
254:
251:
248:
247:
244:
241:
238:
237:
232:
227:
223:
220:
219:
214:
213:
208:
207:
202:
201:
195:
191:
186:
181:
177:
176:Late Toarcian
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
109:
102:
98:
89:
86:
82:
78:
74:
67:
59:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
9621:
9585:
9514:
9507:
9500:
9493:
9486:
9481:Ornithomimus
9479:
9472:
9465:
9458:
9451:
9444:
9437:
9419:Tyrannomimus
9417:
9409:
9401:
9394:
9389:Deinocheirus
9387:
9380:
9360:
9353:
9346:
9322:
9314:
9309:Nqwebasaurus
9307:
9302:Nedcolbertia
9300:
9293:
9286:
9280:Calamosaurus
9278:
9272:Aviatyrannis
9270:
9263:
9238:
9208:
9201:
9194:
9186:
9179:
9172:
9165:
9157:
9152:Aristosuchus
9150:
9144:Aniksosaurus
9142:
9124:Aniksosaurus
9122:
9092:
9085:
9077:
9023:
8988:
8981:
8974:
8967:
8893:
8886:
8879:
8859:
8852:
8847:Dynamoterror
8845:
8825:
8818:
8798:
8791:
8771:
8766:Asiatyrannus
8764:
8740:
8733:
8704:Dryptosaurus
8702:
8695:
8688:
8657:
8650:
8643:
8635:
8628:
8621:
8614:
8607:
8600:
8595:Jinbeisaurus
8593:
8586:
8579:
8571:
8566:Aviatyrannis
8564:
8557:
8523:
8518:Sinotyrannus
8516:
8509:
8502:
8495:
8474:
8467:
8445:
8438:
8397:
8390:
8383:
8375:
8368:
8360:
8352:
8347:Bicentenaria
8345:
8337:
8332:Asiamericana
8330:
8323:
8264:
8205:
8198:
8191:
8184:
8177:
8170:
8163:
8142:
8134:
8127:
8120:
8113:
8107:Deltadromeus
8105:
8097:
8090:
8039:Tyrannotitan
8037:
8030:
8023:
8016:
7996:
7972:
7967:Taurovenator
7965:
7958:
7951:
7946:Lajasvenator
7944:
7937:
7930:
7925:Concavenator
7923:
7915:
7908:
7883:
7875:
7868:
7860:
7852:
7832:
7825:
7817:
7810:
7803:
7796:
7771:
7763:
7755:
7748:
7741:Allosauridae
7709:
7702:
7697:Shidaisaurus
7695:
7688:
7681:
7661:
7653:
7628:
7620:
7613:
7606:
7575:
7567:
7559:
7552:
7539:
7525:
7517:
7505:Avetheropoda
7492:Avetheropoda
7463:
7422:Avetheropoda
7389:
7382:
7375:Spinosaurini
7362:
7355:
7348:
7341:
7333:
7305:
7298:
7291:
7270:
7262:
7255:
7250:Protathlitis
7248:
7241:
7216:
7209:
7202:
7194:
7159:
7152:
7145:
7140:Leshansaurus
7138:
7131:
7124:
7104:
7097:
7092:Megalosaurus
7090:
7085:Duriavenator
7083:
7063:
7038:
7022:Megalosauria
7003:
6996:
6991:Marshosaurus
6989:
6984:Condorraptor
6982:
6962:
6921:
6914:
6906:
6899:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6871:
6865:Cruxicheiros
6863:
6856:
6848:
6840:
6832:
6697:
6692:Quilmesaurus
6690:
6683:
6676:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6647:
6640:
6620:
6613:
6605:
6598:
6591:
6584:
6577:
6570:
6563:
6555:
6544:Brachyrostra
6530:
6510:
6502:
6495:
6488:
6481:
6473:
6466:
6446:
6441:Tralkasaurus
6439:
6432:
6425:
6418:
6411:
6404:
6397:
6390:
6382:
6375:
6343:Vespersaurus
6341:
6336:Velocisaurus
6334:
6327:
6320:
6313:
6293:
6286:
6279:
6259:
6252:
6245:
6237:
6231:Deltadromeus
6229:
6221:
6215:Compsosuchus
6213:
6206:
6198:
6190:
6165:
6157:
6151:Lametasaurus
6149:
6141:
6107:
6102:Ceratosaurus
6100:
6080:
6072:
6065:
6057:
6050:
6034:Ceratosauria
6019:
6012:
5937:
5930:
5888:
5880:
5873:
5865:
5857:
5850:
5843:
5836:
5816:
5811:Podokesaurus
5809:
5802:
5795:
5787:
5763:
5755:
5748:
5741:
5734:
5727:
5720:
5713:
5706:
5699:
5694:Gojirasaurus
5692:
5687:Dracovenator
5685:
5677:
5670:
5658:Neotheropoda
5643:
5635:
5627:
5621:Guaibasaurus
5619:
5612:
5604:
5596:
5590:Chindesaurus
5588:
5478:
5469:
5345:(1): 71–78.
5342:
5338:
5331:
5288:
5284:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5206:
5187:
5183:
5173:
5136:
5132:
5108:
5104:
5094:
5085:11336/102037
5059:
5055:
5049:
5035:cite journal
5010:
5006:
4954:
4950:
4944:
4922:the original
4899:
4895:
4886:
4882:
4874:
4865:
4861:
4851:
4806:
4802:
4754:
4750:
4740:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4598:
4594:
4584:
4575:
4571:
4565:
4527:(1): 71–78.
4524:
4520:
4500:
4496:
4487:
4479:
4471:
4466:
4441:
4437:
4424:
4399:
4395:
4382:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4306:, retrieved
4284:
4274:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4186:
4182:
4171:
4161:
4142:
4138:
4131:
4090:
4086:
4073:
4040:
4036:
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3992:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3905:
3902:Paleobiology
3901:
3883:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3840:
3807:
3803:
3793:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3697:. Retrieved
3693:
3683:
3670:
3630:(1): 18826.
3627:
3623:
3574:
3561:
3550:
3529:
3526:
3519:
3510:
3393:
3365:
3364:
3335:
3310:
3298:
3252:
3251:
3230:
3229:
3203:
3202:MNN GAD1-2 (
3201:
3169:
3168:
3147:
3146:
3106:
3105:
3093:
3075:
3047:
3033:
3021:
3011:
3008:abelisauroid
3004:Avetheropoda
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2970:coelurosaurs
2967:
2903:
2883:
2856:
2815:
2814:
2798:
2797:
2776:Marshosaurus
2774:
2773:
2684:
2683:
2655:
2654:
2627:
2604:
2603:
2591:
2581:
2563:
2549:
2540:monophyletic
2532:
2423:Allosauridae
2421:
2394:
2371:
2370:
2343:
2320:
2319:
2307:
2289:
2262:
2239:
2238:
2226:
2211:Megalosaurus
2209:
2205:
2202:paraphyletic
2183:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2158:
2155:Deltadromeus
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2125:coelurosaurs
2118:
2112:
2110:
2015:
1986:
1954:
1953:
1939:Deltadromeus
1937:
1936:
1917:
1899:
1887:
1871:Allosauridae
1869:
1857:
1839:
1826:
1816:
1814:
1795:
1789:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1714:Deltadromeus
1712:
1706:
1700:
1697:coelurosaurs
1686:
1678:
1676:
1669:
1586:
1570:Allosauridae
1568:
1556:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1495:
1404:
1357:
1330:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1285:Avetheropoda
1266:
1238:Ceratosauria
1236:
1206:
1177:
1164:Neotheropoda
1162:
1152:
1124:
1120:
1117:Kevin Padian
1106:
1082:
1080:
1062:Concavenator
1061:
1054:Concavenator
1053:
1049:
1029:
1021:Concavenator
1019:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1005:
983:
971:
955:
935:
916:reclassified
908:spinosaurids
900:polyphyletic
895:Teratosaurus
893:
888:
876:
869:abelisaurids
859:(70–66 mya)
846:
819:
807:paraphyletic
794:
792:
771:
770:
758:
757:
734:
724:
714:
704:
696:Nedcolbertia
694:
684:
674:
664:
656:Deltadromeus
654:
644:
634:
624:
614:
584:
573:
563:
553:
543:
532:
521:
513:Allosauridae
511:
500:
490:
480:
469:
458:
447:
437:
427:
416:
407:paraphyletic
398:
387:
376:
365:
354:
330:
321:
315:Avetheropoda
308:
295:
282:
269:
216:
212:Concavenator
210:
204:
198:
106:174–89
85:
58:
46:
37:This is the
31:
9652:Carnosauria
9646:Wikispecies
9622:Carnosauria
9546:Maniraptora
9535:Maniraptora
9516:Tototlmimus
9446:Anserimimus
9396:Garudimimus
9382:Beishanlong
9324:Valdoraptor
9265:Arkansaurus
9210:Xunmenglong
9087:Juravenator
8881:Tarbosaurus
8773:Nanuqsaurus
8742:Gorgosaurus
8659:Megaraptora
8645:Timurlengia
8377:Sciurumimus
8325:Aratasaurus
8193:Murusraptor
8115:Fukuiraptor
8078:Megaraptora
7960:Shaochilong
7932:Eocarcharia
7885:Megaraptora
7805:Lusovenator
7683:Alpkarakush
7540:Carnosauria
7391:Spinosaurus
7364:Siamosaurus
7264:Suchosaurus
7211:Iberospinus
7147:Magnosaurus
7126:Afrovenator
7099:Torvosaurus
6850:Chilesaurus
6663:Carnotaurus
6656:Caletodraco
6642:Abelisaurus
6468:Arcovenator
6315:Laevisuchus
6306:Noasaurinae
6208:Berthasaura
6179:Noasauridae
6109:Genyodectes
6074:Lukousaurus
6067:Jubbulpuria
5867:Panguraptor
5845:Coelophysis
5838:Camposaurus
5797:Panguraptor
5789:Dracoraptor
5765:Zupaysaurus
5750:Tachiraptor
5729:Sarcosaurus
5629:Nhandumirim
5398:Carnosauria
5246:11336/19258
5190:: 167–184.
5062:: 174–215.
5013:(1): 1–19.
4957:: e12727≠.
4917:11336/48895
4862:Ameghiniana
4680:11336/19445
4444:: 435–489.
3788:(1): 61-66.
3750:: 131–142.
3722:: 515–524.
3570:land bridge
2987:Sciurumimus
2981:Juravenator
2817:Sciurumimus
2582:Carnosauria
2227:Carnosauria
2166:ceratosaurs
2144:Deinonychus
2038:Megaraptora
1792:Megaraptora
1765:Fukuiraptor
1734:Fukuiraptor
1693:Megaraptora
1406:Maniraptora
1298:Carnosauria
1139:Phil Currie
1103:Paul Sereno
1095:Phil Currie
1030:Allosaurus,
912:ceratosaurs
891:rauisuchian
861:Bauru Group
822:eye sockets
776:carnivorous
772:Carnosauria
763:Marsh, 1878
736:Megaraptora
716:Sciurumimus
676:Juravenator
545:Lusovenator
420:Marsh, 1878
331:Carnosauria
66:Carnotaurus
9689:Carnosaurs
9683:Categories
9474:Gallimimus
9403:Harpymimus
9348:Harpymimus
8969:Iliosuchus
8939:see below↓
8784:Alioramini
8602:Juratyrant
8588:Eotyrannus
8573:Bagaraatan
8525:Yutyrannus
8459:Coeluridae
8385:Vayuraptor
8231:see below↓
8207:Tratayenia
8200:Orkoraptor
8186:Megaraptor
8092:Aoniraptor
8025:Mapusaurus
7953:Sauroniops
7917:Altispinax
7870:Neovenator
7812:Siamraptor
7798:Datanglong
7765:Epanterias
7757:Antrodemus
7750:Allosaurus
7731:Allosauria
7554:Altispinax
7519:Gasosaurus
7431:see below↓
7307:Suchomimus
6908:Sinosaurus
6743:see below↓
6699:Viavenator
6649:Aucasaurus
6586:Ilokelesia
6557:Dahalokely
6512:Rajasaurus
6490:Indosaurus
6483:Genusaurus
6475:Dahalokely
6399:Indosuchus
6295:Limusaurus
6254:Ligabueino
6247:Kiyacursor
6239:Genusaurus
6223:Dahalokely
6143:Betasuchus
6014:Dornraptor
5914:see below↓
5890:Segisaurus
5743:Sinosaurus
5606:Eodromaeus
5535:see below↓
5483:Dinosauria
5465:Sauropsida
4883:Megaraptor
4578:(1): 1–73.
4308:2024-03-01
4152:10272/8751
3602:References
3531:Mapusaurus
3395:Neovenator
3367:Allosaurus
3316:(juvenile)
3299:Allosauria
3023:Sauroniops
2686:Neovenator
2657:Allosaurus
2535:Andrea Cau
2213:bucklandii
2177:Neovenator
2173:Neovenator
2150:Allosaurus
2120:Megaraptor
2114:Neovenator
1988:Neovenator
1858:Allosauria
1810:Cretaceous
1797:Orkoraptor
1785:"wildcard"
1781:Orkoraptor
1777:Megaraptor
1754:Neovenator
1738:Orkoraptor
1730:Megaraptor
1722:Neovenator
1688:Neovenator
1557:Allosauria
1121:Allosaurus
1113:Neornithes
1108:Allosaurus
1052:specimen.
1050:Allosaurus
1026:integument
1016:Allosaurus
991:, a short
986:mandibular
958:pubic boot
937:Allosaurus
932:tetanurans
910:, and the
788:Cretaceous
565:Siamraptor
555:Neovenator
534:Datanglong
504:Paul, 1988
501:Allosauria
405:(possibly
378:Gasosaurus
356:Altispinax
344:Subgroups
289:Saurischia
276:Dinosauria
218:Allosaurus
91:Carnosaurs
18:Carnosaurs
9550:includes
9495:Rativates
9488:Qiupalong
9188:Scipionyx
9181:Mirischia
8854:Lythronax
8793:Alioramus
8447:Labocania
8165:Aerosteon
7711:Sinraptor
7615:Erectopus
7350:Irritator
6935:Orionides
6820:Tetanurae
6807:Tetanurae
6734:Tetanurae
6670:Elemgasem
6593:Llukalkan
6572:Elemgasem
6329:Noasaurus
6192:Afromimus
6000:Averostra
5987:Averostra
5905:Averostra
5757:Velocipes
5576:Theropoda
5563:Theropoda
5526:Theropoda
5451:Kingdom:
5435:Theropoda
5263:133485236
5255:0031-0220
5027:0375-7633
4902:: 49–61.
4724:1477-2019
4625:1932-6203
4258:1476-4687
4203:1464-7931
4139:Geogaceta
3869:CiteSeerX
3586:Bone Wars
3254:Sinraptor
3035:Tetanurae
2993:Scipionyx
2551:Tetanurae
2190:Tetanurae
2163:noasaurid
1773:Aerosteon
1750:Aerosteon
1742:Aerosteon
1691:with the
1498:cladogram
1255:Tetanurae
1225:Averostra
1126:Sinraptor
1006:Sinraptor
998:denticles
928:cladistic
926:. Modern
815:Tetanurae
790:periods.
780:dinosaurs
778:theropod
706:Scipionyx
686:Labocania
439:Erectopus
336:von Huene
302:Theropoda
249:Kingdom:
243:Eukaryota
200:Sinraptor
174:Possible
9631:Wikidata
9079:Coelurus
8504:Kileskus
8497:Guanlong
8469:Coelurus
8362:Gualicho
7862:Gualicho
7243:Baryonyx
6579:Guemesia
6406:Kryptops
6167:Ozraptor
5804:Pendraig
5459:Chordata
5457:Phylum:
5453:Animalia
5375:22646156
5367:19826771
5323:86314252
5165:26020001
5139:: e940.
5111:: 81–95.
4983:35821895
4843:27410683
4803:PLOS ONE
4781:24264527
4757:: 2827.
4732:85354215
4643:27439002
4595:PLOS ONE
4557:22646156
4549:19826771
4374:21445312
4334:PLOS ONE
4266:20829793
4211:34991180
4123:39658297
4065:85354215
4013:10381873
3973:35111050
3965:16380967
3930:86326069
3867:: 5–61.
3832:85354215
3662:31827108
3580:See also
3206:Kryptops
3013:Kryptops
2159:Gualicho
2138:Guanlong
1956:Gualicho
1819:(2012).
1802:Mesozoic
1702:Gualicho
1129:, their
1111:than to
1046:sauropod
1038:mandible
993:quadrate
989:fenestra
853:Turonian
784:Jurassic
751:Synonyms
666:Gualicho
263:Chordata
259:Phylum:
253:Animalia
239:Domain:
182:records.
43:reviewed
9637:Q131190
8637:Timimus
8399:Zuolong
8129:Rapator
8032:Meraxes
7357:Oxalaia
6678:Koleken
5701:Lepidus
5463:Class:
5347:Bibcode
5293:Bibcode
5225:Bibcode
5156:4435507
5064:Bibcode
4974:9271276
4834:4943716
4811:Bibcode
4759:Bibcode
4704:Bibcode
4634:4954680
4603:Bibcode
4529:Bibcode
4446:Bibcode
4404:Bibcode
4365:3061882
4342:Bibcode
4238:Bibcode
4166:85-101.
4115:8662584
4095:Bibcode
4087:Science
4045:Bibcode
3993:Science
3910:Bibcode
3812:Bibcode
3784:, n.s.
3752:Bibcode
3699:5 March
3653:6906444
3632:Bibcode
3557:Pangaea
3018:chimera
1829:
1182:
1167:
962:chevron
944:Anatomy
914:) were
9288:Hexing
8976:Kakuru
8581:Dilong
6622:Thanos
6600:Niebla
6420:Rugops
6413:Kurupi
5373:
5365:
5321:
5261:
5253:
5163:
5153:
5025:
4981:
4971:
4841:
4831:
4779:
4730:
4722:
4641:
4631:
4623:
4555:
4547:
4372:
4362:
4299:
4264:
4256:
4230:Nature
4209:
4201:
4121:
4113:
4063:
4011:
3971:
3963:
3928:
3871:
3830:
3660:
3650:
3566:Apulia
3010:genus
2996:, and
2133:et al.
1817:et al.
1783:was a
1744:, and
1513:, and
1178:
1161:
1085:. The
1042:scutes
1034:scales
906:, the
865:Brazil
834:pelvis
338:, 1920
9666:91967
9552:birds
8609:Moros
8136:Siats
7877:Siats
7819:Siats
5479:Clade
5470:Clade
5371:S2CID
5319:S2CID
5259:S2CID
5133:PeerJ
4951:PeerJ
4925:(PDF)
4892:(PDF)
4728:S2CID
4553:S2CID
4493:(PDF)
4434:(PDF)
4392:(PDF)
4119:S2CID
4083:(PDF)
4061:S2CID
3969:S2CID
3926:S2CID
3828:S2CID
3312:Aorun
3016:as a
2975:Aorun
2198:grade
1760:Siats
1087:clade
1028:. In
842:tibia
838:femur
826:skull
799:clade
726:Siats
616:Aorun
322:Clade
309:Clade
296:Clade
283:Clade
270:Clade
9544:see
8179:Maip
5637:Tawa
5512:see
5363:PMID
5251:ISSN
5184:Gaia
5161:PMID
5041:link
5023:ISSN
4979:PMID
4885:and
4839:PMID
4777:PMID
4720:ISSN
4639:PMID
4621:ISSN
4545:PMID
4370:PMID
4297:ISBN
4262:PMID
4254:ISSN
4207:PMID
4199:ISSN
4111:PMID
4009:PMID
3961:PMID
3861:Gaia
3701:2024
3658:PMID
3551:The
2157:and
2141:and
1775:and
1767:and
1711:and
1672:2010
1496:The
1141:and
1058:ulna
1018:and
832:and
830:legs
786:and
178:and
114:PreꞒ
5355:doi
5309:hdl
5301:doi
5241:hdl
5233:doi
5192:doi
5151:PMC
5141:doi
5109:152
5080:hdl
5072:doi
5015:doi
4969:PMC
4959:doi
4912:hdl
4904:doi
4829:PMC
4819:doi
4767:doi
4712:doi
4675:hdl
4667:doi
4629:PMC
4611:doi
4537:doi
4454:doi
4412:doi
4360:PMC
4350:doi
4289:doi
4246:doi
4234:467
4191:doi
4147:hdl
4103:doi
4091:272
4053:doi
4001:doi
3997:284
3953:doi
3949:267
3918:doi
3820:doi
3760:doi
3724:doi
3648:PMC
3640:doi
3538:or
1779:.
1115:."
1101:by
1060:of
863:in
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