273:
Research Centre (APCRC) in March 1998. There has been no sign of leakage according to a comprehensive monitoring and verification program. A mixture of Carbon dioxide and methane gas is extracted from a well in the
Bathurst field, then compressed and transported via dedicated pipeline to the Naylor field two kilometres away. The gases are then injected into the depleted gas reservoir through a dedicated injection well. A nearby well (previously used to produce natural gas) is used to monitor the injected carbon dioxide. A second stage of the project, involving evaluation of carbon dioxide storage in deep saline formations, has been highly successful and provided data on estimating CO
2078:
346:, the product of the brown coal gasifier, using solvent, membrane and adsorbent technologies. The capture technologies are equally applicable to syngas from brown and black coal, gas or biomass fuels. During the project, researchers evaluated each technology for efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Advanced gasifier technologies are highly suitable for carbon dioxide capture for CCS as they produce a concentrated stream of carbon dioxide.
484:
2366:
2396:
2386:
2376:
724:
738:
537:. The project was awarded $ 63 million from the Commonwealth Government under the Low Emissions Technology Demonstration Fund and received additional financial support from ACALET and the Japanese and Queensland governments, and technical support from JCOAL. Total investment in the project, covering capital works and operations and maintenance was $ 250 million. It was a project for the
458:
was established by the
Victorian Government in 2009 to investigate the potential for establishing a world class, large-scale, multi-user carbon capture and storage network in Victoria. In 2012 the Australian Government selected CarbonNet as one of only two CCS flagship projects under its Clean Energy
398:
When construction on the project began in 2009, it was expected to be completed by 2014 - including carbon capture and storage. The project ultimately started extracting gas in
February 2017 but carbon capture and storage was delayed multiple times. A delay until March 2019 resulted in a further five
272:
The CO2CRC Otway
Project in Western Victoria is a demonstration project which has injected and stored over 65,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide in a depleted natural gas reservoir 2 km below the Earth's surface. The project was first proposed to the Board of the then Australian Petroleum Cooperative
168:
below) and Bass Strait. Australia has very extensive basins with deep saline formations, both onshore and particularly offshore, in which large quantities of carbon dioxide can dissolve. In such formations
Australia has a potential carbon dioxide storage resource equivalent to many hundreds of years
853:
This reflects a number of terminating measures, including the cessation of the Low
Emissions Technology Demonstration Fund and Coal Mining Abatement Technology Support Package in 2016-17, and the cessation of funding for the development of a detailed business case for the National Radioactive Waste
509:
produced from the combustion of the feed coal, which would otherwise be released to the atmosphere, the project demonstrated that using carbon capture technology, deep cuts could be made to power station emissions to help slow the process of climate change whilst maintaining the use of fossil fuels
277:
storage capacity using an innovative single well test. The project is
Australia's first demonstration of geosequestration and one of the world's largest geosequestration research projects. This area has active exploration for geothermal and petroleum resources and has been supported by geotechnical
582:
The
Callide Oxyfuel Project demonstrated that new technology could be applied to an old power station to produce cleaner electricity. Built in the 1960s, the Callide A Power Station near Biloela in Central Queensland was chosen as the project’s demonstration site. Retrofitting the Callide A Power
358:
to liquid fuel project proposes a game changing technology for conversion of solar energy to liquid fuels. Both solar heat and solar PV electricity will be used to drive a solid oxide electrolyser device for a production of hydrogen and syngas which then can be converted onsite into transportable
181:
The
Victorian Greenhouse Gas Geological Sequestration Act 2008 (No. 61 of 2008) received Royal Assent on 5 November 2008. It provides a dedicated legal framework enabling the onshore injection and permanent storage of greenhouse gas substances. The state government has also developed a regulatory
394:
operation in the world. Chevron is liable for leaks and other damage during the project's lifetime and for 15 years afterwards, but in 2009 the state and federal governments agreed to indemnify
Chevron against liability for the project after that time, with the Commonwealth in 2015 confirming it
598:
We proved that technologically it’s possible to retrofit to existing coal-fired plants, but commercially, the numbers don’t stack up … It’s unlikely there will be , I think that technology may well be bypassed … simply because of the economics. … If you could decarbonise coal by capturing and
412:
In May 2018, the WA Environmental Protection Authority announced an investigation into whether Gorgon could meet its storage commitments given the delays. In March 2019, Chevron announced that carbon capture and storage was delayed by another nine months, which would result in the release of a
310:
Further government projects in this area led to many geo-technical studies that review gas and liquid migration, trapping and leakage. While the Gippsland area has been described as a basin margin, this is somewhat vague. The area defines a major fold belt onshore and offshore. The key risk to
615:
When announced in 2007, the project was originally planned as a retro-fit of one of Hazelwood's eight generating units, which would have reduced its emissions intensity by 20% (500,000 tonnes per annum). It was offered a $ 50 million federal government grant from the Low Emissions Technology
286:
The Latrobe Valley Post Combustion Capture Project was a joint collaboration between Loy Yang Power, International Power Hazelwood, government and researchers from CSIRO's Energy Transformed Flagship and CO2CRC (including Monash and Melbourne Universities), involving research at both
495:, but did not attempt carbon storage. Oxyfuel technology enables coal to burn efficiently in oxygen (rather than air as in a conventional power station), reducing emissions and producing carbon dioxide in a more concentrated form, allowing it to be stored and extracted.
117:
CCS currently requires up to 30% more coal than conventional plants to cover the energy needs of CCS (although R&D is rapidly improving efficiencies), and that extra coal must first be mined (which has environmental effects) and transported to the plant (which takes
307:) had been captured from power station flue gases in a post-combustion-capture (PCC) pilot plant at Loy Yang Power Station in Victoria's Latrobe Valley. The purpose of the pilot plant is to conduct research, not to capture all the emissions from the power station.
815:. Prepared by working group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Metz, B., O.Davidson, H. C. de Coninck, M. Loos, and L.A. Meyer (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 442 pp. Available in full at
407:
A Chevron report to the State Government released yesterday said start-up checks this year found leaking valves, valves that could corrode and excess water in the pipeline from the LNG plant to the injection wells that could cause the pipeline to
85:
announced the cessation of the Low Emissions Technology Demonstration Fund in the 2017 financial year and the cessation of business case funding for the Carbon Capture and Storage Flagships program in financial year 2019. This is on top of the
619:
A pilot program with a more modest capture objective was completed. The solvent capture plant cost $ 10 million (including grants from state and federal governments) and began operation in 2009, capturing and chemically sequestered
2325:
177:
In November 2008, the Australian Commonwealth Government passed the Offshore Petroleum Amendment (Greenhouse Gas Storage) Act 2008, which provides a regulatory framework for carbon dioxide storage in federal offshore waters.
94:
cut $ 460m from CCS research projects leaving $ 191.7m to continue existing projects for the next seven years. The program had already been cut by the previous Labor government and much of the funding remained unallocated.
231:
We've invested $ 590 million since 2009 in clean coal technology research and demonstration and yet we do not have one modern high-efficiency low-emissions coal-fired power station, let alone one with carbon capture and
1837:
1075:
791:
548:
as liquefied gas, and other waste gases such as oxides of nitrogen (NOx), oxides of sulphur (SOx), and heavy metals in condensate form. The project involved the following key technologies and activities:
583:
Station with oxyfuel technology represented a low-risk and cost- and time-effective way to demonstrate clean coal technology on an industrial scale, and represented a new stage in the station’s history.
2320:
1563:
564:
from the power station flue gas stream, which could either be partially utilised in industry or potentially in enhanced oil recovery (EOR), which assists in maximising oil production from an oil well.
459:
Initiative and, with the State of Victoria, awarded the project a further $ 100 million in joint funding to undertake feasibility. The Global CCS Institute provided $ 2.3 million in support.
688:
The Zerogen powerstation project near Stanwell power station in Queensland is proposed to be a 100 MW "Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle" power station with CCS. In late 2010, the
2315:
1706:
538:
420:
WWF claims that the Gorgon geosequestration project is potentially unsafe as the area has over 700 wells drilled in the area, 50 of which reach the area proposed for geosequestration of CO
194:
1640:
708:
emissions from a 100 MW coal seam methane gas-fired power station. In 2006 it was selected to receive federal government funding, but as of September 2017 it does not appear on the
160:
which the CarbonNet Project was investigating (see below). There are no particularly promising large storage prospects near the Hunter Valley. Geologically prospective areas include the
544:
The Callide Oxyfuel Project demonstrated the production of electricity from coal with almost no power station emissions to the atmosphere by capturing a major portion of the flue gas CO
502:
per day (27,300 tonnes per annum). The project team assessed eight potential carbon storage sites but these were unsuitable because of location, availability and geological profile.
2310:
342:
CO2CRC commissioned three carbon dioxide capture research rigs at HRL's gasifier research facility at Mulgrave in Melbourne, Victoria. The CO2CRC rigs captured carbon dioxide from
182:
framework for offshore storage sites (i.e. those sites falling within the 3 nautical mile extent of state jurisdiction; the Offshore Petroleum and Greenhouse Gas Storage Act 2010.
1397:
491:
The Callide Oxyfuel Project was the largest oxyfuel demonstration in the world when it completed its demonstration phase in March 2015. It demonstrated carbon capture using
1788:
1998:
1845:
1280:
1894:
1514:
771:
1079:
2430:
315:
in the area is the ability to keep gas in the ground. Multiple regional and local studies over the area have been completed by government and private companies.
2066:
867:
672:
A proposed $ 2 billion "hydrogen energy" coal-to-gas plant will not proceed because the geological formations off Perth, which were intended to sequester the CO
1570:
1231:
Ju, Hyungkuk; Kaur, Gurpreet; Kulkarni, Aniruddha P.; Giddey, Sarbjit (2019). "Challenges and trends in developing technology for electrochemically reducing CO
1049:
210:
185:
Both Australia's state and federal governments have been major contributors to CCS research and development. Federal government CCS initiatives include the
1922:
224:
Federal funding commitments to these initiatives total $ 3.5-3.6 billion, of which $ 1.3-$ 1.6 billion has been committed or is expected to be committed.
1445:
1471:
1763:
766:
71:
1304:
557:
concentration, from around 20% to around 80%. For a new build power station, it is believed that his value would be further increased to around 95%.
2122:
948:
553:
oxyfuel combustion of coal to achieve a 60 percent to 70 percent reduction in the actual volume of flue gas and a proportionate increase in the CO
373:
1695:
819:
1972:
1632:
1607:
1329:
2351:
2218:
1371:
1419:
498:
The Oxyfuel boiler operated for two years and nine months, beyond the project's expected duration, and achieved a capture of 75 tonnes of CO
2425:
2341:
2193:
1739:
2295:
2290:
2259:
902:
1192:
2249:
761:
526:
2300:
2223:
2165:
2059:
1112:
387:
466:
the project did not advance", but as of January 2018 the project was conducting a 17-day seismic survey of former oil wells in the
74:(IPCC) estimates that the economic potential of CCS could be between 10% and 55% of the total carbon mitigation effort until 2100.
1780:
884:
1811:
190:
2117:
2002:
299:
per annum from the power station's exhaust-gas flues. Future trials were expected to involve the use of a range of different CO
87:
78:
1866:
2254:
2208:
2145:
1663:
443:
The pilot program will not include carbon capture and storage, but it is expected if the project is expanded, with proponent
2044:
836:
198:
1890:
599:
sequestering the emissions, then you’d have clean coal. It sounds easy if you say it fast enough, but it’s not that simple.
2346:
2150:
1538:
898:
432:
In April 2018, the federal and Victorian governments announced a brown coal-to-hydrogen project that would operate out of
206:
2024:
1166:
1004:
922:
2420:
2369:
2213:
2155:
2052:
1910:
Green Car Congress: Monash Energy Moving Forward on 60Kbpd Coal-to-Liquids with Carbon Capture and Sequestration Project
676:, contain gas "chimneys" that "mean it is next to impossible to establish a seal in the strata that could contain the CO
132:
will be up to 40 percent greater than the total cradle-to-grave emissions of a modern plant that doesn't capture its CO
2305:
2274:
2203:
2198:
1346:
692:
announced it would not fund the Zerogen project because it was not economically viable and that it would be sold off.
492:
463:
256:
per annum, or 800,000 tonnes per annum for a coal plant. It previously used a one million tonnes per annum threshold.
214:
2264:
2091:
651:
The planned project was planned to have some CCS, storing the gas captured in depleted off-shore oil fields in the
303:-capture liquids. On 9 July 2008, CSIRO Energy Technology Chief Dr David Brockway announced that carbon dioxide (CO
32:
1053:
2228:
444:
1468:
236:
In April 2018, a parliamentary inquiry heard from energy researchers that carbon capture and storage requires a
2160:
751:
689:
616:
Development Fund and a $ 30 million Victorian government grant from the Energy Technology Innovation Strategy.
579:
The project demonstrated more than 10,000 hours of oxy-combustion and more than 5,000 hours of carbon capture.
59:
1930:
1489:
259:
Demonstration and proposed projects and projects under construction are listed below with brief descriptions.
2399:
2175:
2170:
609:
587:
295:
power stations. The 10.5-metre-high pilot plant at Loy Yang was designed to capture up to 1,000 tonnes of CO
292:
1760:
424:. Fault lines compound the problems. Barrow Island is also an A class nature reserve of global importance.
709:
288:
249:
202:
2233:
1025:
701:
44:
952:
2140:
816:
652:
467:
391:
58:
will qualify when it is fully operational. Despite multiple CCS demonstration projects at Australian
2082:
440:
power station. Construction is expected to begin in 2019, and hydrogen production by 2020 or 2021.
379:
82:
67:
2395:
2385:
2375:
1812:"No more coal-fired power stations will be built in Australia, Queensland provider CS Energy says"
156:
valleys. The Latrobe Valley has considerable potential storage within a few hundred kilometres in
2389:
1256:
383:
165:
55:
437:
1909:
455:
318:
In 2016, the PICA Post-Combustion Project was announced. This is a joint collaboration between
2112:
1731:
1108:
756:
91:
1248:
1196:
729:
186:
161:
1398:"Carbon hiccup for Chevron with 5 million-tonne greenhouse gas problem at Gorgon LNG plant"
27:
emissions produced from fossil fuels in electricity, industrial processes which prevents CO
2269:
1898:
1767:
1475:
823:
534:
323:
169:
of emissions at the current rate. Work is now underway to fully assess storage potential.
530:
483:
70:
modelling finds that CCS is not expected to be commercially viable until the 2030s. The
645:
149:
111:
1838:"Alstom to commence CO2 reduction: demonstration project in Australia, Hazelwood 2030"
840:
2414:
2379:
1260:
1217:
1138:
837:"Budget 2017-18 Budget Paper No. 1, Statement 6: Expenses and Net Capital Investment"
743:
153:
54:
There are no currently-operating large-scale CCS projects in Australia, although the
947:
Carbon Capture Legal Programme, University College London and Global CCS Institute.
237:
39:
filtered out of natural gas from certain natural gas fields. While typically the CO
1951:
926:
648:
will not proceed at present. They have described it as a "long term" opportunity.
854:
Management Facility and Carbon Capture and Storage Flagships programs in 2018-19.
128:-causing gases like nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides of a plant that captures CO
1372:"How a gas plant could wipe out a year's worth of solar power emissions savings"
656:
157:
1252:
2028:
977:
719:
641:
433:
327:
1732:"Oxyfuel Combustion and CO2 Capture Demonstration in a Utility Power Station"
1170:
608:
A post-combustion capture plant operated at the International Power GDF Suez
868:"Carbon capture and storage research budget slashed despite PM's coal focus"
737:
591:
514:
125:
1102:
571:
storage capacity in Queensland, and injection testing of Callide Oxyfuel CO
104:
Cost of CCS will make coal-fired electricity more expensive than wind power
2326:
National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Management Authority
640:
On 2 December 2008 Shell and Anglo American announced that this possible
522:
382:
will be designed to capture 3.5 Mt of carbon dioxide per annum from
1281:"World's largest carbon capture begins even as Abbott tax repeal looms"
1104:
Geologically Storing Carbon: Learning from the Otway Project Experience
248:
There are no large-scale commercial CCS projects within Australia. The
1608:"Victorian beach closes for carbon capture and storage seismic survey"
211:
Carbon Capture and Storage Research Development and Demonstration Fund
1633:"Clean coal trial hoped to help lower power station carbon emissions"
343:
1662:
Greig, Chris; Bongers, Geoffrey; Stott, Caroline; Byrom, Stephanie.
1515:"Reality check on a half-billion-dollar brown coal hydrogen project"
1128:
CO2CRC - Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies
447:
says that coal-to-hydrogen technology is not commercial without it.
604:
International Power Carbon Capture Plant, Victoria (Hazelwood 2030)
1127:
482:
319:
1446:"Chevron delays underground storage of carbon dioxide for Gorgon"
1154:
3D GEO Australia geo-technical services in carbon capture/storage
1593:
Elizabeth Finkel & Belinda Smith, Can We Bury the Problem?,
110:
Scarcity of potential sites and capacity compared to volumes of
2321:
Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water
2048:
923:"CO2CRC - Leaders in research into Carbon Capture and Storage"
359:
liquid fuels enabling large-scale energy export and storage.
278:
work completed by the public sector and the private sector.
62:, none of Australia's coal plants are currently capturing CO
395:
would adopt 80% of the liability and WA the remaining 20%.
1420:"EPA to probe Gorgon's $ 2.5b LNG emissions storage delay"
1330:"Barrow Island Amendment Bill 2015: Second reading speech"
525:, Schlumberger Carbon Services, and Japanese participants
462:
In 2016 it was reported that "When Australia repealed the
2316:
Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency
1539:"World-first coal to hydrogen plant trialled in Victoria"
813:
IPCC special report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage
539:
Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate
195:
Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate
107:
Potential leakage from underground or undersea reservoirs
1153:
560:
cryogenic separation and recovery of industrial grade CO
227:
In February 2017, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull said:
513:
The project was a joint venture partnership comprising
2311:
Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation
1891:
Shell, Anglo to Delay A$ 5 Billion Clean Fuels Project
839:. Australian Government. pp. 6–33. Archived from
517:, ACA Low Emissions Technologies (ACALET) (now called
282:
Post combustion capture projects in the Latrobe Valley
518:
350:
Liquid Fuel Carrier Research and Development Project
23:) is a technology that can capture carbon dioxide CO
2334:
2283:
2242:
2184:
2131:
2098:
971:
969:
790:Rintoul, Stuart; Hepworth, Annabel (14 July 2011).
148:In Australia, the major emissions sites are in the
1867:"$ 10m Latrobe Valley carbon capture plant opens"
1235:in solid polymer electrolyte membrane reactors".
121:Infrastructure required would take years to build
1005:"Address at the National Press Club and Q&A"
386:and store it in the Dupuy formation beneath the
1143:captured in Australia – a first (Media Release)
772:Renewable energy commercialization in Australia
596:
405:
229:
1469:Plan to bury Gorgon's greenhouse gas too risky
1218:"Liquid Fuel Carrier Research and Development"
627:Hazelwood Power Station closed in March 2017.
624:at a nominal rate of 10,000 tonnes per annum.
221:operated by Geoscience Australia (2012-2016).
2060:
252:defines "large-scale" as 400,000 tonnes of CO
51:to increase yield from declining oil fields.
8:
1026:"Carbon storage not a coal lifeline: expert"
114:needed to be sequestered on an ongoing basis
887:. Dr Mark Diesendorf. Accessed 27 May 2008.
2067:
2053:
2045:
1305:"WA and Commonwealth to share Gorgon load"
191:Low Emission Technology Demonstration Fund
1761:Flagship Project: Callide Oxyfuel Project
1696:"Callide Oxyfuel Project – Final Results"
767:Mitigation of global warming in Australia
334:-capture liquids over a two-year period.
72:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1781:"Step closer to a cleaner energy future"
1770:. NewGenCoal. Retrieved 17 December 2008
1050:"Large-scale CCS projects - definitions"
413:further 7.9 to 11.1 million tonnes of CO
197:(2006-2011, renewables, CCS and other),
2123:Petroleum industry in Western Australia
2108:Carbon capture and storage in Australia
1664:"Overview of CCS Roadmaps and Projects"
1274:
1272:
1270:
782:
704:, was intended to capture 1/3 of the CO
487:Overview of the Callide Oxyfuel Project
374:Gorgon Carbon Dioxide Injection Project
338:The CO2CRC/HRL Mulgrave Capture Project
2027:. Global CCS Institute. Archived from
2001:. Global CCS Institute. Archived from
1167:"PICA Post-Combustion Capture Project"
1078:. Global CCS Institute. Archived from
1052:. Global CCS Institute. Archived from
330:. It will use a pilot plant to test CO
199:National Low Emissions Coal Initiative
2431:Carbon capture and storage by country
2352:Photovoltaic engineering in Australia
2219:Greenhouse gas emissions by Australia
1690:
1688:
1193:"CO2CRC/HRL Mulgrave Capture Project"
7:
2342:Energy Policy Institute of Australia
2194:Asia-Pacific Emissions Trading Forum
903:Society for Science & the Public
428:Hydrogen Energy Supply Chain project
207:Carbon Capture and Storage Flagships
2296:Australian Energy Market Commission
2291:Australian Atomic Energy Commission
2260:Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission
885:Refuting Fallacies about Wind power
700:The Fairview Project, near Roma in
479:Callide Oxyfuel Project, Queensland
326:(Japanese technology provider) and
66:or have a time frame for doing so.
2250:Anti-nuclear movement in Australia
2224:Mandatory renewable energy targets
1973:"Bligh denies clean coal 'bungle'"
899:"Carbon sequestration frustration"
762:Mandatory renewable energy targets
14:
2301:Australian Energy Market Operator
2166:Solar thermal energy in Australia
1971:Daniel Hurst (19 December 2010).
668:BP Kwinana (WA) coal to gas plant
43:has no value after being stored,
2394:
2384:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2076:
1347:"The day disaster struck Gorgon"
736:
722:
390:The project will be the largest
244:Commercial projects in operation
2118:Electricity sector in Australia
1791:from the original on 2015-03-29
1742:from the original on 2019-09-22
1712:from the original on 2019-09-22
1643:from the original on 2015-03-15
1488:Slater, Michelle (2018-04-16).
949:"Australian Onshore Regulation"
792:"Treasury backs carbon capture"
510:as major energy sources.
368:Gorgon gas field, Barrow Island
136:because of the extra coal burnt
2255:Australian Uranium Association
2209:Energy Efficient Homes Package
2146:Green electricity in Australia
31:from entering the atmosphere.
1:
2347:Garnaut Climate Change Review
2151:Renewable energy in Australia
1921:Wilson, Nigel (10 May 2008).
1810:Cooper, Hayden (2017-02-16).
1490:"Converting coal to hydrogen"
897:Barry, Patrick (2008-08-13).
594:said of the Callide project:
193:(2004-2017), funding for the
2214:Feed-in tariffs in Australia
2156:Solar hot water in Australia
1513:Latimer, Cole (2018-04-12).
866:Lenore Taylor (2014-11-04).
392:carbon dioxide sequestration
35:is also used to sequester CO
2426:Climate change in Australia
2306:Australian Energy Regulator
2275:Uranium mining in Australia
2204:Climate change in Australia
2199:Carbon pricing in Australia
1444:Milne, Peter (2019-03-05).
2447:
2265:Nuclear power in Australia
2092:Energy policy of Australia
1952:"Zerogen Project Overview"
1396:Mile, Peter (2017-12-19).
1253:10.1016/j.jcou.2019.04.003
976:Browne, Bill; Swann, Tom.
371:
33:Carbon capture and storage
17:Carbon capture and storage
2360:
2229:Solar Cities in Australia
2089:
1519:The Sydney Morning Herald
1285:The Sydney Morning Herald
1279:Kemp, John (2013-09-10).
1101:Cook, Peter, ed. (2014).
984:. The Australia Institute
445:Kawasaki Heavy Industries
403:to be released, because:
384:Greater Gorgon gas fields
60:coal-fired power stations
2161:Solar power in Australia
752:Coal mining in Australia
690:Government of Queensland
2176:Wind power in Australia
2171:Wave power in Australia
1478:. Accessed 27 May 2008.
1169:. CSIRO. Archived from
982:The Australia Institute
610:Hazelwood Power Station
588:chief executive officer
586:In 2017, Martin Moore,
1897:3 January 2009 at the
1893:Retrieved 05 Feb 2009
1564:"Global CCS Institute"
636:Monash coal-to-liquids
601:
488:
410:
263:Demonstration projects
234:
173:Government involvement
2234:The Transition Decade
1597:, Feb-Mar 2016, p 54.
1400:. The West Australian
712:'s list of projects.
702:South West Queensland
684:Zerogen power station
590:of project proponent
531:Mitsui & Co., Ltd
486:
451:The CarbonNet Project
45:Enhanced Oil Recovery
2141:Biofuel in Australia
1703:Global CCS Institute
1107:. CSIRO Publishing.
710:Global CCS Institute
399:million tonnes of CO
378:This project led by
268:CO2CRC Otway Project
250:Global CCS Institute
213:(2015-2016) and the
203:Global CCS Institute
189:(founded 2003), the
2421:Energy in Australia
2083:Energy in Australia
2025:"Projects Database"
2005:on 5 September 2017
1450:The West Australian
1424:The West Australian
1351:The West Australian
1082:on 5 September 2017
1003:Turnbull, Malcolm.
978:"Money for Nothing"
843:on 7 September 2017
505:By capturing the CO
219:Infrastructure Plan
83:Turnbull government
68:Australian Treasury
1766:2008-12-17 at the
1474:2008-07-24 at the
822:2010-02-10 at the
663:Cancelled projects
493:oxyfuel combustion
489:
474:Completed projects
166:Gorgon gas project
56:Gorgon gas project
2408:
2407:
2113:Coal in Australia
1639:. 14 March 2015.
1165:Cottrell, Aaron.
1139:Coal-generated CO
1056:on 21 August 2017
757:Emissions trading
363:Proposed projects
209:(2009-2019), the
92:Abbott government
2438:
2400:Renewable energy
2398:
2388:
2378:
2368:
2367:
2132:Renewable energy
2081:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1999:"Media analysis"
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1929:. Archived from
1918:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1844:. Archived from
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1787:. 2 March 2015.
1777:
1771:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1738:. 2 March 2015.
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
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1692:
1683:
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1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1604:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1575:
1569:. Archived from
1568:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1510:
1504:
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1485:
1479:
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1456:
1441:
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1431:
1416:
1410:
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1407:
1405:
1393:
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1384:
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1368:
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1359:
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1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1276:
1265:
1264:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1195:. Archived from
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1162:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1136:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1072:
1066:
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1063:
1061:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1000:
994:
993:
991:
989:
973:
964:
963:
961:
960:
951:. Archived from
944:
938:
937:
935:
934:
925:. Archived from
919:
913:
912:
910:
909:
894:
888:
882:
876:
875:
863:
857:
856:
850:
848:
833:
827:
810:
804:
803:
801:
799:
794:. The Australian
787:
746:
741:
740:
732:
730:Australia portal
727:
726:
725:
696:Fairview project
631:Delayed projects
567:assessment of CO
205:(founded 2009),
201:(founded 2008),
162:North West Shelf
2446:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2356:
2330:
2279:
2270:Uranium Council
2238:
2186:
2180:
2133:
2127:
2100:
2094:
2085:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2043:
2034:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1979:. Fairfax Media
1970:
1969:
1965:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1936:
1934:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1904:
1899:Wayback Machine
1889:
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1876:
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1865:
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1860:
1851:
1849:
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1831:
1821:
1819:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1768:Wayback Machine
1759:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1736:Mitsui & Co
1730:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1676:
1674:
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1656:
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1631:
1630:
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1592:
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1579:
1577:
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1561:
1557:
1548:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1523:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1498:
1496:
1494:Gippsland Times
1487:
1486:
1482:
1476:Wayback Machine
1467:
1463:
1454:
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1442:
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1429:
1427:
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1413:
1403:
1401:
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1379:
1370:
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1356:
1354:
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1340:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1289:
1287:
1278:
1277:
1268:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1202:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1034:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1007:
1002:
1001:
997:
987:
985:
975:
974:
967:
958:
956:
946:
945:
941:
932:
930:
921:
920:
916:
907:
905:
896:
895:
891:
883:
879:
865:
864:
860:
846:
844:
835:
834:
830:
824:Wayback Machine
811:
807:
797:
795:
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784:
780:
742:
735:
728:
723:
721:
718:
707:
698:
686:
679:
675:
670:
665:
653:Gippsland Basin
644:project in the
638:
633:
623:
606:
574:
570:
563:
556:
547:
535:IHI Corporation
508:
501:
481:
476:
468:Gippsland Basin
453:
430:
423:
416:
402:
376:
370:
365:
357:
352:
340:
333:
324:IHI Corporation
314:
311:injection of CO
306:
302:
298:
284:
276:
270:
265:
255:
246:
238:price on carbon
218:
175:
146:
144:
141:Transport of CO
135:
131:
101:
65:
50:
42:
38:
30:
26:
12:
11:
5:
2444:
2442:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2413:
2412:
2406:
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2403:
2402:
2392:
2382:
2372:
2361:
2358:
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2338:
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2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
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2281:
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2262:
2257:
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2246:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
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2206:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
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2120:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2042:
2041:
2016:
1990:
1977:Brisbane Times
1963:
1943:
1927:The Australian
1923:"Stock Quotes"
1913:
1902:
1883:
1858:
1842:www.alstom.com
1829:
1802:
1772:
1753:
1723:
1705:. 4 May 2018.
1684:
1654:
1624:
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1232:
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1209:
1184:
1157:
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1131:
1120:
1113:
1093:
1076:"G8 objective"
1067:
1041:
1017:
995:
965:
939:
914:
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858:
828:
826:(PDF - 22.8MB)
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685:
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669:
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664:
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646:Latrobe Valley
637:
634:
632:
629:
621:
605:
602:
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572:
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477:
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400:
388:Barrow Island.
372:Main article:
369:
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351:
348:
339:
336:
331:
312:
304:
300:
296:
283:
280:
274:
269:
266:
264:
261:
253:
245:
242:
240:to be viable.
216:
174:
171:
145:
142:
139:
138:
137:
133:
129:
122:
119:
115:
112:greenhouse gas
108:
105:
100:
97:
63:
48:
40:
36:
28:
24:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2443:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
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2401:
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2387:
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2377:
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2307:
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2299:
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2282:
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2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:Nuclear power
2241:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
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2183:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
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2159:
2157:
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2149:
2147:
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2139:
2138:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2031:on 2017-09-05
2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1933:on 2008-05-11
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1848:on 2018-07-03
1847:
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1817:
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1803:
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1609:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1576:on 2017-04-02
1572:
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1282:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:Journal of CO
1227:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1199:on 2009-06-20
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1173:on 2017-09-05
1172:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1150:
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1135:
1132:
1129:
1124:
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1116:
1114:9781486302307
1110:
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1094:
1081:
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1071:
1068:
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1045:
1042:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1006:
999:
996:
983:
979:
972:
970:
966:
955:on 2014-03-19
954:
950:
943:
940:
929:on 2013-01-29
928:
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918:
915:
904:
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893:
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744:Energy portal
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34:
22:
18:
2185:Policies and
2107:
2033:. Retrieved
2029:the original
2019:
2007:. Retrieved
2003:the original
1993:
1981:. Retrieved
1976:
1966:
1955:. Retrieved
1946:
1935:. Retrieved
1931:the original
1926:
1916:
1905:
1886:
1875:. Retrieved
1873:. 2009-07-08
1870:
1861:
1850:. Retrieved
1846:the original
1841:
1832:
1820:. Retrieved
1815:
1805:
1795:22 September
1793:. Retrieved
1784:
1775:
1756:
1746:22 September
1744:. Retrieved
1735:
1726:
1716:22 September
1714:. Retrieved
1702:
1675:. Retrieved
1673:. p. 16
1670:
1657:
1647:22 September
1645:. Retrieved
1636:
1627:
1616:. Retrieved
1614:. 2018-01-18
1611:
1602:
1594:
1589:
1578:. Retrieved
1571:the original
1558:
1547:. Retrieved
1545:. 2018-04-12
1542:
1533:
1522:. Retrieved
1518:
1508:
1497:. Retrieved
1493:
1483:
1464:
1453:. Retrieved
1449:
1439:
1428:. Retrieved
1426:. 2018-05-09
1423:
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1391:
1380:. Retrieved
1378:. 2018-06-21
1375:
1366:
1355:. Retrieved
1353:. 2017-04-10
1350:
1341:
1324:
1313:. Retrieved
1311:. 2009-08-17
1308:
1299:
1288:. Retrieved
1284:
1244:
1236:
1226:
1212:
1201:. Retrieved
1197:the original
1187:
1175:. Retrieved
1171:the original
1160:
1149:
1134:
1123:
1103:
1096:
1084:. Retrieved
1080:the original
1070:
1058:. Retrieved
1054:the original
1044:
1033:. Retrieved
1029:
1020:
1008:. Retrieved
998:
986:. Retrieved
981:
957:. Retrieved
953:the original
942:
931:. Retrieved
927:the original
917:
906:. Retrieved
892:
880:
872:the Guardian
871:
861:
852:
845:. Retrieved
841:the original
831:
812:
808:
796:. Retrieved
785:
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464:carbon price
461:
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147:
90:, where the
76:
53:
20:
16:
15:
2390:Environment
2099:Fossil fuel
2009:5 September
1822:5 September
1677:5 September
1247:: 178–186.
1241:Utilization
1177:5 September
1086:5 September
1060:5 September
1010:5 September
988:5 September
847:5 September
817:www.ipcc.ch
798:5 September
657:Bass Strait
215:National CO
158:Bass Strait
88:2015 budget
79:2017 budget
2415:Categories
2035:2017-09-05
1957:2009-02-20
1937:2008-05-25
1877:2018-07-03
1852:2018-07-03
1818:. ABC News
1785:World Coal
1618:2018-04-19
1580:2017-04-01
1549:2018-04-19
1524:2018-04-19
1499:2018-04-19
1455:2019-03-07
1430:2018-06-21
1382:2018-06-21
1357:2018-06-21
1315:2018-06-21
1290:2018-06-21
1203:2009-06-26
1035:2018-04-19
959:2014-03-19
933:2013-02-20
908:2008-08-19
778:References
642:brown coal
438:Loy Yang A
434:AGL Energy
99:Challenges
1261:155426601
592:CS Energy
515:CS Energy
456:CarbonNet
293:Hazelwood
164:(see the
126:acid rain
2370:Category
2335:Research
2284:Agencies
2134:industry
2101:industry
1983:15 March
1895:Archived
1871:ABC News
1789:Archived
1764:Archived
1740:Archived
1707:Archived
1641:Archived
1637:ABC News
1612:ABC News
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