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Plain, the orientation of the long axes of
Carolina bays and the inferred direction of movement of adjacent sand dunes, where present, are generally oblique to each other. In southern Georgia and northern Florida, the orientation is matched by an inferred west to east direction of movement of Pleistocene sand dunes. Northward from northern Georgia to Virginia, the average inferred direction of movement of Pleistocene parabolic sand dunes systematically shifts along with the average orientation of the long axes of Carolina bays as to lie oblique to them. In the Delmarva Peninsula, the 112 degree shift in the average trend of the long axes also corresponds with a shift in the average inferred direction of movement of Pleistocene parabolic sand dunes such that their direction of movement is also oblique to the long axes, as is the case in the rest of the Atlantic Coastal Plain.
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yielded radiocarbon ages of ~4,500 to 2,500 years BP. A core (P25) taken from adjacent sand rim revealed a 1.85 m thick unit of
Quaternary sand that rests on an unconformity (paleosol) above an undisturbed unit of sandy silt and clay of Eocene age (the same unit that was encountered in core C1 from within the Carolina bay). Moore et al. (2012) reported that sediment samples from sand ridges associated with this Carolina bay have yielded five OSL ages of ~15,000 years ago; ~13,100 years ago; ~11,500 years ago; ~9,200 years ago; and ~5,000 years ago. Brooks et al. (2010) reported that sediment samples from sand ridges associated with this Carolina Bay yielded OSL ages of ~108,700 years ago; and ~40,300 years ago.
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Pleistocene age. Cores from the adjacent sand rims revealed a 2.6–2.9 m thick unit of silt, sand silt, and silty sand (interpreted as paleosols, shoreline, loess, and eolian deposits) that rests on an unconformity above an undisturbed unit of gray clay and sandy clay (with marine shells and burrows) of
Pleistocene age (the same unit that was encountered in cores from within the Carolina bay). Charcoal and wood from a western sand rim (closer to the bay) yielded radiocarbon ages of ~5,760 and 1,270 years before present (BP). Organic sediment and charcoal from an eastern sand rim (farther from the bay) yielded radiocarbon ages ranging from ~7,750 to 2,780 years BP.
668:. Fossil pollen recovered from cores of undisturbed sediment taken from various Carolina bays in North Carolina by Frey, Watts, and Whitehead document the presence of full glacial pollen zones within the sediments filling some Carolina bays. The range of dates can be interpreted that Carolina bays were either created episodically over the last tens of thousands of years or were created at time over a hundred thousand years ago and have since been episodically modified.
161:, the average orientation of the long axes abruptly shifts by about 112 degrees to N48°E. Further north, the orientation of the long axes becomes, at best, distinctly bimodal, and exhibits two greatly divergent directions and, at worst, completely random and lacking any preferred direction. Plate 3 of Rasmussen and Slaughter, which is reproduced as Figure 51 of Kacrovowski, illustrates the disorganized nature of the orientations of the long axes of Carolina bays in
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deposits yielded a radiocarbon age of ~21,920 years BP. Cores and augers from the adjacent sand rims revealed a 1.5–4.0 m thick unit of muddy sand, sand, and gravel that rests on an unconformity above an undisturbed unit of saprolite/weathered felsic gneiss (the same unit that was encountered in cores from within the
Carolina bay). Organic material within the bay yielded an age of ~21,920 radiocarbon years BP.
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Carolina bay only indicates the time when the water table rose high enough for a permanent lake or swamp to exist within it. This interpretation, however, may depend upon the nature of the overlying sediment. For example, eolian processes can bury and preserve organic matter, and thus the preservation of organic matter can occur independently of water table behavior.
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104:"Carolina bay." A subsequent publication by Melton and Schriever (1933) used the phrase: The Carolina "Bays" (with quotation marks around the word "Bays"). Later, MacCarthy (1937) published a paper entitled "The Carolina Bays" and he used this phrase throughout the publication (without quotation marks, and with a capital "B" for the word "Bays").
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County, Georgia). These eolian dunes have yielded an optically stimulated luminescence date of ~23,600 years, and thus this
Carolina Bay must be younger than this OSL date. Another example is Bear Swamp, which is a Carolina bay that is inset into eolian dunes in the valley of the Great Pee Dee River (Marion County, South Carolina).
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organic material; and (3) Drilling depth 9.0 to 10.6 m = sandy clay of
Pliocene age (Duplin Formation). Sediment samples from sand rims associated with this Carolina bay have yielded four optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages of ~35,700 years ago; ~25,200 years ago; ~11,200 years ago; and ~2,100 years ago.
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relict thermokarst lakes implies that frozen ground once extended as far south as the
Carolina bays. This interpretation is consistent with the optically stimulated luminescence dates, which suggest that the Carolina bays are relict features that formed when the climate was colder, drier, and windier.
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position within a core, and accumulation rates calculated from them only are rarely anomalous. Given the nature of radiocarbon dating, discordant dates occasionally occur even in undisturbed deposits, when multiple samples were dated. The occasional discordant dates by themselves are meaningless as
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Within cores of undisturbed sediments recovered from Big Bay, North
Carolina, Brook and others documented well-defined pollen zones consisting of distinct pollen assemblages. They found a stratigraphically consistent series of pollen zones, which increased in age consistently with depth from Holocene
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Undrained depressions, circular-to-oval in shape and exhibiting a wide range of area and depth, are also a feature of the Gulf of Mexico coastal plain in Texas and southwest
Louisiana. These depressions vary in size from .25 to 2 miles (0.40 to 3.22 km) in diameter. Within Harris County, Texas,
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was 130 meters (400 ft) below present), organic matter could have been destroyed by oxidization and weathering. Also, during such times, eolian processes could have eroded any existing sediments at the bottom of
Carolina bays. There are some who suggest that the oldest radiocarbon date from a
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processes. Modern thermokarst lakes are common today around Barrow (Alaska), and the long axes of these lakes are oblique to the prevailing wind direction. These lakes develop by thawing of frozen ground, with subsequent modification by wind and waves. Thus, the interpretation of Carolina bays as
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Flamingo Bay (Aiken County, South Carolina): A core (C1) taken within this Carolina bay revealed an 0.94 m thick unit of quartz sand that rests on an unconformity (paleosol) above an undisturbed unit of sandy silt and clay of Eocene age. Charcoal samples within the 0.94 m thick unit of quartz sand
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Cores taken within several Carolina bays have revealed a stratigraphy of a few meters of sand and (or) mud resting on a unconformity above a harder substrate. Carolina bays for which the stratigraphy has been described in some detail include Lake Mattamuskeet (Hyde County, North Carolina), Wilson's
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According to published papers and monographs, the average trend of the long axes of Carolina Bays varies from N16°W in east-central Georgia to N22°W in southern South Carolina, N39°W in northern South Carolina, N49°W in North Carolina, and N64°W in Virginia. Within this part of the Atlantic Coastal
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The earliest scientific description of Carolina bays is by Glenn (1895), who used the term 'bay' (which he described as "lake-like expanses") to refer to these features near the town of Darlington, South Carolina. Glenn (1895) put quotation marks around the word "bay" but he did not use the phrase
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Quaternary geologists and geomorphologists state that the features of the Carolina bays can be readily explained by known terrestrial processes and repeated modification by eolian and lacustrine processes. Also, Quaternary geologists and geomorphologists have found a correspondence in time between
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As discussed by Gaiser, radiocarbon dates reported from any Carolina bay are minimum dates for their formation. The radiocarbon dates only represent times during which organic matter accumulated and was preserved in Carolina bays. At other times, datable organic matter either might not have been
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Wilson's Bay (Johnston County, North Carolina): Cores and augers from within this Carolina bay revealed a 1.5–3.2 m thick unit of sand, sandy silt, and silty sand (lacustrine deposits) that rests on an unconformity above an undisturbed unit of saprolite (weathered felsic gneiss). These lacustrine
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In some places, Carolina bays are inset into fields of eolian dunes in river valleys, and thus these Carolina bays must be younger than the underlying eolian dunes. One such example is Dukes Pond, which is a Carolina bay that is inset into eolian dunes in the valley of the Ohoopee River (Tattnall
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who explored North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia during the early 18th century. This attribution, however, is not correct. Lawson described visiting a swamp that contained bay trees, but there is no indication that he wanted to name the swamp with the word "bay". Furthermore, Lawson said
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In other places, Carolina bays are overlain by eolian dunes that are now vegetated, and thus these Carolina bays must be older than the overlying eolian dunes. One such example is Big Bay, which is a Carolina bay that is overlain by eolian dunes in the valley of the Wateree River (Sumter County,
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In addition, Quaternary geologists and geomorphologists have found that the orientations of the Carolina bays are consistent with the wind patterns that existed during the Wisconsin glaciation, as reconstructed from the orientations of parabolic dunes in river valleys. Within the Atlantic Coast
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Big Bay (Big Bay, Sumter County, South Carolina): A core (drill hole D1/2) drilled within this Carolina bay went through the following units: (1) Drilling depth 0 to 4.5 m = eolian sand sheet that overlies the Carolina bay; (2) Drilling depth 4.5 to 9.0 m = silty sand and sandy mud with abundant
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In a study of several Carolina bays in North Carolina, Gamble et al. (1977) stated that drilling and coring indicated that the bedding and sediments underlying Carolina bays are undisturbed. Studies by Frey, Watts, and Whitehead have also documented that the sediments filling Carolina bays are
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Herndon Bay (Robeson County, North Carolina): Cores drilled into four different sand ridges associated with this Carolina bay revealed that the sand ridges are composed of 2.5–4.5 m thick accumulations of fine to coarse sand that rest on an unconformity above an undisturbed unit of black mud of
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Lake Mattamuskeet (Hyde County, North Carolina): Cores from within this Carolina bay revealed a 0.3–1.2 m thick unit of sand and silty sand (lacustrine deposits and paleosols) that rests on an unconformity above an undisturbed unit of gray clay and sandy clay (with marine shells and burrows) of
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radiocarbon in age. The radiocarbon dates range from 27,700 ±2,600 to 440 ± 50 radiocarbon years BP. Some cores have contained organic matter that was too old for dating by radiocarbon methods, resulting in "greater than" dates. For example, samples from some Carolina bays have been dated at
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Radiocarbon dates have been obtained from organic matter collected from the undisturbed sediments filling Carolina bays by Bliley and Burney, Mixon and Pilkey, Thom, and Kaczorowski. Some radiocarbon dates obtained from organic matter within undisturbed sediments are greater than 14,000
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Carolina bays vary in size from one to several thousand acres. About 500,000 of them are present in the classic area of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, many in groups aligned in a northwest–southeast direction. Generally the southeastern end has a higher rim composed of white sand.
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Most Carolina bays consist of a few meters of sand and (or) mud that rest on an unconformity above a harder substrate that does not show signs of deformation or other disturbance. The composition and the age of this harder substrate varies from location to location.
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Duke's Pond (Tattnall County, Georgia): A sediment sample from a sand rim at the margin of this Carolina has yielded an OSL age of ~23,600 years ago. Basal peat bog sediment within this Carolina bay yielded an age of ~8,600 radiocarbon years ago.
1982:
McFarland, E. K.; LaForgia, M.; Yepsen, M.; Whigham, D. F.; Baldwin, A. H.; Lang, M. (2016-04-22). "Plant biomass and nutrients (C, N and P) in natural, restored and prior converted depressional wetlands in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain, U.S.".
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The dating of the sand rims of a number of Carolina bays by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) techniques has yielded ages ranging from ~109,000 to ~2,000 years ago, but most ages from the sand rims range from ~40,000 to ~11,000 years ago.
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preserved as sediment accumulated within them, or older organic matter might have been destroyed when the bays dried out. During times when the water table was below the bottom of a Carolina bay (e.g., possibly during glacial periods when
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Cretaceous age (Black Creek Formation). Sediment samples from sand rims associated with this Carolina bay have yielded three optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages of ~36,700 years ago; ~29,600 years ago; and ~27,200 years ago.
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is owned by the South Carolina Native Plant Society, which has been developing a 52-acre (210,000 m) preserve called the Lisa Matthews Memorial Bay, which is trying to preserve and increase the federally endangered wildflower
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Plain, the orientation of the long axes of Carolina bays varies by 10 to 15 degrees. If the long axes of these Carolina bays, as measured by Johnson (1942), are projected westward, then they converge in the area of southeastern
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Gaiser, E.E.; Taylor, B.E.; Brooks, M.J. (2001). "Establishment of wetlands on the southeastern Atlantic Coastal Plain: Paleolimnological evidence of a mid-Holocene hydrologic threshold from a South Carolina pond".
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Bay (Johnston County, North Carolina), Herndon Bay (Robeson County, North Carolina), Big Bay (Sumter County, South Carolina), Flamingo Bay (Aiken County, South Carolina), and Duke's Pond (Tattnall County, Georgia).
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South Carolina). These eolian sand dunes at Big Bay have been dated by optically stimulated luminescence techniques at 29,600 ± 2,400 to 33,200 ± 2,800 BP, and thus this Carolina bay must be older than these dates.
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LiDAR-Derived Digital Elevation Maps Of The Delmarva Peninsula And Southern New Jersey Used To Identify Carolina Bay Landforms; Their Planform Shape And Orientation Changes Systematically With Latitude.
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greater than 38,000 to 49,550 radiocarbon years BP. In cases where multiple radiocarbon dates have been determined from a single core, most radiocarbon dates are typically consistent in terms of their
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Stratigraphic relations of some Carolina bays with fields of eolian dunes in river valleys suggest that Carolina bays formed episodically during different times at different places. For example:
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At the southern end of their distribution, the Carolina bays in southern Georgia and northern Florida are approximately circular in shape. In this area, they have a weak northerly orientation.
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that this swamp had steep margins and that he could see mountains to the west from the vicinity of the swamp. Thus, it seems more likely that this swamp was an inter-dune depression among the
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Geoarchaeological Investigations of Carolina Bays in South Carolina: Methodological Approaches for Interpreting Site Formation Processes, Archaeostratigraphy and Geochronology. PDF version
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These features in southern Mississippi and Alabama are elliptical to roughly circular in shape. The measurement of the long axes of 200 elliptical Grady / Citronelle ponds in southwestern
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Rodriguez, Antonio B.; Waters, Matthew N.; Piehler, Michael F. (2012). "Burning peat and reworking loess contribute to the formation and evolution of a large Carolina-bay basin".
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Moore CR (2016). "The Quaternary evolution of Herndon Bay, a Carolina Bay on the Coastal Plain of North Carolina (USA): implications for paleoclimate and oriented lake genesis".
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May, J. H.; Warne, A. G. (1999). "Hydrogeologic and Geochemical Factors Required for the Development of Carolina Bays Along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain, USA".
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an indicator of disturbance. The intact internal stratigraphy of the Carolina bay sediments, as indicated by paleosols and pollen zones (e.g. Big Bay) refutes such arguments.
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Brooks, Mark J.; Taylor, Barbara E.; Grant, John A. (1996). "Carolina Bay geoarchaeology and Holocene landscape evolution on the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina".
624:) as a key understory plant. Its flammability aids in periodic burning, which is necessary for Canby's Dropwort and many of the other species unique to the environment.
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Part 2, Eleventh Annual Field Conference of the Atlantic Coastal Plain Geological Association Guidebook. Williamsburg, Virginia, The College of William and Mary.
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Fenstermacher, D. E.; Rabenhorst, M. C.; Lang, M. W.; McCarty, G. W.; Needelman, B. A. (2014-10-08). "Distribution, Morphometry, and Land Use of Delmarva Bays".
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extraterrestrial impact hypotheses: A meteorite impact hypothesis proposed for Carolina bays in a 1933 publication by Melton and Schriever. has been discredited.
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Swezey, C. S. (2020). "Quaternary eolian dunes and sand sheets in inland locations of the Atlantic Coastal Plain Province". In Lancaster, N.; Hesp, P. (eds.).
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Rasmussen, W. C., and T. H. Slaughter (1955) "The ground water resources, in The water resources of Somerset, Wicomico, and Worcester Counties".
1533:"Radiocarbon and luminescence dating at Flamingo Bay (38AK469): implications for site formation processes and artifact burial at a Carolina Bay"
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Grant, John A.; Brooks, Mark J.; Taylor, Barbara E. (1998). "New constraints on the evolution of Carolina Bays from ground-penetrating radar".
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Hydrogeologic and geochemical factors required for the development of Carolina Bays along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, coastal plain, USA
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Geomorphology and surface geology of Harris County and Adjacent parts of Brazoria, Fort Bend, Liberty, Montgomery, and Waller Counties, Texas
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Brooks, M. J. (2001). "Pleistocene encroachment of the Wateree River sand sheet into Big Bay on the Middle Coastal Plain of South Carolina".
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Ivester, Andrew H.; Leigh, David S.; Godfrey-Smith, D. I. (2001). "Chronology of Inland Eolian Dunes on the Coastal Plain of Georgia, USA".
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generally undisturbed. Several cores have found that the sediments that fill Carolina bays have distinct and conformably layers or beds.
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Evidence for Widespread Eolian Activity in the Coastal Plain Uplands of North and South Carolina Revealed by High-Resolution LiDAR Data.
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A Digression on the origin of some anomalous undrained depressions mostly on the Pleistocene and Pliocene surfaces in the Gulf of Mexico
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An overview of Pleistocene and Holocene inland dunes in Georgia and the Carolinas; morphology, distribution, age, and paleoclimate
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Frey, David G. (1953). "Regional Aspects of the Late-Glacial and Post-Glacial Pollen Succession of Southeastern North Carolina".
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when active modification of the rims of Carolina bays most commonly occurred and when adjacent sand dunes were active during the
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Brooks, Mark J.; Taylor, Barbara E.; Ivester, Andrew H. (2010). "Carolina Bays: Time Capsules of Culture and Climate Change".
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567:. A study of bays located on the Delmarva peninsula estimated that 70% had been partially or fully converted to agriculture.
362:, and subsurface. Many are marshy; a few of the larger ones are (or were before drainage) lakes; 14-square-mile (36 km)
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Bernard, H.A., and Leblanc, R.J., 1965, "Resume of the Quaternary geology of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico province", in:
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Carolina bays are present in the U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain from New York to north Florida. In Maryland, they are called
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Watts, W. A. (1980). "Late-Quaternary Vegetation History at White Pond on the Inner Coastal Plain of South Carolina".
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Technical Report no. 13-CRD, Coastal research Division, Department of Geology, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
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Carver, Robert E.; Brook, George A. (1989). "Late pleistocene paleowind directions, Atlantic Coastal Plain, U.S.A".
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Most geologists today interpret the Carolina bays as relict geomorphological features that developed via various
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Whitehead, Donald R. (1964). "Fossil Pine Pollen and Full-Glacial Vegetation in Southeastern North Carolina".
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Frey, David G. (1955). "A Time Revision of the Pleistocene Pollen Chronology of Southeastern North Carolina".
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Alternative interpretations of Carolina bays that are no longer viewed favorably by most geologists include:
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Reconnaissance geology of the submerged and emerged Coastal Plain province, Cape Lookout area, North Carolina
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Concentric sand rims document the evolution of a Carolina Bay in the middle coastal plain of South Carolina.
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Bliley, D. J.; Burney, D. A. (1988). "Late Pleistocene climatic factors in the genesis of a Carolina Bay".
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2140:(H.E. Wright, Jr., and D.G. Frey, eds.), Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, pp. 137–185.
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Sharitz, Rebecca R. (2003). "Carolina bay wetlands: Unique habitats of the southeastern United States".
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Folkerts, G. W. (1997). "Citronelle ponds: little-known wetlands of the Central Gulf Coastal Plain".
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Whitehead, Donald R. (1981). "Late-Pleistocene Vegetational Changes in Northeastern North Carolina".
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Annual review of Cultural Resource Investigations by Savannah River Archaeological Research Program.
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Other landform depressions, not widely accepted as Carolina bays, are present within the northern
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between 15,000 and 40,000 years (Late Wisconsin) and 70,000 to 80,000 years BP (Early Wisconsin).
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raised rims, which are about 2 ft (0.61 m) high, partially enclose these depressions.
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Paper no. 9, Geography Graduate Student Association, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.
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Otvos, Ervin G. (1976). ""Pseudokarst" and "pseudokarst terrains": Problems of terminology".
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Melton, F. A.; Schriever, William (1933). "The Carolina 'Bays': Are They Meteorite Scars?".
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Armand Bayou Watershed Working Group, The Texas Coastal Watershed Program, Houston Texas.
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Armand Bayou Watershed Working Group, The Texas Coastal Watershed Program, Houston Texas.
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Gamble EE, Daniels RB, Wheeler WH (1977), "Primary and secondary rims of Carolina Bays":
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The bays have many different vegetative structures, based on the depression depth, size,
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The name "Carolina bay" is sometimes attributed to the writings of the English explorer
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Recent work by the U.S. Geological Survey has interpreted the Carolina bays as relict
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to preserve it as much as possible in its natural state. Also, 66 Bennett's Bay, near
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Thom, Bruce G. (1970). "Carolina Bays in Horry and Marion Counties, South Carolina".
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is an undrained example. Some bays are predominantly open water with large scattered
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South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, Columbia, South Carolina.
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Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. v. 35, no. 6, p. 169.
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Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. v. 43, no. 5, p. 629.
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Elliptical depressions concentrated along the Atlantic seaboard of North America
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Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. v. 39, no. 2, p. 5.
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Southeastern Section–56th Annual Meeting (29–30 March 2007) Savannah, Georgia.
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Environmental & Engineering Geoscience. v. 5, no. 3, pp. 261–270.
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1929:. Professional Paper no. 859, U. S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
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10.1002/(SICI)1520-6548(199610)11:6<481::AID-GEA2>3.0.CO;2-4
620:. Included in the longleaf restoration is the restoration of wiregrass (
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Ivester, A.H., D.I. Godfrey-Smith, M.J. Brooks, and B.E. Taylor, 2003,
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2127:. Bulletin no. 206, United States Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
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elevation image of 300 square miles (800 km) of Carolina bays in
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by solution of subsurface material during glacial sealevel lowstands;
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At the northern end of the distribution of Carolina bays within the
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Some bays have been greatly modified by human activities including
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found a very distinct orientation tightly clustered about N25°W.
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Moore, C.M. M. J. Brooks, A.H. Ivester and T.A. Ferguson, 2011,
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https://www2.dnr.sc.gov/ManagedLands/ManagedLand/ManagedLand/66
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More than a dozen bays are shown in this photo in southeastern
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are elliptical to circular depressions concentrated along the
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Carolina Bays in the Upland Gravels of Midlothian, Virginia.
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Savannah River Archaeological Research Program Staff (2010)
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Are Carolina bays related to the extinction of the mammoth?
1294:. Dunes of the World. Springer Publishing. pp. 11–63.
1012:
10.1672/0277-5212(2003)023[0550:CBWUHO]2.0.CO;2
664:, indicate that the Carolina bays predate the start of the
2175:
10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<1021:PAPTPO>2.0.CO;2
899:
The Carolina Bays: a Comparison with Modern Oriented Lakes
1961:
10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[783:CBIHAM]2.0.CO;2
2401:
The Carolina bays: New evidence points to a killer comet
860:
10.1130/0016-7606(1952)63[167:CBATO]2.0.CO;2
838:
Prouty, W. F. (1952). "Carolina Bays and Their Origin".
933:
931:
929:
2368:
Impacts, mega-tsunami, and other extraordinary claims
2352:
Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs
2342:
Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs
2283:
Analysis of Extraterrestrial Origin of Carolina Bays.
2064:
1197:
1195:
773:. They are also known by a variety of names such as
749:
Similar landforms in the Gulf of Mexico coastal plain
370:, while others are composed of thick, shrubby areas (
204:
Stratigraphy within the Carolina bays and sand ridges
2360:
Aerial documentation of the Carolina bay structures.
1499:
1497:
1495:
1456:
1454:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
2307:Ivester, A.H., M.J. Brooks, and B.E. Taylor, 2007,
1868:
1866:
941:, Maryland Geological Survey, Baltimore, Maryland.
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
2310:Sedimentology and Ages of Carolina Bay Sand Rims.
1779:
1777:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1244:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
120:, they and other coastal ponds are also called
84:, they and other coastal ponds are also called
2381:The Carolina bays: Explaining a cosmic mystery
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1134:Maccarthy, G. R. (1937). "The Carolina Bays".
949:
947:
640:. Several are cleared and drained for farming.
2148:
2146:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1691:
1689:
1687:
833:
831:
652:processes. Multiple lines of evidence, e.g.
551:. It has been drained and is mostly used for
8:
2372:. GSA Today. vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 37–38.
1651:
1649:
1647:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1179:"Occurrence of Carolina Bays on Long Island"
913:"Occurrence of Carolina Bays on Long Island"
1043:"Some Notes on Darlington (S. C.), 'Bays.'"
539:. For example, Carvers Bay, a large bay in
2123:Markewich, H. W., and W. Markewich (1994)
2091:Environmental & Engineering Geoscience
2375:Diane Tennant series about Carolina bays
2077:https://scnps.org/activities/matthews-bay
331:Learn how and when to remove this message
2405:The Virginian-Pilot, (September 8, 2008)
2395:The Virginian-Pilot, (September 8, 2008)
2385:The Virginian-Pilot, (September 7, 2008)
967:Maryland Department of Natural Resources
281:Ecological significance and biodiversity
229:Stage to the Wisconsin Stage, back into
2289:Goodwin, B.K., and G.H. Johnson, 1970,
2280:Eyton, R.J., and J.I. Parkhurst, 1975,
2266:Comets, Culture, and Currency? Web Site
1206:. New York: Columbia University Press.
827:
2155:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1941:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1925:Mixon, R. B., and O. H. Pilkey, 1976,
1136:Geological Society of America Bulletin
840:Geological Society of America Bulletin
500:. Plants common in Carolina bays are
2271:Davias, M., and J.L. Gilbride, 2011,
2252:Geology and Ecology of Carolina Bays.
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
598:, is a designated Heritage Preserve.
7:
2334:Moore, C.M., and M.J. Brooks, 2011,
1086:
1084:
628:Interpretations (theories of origin)
386:. Species that thrive in the bays'
313:adding citations to reliable sources
2365:Pinter, N., and S.E. Ishman, 2008,
2138:The Quaternary of the United States
2067:South Carolina Native Plant Society
14:
2325:May, J.H., and A.G. Warne, 1999,
765:, where they are known as either
680:lakes that have been modified by
658:optically stimulated luminescence
541:Georgetown County, South Carolina
596:Clarendon County, South Carolina
289:
245:Additional notes on stratigraphy
2436:Younger Dryas impact hypothesis
1204:The Origin of the Carolina Bays
956:Delmarva Bays: Natural Enigmas.
444:The bays contain trees such as
300:needs additional citations for
76:. In Maryland, they are called
38:East Coast of the United States
2261:More Carolina Bay Information.
1177:Gill, Gloria (24 March 2013).
911:Gill, Gloria (24 March 2013).
603:Bamberg County, South Carolina
28:Robeson County, North Carolina
1:
1895:10.1016/S0169-555X(97)00074-3
1292:Inland Dunes of North America
2426:Ecology of the United States
2421:Geology of the United States
1718:10.1016/0033-5894(80)90028-9
1264:10.1016/0031-0182(89)90061-8
720:when the area was under the
2354:. v. 42, no. 1, p. 70.
2344:. v. 43, No. 2, p. 76.
1437:10.1016/j.yqres.2011.11.004
1300:10.1007/978-3-030-40498-7_2
705:Alternative interpretations
616:plantation to the original
555:today. Others are used for
2452:
2111:10.2113/gseegeosci.V.3.261
2079:Lisa Matthews Memorial Bay
972:September 3, 2013, at the
897:Kaczorowski, R. T. (1977)
757:coastal plain in southern
429:. Other residents include
2032:10.1007/s13157-014-0583-5
1997:10.1007/s12224-016-9239-y
1829:Journal of Paleolimnology
1575:10.1179/sea.2010.29.1.010
1563:Southeastern Archaeology
1067:10.1126/science.2.41.472
987:A New Voyage to Carolina
672:Relict thermokarst lakes
2398:Tennant, Diane, 2008c,
2388:Tennant, Diane, 2008b,
2378:Tennant, Diane, 2008a,
1849:10.1023/A:1012645302945
1202:Johnson, D. W. (1942).
795:Baldwin County, Alabama
390:include birds, such as
1356:10.1006/qres.2001.2230
1093:The Journal of Geology
976:, Annapolis. Maryland.
641:
547:practice range during
355:
30:
2357:O’Dale, Charles, nd,
2198:Natural Areas Journal
1786:Ecological Monographs
1618:Ecological Monographs
1041:Glenn, L. C. (1895).
635:
480:, and shrubs such as
346:
180:Stratigraphic setting
22:
2431:Lacustrine landforms
2298:Howard, G.A., 1997,
1599:, v. 18, p. 199–212.
1597:Southeastern Geology
1482:Southeastern Geology
1463:Southeastern Geology
1398:Southeastern Geology
1156:10.1130/GSAB-48-1211
695:Wisconsin glaciation
622:Aristida beyrichiana
348:Woods Bay State Park
309:improve this article
231:marine isotope stage
173:counties, Maryland.
2370:PDF version, 304 KB
2167:1976GSAB...87.1021O
2103:1999EEGeo...5..261M
1953:1970GSAB...81..783T
1887:1998Geomo..22..325G
1841:2001JPall..26..373G
1710:1980QuRes..13..187W
1698:Quaternary Research
1429:2012QuRes..77..171R
1417:Quaternary Research
1348:2001QuRes..55..293I
1336:Quaternary Research
1256:1989PPP....74..205C
1148:1937GSAB...48.1211M
1105:1933JG.....41...52M
1059:1895Sci.....2..472G
953:Coleman, D. (2001)
852:1952GSAB...63..167P
586:, was designated a
570:In South Carolina,
2301:The Carolina Bays.
2268:, Athens, Georgia.
2235:PDF version, 68 KB
2219:PDF version, 48 KB
2065:https://scnps.org/
962:2008-09-16 at the
654:radiocarbon dating
642:
409:, mammals such as
384:endangered species
356:
155:Delmarva Peninsula
118:Delmarva Peninsula
98:Carolina Sandhills
82:Delmarva Peninsula
31:
2249:Anonymous, 2007,
2230:Aronow, S., ndb,
2214:Aronow, S., nda,
1985:Folia Geobotanica
1531:Moore CR (2012).
1309:978-3-030-40498-7
1212:10.7312/john93900
811:Bladen Lake Group
734:the formation of
727:the upwelling of
582:county line near
378:, including some
354:, winter twilight
341:
340:
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146:and southwestern
108:Geographic extent
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816:Rainwater Basin
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609:Oxypolis canbyi
601:Another bay in
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1506:Geoarchaeology
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549:World War II
537:golf courses
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508:and various
502:water lilies
458:loblolly bay
450:bald cypress
443:
435:green anoles
402:, and other
376:biodiversity
368:pond cypress
357:
327:
321:January 2016
318:
307:Please help
302:verification
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2339:PDF version
2161:(7): 1021.
1569:: 146–163.
1543:(1): 16–21.
767:Grady ponds
759:Mississippi
678:thermokarst
514:bladderwort
494:button bush
431:dragonflies
415:black bears
392:wood storks
137:Orientation
93:John Lawson
2415:Categories
1947:(3): 783.
1488:: 145–171.
1404:: 241–257.
1006:(3): 550.
846:(2): 167.
823:References
787:lacs ronds
779:pock marks
686:lacustrine
662:palynology
650:lacustrine
588:state park
518:butterwort
482:fetterbush
439:tree frogs
437:and green
159:New Jersey
46:New Jersey
2258:Bob, nd,
2183:0016-7606
1969:0016-7606
1857:126559889
1726:140654499
1583:140156787
1445:128846311
1364:129839088
1318:219502764
1164:130189967
1121:140175406
1020:0277-5212
868:0016-7606
574:, on the
572:Woods Bay
559:or field
557:vegetable
498:gallberry
478:pond pine
466:sweet gum
454:sweet bay
446:black gum
407:waterfowl
404:migratory
360:hydrology
274:sea level
171:Worcester
2403:, Part 3
2393:, Part 2
2383:, Part 1
2040:14968073
2020:Wetlands
2005:17951844
1075:17796996
1028:19954348
1000:Wetlands
970:Archived
960:Archived
805:See also
718:currents
666:Holocene
580:Florence
565:drainage
474:magnolia
427:opossums
419:raccoons
388:habitats
372:pocosins
167:Wicomico
163:Somerset
58:Virginia
54:Maryland
50:Delaware
42:New York
2204:: 6–16.
2163:Bibcode
2099:Bibcode
1949:Bibcode
1883:Bibcode
1837:Bibcode
1806:2937324
1768:1934924
1748:Ecology
1706:Bibcode
1678:1931316
1658:Ecology
1638:1943595
1425:Bibcode
1344:Bibcode
1252:Bibcode
1144:Bibcode
1101:Bibcode
1055:Bibcode
1047:Science
848:Bibcode
763:Alabama
592:Manning
545:bombing
533:farming
510:grasses
486:clethra
462:red bay
382:and/or
144:Indiana
74:Florida
70:Georgia
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789:, and
783:bagols
682:eolian
646:eolian
584:Olanta
576:Sumter
526:sundew
524:, and
506:sedges
425:, and
423:skunks
400:egrets
396:herons
169:, and
2036:S2CID
2001:S2CID
1853:S2CID
1802:JSTOR
1764:JSTOR
1722:S2CID
1674:JSTOR
1634:JSTOR
1579:S2CID
1441:S2CID
1360:S2CID
1314:S2CID
1182:(PDF)
1160:S2CID
1117:S2CID
1024:S2CID
916:(PDF)
775:pocks
739:karst
722:ocean
594:, in
563:with
561:crops
490:sumac
470:maple
24:LIDAR
2179:ISSN
1965:ISSN
1304:ISBN
1216:ISBN
1186:SUNY
1071:PMID
1016:ISSN
920:SUNY
864:ISSN
761:and
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148:Ohio
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