612:
844:
530:. This means, theoretically, that stress cycle failure cannot be ruled out. While steel and many other structural metals and alloys do have estimable fatigue or endurance limits, the complex failure modes of composites mean that the fatigue failure properties of CFRPs are difficult to predict and design against; however emerging research has shed light on the effects of low velocity impacts on composites. Low velocity impacts can make carbon fibre polymers susceptible to damage. As a result, when using CFRPs for critical cyclic-loading applications, engineers may need to design in considerable strength safety margins to provide suitable component reliability over its service life.
796:, and un-pressurised fuselage are made of CFRP. However, many delays have pushed order delivery dates back because of problems with the manufacture of these parts. Many aircraft that use CFRPs have experienced delays with delivery dates due to the relatively new processes used to make CFRP components, whereas metallic structures have been studied and used on airframes for decades, and the processes are relatively well understood. A recurrent problem is the monitoring of structural ageing, for which new methods are constantly investigated, due to the unusual multi-material and anisotropic nature of CFRPs.
1179:
735:, also commonly known as carbon fiber forging. This is a two (male and female), or multi-piece mold, usually made out of aluminum or steel and more recently 3D printed plastic. The mold components are pressed together with the fabric and resin loaded into the inner cavity that ultimately becomes the desired component. The benefit is the speed of the entire process. Some car manufacturers, such as BMW, claimed to be able to cycle a new part every 80 seconds. However, this technique has a very high initial cost since the molds require CNC machining of very high precision.
534:
CFRPs, particularly at the matrix-fiber interface. While the carbon fibers themselves are not affected by the moisture diffusing into the material, the moisture plasticizes the polymer matrix. This leads to significant changes in properties that are dominantly influenced by the matrix in CFRPs such as compressive, interlaminar shear, and impact properties. The epoxy matrix used for engine fan blades is designed to be impervious against jet fuel, lubrication, and rain water, and external paint on the composites parts is applied to minimize damage from ultraviolet light.
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failure. Although CFRPs with epoxy have high strength and elastic modulus, the brittle fracture mechanics presents unique challenges to engineers in failure detection since failure occurs catastrophically. As such, recent efforts to toughen CFRPs include modifying the existing epoxy material and finding alternative polymer matrix. One such material with high promise is
883:
180:. In this case the composite consists of two parts: a matrix and a reinforcement. In CFRP the reinforcement is carbon fiber, which provides its strength. The matrix is usually a thermosetting plastic, such as polyester resin, to bind the reinforcements together. Because CFRPs consist of two distinct elements, the material properties depend on these two elements.
40:
1047:. In this application typically a single carbon fiber with diameter of 5–7 μm is sealed in a glass capillary. At the tip the capillary is either sealed with epoxy and polished to make carbon-fiber disk microelectrode or the fiber is cut to a length of 75–150 μm to make carbon-fiber cylinder electrode. Carbon-fiber microelectrodes are used either in
896:
pieces strength in a certain direction, making it strong in a load-bearing direction, but weak in directions where little or no load would be placed on the member. Conversely, manufacturers developed omnidirectional carbon fiber weaves that apply strength in all directions. This type of carbon fiber assembly is most widely used in the "safety cell"
970:, more than 10 times mild steel) but not particularly stiff (150 to 250 GPa elastic modulus, a little less than steel, is typical). As a consequence, only small cross-sectional areas of the material are used. Small areas of very high strength but moderate stiffness material will significantly increase strength, but not stiffness.
1011:
barrier that controls the level of strain experienced by the steel cylinder in the host pipe. The composite liner enables the steel cylinder to perform within its elastic range, to ensure the pipeline's long-term performance is maintained. CFRP liner designs are based on strain compatibility between the liner and host pipe.
715:
the bag, then through a tube with holes or something similar to evenly spread the resin throughout the fabric. Wire loom works perfectly for a tube that requires holes inside the bag. Both of these methods of applying resin require hand work to spread the resin evenly for a glossy finish with very small pin-holes.
1329:
in an oxygen-free environment. This can be accomplished in a refinery in a one-step process. Capture and reuse of the carbon and monomers is then possible. CFRPs can also be milled or shredded at low temperature to reclaim the carbon fiber; however, this process shortens the fibers dramatically. Just
544:
Carbon Fiber
Reinforced Plastics are very hard to machine, and cause significant tool wear. The tool wear in CFRP machining is dependent on the fiber orientation and machining condition of the cutting process. To reduce tool wear various types of coated tools are used in machining CFRP and CFRP-metal
533:
Environmental effects such as temperature and humidity can have profound effects on the polymer-based composites, including most CFRPs. While CFRPs demonstrate excellent corrosion resistance, the effect of moisture at wide ranges of temperatures can lead to degradation of the mechanical properties of
195:
materials like steel and aluminum, CFRPs have directional strength properties. The properties of a CFRP depend on the layouts of the carbon fiber and the proportion of the carbon fibers relative to the polymer. The two different equations governing the net elastic modulus of composite materials using
1334:
paper, the shortened fibers cause the recycled material to be weaker than the original material. There are still many industrial applications that do not need the strength of full-length carbon fiber reinforcement. For example, chopped reclaimed carbon fiber can be used in consumer electronics, such
1198:
Musical instruments, including violin bows; guitar picks, necks (carbon fiber rods), and pick-guards; drum shells; bagpipe chanters; piano actions; and entire musical instruments such as carbon fiber cellos, violas, and violins, acoustic guitars and ukuleles; also audio components such as turntables
663:
Many CFRP parts are created with a single layer of carbon fabric that is backed with fiberglass. A tool called a chopper gun is used to quickly create these composite parts. Once a thin shell is created out of carbon fiber, the chopper gun cuts rolls of fiberglass into short lengths and sprays resin
518:
The fracture toughness of carbon fiber reinforced plastics is governed by the mechanisms: 1) debonding between the carbon fiber and polymer matrix, 2) fiber pull-out, and 3) delamination between the CFRP sheets. Typical epoxy-based CFRPs exhibit virtually no plasticity, with less than 0.5% strain to
957:
Retrofitting has become the increasingly dominant use of the material in civil engineering, and applications include increasing the load capacity of old structures (such as bridges, beams, ceilings, columns and walls) that were designed to tolerate far lower service loads than they are experiencing
714:
The first method is manual and called a wet layup, where the two-part resin is mixed and applied before being laid in the mold and placed in the bag. The other one is done by infusion, where the dry fabric and mold are placed inside the bag while the vacuum pulls the resin through a small tube into
643:
into filament yarns, using chemical and mechanical processes to initially align the polymer chains in a way to enhance the final physical properties of the completed carbon fiber. Precursor compositions and mechanical processes used during spinning filament yarns may vary among manufacturers. After
1154:
of the wheel. CFRP spokes are rare and most carbon wheelsets retain traditional stainless steel spokes. CFRPs also appear increasingly in other components such as derailleur parts, brake and shifter levers and bodies, cassette sprocket carriers, suspension linkages, disc brake rotors, pedals, shoe
989:
of the concrete. However, although large increases are achieved in the ultimate collapse load, the concrete will crack at only slightly enhanced load, meaning that this application is only occasionally used. Specialist ultra-high modulus CFRP (with tensile modulus of 420 GPa or more) is one of the
1125:
having the same strength. The type and orientation of the carbon-fiber weave can be designed to maximize stiffness in required directions. Frames can be tuned to address different riding styles: sprint events require stiffer frames while endurance events may require more flexible frames for rider
791:
was one of the first commercial airliners to have a central wing-box made of CFRP; it is the first to have a smoothly contoured wing cross-section instead of the wings being partitioned span-wise into sections. This flowing, continuous cross section optimises aerodynamic efficiency. Moreover, the
719:
least amount of resin waste and can achieve lighter constructions than wet layup. Also, because larger amounts of resin are more difficult to bleed out with wet layup methods, pre-preg parts generally have fewer pinholes. Pinhole elimination with minimal resin amounts generally require the use of
1010:
in the form of hydrogen embrittlement has been blamed for the gradual deterioration of the prestressing wires in many PCCP lines. Over the past decade, CFRPs have been used to internally line PCCP, resulting in a fully structural strengthening system. Inside a PCCP line, the CFRP liner acts as a
895:
CFRPs are extensively used in high-end automobile racing. The high cost of carbon fiber is mitigated by the material's unsurpassed strength-to-weight ratio, and low weight is essential for high-performance automobile racing. Race-car manufacturers have also developed methods to give carbon fiber
718:
A third method of constructing composite materials is known as a dry layup. Here, the carbon fiber material is already impregnated with resin (pre-preg) and is applied to the mold in a similar fashion to adhesive film. The assembly is then placed in a vacuum to cure. The dry layup method has the
659:
with a 2/2 weave. The process by which most CFRPs are made varies, depending on the piece being created, the finish (outside gloss) required, and how many of the piece will be produced. In addition, the choice of matrix can have a profound effect on the properties of the finished composite.
949:
applications. Studied in an academic context as to their potential benefits in construction, CFRPs have also proved themselves cost-effective in a number of field applications strengthening concrete, masonry, steel, cast iron, and timber structures. Their use in industry can be either for
1022:
fiber-reinforced polymers (AFRPs), though CFRPs are, in general, regarded as having superior properties. Much research continues to be done on using CFRPs both for retrofitting and as an alternative to steel as reinforcing or prestressing materials. Cost remains an issue and long-term
664:
at the same time, so that the fiberglass and resin are mixed on the spot. The resin is either external mix, wherein the hardener and resin are sprayed separately, or internal mixed, which requires cleaning after every use. Manufacturing methods may include the following:
1005:
cylinder pipes (PCCP) account for a vast majority of water transmission mains. Due to their large diameters, failures of PCCP are usually catastrophic and affect large populations. Approximately 19,000 miles (31,000 km) of PCCP were installed between 1940 and 2006.
680:
and is heated or air-cured. The resulting part is very corrosion-resistant, stiff, and strong for its weight. Parts used in less critical areas are manufactured by draping cloth over a mold, with epoxy either pre-impregnated into the fibers (also known as
1035:, there remains some hesitation among the engineering community about implementing these alternative materials. In part, this is due to a lack of standardization and the proprietary nature of the fiber and resin combinations on the market.
611:
1242:
As a filament for the 3D fused deposition modeling printing process, carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (polyamide-carbon filament) is used for the production of sturdy but lightweight tools and parts due to its high strength and tear
513:
926:
Use of the material has been more readily adopted by low-volume manufacturers who used it primarily for creating body-panels for some of their high-end cars due to its increased strength and decreased weight compared with the
1174:
The fire resistance of polymers and thermo-set composites is significantly improved if a thin layer of carbon fibers is moulded near the surface because a dense, compact layer of carbon fibers efficiently reflects heat.
981:
of the section, greatly increasing the resistance to collapse under dynamic loading. Such 'seismic retrofit' is the major application in earthquake-prone areas, since it is much more economic than alternative methods.
410:
are the elastic moduli of the matrix and fibers respectively. The other extreme case of the elastic modulus of the composite with the fibers oriented transverse to the applied load can be found using the equation:
1424:
Nguyen, Dinh; Abdullah, Mohammad Sayem Bin; Khawarizmi, Ryan; Kim, Dave; Kwon, Patrick (2020). "The effect of fiber orientation on tool wear in edge-trimming of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) laminates".
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today, seismic retrofitting, and repair of damaged structures. Retrofitting is popular in many instances as the cost of replacing the deficient structure can greatly exceed the cost of strengthening using CFRP.
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Applied to reinforced concrete structures for flexure, the use of CFRPs typically has a large impact on strength (doubling or more the strength of the section is not uncommon), but only moderately increases
2075:
1155:
soles, and saddle rails. Although strong and light, impact, over-torquing, or improper installation of CFRP components has resulted in cracking and failures, which may be difficult or impossible to repair.
2723:
711:
applied before the fabric and resin are applied, and the vacuum is pulled and set aside to allow the piece to cure (harden). There are three ways to apply the resin to the fabric in a vacuum mold.
676:
in the shape of the final product. The alignment and weave of the cloth fibers is chosen to optimize the strength and stiffness properties of the resulting material. The mold is then filled with
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1985:
270:
1202:
Firearms use it to replace certain metal, wood, and fiberglass components but many of the internal parts are still limited to metal alloys as current reinforced plastics are unsuitable.
141:, or nylon, are sometimes used. The properties of the final CFRP product can be affected by the type of additives introduced to the binding matrix (resin). The most common additive is
114:(rigidity) are required, such as aerospace, superstructures of ships, automotive, civil engineering, sports equipment, and an increasing number of consumer and technical applications.
2272:
1321:
CFRPs have a long service lifetime when protected from the sun. When it is time to decommission CFRPs, they cannot be melted down in air like many metals. When free of vinyl (PVC or
2554:
523:, which exhibits an order of magnitude greater toughness with similar elastic modulus and tensile strength. However, PEEK is much more difficult to process and more expensive.
977:
of reinforced concrete by wrapping fabrics or fibers around the section to be strengthened. Wrapping around sections (such as bridge or building columns) can also enhance the
919:
over the past few decades have incorporated CFRPs extensively in their manufacture, using it for their monocoque chassis as well as other components. As far back as 1971, the
691:-cured, because even small air bubbles in the material will reduce strength. An alternative to the autoclave method is to use internal pressure via inflatable air bladders or
2745:
Lomov, Stepan V.; Gorbatikh, Larissa; Kotanjac, Željko; Koissin, Vitaly; Houlle, Matthieu; Rochez, Olivier; Karahan, Mehmet; Mezzo, Luca; Verpoest, Ignaas (February 2011).
652:. From these fibers, a unidirectional sheet is created. These sheets are layered onto each other in a quasi-isotropic layup, e.g. 0°, +60°, or −60° relative to each other.
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If a column is circular (or nearly so) an increase in axial capacity is also achieved by wrapping. In this application, the confinement of the CFRP wrap enhances the
1585:
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1102:
Controversially, in 2006, cricket bats with a thin carbon-fiber layer on the back were introduced and used in competitive matches by high-profile players including
787:, for the aircraft with the highest weight ratio for CFRP, which is 50%. This was one of the first commercial aircraft to have wing spars made from composites. The
408:
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354:
327:
300:
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1949:
Guzman, Enrique; Cugnoni, Joël; Gmür, Thomas (May 2014). "Multi-factorial models of a carbon fibre/epoxy composite subjected to accelerated environmental ageing".
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as a structural material for aircraft. CNRP still uses carbon fiber as the primary reinforcement, but the binding matrix is a carbon nanotube-filled epoxy.
417:
2602:
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1927:
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Pozegic, T. R.; Jayawardena, K. D. G. I.; Chen, J-S.; Anguita, J. V.; Ballocchi, P.; Stolojan, V.; Silva, S. R. P.; Hamerton, I. (1 November 2016).
2914:
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1977:
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Lightweight poles such as: tripod legs, tent poles, fishing rods, billiards cues, walking sticks, and high-reach poles such as for window cleaning.
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sneakers to keep the foot stable, usually running the length of the shoe just above the sole and left exposed in some areas, usually in the arch.
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to strengthen an existing structure or as an alternative reinforcing (or prestressing) material instead of steel from the outset of a project.
63:
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as laptops. It provides excellent reinforcement of the polymers used even if it lacks the strength-to-weight ratio of an aerospace component.
3052:
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648:), producing the final carbon fiber. The carbon fibers filament yarns may be further treated to improve handling qualities, then wound onto
812:
2580:
1847:
Ray, B. C. (1 June 2006). "Temperature effect during humid ageing on interfaces of glass and carbon fibers reinforced epoxy composites".
1541:"Identification of invisible fatigue damage of thermosetting epoxy resin by non-destructive thermal measurement using entropy generation"
1608:
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beams. In typical use, it is bonded to the tensile flange of the section, both increasing the stiffness of the section and lowering the
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1308:
1110:. The carbon fiber was claimed to merely increase the durability of the bats, but it was banned from all first-class matches by the
598:
1769:
Ma, Binlin; Cao, Xiaofei; Feng, Yu; Song, Yujian; Yang, Fei; Li, Ying; Zhang, Deyue; Wang, Yipeng; He, Yuting (15 February 2024).
1732:"Effect of double impact positions on the low velocity impact behaviors and damage interference mechanism for composite laminates"
1693:"Effect of double impact positions on the low velocity impact behaviors and damage interference mechanism for composite laminates"
196:
the properties of the carbon fibers and the polymer matrix can also be applied to carbon fiber reinforced plastics. The equation:
1178:
1150:
remain expensive but their stability compared to aluminium reduces the need to re-true a wheel and the reduced mass reduces the
912:
and was widely copied in the following seasons by other F1 teams due to the extra rigidity provided to the chassis of the cars.
2011:
1015:
1730:
Liao, Binbin; Wang, Panding; Zheng, Jinyang; Cao, Xiaofei; Li, Ying; Ma, Quanjin; Tao, Ran; Fang, Daining (1 September 2020).
1691:
Liao, Binbin; Wang, Panding; Zheng, Jinyang; Cao, Xiaofei; Li, Ying; Ma, Quanjin; Tao, Ran; Fang, Daining (1 September 2020).
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nature of CFRPs, in contrast to the ductility of steel. Though design codes have been drawn up by institutions such as the
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for passenger service. This reduces the weight by up to 50% compared to metal bogies, which contributes to energy savings.
1111:
966:(as little as 10%). This is because the material used in such applications is typically very strong (e.g., 3 GPa ultimate
2812:"The Degradation of Mechanical Properties Caused by Acetone Chemical Treatment on 3D-Printed PLA-Carbon Fibre Composites"
1386:
1205:
High-performance drone bodies and other radio-controlled vehicle and aircraft components such as helicopter rotor blades.
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comfort over longer periods. The variety of shapes it can be built into has further increased stiffness and also allowed
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1194:
CFRPs are being used in an increasing number of high-end products that require stiffness and low weight, these include:
1052:
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2197:
1810:"Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of GFRP-Reinforced Concrete Beams Under Consecutive Low-Velocity Impact Loading"
1032:
44:
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2170:
1892:"The influence of water absorption on unidirectional and 2D woven CFRP composites and their mechanical performance"
1771:"A comparative study on the low velocity impact behavior of UD, woven, and hybrid UD/woven FRP composite laminates"
1466:"Advanced cutting tools and technologies for drilling carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites: A review"
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Despite their high initial strength-to-weight ratios, a design limitation of CFRPs are their lack of a definable
202:
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have made extensive use of CFRPs throughout their design range, including the first private crewed spacecraft
763:
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2818:. Advanced Structured Materials. Vol. 167. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 209–216.
900:
chassis assembly of high-performance race-cars. The first carbon fiber monocoque chassis was introduced in
2636:
1539:
Kudo, Natsuko; Fujita, Ryohei; Oya, Yutaka; Sakai, Takenobu; Nagano, Hosei; Koyanagi, Jun (30 June 2023).
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2858:[Polyamide CF Filament – 3D printing with EVO-tech 3D printers] (in German). Austria: EVO-tech.
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reinforced polymer (CNRP) is several times stronger and tougher than typical CFRPs and is used in the
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Ali Nahran, Shakila; Saharudin, Mohd
Shahneel; Mohd Jani, Jaronie; Wan Muhammad, Wan Mansor (2022).
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CFRPs are more costly materials than commonly used their counterparts in the construction industry,
2788:
732:
704:
640:
2230:
1808:
Aminakbari, Nariman; Kabir, Mohammad Zaman; Rahai, Alireza; Hosseinnia, Amirali (1 January 2024).
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2882:"Zyvex Performance Materials Launch Line of Nano-Enhanced Adhesives that Add Strength, Cut Costs"
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CFRPs are now widely used in sports equipment such as in squash, tennis, and badminton racquets,
804:
687:) or "painted" over it. High-performance parts using single molds are often vacuum-bagged and/or
538:
184:
177:
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is valid for composite materials with the fibers oriented in the direction of the applied load.
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drawing or spinning, the polymer filament yarns are then heated to drive off non-carbon atoms (
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2827:
2747:"Compressibility of carbon woven fabrics with carbon nanotubes/nanofibres grown on the fibres"
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when CRP parts are attached to aluminum or mild steel but not to stainless steel or titanium.
138:
2412:"Reinventing the Wheel Leave it to Citroën to bring the world's first resin wheels to market"
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can be used. A fiberglass, carbon fiber, or aluminum mold is polished and waxed, and has a
386:
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332:
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1602:"Basic Properties of Reference Crossply Carbon-Fiber Composite, ORNL/TM-2000/29, Pub57518"
1352:
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3014:"AROVEX™ Nanotube Enhanced Epoxy Resin Carbon Fiber Prepreg – Material Safety Data Sheet"
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One method of producing CFRP parts is by layering sheets of carbon fiber cloth into a
3083:
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Engineers design composite bracing system for injured Hokie running back Cedric Humes
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1962:
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508:{\displaystyle E_{c}=\left({\frac {V_{m}}{E_{m}}}+{\frac {V_{f}}{E_{f}}}\right)^{-1}}
130:
103:
31:
703:
For simple pieces of which relatively few copies are needed (one or two per day), a
356:
are the volume fractions of the matrix and fiber respectively in the composite, and
1187:
1131:
1127:
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995:
951:
909:
808:
2660:"Improved fire retardancy of thermoset composites modified with carbon nanofibers"
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Almudaihesh, Faisel; Holford, Karen; Pullin, Rhys; Eaton, Mark (1 February 2020).
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versions that both utilize carbon fibre reinforcement strips to maintain rigidity.
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is built of 53% CFRP including wing spars and fuselage components, overtaking the
2823:
1402:
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can be used to make CFRP parts by winding filaments around a mandrel or a core.
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From the elementary fiber, a bidirectional woven sheet can be created, i.e. a
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2887:(Press release). Zyvex Performance Materials. 9 October 2009. Archived from
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1978:"Galvanic Corrosion of Metals Connected to Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers"
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17:
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are becoming more common on medium as well as higher-priced bicycles. CFRP
2287:"Red Bull's How To Make An F1 Car Series Explains Carbon Fiber Use: Video"
2232:
A Novel
Structural Health Monitoring Method for Full-Scale CFRP Structures
1600:
Corum, J. M.; Battiste, R. L.; Liu, K. C; Ruggles, M. B. (February 2000).
1505:
Dransfield, Kimberley; Baillie, Caroline; Mai, Yiu-Wing (1 January 1994).
39:
3047:
2946:"Development of sizing-free multi-functional carbon fibre nanocomposites"
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use carbon fiber blades for running. It is used as a shank plate in some
916:
683:
192:
106:. CFRPs can be expensive to produce, but are commonly used wherever high
1325:) and other halogenated polymers, CFRPs can be thermally decomposed via
882:
1490:
1028:
905:
624:
583: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
118:
1383: – Blades used by South African Paralympic runner Oscar Pistorius
639:. For synthetic polymers such as PAN or rayon, the precursor is first
1507:"Improving the delamination resistance of CFRP by stitching—a review"
1068:
1019:
998:, thus greatly reducing the maximum tensile stress in the cast iron.
649:
2814:. In Ismail, Azman; Dahalan, Wardiah Mohd; Öchsner, Andreas (eds.).
2350:"BMW i3: Cheap, mass-produced carbon fiber cars finally come of age"
1371: – Material fibers about 5–10 μm in diameter composed of carbon
2145:. EADS. December 2006. Archived from the original on 27 March 2009.
1634:. United States of America: Waveland Press, Inc. pp. 247–249.
183:
Reinforcement gives CFRPs their strength and rigidity, measured by
2915:"Lockheed Martin reveals F-35 to feature nanocomposite structures"
2505:
Pike, Carolyn M.; Grabner, Chad P.; Harkins, Amy B. (4 May 2009).
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2198:"Composite Materials in the Airbus A380 – From History to Future"
1464:
Geier, Norbert; Davim, J. Paulo; Szalay, Tibor (1 October 2019).
2632:
2456:"Don't Stress Over Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Failures"
1083:
spars, high-quality arrow shafts, hockey sticks, fishing rods,
775:. Composite materials are used extensively throughout the A350.
1254:
552:
2035:"Tensile Testing on Composite Materials (CFRP) with Adhesive"
1170:"Max-Grip" carbon fiber guitar picks. Sizes 1mm and Jazz III.
2381:"Michelin Made Carbon Fiber Wheels For Citroën Back In 1971"
3019:. Zyvex Performance Materials. 8 April 2009. Archived from
2077:
Technical Design Guide for FRP Composite
Products and Parts
2856:"Polyamid CF Filament – 3D Druck mit EVO-tech 3D Druckern"
1377: – Composite repair patch preparation and application
2042:
International
Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering
30:"Carbon fiber" redirects here. For fibers of carbon, see
1246:
District heating pipe rehabilitation, using CIPP method.
1347:
introduced carbon nanotube-reinforced epoxy and carbon
1043:
Carbon fibers are used for fabrication of carbon-fiber
830:(MAVs) because of their high strength-to-weight ratio.
3048:
2551:"ICC and Kookaburra Agree to Withdrawal of Carbon Bat"
1027:
questions still remain. Some are concerned about the
420:
389:
362:
335:
308:
281:
205:
2950:
Composites Part A: Applied
Science and Manufacturing
1736:
Composites Part A: Applied
Science and Manufacturing
1697:
Composites Part A: Applied
Science and Manufacturing
1470:
Composites Part A: Applied
Science and Manufacturing
2320:
2033:Syed Mobin, Syed Mobin; Azgerpasha, Shaik (2019).
923:offered optional lightweight carbon fiber wheels.
507:
402:
375:
348:
321:
294:
264:
2442:"Strengthening of bridges using CFRP composites."
2716:"Carbon fibre reinforced plastic bogies on test"
818:Specialist aircraft designers and manufacturers
803:carbon-fiber fan assembly was in service on the
1225:Laptop shells and other high performance cases.
1215:are used in restoring root canal treated teeth.
1134:including suspension fork crowns and steerers,
931:they used for the majority of their products.
888:McLaren MP4 (MP4/1), first carbon fiber F1 car
755:Applications for CFRPs include the following:
3076:article on carbon fiber in the aviation field
2229:Guzman, Enrique; Gmür, Thomas (dir.) (2014).
1381:Mechanics of Oscar Pistorius's running blades
792:trailing edge, along with the rear bulkhead,
8:
1582:"Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites"
1121:weighs less than one of steel, aluminum, or
3066:article on the announcement of carbon fiber
1419:
1417:
1289:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
723:pressures to purge the residual gases out.
695:inside the non-cured laid-up carbon fiber.
265:{\displaystyle E_{c}=V_{m}E_{m}+V_{f}E_{f}}
1814:International Journal of Civil Engineering
27:Light, strong and rigid composite material
2971:1983/9e3d463c-20a8-4826-89f6-759e950f43e6
2969:
2691:
2526:
2083:, vol. 1, p. 25, archived from
1556:
1489:
1389: – Graphite-based composite material
1339:Carbon nanotube reinforced polymer (CNRP)
1309:Learn how and when to remove this message
1071:canoe (Placid Boatworks Rapidfire at the
1055:for detection of biochemical signalling.
599:Learn how and when to remove this message
496:
483:
473:
467:
456:
446:
440:
425:
419:
394:
388:
367:
361:
340:
334:
313:
307:
286:
280:
256:
246:
233:
223:
210:
204:
152:Carbon fiber is sometimes referred to as
145:, but other additives such as rubber and
2507:"Fabrication of Amperometric Electrodes"
1849:Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
1231:Archery: carbon fiber arrows and bolts,
945:CFRPs have become a notable material in
2140:"Taking the lead: A350XWB presentation"
1413:
990:few practical methods of strengthening
908:in the 1981 season. It was designed by
2557:from the original on 28 September 2018
2297:from the original on 29 September 2013
2171:"AERO – Boeing 787 from the Ground Up"
2148:
2074:Glass Companies, Molded Fiber (2018),
1670:. United States of America: Springer.
1614:from the original on 27 December 2016.
1534:
1532:
743:For difficult or convoluted shapes, a
2639:from the original on 30 November 2016
2583:from the original on 30 November 2016
2422:from the original on 6 September 2015
2177:from the original on 21 February 2015
72:carbon-fiber reinforced-thermoplastic
7:
3070:Carbon Fibres – the First Five Years
2275:from the original on 14 August 2014.
2210:from the original on 6 February 2015
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1287:adding citations to reliable sources
623:; this is produced from a precursor
581:adding citations to reliable sources
2994:from the original on 1 October 2021
2553:. NetComposites. 19 February 2006.
2120:from the original on 21 August 2022
2055:from the original on 21 August 2022
1930:from the original on 1 October 2021
164:is less common, as it clashes with
2862:from the original on 30 April 2019
2726:from the original on 8 August 2016
2494:from the original on 2 April 2015.
2480:10.1002/j.1551-8701.2008.tb02004.x
2253:from the original on 25 June 2016.
2108:Unknown, Chris (22 January 2020).
2014:from the original on 19 March 2015
973:CFRPs can also be used to enhance
619:The primary element of CFRPs is a
25:
2962:10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.07.012
2766:10.1016/j.compscitech.2010.11.024
2754:Composites Science and Technology
2609:. 16 January 2012. Archived from
2511:Journal of Visualized Experiments
2360:from the original on 31 July 2015
2110:"Composite Manufacturing Methods"
1988:from the original on 24 June 2021
1908:10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107626
1787:10.1016/j.compositesb.2023.111133
1748:10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.105964
1709:10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.105964
1607:. Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
1588:from the original on 14 May 2012.
1511:Composites Science and Technology
1482:10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.105552
1429:. 450–451. Elsevier B.V: 203213.
1357:Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II
1087:, high end swim fins, and rowing
158:graphite fiber-reinforced polymer
98:, are extremely strong and light
2925:from the original on 30 May 2011
2913:Trimble, Stephen (26 May 2011).
2391:from the original on 18 May 2015
1963:10.1016/j.compstruct.2013.12.028
1632:Mechanical Behavior of Materials
1259:
881:
863:
842:
557:
302:is the total composite modulus,
166:glass-(fiber)-reinforced polymer
68:carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics
60:carbon-fibre-reinforced polymers
52:Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers
2410:L:aChance, David (April 2007).
2379:Petrány, Máté (17 March 2014).
1016:glass fiber-reinforced polymers
874:– first carbon fiber body shell
615:Carbon fiber reinforced polymer
568:needs additional citations for
2816:Design in Maritime Engineering
2323:McLaren: Formula 1 Racing Team
1896:Composites Part B: Engineering
1775:Composites Part B: Engineering
1239:(for vertical bows), and rail.
941:Structural applications of FRP
1:
2684:10.1088/1468-6996/10/1/015005
2348:Howard, Bill (30 July 2013).
1976:Yari, Mehdi (24 March 2021).
1558:10.1080/09243046.2023.2230687
2824:10.1007/978-3-030-89988-2_16
2454:Rahman, S. (November 2008).
1545:Advanced Composite Materials
1523:10.1016/0266-3538(94)90019-1
1053:fast-scan cyclic voltammetry
1039:Carbon-fiber microelectrodes
2779:Hans, Kreis (2 July 2014).
2238:(Thesis). EPFL PhD thesis.
1091:. Amputee athletes such as
1033:American Concrete Institute
826:. CFRPs are widely used in
154:graphite-reinforced polymer
45:radio-controlled helicopter
3126:
2658:Zhao, Z.; Gou, J. (2009).
1869:10.1016/j.jcis.2005.12.023
1826:10.1007/s40999-023-00883-9
1435:10.1016/j.wear.2020.203213
938:
29:
3105:Fibre-reinforced polymers
2155:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1630:Courtney, Thomas (2000).
771:with carbon fiber themed
129:, but other thermoset or
100:fiber-reinforced plastics
2664:Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater
2603:"The Perils of Progress"
2244:10.5075/epfl-thesis-6422
1666:Chawla, Krishan (2013).
1387:Reinforced carbon–carbon
1327:thermal depolymerization
1073:Adirondack Canoe Classic
929:glass-reinforced polymer
856:with carbon fiber wheels
731:A quicker method uses a
537:Carbon fibers can cause
108:strength-to-weight ratio
1182:Strandberg Boden Plini
2781:"Carbon woven fabrics"
1251:Disposal and recycling
1191:
1171:
1076:
1001:In the United States,
947:structural engineering
834:Automotive engineering
776:
616:
509:
404:
377:
350:
323:
296:
266:
48:
2293:. 25 September 2013.
2271:. 26 September 1968.
2196:Pora, Jérôme (2001).
1580:Kopeliovich, Dmitri.
1228:Carbon woven fabrics.
1181:
1166:
1066:
939:Further information:
785:Boeing 787 Dreamliner
766:
759:Aerospace engineering
614:
510:
405:
403:{\displaystyle E_{f}}
378:
376:{\displaystyle E_{m}}
351:
349:{\displaystyle V_{f}}
324:
322:{\displaystyle V_{m}}
297:
295:{\displaystyle E_{c}}
267:
191:respectively. Unlike
42:
3095:Allotropes of carbon
2919:Flight International
2269:Flight International
1951:Composite Structures
1283:improve this section
1235:(for crossbows) and
1130:tube sections. CFRP
1003:prestressed concrete
987:compressive strength
577:improve this article
418:
387:
360:
333:
306:
279:
203:
64:Commonwealth English
3100:Composite materials
3090:Aerospace materials
2785:compositesplaza.com
2676:2009STAdM..10a5005Z
2577:"Carbon Technology"
2472:2008Opflo..34k..10R
2114:Explore Composites!
1861:2006JCIS..298..111R
1668:Composite Materials
1393:Forged carbon fiber
1067:A carbon-fiber and
805:Rolls-Royce Conways
727:Compression molding
178:composite materials
3026:on 16 October 2012
2894:on 16 October 2012
2613:on 23 January 2013
2607:Bicycling Magazine
2063:– via IJESE.
1982:corrosionpedia.com
1345:Zyvex Technologies
1323:polyvinyl chloride
1213:carbon fiber posts
1192:
1172:
1159:Other applications
1077:
828:micro air vehicles
777:
617:
539:galvanic corrosion
505:
400:
373:
346:
319:
292:
262:
133:polymers, such as
49:
2833:978-3-030-89988-2
2722:. 7 August 2016.
2090:on 21 August 2022
1677:978-0-387-74364-6
1319:
1318:
1311:
1199:and loudspeakers.
1152:moment of inertia
935:Civil engineering
820:Scaled Composites
629:polyacrylonitrile
609:
608:
601:
489:
462:
86:), also known as
16:(Redirected from
3117:
3110:Synthetic fibers
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2798:
2796:
2787:. Archived from
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2173:. Boeing. 2006.
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2065:
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2039:
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2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2008:"How is it Made"
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1454:
1421:
1375:Composite repair
1314:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1263:
1255:
968:tensile strength
885:
867:
854:Rally of Morocco
846:
739:Filament winding
733:compression mold
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584:
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147:carbon nanotubes
92:carbon composite
56:American English
21:
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2729:
2727:
2720:Railway Gazette
2714:
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2709:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2633:"Busted Carbon"
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2548:
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2504:
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2499:
2460:Opflow Magazine
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2017:
2015:
2006:
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2001:
1991:
1989:
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1503:
1499:
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1458:
1423:
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1415:
1411:
1365:
1353:Carbon nanotube
1341:
1315:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1280:
1264:
1253:
1161:
1061:
1045:microelectrodes
1041:
943:
937:
893:
892:
891:
890:
889:
886:
877:
876:
875:
868:
859:
858:
857:
847:
836:
781:Airbus A350 XWB
761:
753:
745:filament winder
741:
729:
701:
670:
635:, or petroleum
621:carbon filament
605:
594:
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189:elastic modulus
174:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3121:
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3112:
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3102:
3097:
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3081:
3078:
3077:
3067:
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3050:
3043:
3042:External links
3040:
3038:
3037:
3005:
2936:
2905:
2873:
2847:
2832:
2802:
2791:on 2 July 2018
2771:
2760:(3): 315–325.
2737:
2707:
2650:
2624:
2594:
2579:. Look Cycle.
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2542:
2497:
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2291:motorauthority
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2256:
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2100:
2066:
2025:
1999:
1968:
1941:
1882:
1855:(1): 111–117.
1839:
1820:(1): 145–156.
1800:
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1617:
1592:
1590:. substech.com
1572:
1528:
1517:(3): 305–317.
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1412:
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1398:Carbon-ceramic
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1157:
1108:Michael Hussey
1093:Jonnie Peacock
1060:
1057:
1040:
1037:
975:shear strength
936:
933:
887:
880:
879:
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869:
862:
861:
860:
852:that won 1971
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125:resin such as
47:, made of CFRP
26:
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3058:The New Steel
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1983:
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1369:Carbon fibers
1367:
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1268:This section
1266:
1262:
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1256:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:Railed train
1217:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1185:
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1165:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1119:bicycle frame
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:Ricky Ponting
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1074:
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1050:
1046:
1038:
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1030:
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1004:
999:
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988:
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924:
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911:
907:
903:
899:
884:
873:
866:
855:
851:
845:
833:
831:
829:
825:
824:Spaceship One
821:
816:
814:
810:
809:Vickers VC10s
806:
802:
797:
795:
790:
786:
782:
774:
770:
765:
758:
756:
750:
748:
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738:
736:
734:
726:
724:
722:
716:
712:
710:
709:release agent
706:
698:
696:
694:
690:
686:
685:
679:
675:
667:
665:
661:
658:
653:
651:
647:
646:carbonization
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
613:
603:
600:
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582:
578:
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571:
566:This section
564:
560:
555:
554:
548:
546:
542:
540:
535:
531:
529:
528:fatigue limit
524:
522:
500:
497:
492:
484:
480:
474:
470:
464:
457:
453:
447:
443:
436:
431:
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422:
414:
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412:
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391:
368:
364:
341:
337:
314:
310:
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247:
243:
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234:
230:
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220:
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198:
197:
194:
190:
186:
181:
179:
171:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
149:can be used.
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
131:thermoplastic
128:
124:
120:
115:
113:
109:
105:
104:carbon fibers
102:that contain
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
46:
41:
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33:
32:Carbon fibers
19:
3073:
3061:
3028:. Retrieved
3021:the original
3008:
2996:. Retrieved
2953:
2949:
2939:
2927:. Retrieved
2918:
2908:
2896:. Retrieved
2889:the original
2876:
2864:. Retrieved
2850:
2815:
2805:
2793:. Retrieved
2789:the original
2784:
2774:
2757:
2753:
2740:
2728:. Retrieved
2719:
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2653:
2641:. Retrieved
2627:
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2611:the original
2606:
2597:
2585:. Retrieved
2571:
2559:. Retrieved
2545:
2519:10.3791/1040
2510:
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2354:Extreme Tech
2353:
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2191:
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2113:
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2085:the original
2076:
2069:
2057:. Retrieved
2045:
2041:
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2016:. Retrieved
2002:
1990:. Retrieved
1981:
1971:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1932:. Retrieved
1899:
1895:
1885:
1852:
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1842:
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1320:
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1296:
1281:Please help
1269:
1193:
1173:
1116:
1101:
1078:
1059:Sports goods
1042:
1018:(GFRPs) and
1013:
1000:
996:neutral axis
984:
972:
960:
956:
952:retrofitting
944:
925:
914:
910:John Barnard
894:
817:
811:operated by
800:
798:
778:
754:
751:Applications
742:
730:
717:
713:
702:
682:
671:
662:
654:
618:
595:
586:
575:Please help
570:verification
567:
543:
536:
532:
525:
517:
274:
182:
175:
161:
157:
153:
151:
117:The binding
116:
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91:
88:carbon fiber
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
59:
51:
50:
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18:Carbon fibre
2956:: 306–319.
2643:30 November
2617:16 February
2587:30 November
2440:Ismail, N.
2317:Henry, Alan
1957:: 179–192.
1551:(2): 1–17.
1491:10773/36722
1403:Carbotanium
1211:Dentistry,
1128:aerodynamic
1049:amperometry
902:Formula One
789:Airbus A380
769:Airbus A350
549:Manufacture
139:vinyl ester
121:is often a
3084:Categories
2444:najif.net.
2426:14 October
2327:. Haynes.
2301:11 October
2214:7 February
2203:. Airbus.
2181:7 February
2010:. Zoltek.
1902:: 107626.
1781:: 111133.
1742:: 105964.
1703:: 105964.
1476:: 105552.
1409:References
1332:downcycled
1144:crank arms
1136:handlebars
1097:basketball
1085:surfboards
1081:sport kite
1025:durability
921:Citroën SM
872:McLaren F1
850:Citroën SM
799:In 1968 a
705:vacuum bag
589:March 2020
172:Properties
94:, or just
43:Tail of a
2998:1 October
2988:137846813
2980:1359-835X
2842:246894534
2795:2 January
2561:1 October
2488:134189821
2265:"Engines"
2124:21 August
2094:21 August
2059:21 August
2048:(12): 6.
1934:1 October
1924:212969984
1916:1359-8368
1834:2383-3874
1795:1359-8368
1756:1359-835X
1717:1359-835X
1567:0924-3046
1451:214420968
1443:0043-1648
1349:pre-pregs
1343:In 2009,
1299:June 2012
1270:does not
1184:neck-thru
1140:seatposts
1114:in 2007.
1008:Corrosion
992:cast iron
979:ductility
964:stiffness
917:supercars
898:monocoque
794:empennage
721:autoclave
689:autoclave
498:−
193:isotropic
176:CFRP are
135:polyester
123:thermoset
112:stiffness
3030:26 March
2992:Archived
2929:26 March
2923:Archived
2898:26 March
2860:Archived
2730:9 August
2724:Archived
2702:27877268
2637:Archived
2581:Archived
2555:Archived
2537:19415069
2492:Archived
2420:Archived
2416:Hemmings
2389:Archived
2385:Jalopnik
2358:Archived
2319:(1999).
2295:Archived
2273:Archived
2248:Archived
2205:Archived
2175:Archived
2151:cite web
2118:Archived
2050:Archived
2018:26 March
2012:Archived
1986:Archived
1928:Archived
1877:16386268
1609:Archived
1586:Archived
1363:See also
1330:as with
1123:titanium
693:EPS foam
684:pre-preg
627:such as
3072:A 1971
3060:a 1968
2693:5109595
2672:Bibcode
2528:2762914
2468:Bibcode
2395:31 July
2364:31 July
1992:21 June
1857:Bibcode
1291:removed
1276:sources
1243:length.
1188:bolt on
1117:A CFRP
1029:brittle
906:McLaren
807:of the
668:Molding
650:bobbins
631:(PAN),
625:polymer
545:stack.
119:polymer
3074:Flight
3063:Flight
2986:
2978:
2866:4 June
2840:
2830:
2700:
2690:
2535:
2525:
2513:(27).
2486:
2331:
1922:
1914:
1875:
1832:
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1754:
1715:
1674:
1638:
1565:
1449:
1441:
1220:bogies
1186:&
1168:Dunlop
1142:, and
1089:shells
1069:Kevlar
1020:aramid
773:livery
185:stress
143:silica
96:carbon
3024:(PDF)
3017:(PDF)
2984:S2CID
2892:(PDF)
2885:(PDF)
2838:S2CID
2750:(PDF)
2484:S2CID
2251:(PDF)
2236:(PDF)
2208:(PDF)
2201:(PDF)
2143:(PDF)
2088:(PDF)
2081:(PDF)
2053:(PDF)
2038:(PDF)
1920:S2CID
1612:(PDF)
1605:(PDF)
1447:S2CID
1237:riser
1233:stock
1132:forks
915:Many
870:1996
801:Hyfil
678:epoxy
657:twill
637:pitch
633:rayon
127:epoxy
84:CFRTP
3032:2015
3000:2021
2976:ISSN
2931:2015
2900:2015
2868:2019
2828:ISBN
2797:2018
2732:2016
2698:PMID
2645:2016
2619:2013
2589:2016
2563:2018
2533:PMID
2428:2015
2397:2015
2366:2015
2329:ISBN
2303:2013
2216:2015
2183:2015
2157:link
2126:2022
2096:2022
2061:2022
2020:2015
1994:2021
1936:2021
1912:ISSN
1873:PMID
1830:ISSN
1791:ISSN
1752:ISSN
1713:ISSN
1672:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1563:ISSN
1439:ISSN
1427:Wear
1274:any
1272:cite
1148:rims
1106:and
813:BOAC
779:The
674:mold
641:spun
521:PEEK
383:and
329:and
187:and
162:GFRP
110:and
76:CFRP
66:),
2966:hdl
2958:doi
2820:doi
2762:doi
2688:PMC
2680:doi
2523:PMC
2515:doi
2476:doi
2240:doi
1959:doi
1955:111
1904:doi
1900:182
1865:doi
1853:298
1822:doi
1783:doi
1779:271
1744:doi
1740:136
1705:doi
1701:136
1553:doi
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1486:hdl
1478:doi
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1431:doi
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