1092:
388:
148:
31:
210:
This new script was significantly more legible than the scripts used by Romans or that of the script earlier in the Middle Ages, and offered new features such as word spacing, more punctuation, an introduction of lower-case letters, and conventions such as usage of upper-case for titles, a mix of
373:), and ascenders, after thickening at the top, were finished with a three-cornered wedge. The script began to evolve slowly after the 9th century. In the 10th and 11th centuries, ligatures were rare and ascenders began to slant to the right and were finished with a fork. The letter
104:. Alcuin himself still wrote in a script which was a precursor to the Carolingian minuscule, which slowly developed over three centuries. He was most likely responsible for copying and preserving the manuscripts and upkeep of the script. It was used in the
205:
He also tried to write, and used to keep tablets and blanks in bed under his pillow, that at leisure hours he might accustom his hand to form the letters; however, as he did not begin his efforts in due season, but late in life, they met with ill
211:
upper and lower case for subtitles, and lower case for the body of a text. Although
Charlemagne was never fully literate, he understood the value of literacy and a uniform script in running his empire. Charlemagne sent for the English scholar
251:, disciplined and above all, legible. Clear capital letters and spaces between words became standard in Carolingian minuscule, which was one result of a campaign to achieve a culturally unifying standardization across the
199:
Temptábat et scríbere, tabulásque et códicellós ad hoc in lectó sub cervícálibus circumferre solébat, ut, cum vacuum tempus esset, manum litterís effigiendís adsuésceret, sed parum successit labor praeposterus ac séró
227:
and
Germanic scripts had been under way before Alcuin arrived at Aachen, where he was master from 782 to 796, with a two-year break. The new minuscule was disseminated first from Aachen, of which the
488:, all of which were major centers of the script. German minuscule tends to be oval-shaped, very slender, and slanted to the right. It has uncial features as well, such as the ascender of the letter
542:
sought out and copied in the new legible standardized hand many Roman texts that had been wholly forgotten. Most of contemporary knowledge of classical literature derives from copies made in the
377:
also began to appear. By the 12th century, Carolingian letters had become more angular and were written closer together, less legibly than in previous centuries; at the same time, the modern
326:
The early period of the script, during
Charlemagne's reign in the late 8th century and early 9th, still has widely varying letter forms in different regions. The uncial form of the letter
507:
used
Carolingian minuscule beginning in the 9th century. Outside the sphere of influence of Charlemagne and his successors, however, the new legible hand was resisted by the
346:
of the same period. The script flourished during the 9th century, when regional hands developed into an international standard, with less variation of letter forms. Modern
456:, used for a short time in the early 9th century, is usually larger, broader, and very vertical in comparison to the slanting Rhaetian type. It was developed by the monk
1288:
515:
after the 10th century. The script was not taken up in
England and Ireland until ecclesiastic reforms in the middle of the 10th century; in Spain a traditionalist
944:
3930:
1363:
3962:
262:
long after manuscripts of
Scripture and classical literature were being produced in the minuscule hand. Documents written in a local language, like
416:
that now began to be produced for princely patronage of abbots and bishops, legibility was essential. It reached far afield: the 10th century
174:
that were being used in Irish and
English monasteries. The strong influence of Irish literati on the script can be seen in the distinctively
5032:
1281:
822:
748:
721:
694:
39:
3038:
1350:
937:
4800:
4756:
5149:
4786:
3895:
776:
650:
608:
3132:
5018:
3735:
1274:
738:
684:
3458:
711:
5139:
2719:
5159:
5025:
3591:
3230:
278:
412:
The new script spread through
Western Europe most widely where Carolingian influence was strongest. In luxuriously produced
577:
of Venice. In this way it forms the basis of our modern lowercase typefaces. Indeed, 'Carolingian minuscule' is a style of
3700:
3601:
3225:
2283:
1208:
930:
670:
135:
script was also developed from it. By this latter line the
Carolingian minuscule is a direct ancestor of most modern-day
5164:
5011:
4990:
2278:
2053:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1345:
1248:
1664:
4891:
4870:
3550:
3545:
3240:
3142:
1355:
782:
581:, which approximates this historical hand, eliminating the nuances of size of capitals, long descenders, and so on.
4958:
3555:
3122:
5154:
3208:
2930:
2483:
2070:
1729:
5144:
4708:
4694:
3999:
2582:
2385:
232:
4313:
2498:
4997:
4025:
2638:
2518:
2001:
1905:
1382:
1340:
1297:
1039:
619:
539:
101:
2087:
3715:
3152:
2654:
2644:
2577:
1520:
400:
5099:
5004:
4793:
4742:
4202:
4124:
3888:
3827:
3381:
3260:
2962:
2370:
1554:
1542:
1515:
1500:
642:
312:
274:
4863:
4614:
4291:
3787:
3690:
3442:
3406:
2811:
2734:
2315:
2144:
2127:
1804:
1443:
1029:
558:
417:
392:
267:
2234:
2224:
1799:
1091:
550:. Over 7000 manuscripts written in Carolingian script survive from the 8th and 9th centuries alone.
3586:
3308:
2831:
2214:
2204:
1853:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1537:
1255:
1146:
1069:
461:
128:
1863:
1764:
4849:
4826:
4460:
4349:
4339:
4231:
4174:
4160:
4117:
3822:
3705:
3540:
3432:
3391:
3345:
3340:
3235:
3217:
2885:
2816:
2781:
2729:
2562:
2542:
2535:
2530:
2288:
2219:
1941:
1319:
1218:
1184:
1151:
1121:
1081:
994:
958:
954:
828:
570:
527:
319:
is essentially the same as the modern minuscule letter, rather than the previously common uncial
259:
252:
224:
132:
61:
4082:
877:
338:), is still used in manuscripts from this period. There is also use of punctuation such as the
4972:
4965:
4937:
4701:
4687:
4599:
4488:
4398:
4377:
4356:
4284:
4216:
4075:
4033:
3985:
3720:
3710:
3355:
3350:
3255:
3250:
3157:
3112:
3012:
2935:
2915:
2905:
2895:
2890:
2826:
2821:
2749:
2684:
2669:
2619:
2614:
2557:
2493:
2451:
2293:
2179:
2102:
1618:
1613:
1490:
1156:
1064:
1009:
989:
818:
772:
744:
717:
690:
646:
520:
516:
465:
343:
187:(hence Carolingian). Charlemagne had a keen interest in learning, according to his biographer
105:
905:
436:, Carolingian was used in the Rhaetian and Alemannic minuscule types. Manuscripts written in
84:
class from one region to another. It is thought to have originated before 778 CE at the
5106:
5044:
4944:
4898:
4884:
4842:
4717:
4663:
4644:
4578:
4570:
4556:
4549:
4474:
4270:
4245:
4181:
4153:
4139:
4068:
4054:
3971:
3944:
3881:
3792:
3695:
3517:
3360:
2987:
2967:
2957:
2952:
2836:
2592:
2525:
2513:
2478:
2473:
2456:
2395:
2360:
2320:
2122:
2117:
2065:
2016:
1900:
1834:
1774:
1724:
1669:
1586:
1564:
1549:
1495:
1485:
1419:
1116:
1057:
1052:
1019:
810:
421:
396:
192:
3765:
4930:
4622:
4563:
4509:
4502:
4481:
4467:
4451:
4429:
4384:
4277:
4252:
4224:
4209:
4132:
4110:
4103:
4061:
4021:
3992:
3680:
3650:
3473:
3396:
3162:
3092:
3002:
2997:
2982:
2945:
2925:
2861:
2851:
2841:
2806:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2674:
2659:
2629:
2624:
2508:
2503:
2350:
2340:
2330:
2194:
2159:
2154:
2134:
2028:
1986:
1926:
1809:
1779:
1689:
1649:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1525:
1505:
1453:
1436:
1424:
1200:
1175:
1034:
979:
429:
263:
152:
3127:
2310:
573:". From there the script passed to the 15th- and 16th-century printers of books, such as
530:
through the 13th century, although
Romanesca eventually also appeared in southern Italy.
3277:
922:
846:
5067:
4951:
4835:
4815:
4724:
4592:
4523:
4422:
4370:
4363:
4195:
4188:
4167:
4146:
4047:
4040:
3802:
3730:
3725:
3576:
3560:
3535:
3478:
3468:
3463:
3303:
3177:
3137:
3107:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3017:
2992:
2940:
2880:
2846:
2796:
2744:
2709:
2664:
2634:
2587:
2547:
2446:
2400:
2355:
2273:
2209:
2164:
2149:
2112:
2092:
2060:
2048:
1996:
1991:
1981:
1971:
1966:
1883:
1868:
1858:
1824:
1814:
1759:
1744:
1709:
1559:
1463:
1411:
1301:
1136:
1004:
870:
574:
425:
212:
171:
159:
127:
developed out of it, the Carolingian minuscule became obsolete, until the 14th century
97:
69:
46:
5133:
5074:
4923:
4856:
4779:
4749:
4607:
4585:
4516:
4412:
4391:
4238:
4096:
4014:
4007:
3978:
3937:
3852:
3842:
3837:
3812:
3807:
3740:
3624:
3318:
2977:
2920:
2572:
2345:
2229:
2184:
2139:
2107:
1956:
1893:
1873:
1846:
1819:
1749:
1734:
1719:
1674:
1431:
1232:
1126:
1111:
984:
974:
899:
634:
339:
167:
77:
832:
806:
2014 6th International Conference of Soft Computing and Pattern Recognition (SoCPaR)
38:
4530:
4495:
4436:
3923:
3685:
3581:
3494:
3386:
3287:
3097:
2910:
2875:
2856:
2791:
2786:
2679:
2567:
2441:
2365:
2305:
2174:
2169:
2080:
2075:
2011:
1951:
1931:
1888:
1878:
1829:
1714:
1694:
1684:
1532:
1510:
1468:
1225:
1161:
1141:
896:(A comprehensive PDF file containing 82 pages profusely illustrated, January 2024).
566:
387:
136:
117:
93:
2739:
1239:
1213:
908:, a Carolingian minuscule typeface which also includes Gothic and Runic characters
893:
147:
17:
766:
247:
Carolingian minuscule was uniform with rounded shapes in clearly distinguishable
5113:
4877:
4808:
4089:
3780:
3640:
3401:
3245:
3102:
3007:
2776:
2704:
2689:
2597:
2390:
2300:
2199:
2189:
2043:
2006:
1961:
1946:
1921:
1841:
1769:
1754:
1458:
1014:
814:
620:"Caroline Minuscule Predates Charlemagne", Heidelberg University, 9 January 2013
590:
562:
554:
547:
543:
508:
485:
433:
228:
216:
184:
124:
89:
85:
65:
800:
30:
3770:
3745:
3313:
2756:
2246:
2241:
2097:
2038:
1679:
1131:
1076:
413:
5081:
5060:
5053:
3847:
3832:
3669:
3416:
3365:
3332:
3167:
3058:
2607:
2335:
2251:
1976:
1190:
801:"GMM-based handwriting style identification system for historical documents"
457:
282:
183:
Carolingian minuscule was created partly under the patronage of the Emperor
3775:
1266:
804:
440:
tend to have slender letters, resembling Insular script, with the letters
3817:
3797:
3760:
3755:
3635:
3596:
3437:
3196:
3081:
2972:
2714:
2602:
2552:
2423:
1936:
1739:
1699:
1480:
1473:
1324:
1180:
1024:
578:
524:
469:
113:
81:
96:, about 150 kilometres (95 miles) north of Paris, and then developed by
3904:
3411:
3282:
3172:
3147:
3033:
2870:
2724:
2699:
2468:
2375:
2023:
1637:
1448:
1168:
1106:
917:
473:
270:
rather than Latin, tended to be expressed in traditional local script.
231:
provided classic models, and later from the influential scriptorium at
188:
156:
120:
texts, and educational material were written in Carolingian minuscule.
43:
740:
Selected Essays On the History of Letter-forms in Manuscript and Print
323:. Ascenders are usually "clubbed" – they become thicker near the top.
4905:
2649:
2461:
2380:
2325:
2033:
1704:
504:
378:
359:
220:
180:(Irish style) forms of the letters, especially a, e, d, g, s, and t.
73:
911:
639:
Medieval Foundations of the Western Intellectual Tradition, 400–1400
569:
originals, and used them as bases for their Renaissance hand, the "
3272:
3267:
3117:
2900:
2801:
2488:
1399:
609:
Knox, E.L. Skip. "Carolingian Handwriting", Boise State University
481:
477:
386:
347:
248:
236:
146:
109:
29:
799:
Slimane, Fouad; Schaban, Torsten; Margner, Volker (August 2014).
3750:
3645:
763:
The production of the scriptorium at Tours was reconstructed by
512:
3877:
3667:
3622:
3515:
3194:
3079:
2421:
1635:
1397:
1380:
1270:
926:
557:
hands, in retrospect, it seemed so thoroughly 'classic' to the
914:, an international forum dedicated to the study of the script
902:
at Dr. Dianne Tillotson's website devoted to medieval writing
258:
Traditional charters, however, continued to be written in a
155:, Add MS 11848), written in Carolingian minuscule. Text is
151:
Page of text (folio 160v) from a Carolingian Gospel Book (
565:
that they took these old Carolingian manuscripts to be
492:
slanting to the left, and vertical initial strokes of
667:
The Frankish Kingdoms Under the Carolingians, 751-987
5091:
5042:
4982:
4915:
4825:
4771:
4734:
4674:
4655:
4636:
4541:
4447:
4408:
4335:
4262:
3961:
3954:
3915:
3569:
3528:
3487:
3451:
3425:
3374:
3331:
3296:
3216:
3207:
3026:
2434:
2266:
1914:
1657:
1648:
1333:
1312:
1199:
1099:
965:
553:Though the Carolingian minuscule was superseded by
511:; nevertheless the Romanesca type was developed in
869:
64:which developed as a calligraphic standard in the
235:, where Alcuin withdrew from court service as an
452:, showing similar to Visigothic and Beneventan.
872:The Origin and Development of Humanistic Script
203:
3889:
1282:
938:
918:More information at Earlier Latin Manuscripts
876:. Rome: Ed. di Storia e Letteratura. p.
849:(in German). Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz
641:. The Yale Intellectual History of the West.
8:
1246:
1237:
1223:
1166:
912:Network for the Study of Caroline Minuscule
432:, are written in Carolingian minuscule. In
175:
4259:
3958:
3896:
3882:
3874:
3664:
3619:
3525:
3512:
3213:
3204:
3191:
3076:
2431:
2418:
1654:
1645:
1632:
1394:
1390:
1377:
1309:
1289:
1275:
1267:
945:
931:
923:
239:in 796 and restructured the scriptorium.
629:
627:
311:often appears in an uncial form with an
37:
601:
399:text written in Carolingian minuscule.
273:Carolingian script generally has fewer
358:, began to appear (as opposed to the "
42:Example from 10th-century manuscript,
5033:American Printing House for the Blind
4809:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
4461:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
809:. Tunis, Tunisia: IEEE. p. 389.
315:slanting to the left, but the letter
7:
794:
792:
768:A Survey of the Manuscripts of Tours
503:In northern Italy, the monastery at
108:between approximately 800 and 1200.
519:survived; and in southern Italy a '
468:, Carolingian script flourished in
80:could be easily recognized by the
25:
307:ligatures are common. The letter
1090:
868:Ullman, Berthold Louis (1960).
686:Alcuin II: Theology and Thought
523:' survived in the lands of the
197:
1362:Languages by writing system /
894:'Manual of Latin Palaeography'
743:. Cambridge University Press.
713:Hist West Educ:Civil Europe V2
34:Carolingian minuscule alphabet
1:
4801:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
4757:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
1209:Barchowsky Fluent Handwriting
765:Rand, Edward Kennard (1929).
534:Role in cultural transmission
215:to run his palace school and
5012:National Braille Association
4991:Braille Institute of America
4709:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
1249:Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift
771:. Harvard University Press.
4892:Refreshable braille display
4871:Optical braille recognition
4468:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
4000:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
3143:New Epoch Notation Painting
815:10.1109/SOCPAR.2014.7008038
783:Medieval Academy of America
420:, which contain the oldest
260:Merovingian "chancery hand"
166:The script is derived from
5181:
4959:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
4695:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
3873:
3676:
3663:
3631:
3618:
3524:
3511:
3209:Chinese family of scripts
3203:
3190:
3088:
3075:
2430:
2417:
2279:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
1644:
1631:
1406:
1393:
1389:
1376:
1364:by first written accounts
1308:
1088:
737:Morison, Stanley (2009).
5150:Latin-script calligraphy
4682:Chinese semi-syllabaries
3945:Unicode braille patterns
3931:International uniformity
2386:Thomas Natural Shorthand
448:, and ligatures such as
277:than other contemporary
233:Marmoutier Abbey (Tours)
5019:Blindness organizations
4998:Braille Without Borders
4787:Canadian currency marks
4409:Egyptian lineage family
3592:Southwest Paleohispanic
683:Dales, Douglas (2013).
665:Rosamond, McKitterick.
540:Carolingian Renaissance
395:, showing 10th-century
139:scripts and typefaces.
102:Carolingian Renaissance
5140:8th century in Francia
4336:Russian lineage family
3736:Great Lakes Algonquian
2645:Greco-Iberian alphabet
2578:Gabelsberger shorthand
1521:Inscriptional Parthian
1247:
1238:
1224:
1167:
404:
401:Bavarian State Library
330:, similar to a double
223:. Efforts to supplant
208:
202:
176:
163:
50:
35:
5160:Palaeographic letters
5100:Accessible publishing
5026:Schools for the blind
5005:Japan Braille Library
4794:Computer Braille Code
4448:Indian lineage family
3828:Old Persian cuneiform
2695:Carolingian minuscule
1501:Ancient North Arabian
900:Carolingian minuscule
710:Bowen, James (2018).
643:Yale University Press
390:
150:
54:Carolingian minuscule
41:
33:
4864:Mountbatten Brailler
4219:(largely reassigned)
4002:(largely reassigned)
3551:Southeastern Iberian
3546:Northeastern Iberian
1444:Egyptian hieroglyphs
880:. GGKEY:SC91X3J9KAG.
538:Scholars during the
521:Beneventan minuscule
418:Freising manuscripts
393:Freising manuscripts
100:for wide use in the
5165:Western calligraphy
4816:Nemeth braille code
4602:(reassigned vowels)
4127:(extended to 8-dot)
3701:Canadian Aboriginal
3587:Khitan small script
3309:Khitan large script
2499:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
1147:Technical lettering
669:. Routledge, 2018,
462:Abbey of Saint Gall
454:Alemannic minuscule
129:Italian Renaissance
68:period so that the
4850:Braille translator
4827:Braille technology
4803:(science; GS8/GS6)
4772:Symbols in braille
4702:Taiwanese Mandarin
4217:Taiwanese Mandarin
3823:Nwagu Aneke script
3375:Other logosyllabic
3297:Chinese-influenced
3236:Oracle bone script
3218:Chinese characters
3153:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
2543:Eclectic shorthand
2531:Duployan shorthand
2484:Caucasian Albanian
2284:Canadian syllabics
1320:History of writing
1219:Getty-Dubay Italic
1185:Ukrainian skoropys
571:humanist minuscule
555:Gothic blackletter
528:duchy of Benevento
450:⟨ri⟩
438:Rhaetian minuscule
405:
253:Carolingian Empire
164:
133:humanist minuscule
58:Caroline minuscule
51:
36:
18:Carolingian script
5127:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5045:tactile alphabets
4973:William Bell Wait
4966:Sabriye Tenberken
4767:
4766:
4632:
4631:
4617:(Japanese vowels)
4415:-mediated scripts
4342:-mediated scripts
3869:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3721:Ditema tsa Dinoko
3659:
3658:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3327:
3326:
3186:
3185:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3066:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2262:
2261:
1627:
1626:
1614:Teeline Shorthand
1372:
1371:
1264:
1263:
824:978-1-4799-5934-1
750:978-0-521-18316-1
723:978-1-136-50096-1
696:978-0-227-90087-1
635:Colish, Marcia L.
498:⟨n⟩
494:⟨m⟩
490:⟨d⟩
466:Holy Roman Empire
446:⟨t⟩
442:⟨a⟩
344:Beneventan script
168:Roman half uncial
106:Holy Roman Empire
66:medieval European
16:(Redirected from
5172:
5155:Medieval scripts
5116:
5109:
5107:Braille literacy
5102:
5084:
5077:
5070:
5063:
5056:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4993:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4933:
4926:
4908:
4901:
4899:Slate and stylus
4894:
4887:
4885:Perkins Brailler
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4843:Braille embosser
4838:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4760:
4752:
4745:
4727:
4720:
4711:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4667:
4664:American Braille
4648:
4645:Algerian Braille
4625:
4618:
4610:
4603:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4534:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4440:
4432:
4425:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4260:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3959:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3909:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3875:
3665:
3620:
3526:
3518:Semi-syllabaries
3513:
3214:
3205:
3192:
3077:
2432:
2419:
2321:Japanese Braille
1906:Zanabazar square
1775:Nepalese scripts
1665:Bengali–Assamese
1655:
1646:
1633:
1550:Pitman shorthand
1395:
1391:
1378:
1310:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1268:
1252:
1243:
1229:
1201:Teaching scripts
1172:
1094:
1053:Serbian Cyrillic
947:
940:
933:
924:
906:Pfeffer Mediæval
882:
881:
875:
865:
859:
858:
856:
854:
843:
837:
836:
796:
787:
786:
761:
755:
754:
734:
728:
727:
707:
701:
700:
680:
674:
663:
657:
656:
631:
622:
617:
611:
606:
499:
495:
491:
476:, as well as in
451:
447:
443:
422:Slovene language
219:at his capital,
179:
21:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5145:Carolingian art
5130:
5129:
5128:
5119:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5087:
5080:
5073:
5066:
5059:
5052:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4931:Charles Barbier
4929:
4922:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4834:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4763:
4755:
4748:
4741:
4730:
4723:
4716:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4681:
4670:
4662:
4656:Frequency-based
4651:
4643:
4628:
4621:
4613:
4606:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4537:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4452:Bharati Braille
4449:
4443:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4410:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4337:
4331:
4324:
4319:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4026:Unified English
4020:
4013:
4006:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3955:Braille scripts
3950:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3911:
3907:
3902:
3857:
3672:
3655:
3651:Stokoe notation
3627:
3606:
3565:
3520:
3499:
3483:
3447:
3426:Logoconsonantal
3421:
3370:
3323:
3292:
3199:
3182:
3163:Siglas poveiras
3084:
3063:
3022:
2926:Younger Futhark
2630:Gregg shorthand
2426:
2405:
2258:
1910:
1640:
1623:
1402:
1385:
1368:
1341:Writing systems
1329:
1304:
1302:writing systems
1295:
1265:
1260:
1195:
1176:Russian cursive
1095:
1086:
967:
961:
951:
890:
885:
867:
866:
862:
852:
850:
845:
844:
840:
825:
798:
797:
790:
779:
764:
762:
758:
751:
736:
735:
731:
724:
709:
708:
704:
697:
682:
681:
677:
664:
660:
653:
633:
632:
625:
618:
614:
607:
603:
599:
587:
536:
517:Visigothic hand
497:
493:
489:
449:
445:
441:
430:Slavic language
410:
281:, although the
245:
243:Characteristics
172:insular scripts
153:British Library
145:
28:
27:Form of writing
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5178:
5176:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5132:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5095:
5093:
5092:Related topics
5089:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5078:
5071:
5068:New York Point
5064:
5057:
5049:
5047:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4952:Harris Mowbray
4948:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4836:Braille e-book
4831:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4753:
4746:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4619:
4611:
4604:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4456:
4454:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4433:
4426:
4418:
4416:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4345:
4343:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4266:
4264:
4257:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4221:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3967:
3965:
3963:French-ordered
3956:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3878:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3803:Linear Elamite
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3625:Sign languages
3623:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3602:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3577:Espanca script
3573:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3536:Linear Elamite
3532:
3530:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3417:Yi (Classical)
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3243:
3241:Bronze scripts
3238:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3211:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3054:Flag semaphore
3051:
3049:New York Point
3046:
3044:Telegraph code
3041:
3039:Maritime flags
3036:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2993:Visible Speech
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2963:Sorang Sompeng
2960:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2847:Galik alphabet
2844:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2745:Tironian notes
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2590:
2588:Garay alphabet
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2371:Sorang Sompeng
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2294:Déné syllabics
2291:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1652:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1555:Proto-Sinaitic
1552:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1230:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1178:
1173:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1040:Early Cyrillic
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1005:Insular script
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
971:
969:
963:
962:
952:
950:
949:
942:
935:
927:
921:
920:
915:
909:
903:
897:
889:
888:External links
886:
884:
883:
860:
838:
823:
788:
777:
756:
749:
729:
722:
702:
695:
675:
658:
651:
645:. p. 67.
623:
612:
600:
598:
595:
594:
593:
586:
583:
575:Aldus Manutius
535:
532:
428:record of any
409:
406:
391:A page of the
244:
241:
213:Alcuin of York
144:
141:
98:Alcuin of York
70:Latin alphabet
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5177:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5104:
5101:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5083:
5079:
5076:
5075:Night writing
5072:
5069:
5065:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5041:
5034:
5030:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4995:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4983:Organisations
4981:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4945:Valentin Haüy
4942:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4924:Louis Braille
4921:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4857:Braille watch
4854:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4840:
4837:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4780:Braille music
4777:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4743:Luxembourgish
4740:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4715:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:Other scripts
4540:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4446:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4334:
4323:
4318:
4315:
4314:Northern Sámi
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4263:Nordic family
4261:
4254:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4203:South African
4200:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4125:Luxembourgish
4122:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3938:ASCII braille
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3906:
3899:
3894:
3892:
3887:
3885:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3469:Attic (Greek)
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3407:Proto-Elamite
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2921:Elder Futhark
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2812:Old Hungarian
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2346:Masaram Gondi
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:Gunjala Gondi
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2128:Old Sundanese
2126:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2071:Old Maldivian
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2054:Bilang-bilang
2052:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1874:Sylheti Nagri
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1675:Brahmi script
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1570:South Arabian
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1516:Inscriptional
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
970:
964:
960:
956:
948:
943:
941:
936:
934:
929:
928:
925:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
891:
887:
879:
874:
873:
864:
861:
848:
842:
839:
834:
830:
826:
820:
816:
812:
808:
807:
802:
795:
793:
789:
784:
780:
778:9780910956024
774:
770:
769:
760:
757:
752:
746:
742:
741:
733:
730:
725:
719:
716:. Routledge.
715:
714:
706:
703:
698:
692:
688:
687:
679:
676:
672:
668:
662:
659:
654:
652:9780300078527
648:
644:
640:
636:
630:
628:
624:
621:
616:
613:
610:
605:
602:
596:
592:
589:
588:
584:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
567:ancient Roman
564:
561:of the early
560:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
533:
531:
529:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
407:
402:
398:
394:
389:
385:
383:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:question mark
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
242:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
207:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
181:
178:
173:
169:
161:
158:
154:
149:
142:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
78:Vulgate Bible
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
45:
40:
32:
19:
4615:Thai and Lao
4292:Scandinavian
3924:1829 braille
3916:Braille cell
3716:Cypro-Minoan
3582:Pahawh Hmong
3495:Sitelen Pona
3459:Hindu-Arabic
2792:Mundari Bani
2694:
2366:Pahawh Hmong
2175:Tamil-Brahmi
2081:Eveyla Akuru
2076:Dhives Akuru
1543:Paleo-Hebrew
1410:
1346:undeciphered
1256:Zaner-Bloser
1226:Grundschrift
999:
968:and medieval
871:
863:
851:. Retrieved
841:
805:
781:– via
767:
759:
739:
732:
712:
705:
685:
678:
666:
661:
638:
615:
604:
552:
537:
502:
453:
437:
426:Roman-script
424:, the first
414:lectionaries
411:
381:
374:
370:
366:
361:
355:
351:
335:
331:
327:
325:
320:
316:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
272:
257:
246:
209:
204:
198:
182:
165:
137:Latin letter
122:
94:Corbie Abbey
57:
53:
52:
5114:RoboBraille
4938:Róża Czacka
4878:Perforation
4675:Independent
4573:(Bhutanese)
4308:Greenlandic
3979:Azerbaijani
3781:Jindai moji
3670:Syllabaries
3641:SignWriting
3541:Celtiberian
3443:Hieroglyphs
3246:Seal script
3231:Traditional
3103:Blissymbols
3008:Warang Citi
2983:Tolong Siki
2936:Marcomannic
2916:Dalecarlian
2906:Anglo-Saxon
2886:Pau Cin Hau
2777:Medefaidrin
2730:Merovingian
2690:Blackletter
2598:Asomtavruli
2391:Warang Citi
2200:Ulu scripts
2145:New Tai Lue
2088:Mon–Burmese
1942:Bhattiprolu
1770:Nandinagari
1597:ʾEsṭrangēlā
1356:constructed
1152:Copperplate
1015:Blackletter
1000:Carolingian
995:Merovingian
955:handwritten
853:20 December
847:"Wolfcoz I"
689:. ISD LLC.
591:Ada Gospels
563:Renaissance
548:Charlemagne
509:Roman Curia
434:Switzerland
384:appeared.
268:Anglo-Saxon
229:Ada Gospels
225:Gallo-Roman
217:scriptorium
191:(here with
185:Charlemagne
177:cló-Gaelach
131:, when the
125:blackletter
90:Benedictine
86:scriptorium
5134:Categories
4666:(obsolete)
4647:(obsolete)
4439:(Pakistan)
4350:Belarusian
4232:Vietnamese
4175:Portuguese
4161:Philippine
4118:Lithuanian
3771:Hentaigana
3766:Man'yōgana
3226:Simplified
3113:Ersu Shaba
3027:Non-linear
2832:Old Uyghur
2822:Old Permic
2817:Old Italic
2750:Visigothic
2685:Beneventan
2620:Glagolitic
2583:Gadabuursi
2247:Kolezhuthu
2242:Vatteluttu
2180:Tanchangya
2103:Saurashtra
1680:Devanagari
1538:Phoenician
1491:Manichaean
1157:Spencerian
1077:Court hand
1065:Glagolitic
1010:Beneventan
990:Visigothic
597:References
544:scriptoria
350:, such as
200:incohátus.
5082:Vibratese
5061:Moon type
5054:Decapoint
4735:Eight-dot
4688:Cantonese
4637:Reordered
4600:Inuktitut
4489:Malayalam
4399:Ukrainian
4378:Mongolian
4357:Bulgarian
4320:Norwegian
4285:Icelandic
4076:Hungarian
4034:Esperanto
3986:Cantonese
3570:Redundant
3382:Anatolian
3333:Cuneiform
3261:bird-worm
3197:Logograms
3168:Testerian
3082:Ideograms
3059:Moon type
2946:Staveless
2837:Mongolian
2782:Molodtsov
2740:Sütterlin
2608:Mkhedruli
2474:Bassa Vah
2424:Alphabets
2396:Mwangwego
2361:Mwangwego
2336:Kharosthi
2289:Blackfoot
2252:Malayanma
2123:Sundanese
2118:Sukhothai
2066:Malayalam
2017:Khom Thai
1977:Goykanadi
1901:Tocharian
1854:ʼPhags-pa
1725:Khudabadi
1670:Bhaiksuki
1565:Samaritan
1496:Nabataean
1351:inventors
1240:Sütterlin
1214:D'Nealian
1191:Shorthand
1137:Secretary
1117:Johannine
1082:Lombardic
1058:Bosančica
1047:Poluustav
957:European
953:Types of
559:humanists
464:. In the
458:Wolfcoz I
403:, Munich.
275:ligatures
162:23:15–26.
118:Christian
92:monks of
4718:Japanese
4579:Georgian
4571:Dzongkha
4557:Armenian
4475:Gujarati
4340:Cyrillic
4271:Estonian
4246:Yugoslav
4182:Romanian
4154:Nigerian
4069:Hawaiian
4055:Ghanaian
3972:Albanian
3833:Sumerian
3798:Linear B
3761:Katakana
3756:Hiragana
3706:Cherokee
3636:ASLwrite
3597:Bopomofo
3452:Numerals
3438:Hieratic
3397:Isthmian
3366:Sumerian
3346:Assyrian
3341:Akkadian
2998:Vithkuqi
2973:Tifinagh
2941:Medieval
2896:Pisidian
2891:Phrygian
2862:Vagindra
2807:Ol Chiki
2715:Interlac
2670:Kayah Li
2660:Jenticha
2615:Veso Bey
2603:Nuskhuri
2593:Georgian
2563:Formosan
2558:Etruscan
2553:Enochian
2509:Cyrillic
2494:Coelbren
2452:Armenian
2351:Meroitic
2341:Mandombe
2331:Jenticha
2195:Tigalari
2160:Tai Viet
2155:Tai Tham
2135:Tagbanwa
1987:Javanese
1937:Baybayin
1927:Balinese
1915:Southern
1810:Pracalit
1805:Pachumol
1780:Bhujimol
1740:Mahajani
1700:Gurmukhi
1690:Gujarati
1658:Northern
1638:Abugidas
1619:Ugaritic
1607:Maḏnḥāyā
1481:Tifinagh
1474:Solitreo
1412:Numerals
1325:Grapheme
1313:Overview
1181:Skoropis
1122:Humanist
1112:Chancery
1030:Georgian
1025:Bastarda
833:14350674
637:(1999).
585:See also
579:typeface
486:Würzburg
470:Salzburg
342:, as in
313:ascender
206:success.
170:and the
143:Creation
82:literate
4623:Tibetan
4564:Burmese
4550:Amharic
4533:(India)
4510:Sinhala
4503:Punjabi
4482:Kannada
4430:Persian
4385:Russian
4325:Swedish
4303:Finnish
4278:Faroese
4253:Zambian
4225:Turkish
4210:Spanish
4133:Maltese
4111:Latvian
4104:Italian
4083:Iñupiaq
4062:Guarani
4022:English
3993:Catalan
3910:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
3905:Braille
3788:Kikakui
3726:Eskayan
3711:Cypriot
3561:Dunging
3433:Demotic
3412:Tenevil
3356:Hittite
3351:Elamite
3304:Jurchen
3283:Sawndip
3278:Chữ Nôm
3178:Zapotec
3173:Yerkish
3148:Nsibidi
3133:Miꞌkmaw
3123:Isotype
3093:Adinkra
3034:Braille
3018:Zaghawa
2988:Vellara
2968:Sunuwar
2958:Sidetic
2953:Shavian
2881:Osmanya
2871:Ol Onal
2725:Kurrent
2710:Insular
2700:Fraktur
2675:Klingon
2665:Kaddare
2639:Archaic
2548:Elbasan
2536:Chinook
2526:Deseret
2514:Bosnian
2469:Avoiuli
2457:Avestan
2447:Ariyaka
2376:Tengwar
2274:Bharati
2235:Serawai
2225:Pasemah
2210:Lampung
2165:Lai Tay
2150:Tai Noi
2113:Sinhala
2093:Pallava
2061:Makasar
2049:Lontara
2024:Kulitan
1997:Kannada
1992:Kadamba
1982:Hanunoo
1972:Grantha
1967:Fakkham
1884:Tibetan
1869:Soyombo
1864:Siddhaṃ
1859:Sharada
1835:Litumol
1825:Tirhuta
1815:Ranjana
1800:Kvemmol
1760:Multani
1745:Marchen
1710:Kalinga
1650:Brahmic
1587:Sogdian
1526:Psalter
1506:Pahlavi
1486:Mandaic
1464:Cursive
1449:Elymaic
1420:Aramaic
1169:Kurrent
1142:Library
1107:Cursive
1070:Angular
1020:Rotunda
966:Ancient
959:scripts
671:150-157
525:Lombard
474:Austria
460:at the
397:Slovene
279:scripts
189:Einhard
157:Vulgate
110:Codices
88:of the
44:Vulgate
5043:Other
4916:People
4906:Braigo
4725:Korean
4593:Hebrew
4524:Telugu
4423:Arabic
4413:Arabic
4371:Kyrgyz
4364:Kazakh
4298:Danish
4196:Slovak
4189:Samoan
4168:Polish
4147:Navajo
4048:German
4041:French
3908:
3853:Yugtun
3843:Woleai
3793:Kpelle
3776:Sōgana
3696:Byblos
3474:Muisca
3392:Cretan
3361:Luwian
3319:Tangut
3138:Mixtec
3108:Dongba
3013:Yezidi
3003:Wancho
2978:Todhri
2931:Gothic
2911:Cipher
2852:Manchu
2842:Evenki
2827:Orkhon
2772:Manchu
2767:Lydian
2762:Lycian
2705:Gaelic
2655:Hanifi
2650:Hangul
2625:Gothic
2573:Fraser
2568:Fox II
2504:Coptic
2479:Carian
2462:Pazend
2435:Linear
2381:Thaana
2326:Sarati
2267:Others
2230:Rejang
2215:Lembak
2205:Incung
2185:Telugu
2140:Tai Le
2034:Langdi
1957:Chakma
1847:Karani
1820:Tamyig
1795:Kummol
1790:Himmol
1785:Golmol
1765:Nagari
1750:Meitei
1735:Lepcha
1720:Khojki
1705:Kaithi
1592:Syriac
1580:Musnad
1459:Ashuri
1454:Hebrew
1437:Elifba
1432:Arabic
1425:Hatran
1400:Abjads
1233:Palmer
1127:Italic
1100:Modern
985:Uncial
980:Rustic
831:
821:
775:
747:
720:
693:
649:
505:Bobbio
484:, and
408:Spread
379:dotted
348:glyphs
303:, and
264:Gothic
249:glyphs
221:Aachen
193:apices
123:After
74:Jerome
62:script
49:1:5–8.
4759:(GS8)
4750:Kanji
4608:Khmer
4586:Greek
4517:Tamil
4450:i.e.
4411:i.e.
4392:Tatar
4338:i.e.
4239:Welsh
4140:Māori
4097:Irish
4015:Dutch
4008:Czech
3818:Nüshu
3686:Bamum
3681:Afaka
3488:Other
3479:Roman
3464:Abjad
3387:Bagam
3288:Bowen
3273:Kanji
3268:Hanja
3256:small
3251:large
3158:Olmec
3128:Kaidā
3118:Emoji
3098:Aztec
2901:Runic
2876:Osage
2857:Oirat
2802:Ogham
2735:Sigla
2680:Latin
2635:Greek
2519:Early
2489:Cirth
2442:Adlam
2311:Geʽez
2306:Fox I
2170:Tamil
2029:Lanna
2012:Khmer
2002:Karen
1952:Buhid
1932:Batak
1889:Uchen
1879:Takri
1830:Limbu
1730:Laṇḍā
1715:Khema
1695:Gupta
1685:Dogri
1602:Serṭā
1575:Zabur
1560:Punic
1533:Pegon
1469:Rashi
1383:Types
1334:Lists
1298:Types
1162:Ronde
1132:Round
1044:Ustav
1035:Greek
975:Roman
829:S2CID
482:Mainz
478:Fulda
360:long
289:&
237:abbot
114:pagan
60:is a
4531:Urdu
4496:Odia
4437:Urdu
3813:Loma
3808:Lisu
3751:Kana
3741:Iban
3731:Geba
3691:Bété
3646:si5s
3556:Khom
3529:Full
3402:Maya
2797:N'Ko
2356:Miao
2301:Dham
2220:Ogan
2190:Thai
2108:Shan
2044:Leke
2007:Kawi
1962:Cham
1947:Buda
1922:Ahom
1842:Odia
1755:Modi
1511:Book
855:2020
819:ISBN
773:ISBN
745:ISBN
718:ISBN
691:ISBN
647:ISBN
513:Rome
496:and
444:and
369:and
354:and
160:Luke
116:and
47:Luke
4090:IPA
3838:Vai
3746:Idu
3314:Sui
2787:Mru
2757:Luo
2720:IPA
2401:Rma
2098:Pyu
2039:Lao
1894:Umê
1300:of
811:doi
546:of
291:),
266:or
195:):
76:'s
72:of
56:or
5136::
3848:Yi
878:12
827:.
817:.
803:.
791:^
626:^
500:.
480:,
472:,
365:"
336:cc
305:ct
301:st
299:,
297:rt
295:,
284:et
255:.
112:,
4028:)
4024:(
3897:e
3890:t
3883:v
2641:)
2637:(
1290:e
1283:t
1276:v
1187:)
1183:(
946:e
939:t
932:v
857:.
835:.
813::
785:.
753:.
726:.
699:.
673:.
655:.
382:i
375:w
371:u
367:ſ
362:s
356:v
352:s
334:(
332:c
328:a
321:ᵹ
317:g
309:d
293:æ
287:(
20:)
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