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559:. Furthermore, the probability that legacy carbon will be released from soil is higher in younger boreal forest. Global greenhouse gas emissions caused by damage to tropical rainforests may have been substantially underestimated until around 2019. Additionally, the effects of afforestation and reforestation will be farther in the future than keeping existing forests intact. It takes much longer − several decades − for the benefits for global warming to manifest to the same carbon sequestration benefits from mature trees in tropical forests and hence from limiting deforestation. Therefore, scientists consider "the protection and recovery of carbon-rich and long-lived ecosystems, especially natural forests" to be "the major climate
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436:, stored mainly in their extensive fibrous root mats. Due in part to the climatic conditions of these regions (e.g., cooler temperatures and semi-arid to arid conditions), these soils can accumulate significant quantities of organic matter. This can vary based on rainfall, the length of the winter season, and the frequency of naturally occurring lightning-induced
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into carbon sinks, as they store the carbon dioxide taken up from the air by trees that are harvested and used as mass timber. This could result in storing between 10 million tons of carbon per year in the lowest scenario and close to 700 million tons in the highest scenario. For this to happen, the
771:
Land-based mitigation options are referred to as "AFOLU mitigation options" in the 2022 IPCC report on mitigation. The abbreviation stands for "agriculture, forestry and other land use" The report described the economic mitigation potential from relevant activities around forests and ecosystems as
585:. For this carbon sequestration process to succeed the carbon must not return to the atmosphere from biomass burning or rotting when the trees die. To this end, land allotted to the trees must not be converted to other uses. Alternatively, the wood from them must itself be sequestered, e.g., via
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Global
Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to
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Global
Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to
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agriculture are practiced, are generally only fertile for two to three years before they are abandoned. These tropical jungles are similar to coral reefs in that they are highly efficient at conserving and circulating necessary nutrients, which explains their lushness in a nutrient desert.
245:, but they refer to slightly different things. A carbon pool can be thought of as the overarching term, and carbon sink is then a particular type of carbon pool: A carbon pool is all the places where carbon can be stored (for example the atmosphere, oceans, soil, plants, and fossil fuels).
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IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate
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carbon dioxide from the air, forests function as terrestrial carbon sinks, meaning they store large amounts of carbon in the form of biomass, encompassing roots, stems, branches, and leaves. Throughout their lifespan, trees continue to sequester carbon, storing atmospheric
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practices. Since the 1850s, a large proportion of the world's grasslands have been tilled and converted to croplands, allowing the rapid oxidation of large quantities of soil organic carbon. Methods that significantly enhance carbon sequestration in soil are called
2707:
Bui, Mai; Adjiman, Claire S.; Bardow, André; Anthony, Edward J.; Boston, Andy; Brown, Solomon; Fennell, Paul S.; Fuss, Sabine; Galindo, Amparo; Hackett, Leigh A.; Hallett, Jason P.; Herzog, Howard J.; Jackson, George; Kemper, Jasmin; Krevor, Samuel (2018).
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over the 21st century. There are concerns about over-reliance on these technologies, and their environmental impacts. But ecosystem restoration and reduced conversion are among the mitigation tools that can yield the most emissions reductions before 2030.
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shows the movement of carbon between land, atmosphere, soil and oceans in billions of tons of carbon per year. Yellow numbers are natural fluxes, red are human contributions in billions of tons of carbon per year. White numbers indicate stored
776:, savannas and grasslands)". A high mitigation potential is found for reducing deforestation in tropical regions. The economic potential of these activities has been estimated to be 4.2 to 7.4 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (GtCO
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Canadell, J. G., P. M. S. Monteiro, M. H. Costa, L. Cotrim da Cunha, P. M. Cox, A. V. Eliseev, S. Henson, M. Ishii, S. Jaccard, C. Koven, A. Lohila, P. K. Patra, S. Piao, J. Rogelj, S. Syampungani, S. Zaehle, and K. Zickfeld, 2021:
440:. While these fires release carbon dioxide, they improve the quality of the grasslands overall, in turn increasing the amount of carbon retained in the humic material. They also deposit carbon directly into the soil in the form of
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Hoegh-Guldberg, O., D. Jacob, M. Taylor, M. Bindi, S. Brown, I. Camilloni, A. Diedhiou, R. Djalante, K.L. Ebi, F. Engelbrecht, J.Guiot, Y. Hijioka, S. Mehrotra, A. Payne, S.I. Seneviratne, A. Thomas, R. Warren, and G. Zhou, 2018:
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The cumulative contributions to the global carbon budget from 1850. The carbon imbalance represents the gap in our current understanding of sources & sinks. ... Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon
Project
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Researchers have found that, in terms of environmental services, it is better to avoid deforestation than to allow for deforestation to subsequently reforest, as the former leads to irreversible effects in terms of
1965:
Walker, Xanthe J.; Baltzer, Jennifer L.; Cumming, Steven G.; Day, Nicola J.; Ebert, Christopher; Goetz, Scott; Johnstone, Jill F.; Potter, Stefano; Rogers, Brendan M.; Schuur, Edward A. G.; Turetsky, Merritt R.;
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as "Any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere". Globally, the two most important carbon sinks are vegetation and the
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An important mitigation measure is "preserving and enhancing carbon sinks". This refers to the management of Earth's natural carbon sinks in a way that preserves or increases their capability to remove
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An important consideration in such efforts is that forests can turn from sinks to carbon sources. In 2019 forests took up a third less carbon than they did in the 1990s, due to higher temperatures,
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Boyd, Philip W.; Bach, Lennart T.; Hurd, Catriona L.; Paine, Ellie; Raven, John A.; Tamsitt, Veronica (2022). "Potential negative effects of ocean afforestation on offshore ecosystems".
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Lefebvre, David; Williams, Adrian G.; Kirk, Guy J. D.; Paul; Burgess, J.; Meersmans, Jeroen; Silman, Miles R.; Román-Dañobeytia, Francisco; Farfan, Jhon; Smith, Pete (7 October 2021).
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Cobo S, Negri V, Valente A, Reiner D, Hamelin L, Dowell N, Guillén-Gosálbez G (2023). "Sustainable scale-up of negative emissions technologies and practices: where to focus".
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Churkina, Galina; Organschi, Alan; Reyer, Christopher P. O.; Ruff, Andrew; Vinke, Kira; Liu, Zhu; Reck, Barbara K.; Graedel, T. E.; Schellnhuber, Hans
Joachim (2020).
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Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of
Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of
Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Hurd, Catriona L.; Law, Cliff S.; Bach, Lennart T.; Britton, Damon; Hovenden, Mark; Paine, Ellie R.; Raven, John A.; Tamsitt, Veronica; Boyd, Philip W. (2022).
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Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1074:
Binkley, Clark S.; Brand, David; Harkin, Zoe; Bull, Gary; Ravindranath, N. H.; Obersteiner, Michael; Nilsson, Sten; Yamagata, Yoshiki; Krott, Max (1 May 2002).
1007:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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that refers to "biologically driven carbon fluxes and storage in marine systems that are amenable to management". Most commonly, it refers to the role that
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is defined as "Any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere".
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greenhouse gases, sinks need not store the gas. Instead they can break it down into substances that have a reduced effect on global warming. For example,
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To enhance carbon sequestration processes in oceans the following technologies have been proposed but none have achieved large scale application so far:
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1847:"Tropical forests have flipped from sponges to sources of carbon dioxide; A closer look at the world's trees reveals a loss of density in the tropics"
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reservoirs and so forth. A carbon sink is a type of carbon pool that has the capability to take up more carbon from the atmosphere than it releases.
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and their role in substituting steel and concrete in new mid-rise construction projects over the next few decades has the potential to turn
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represent a short to long-term carbon storage medium and contain more carbon than all terrestrial vegetation and the atmosphere combined.
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The amount of carbon dioxide varies naturally in a dynamic equilibrium with photosynthesis of land plants. The natural carbon sinks are:
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2275:"Carbon in the Coastal Seascape: How Interactions Between Mangrove Forests, Seagrass Meadows and Tidal Marshes Influence Carbon Storage"
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as "a reservoir in the Earth system where elements, such as carbon , reside in various chemical forms for a period of time."
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is an important carbon storage medium. Much of the organic carbon retained in the soil of agricultural areas has been depleted due to
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2144:"Can Aerial Reforestation Help Slow Climate Change? Discovery Project Earth Examines Re-Engineering the Planet's Possibilities"
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purposes, the enhancement of natural carbon sinks, mainly soils and forests, is important. In the past, human practices like
2625:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022.
1009:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022.
650:. However, when blue carbon ecosystems are degraded or lost, they release carbon back to the atmosphere, thereby adding to
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of ecosystems. However, the long-term effectiveness of blue carbon as a carbon dioxide removal solution is under debate.
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Sedjo, R., & Sohngen, B. (2012). Carbon sequestration in forests and soils. Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ., 4(1), 127-144.
1512:"Strengthening the soil organic carbon pool by increasing contributions from recalcitrant aliphatic bio(macro)molecules"
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This article is about storage reservoirs for carbon. For the processes involved for storing carbon for a long time, see
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2804:"Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage: An Overview With Emphasis on Capture and Storage in Deep Geological Formations"
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Ricart, Aurora M.; Krause-Jensen, Dorte; Hancke, Kasper; Price, Nichole N.; Masqué, Pere; Duarte, Carlos M. (2022).
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Woolf, Dominic; Amonette, James E.; Street-Perrott, F. Alayne; Lehmann, Johannes; Joseph, Stephen (10 August 2010).
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follows: "the conservation, improved management, and restoration of forests and other ecosystems (coastal wetlands,
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1473:"Harmonized soil property values for broad-scale modelling (WISE30sec) with estimates of global soil carbon stocks"
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45:) (grey bars on the left) add them. Since the 1850s, there are more carbon sources than sinks and therefore the
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and includes carbon contained in "continental shelf waters, deep-sea waters and the sea floor beneath them".
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and wood from demolished timber buildings would need to be reused or preserved on land in various forms.
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Artificial carbon sinks are those that store carbon in building materials or deep underground (geologic
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by terrestrial plants with grass and trees allows them to serve as carbon sinks during growing seasons.
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Baccini, A.; Walker, W.; Carvalho, L.; Farina, M.; Sulla-Menashe, D.; Houghton, R. A. (October 2017).
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2092:"Would a Large-scale Reforestation Effort Help Counter the Global Warming Impacts of Deforestation?"
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2403:"Sinking seaweed in the deep ocean for carbon neutrality is ahead of science and beyond the ethics"
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Carbon sinks (green bars on the right) remove carbon from the atmosphere, whereas carbon sources (
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to sequester carbon, changes are necessary in agriculture and forestry. Examples are preventing
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2352:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256,
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764:. Scenarios that limit global warming to 1.5 °C typically project the large-scale use of
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1727:"Tropical forests are a net carbon source based on aboveground measurements of gain and loss"
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2380:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 673–816,
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1782:"Harmonized global maps of above and belowground biomass carbon density in the year 2010"
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Klaus Lorenza; Rattan Lala; Caroline M. Prestonb; Klaas G.J. Nieropc (15 November 2007).
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CHAPUIS-LARDY L, WRAGE N, CHOTTE J, BERNOUX M (2007). "Soils, a sink for N2O? A review".
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2608:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States
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2462:"Forensic carbon accounting: Assessing the role of seaweeds for carbon sequestration"
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conditions due to high temperatures and extensive leaching by rainfall. Areas, where
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Organic matter tends to accumulate in litter and soils of colder regions such as the
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154:. These make up a majority of ocean plant life and store large quantities of carbon.
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1971:
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Spawn, Seth A.; Sullivan, Clare C.; Lark, Tyler J.; Gibbs, Holly K. (6 April 2020).
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2041:"Climate emissions from tropical forest damage 'underestimated by a factor of six'"
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646:. These ecosystems can play an important role for climate change mitigation and
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retained in many agricultural areas worldwide has been severely depleted due to
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2693:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US, pp. 175-312.
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from the atmosphere and to store it durably. Scientists call this process also
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Ways one blue carbon habitat can influence the carbon concentration and future
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Both carbon pools and carbon sinks are important concepts in understanding the
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2770:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US, pp. 3-24.
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1972:"Increasing wildfires threaten historic carbon sink of boreal forest soils"
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2667:"How Effective Is Land At Removing Carbon Pollution? The IPCC Weighs In"
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Chapter 3: Impacts of 1.5°C Global Warming on Natural and Human Systems
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1076:"Carbon sink by the forest sector—options and needs for implementation"
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547:. The typical tropical forest may become a carbon source by the 2060s.
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Chapter 5: Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks
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are therefore important contributions to climate change mitigation.
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1908:"Tropical forests losing their ability to absorb carbon, study finds"
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1636:"Organic Farming Can Cool the World that Chemical Farming Overheated"
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is also in use and refers to storing carbon in the deep ocean waters.
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1381:
Swift, Roger S. (November 2001). "Sequestration of Carbon by soil".
2175:"Assessing the carbon capture potential of a reforestation project"
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1307:"carbon sequestration | Definition, Methods, & Climate Change"
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740:. In the context of climate change mitigation, the IPCC defines a
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Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
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Huxham, M.; Whitlock, D.; Githaiga, M.; Dencer-Brown, A. (2018).
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Climate change mitigation § Preserving and enhancing carbon sinks
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2067:"Why Keeping Mature Forests Intact Is Key to the Climate Fight"
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Reservoir absorbing more carbon from, than emitting to, the air
1050:"The ocean – the world's greatest ally against climate change"
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Carbon sequestration § Sequestration techniques in oceans
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Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
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that does not significantly degrade back to carbon dioxide.
848:, one of the tallest timber buildings, at its opening 2019
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Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
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Carbon sequestration § Geologic carbon sequestration
723:, including plant growth, soil uptake, and ocean uptake (
1572:"Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change"
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Scientists are looking for ways to further develop the
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Proportion of carbon stock in forest carbon pools, 2020
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
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and humus are rapidly oxidized and poorly retained in
4132:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
2118:"Planting trees is no substitute for natural forests"
1426:"Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world"
1215:"Non-Flat Earth Recalibrated for Terrain and Topsoil"
77:". These sinks form an important part of the natural
2247:(RL31432 ed.). Congressional Research Service.
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2710:"Carbon capture and storage (CCS): the way forward"
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Deep ocean, tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrasses
569:lands helps to incorporate carbon from atmospheric
661:fall into the category of "ocean-based biological
112:Globally, the two most important carbon sinks are
177:have depleted natural carbon sinks. This kind of
4332:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
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1244:
1242:
269:Absorption of carbon dioxide by the oceans via
3077:History of climate change policy and politics
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8:
1550:"Coral Reefs Biome "Underwater Rainforests""
593:, landfill or stored by use in construction.
509:. Therefore, they play an important role in
134:designates carbon that is fixed via certain
3194:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
2802:Benson, S.M.; Surles, T. (1 October 2006).
1357:"carbon sink — European Environment Agency"
565:The planting of trees on marginal crop and
226:Related terms are "carbon pool, reservoir,
4413:
4401:
4160:
4149:
3868:
3854:
3603:
3590:
3163:
3150:
3062:
2956:
2943:
2895:
2879:
2865:
2857:
296:sinks has grown since passage of the 1997
292:Public awareness of the significance of CO
234:and uptake". The same publication defines
85:, which is all the places where carbon on
3959:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
3102:United Nations Climate Change conferences
2772:https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157940.001
2735:
2725:
2695:https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157940.005
2485:
2436:
2426:
2298:
2214:
1945:European Commission – European Commission
1872:
1821:
1611:
1230:
1189:
785:Carbon sequestration techniques in oceans
591:bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
260:is a carbon store and active carbon sink.
3663:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
809:direct deep-sea carbon dioxide injection
698:Purpose in the context of climate change
300:, which promotes their use as a form of
4019:National Adaptation Programme of Action
3808:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
1659:Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020
978:from the original on 11 December 2021.
953:
3668:Economics of climate change mitigation
3631:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
2982:Scientific consensus on climate change
1845:Carolyn Gramling (28 September 2017).
4327:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
2646:from the original on 14 December 2020
2254:from the original on 14 November 2022
2142:McDermott, Matthew (22 August 2008).
1030:from the original on 14 December 2020
497:Forests are an important part of the
7:
4349:Representative Concentration Pathway
3300:Tipping points in the climate system
2976:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
760:and restoring natural ecosystems by
47:carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
4120:Nationally determined contributions
3830:Individual action on climate change
3045:World energy supply and consumption
1336:Earth.Org - Past | Present | Future
1253:"Buildings as a global carbon sink"
861:harvested forests would need to be
665:(CDR) methods". They are a type of
4259:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
2714:Energy & Environmental Science
2154:from the original on 30 March 2010
1450:10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01386.x
619:in an adjacent blue carbon habitat
25:
4186:Satellite temperature measurement
3791:forestry for carbon sequestration
3082:History of climate change science
2842:from the original on 11 June 2020
382:, aliphatic compounds, waxes and
287:remove carbon from the atmosphere
4412:
4400:
4389:
4388:
4376:
4037:Climate Change Performance Index
2313:
1430:European Journal of Soil Science
1403:10.1097/00010694-200111000-00010
1137:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01280.x
917:
903:
889:
875:
719:emissions have been absorbed by
703:This section is an excerpt from
603:This section is an excerpt from
501:because trees and plants absorb
481:This section is an excerpt from
4176:Instrumental temperature record
4127:Sustainable Development Goal 13
2241:Carbon Sequestration in Forests
971:. 4 November 2021. p. 57.
483:Carbon sequestration § Forestry
285:). No major artificial systems
4244:Climate variability and change
3285:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
2665:Levin, Kelly (8 August 2019).
2519:Nature Ecology & Evolution
2407:Environmental Research Letters
1536:10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.07.013
1497:10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.01.034
1332:"Carbon Sinks: A Brief Review"
1161:Environmental Research Letters
766:carbon dioxide removal methods
687:Enhancing natural carbon sinks
1:
4354:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
3889:Climate emergency declaration
2096:Union of Concerned Scientists
1092:10.1016/S1389-9341(02)00005-9
820:Geologic carbon sequestration
526:Sustainable forest management
386:are collectively retained as
355:in soils, and is degraded by
61:process that "removes a
4337:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
3563:Middle East and North Africa
2640:National Geographic Society
1080:Forest Policy and Economics
1024:National Geographic Society
962:"Global Carbon Budget 2021"
460:. They include for example
216:can be reduced to harmless
57:is a natural or artificial
4472:
4171:Global surface temperature
4062:Popular culture depictions
3974:Ecosystem-based adaptation
3704:Carbon capture and storage
3626:Carbon offsets and credits
2636:"Carbon Sources and Sinks"
2539:10.1038/s41559-022-01722-1
2199:10.1038/s41598-021-99395-6
1232:10.3390/soilsystems2040064
1020:"Carbon Sources and Sinks"
834:
823:
788:
752:To enhance the ability of
702:
690:
667:biological carbon fixation
648:ecosystem-based adaptation
602:
480:
324:
29:
4383:Climate change portal
4370:
4276:Extreme event attribution
4159:
4148:
3899:School Strike for Climate
3867:
3853:
3778:Climate-smart agriculture
3602:
3589:
3162:
3149:
3072:
3061:
2955:
2942:
2925:Climate change adaptation
2920:Climate change mitigation
2915:Effects of climate change
2905:
2894:
2820:10.1109/JPROC.2006.883718
2671:World Resources Institute
2602:Summary for policy makers
2386:10.1017/9781009157896.007
2358:10.1017/9781009157896.022
2300:10.1007/s40725-018-0077-4
1996:10.1038/s41586-019-1474-y
1806:10.1038/s41597-020-0444-4
1700:Summary for policy makers
1277:10.1038/s41893-019-0462-4
725:2020 Global Carbon Budget
628:climate change mitigation
511:climate change mitigation
397:of North America and the
167:climate change mitigation
81:. An overarching term is
4286:Global warming potential
4093:International agreements
3740:Preserving and enhancing
3184:Arctic methane emissions
3106:Years in climate change
3013:Greenhouse gas emissions
2910:Causes of climate change
2763:Summary for Policymakers
2428:10.1088/1748-9326/ac82ff
2279:Current Forestry Reports
1213:Blakemore, R.J. (2018).
1182:10.1088/1748-9326/acacb3
652:greenhouse gas emissions
183:causes of climate change
43:greenhouse gas emissions
4317:Climate change scenario
3969:Disaster risk reduction
3621:Carbon emission trading
3431:U.S. insurance industry
3411:Civilizational collapse
3258:sea surface temperature
2808:Proceedings of the IEEE
2785:Global Warming of 1.5°C
2238:Gorte, Ross W. (2009).
1874:10.1126/science.aam5962
1751:10.1126/science.aam5962
1311:Encyclopedia Britannica
852:Broad-base adoption of
837:Green building and wood
815:Artificial carbon sinks
4446:Carbon dioxide removal
4310:Research and modelling
3994:Nature-based solutions
3814:Nature-based solutions
3756:Carbon dioxide removal
3673:Fossil fuel divestment
3658:Climate risk insurance
3568:Small island countries
3189:Arctic sea ice decline
2569:"What Is Blue Carbon?"
849:
728:
663:carbon dioxide removal
659:blue carbon management
620:
494:
322:
289:on a large scale yet.
175:industrial agriculture
50:
4271:Earth's energy budget
4154:Background and theory
4042:Climate crisis (term)
3714:Fossil fuel phase-out
3608:Economics and finance
3573:by individual country
3515:By country and region
3490:Security and conflict
3485:Psychological impacts
3174:Abrupt climate change
3097:Charles David Keeling
2930:By country and region
1576:Nature Communications
1471:Batjes, N.H. (2016).
1424:Batjes, N.H. (1996).
1257:Nature Sustainability
1116:Global Change Biology
969:Global Carbon Project
883:Climate change portal
844:
714:
674:blue carbon potential
614:
492:
315:
208:In the case of non-CO
40:
4100:Glasgow Climate Pact
3761:Carbon sequestration
3336:Mass mortality event
2466:Journal of Phycology
811:has been abandoned.
805:artificial upwelling
738:carbon sequestration
693:Carbon sequestration
644:carbon sequestration
626:is a concept within
617:carbon sequestration
464:, residue mulching,
419:shifting cultivation
363:. More recalcitrant
327:Carbon sequestration
316:This diagram of the
308:Natural carbon sinks
283:carbon sequestration
181:has been one of the
160:international waters
69:or a precursor of a
59:carbon sequestration
32:carbon sequestration
4239:Climate sensitivity
4014:The Adaptation Fund
3470:Infectious diseases
3377:Social and economic
2619:Annex VII: Glossary
2531:2022NatEE...6..675B
2478:2022JPcgy..58..347H
2419:2022ERL....17h1003R
2346:Annex VII: Glossary
2291:2018CForR...4..101H
2191:2021NatSR..1119907L
1988:2019Natur.572..520W
1865:2017Sci...358..230B
1798:2020NatSD...7..112S
1743:2017Sci...358..230B
1588:2010NatCo...1...56W
1528:2007Geode.142....1L
1489:2016Geode.269...61B
1442:1996EuJSS..47..151B
1395:2001SoilS.166..858S
1269:2020NatSu...3..269C
1191:20.500.11850/596686
1174:2023ERL....18b3001C
1129:2007GCBio..13....1C
1003:Annex VII: Glossary
863:sustainably managed
801:ocean fertilisation
499:global carbon cycle
434:soil organic matter
357:chemical weathering
140:Coastal blue carbon
3810:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
3782:Forest management
3766:Direct air capture
3731:Sustainable energy
3688:Net zero emissions
3683:Low-carbon economy
3678:Green Climate Fund
3465:Indigenous peoples
3368:Plant biodiversity
3156:Effects and issues
2727:10.1039/C7EE02342A
2326:2017-10-16 at the
2179:Scientific Reports
2098:. 1 September 2012
1596:10.1038/ncomms1053
925:Environment portal
911:Engineering portal
850:
729:
621:
513:. By removing the
495:
323:
197:and in particular
193:In the context of
51:
4428:
4427:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4301:Radiative forcing
4144:
4143:
4140:
4139:
3964:Adaptive capacity
3849:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3709:Energy transition
3585:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3305:Tropical cyclones
3231:Urban heat island
3145:
3144:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3018:Carbon accounting
2972:Greenhouse effect
2938:
2937:
2814:(10): 1795–1805.
2768:eradicate poverty
2691:eradicate poverty
2642:. 26 March 2020.
2575:. 4 November 2022
2487:10.1111/jpy.13249
2047:. 31 October 2019
1982:(7770): 520–523.
1968:Mack, Michelle C.
1859:(6360): 230–234.
1737:(6360): 230–234.
1677:978-92-5-132581-0
1638:. 17 October 2009
1361:www.eea.europa.eu
1026:. 26 March 2020.
938:Forest management
553:biodiversity loss
523:
453:intensive farming
318:fast carbon cycle
136:marine ecosystems
126:intensive farming
89:can be, i.e. the
16:(Redirected from
4463:
4456:Gas technologies
4416:
4415:
4404:
4403:
4392:
4391:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4344:Paleoclimatology
4161:
4150:
3911:Ecological grief
3894:Climate movement
3869:
3855:
3835:Plant-based diet
3726:Renewable energy
3604:
3591:
3426:Economic impacts
3358:Invasive species
3214:Coastal flooding
3164:
3151:
3087:Svante Arrhenius
3063:
3033:from agriculture
3023:Carbon footprint
3008:Greenhouse gases
2957:
2944:
2896:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2799:
2793:
2781:
2775:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2739:
2729:
2720:(5): 1062–1176.
2704:
2698:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2632:
2626:
2615:
2609:
2598:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2489:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2440:
2430:
2398:
2389:
2367:
2361:
2342:
2331:
2317:
2312:
2302:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2253:
2246:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2218:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1906:(4 March 2020).
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1876:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1825:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1668:10.4060/ca8753en
1654:
1648:
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1645:
1643:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1615:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1248:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1016:
1010:
999:
984:
983:
977:
966:
958:
927:
922:
921:
913:
908:
907:
899:
894:
893:
885:
880:
879:
878:
858:timber buildings
831:Wooden buildings
680:deep blue carbon
657:The methods for
640:seagrass meadows
580:
579:
578:
557:soil degradation
519:
275:biological pumps
156:Deep blue carbon
21:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4377:
4375:
4358:
4305:
4296:Orbital forcing
4190:
4155:
4136:
4110:Paris Agreement
4088:
4084:Warming stripes
4023:
3989:Managed retreat
3984:Loss and damage
3945:
3879:Business action
3863:
3841:
3818:
3741:
3735:
3692:
3653:Climate finance
3598:
3577:
3509:
3372:
3348:Extinction risk
3324:Flora and fauna
3319:
3280:Permafrost thaw
3275:Ozone depletion
3204:Extreme weather
3158:
3141:
3068:
3049:
2986:
2951:
2934:
2901:
2890:
2885:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2782:
2778:
2760:
2753:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2682:
2678:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2616:
2612:
2599:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2368:
2364:
2343:
2334:
2328:Wayback Machine
2272:
2271:
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2255:
2251:
2244:
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2141:
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2075:
2073:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2022:
1970:(August 2019).
1964:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1852:Sciencenews.org
1844:
1843:
1839:
1786:Scientific Data
1779:
1778:
1774:
1724:
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1719:
1714:
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1678:
1656:
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1509:
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1211:
1207:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1000:
987:
975:
964:
960:
959:
955:
951:
923:
916:
909:
902:
895:
888:
881:
876:
874:
871:
839:
833:
828:
822:
817:
797:Seaweed farming
793:
787:
782:
781:
779:
735:
718:
715:About 58% of CO
708:
700:
695:
689:
684:
683:
608:
600:
595:
594:
577:
574:
573:
572:
570:
522:
486:
478:
462:no-till farming
368:carbon polymers
359:and biological
351:accumulates as
334:
329:
310:
295:
251:
221:
211:
191:
179:land use change
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4469:
4467:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4451:Photosynthesis
4448:
4443:
4441:Carbon dioxide
4433:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4410:
4398:
4386:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4251:
4249:Cloud feedback
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4204:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4107:
4105:Kyoto Protocol
4102:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4059:
4057:Media coverage
4054:
4049:
4047:Climate spiral
4044:
4039:
4033:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3936:Public opinion
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3891:
3886:
3884:Climate action
3881:
3875:
3873:
3865:
3864:
3858:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3796:REDD and REDD+
3793:
3788:
3780:
3775:
3773:Carbon farming
3770:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3706:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3505:Water security
3502:
3500:Water scarcity
3497:
3495:Urban flooding
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3353:Forest dieback
3350:
3345:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3290:Sea level rise
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3263:stratification
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3028:Carbon leakage
3025:
3020:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2969:
2967:Climate system
2963:
2961:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2892:
2891:
2888:Climate change
2886:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2861:
2854:
2853:
2794:
2776:
2751:
2699:
2676:
2657:
2627:
2610:
2586:
2560:
2525:(6): 675–683.
2509:
2472:(3): 347–363.
2452:
2390:
2362:
2332:
2285:(2): 101–110.
2265:
2230:
2165:
2134:
2109:
2083:
2058:
2032:
1957:
1941:"Press corner"
1932:
1895:
1837:
1772:
1717:
1708:
1691:
1676:
1649:
1627:
1562:
1541:
1502:
1463:
1436:(2): 151–163.
1416:
1389:(11): 858–71.
1373:
1348:
1323:
1298:
1263:(4): 269–276.
1238:
1205:
1150:
1105:
1066:
1054:United Nations
1041:
1011:
985:
952:
950:
947:
946:
945:
940:
935:
929:
928:
914:
900:
886:
870:
867:
832:
829:
824:Main article:
821:
818:
816:
813:
789:Main article:
786:
783:
780:-eq) per year.
777:
733:
716:
709:
701:
699:
696:
691:Main article:
688:
685:
609:
601:
599:
596:
575:
520:
515:greenhouse gas
507:photosynthesis
503:carbon dioxide
487:
479:
477:
474:
466:cover cropping
458:carbon farming
449:organic carbon
432:contribute to
423:slash and burn
395:boreal forests
376:hemi-cellulose
353:organic matter
333:
330:
325:Main article:
309:
306:
298:Kyoto Protocol
293:
279:
278:
267:
264:Photosynthesis
261:
250:
247:
219:
209:
195:climate change
190:
187:
158:is located in
71:greenhouse gas
63:greenhouse gas
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4468:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4421:
4420:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4322:Climate model
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4254:Cloud forcing
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4151:
4147:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4085:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4029:Communication
4026:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4009:Vulnerability
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3979:Flood control
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3801:reforestation
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3786:afforestation
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3721:Nuclear power
3719:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3616:Carbon budget
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3453:Mental health
3451:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3394:United States
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3248:deoxygenation
3246:
3244:
3243:acidification
3241:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3064:
3060:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3038:from wetlands
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2998:Deforestation
2996:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2870:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2737:10044/1/55714
2733:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2413:(8): 081003.
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2266:
2250:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2166:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2135:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1958:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1904:Harvey, Fiona
1899:
1896:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1662:. FAO. 2020.
1661:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1563:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1522:(1–2): 1–10.
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1168:(2): 023001.
1167:
1163:
1162:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
986:
982:
974:
970:
963:
957:
954:
948:
944:
943:Reforestation
941:
939:
936:
934:
933:Carbon budget
931:
930:
926:
920:
915:
912:
906:
901:
898:
897:Energy portal
892:
887:
884:
873:
868:
866:
864:
859:
855:
847:
843:
838:
830:
827:
819:
814:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
792:
784:
775:
770:
767:
763:
762:reforestation
759:
758:deforestation
755:
750:
748:
743:
739:
726:
722:
713:
706:
697:
694:
686:
681:
677:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
632:tidal marshes
629:
625:
618:
613:
606:
597:
592:
588:
584:
568:
564:
562:
558:
554:
548:
546:
545:deforestation
542:
537:
535:
534:reforestation
531:
530:afforestation
527:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
491:
484:
475:
473:
471:
470:crop rotation
467:
463:
459:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
424:
420:
416:
413:and tropical
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
331:
328:
319:
314:
307:
305:
303:
302:carbon offset
299:
290:
288:
284:
276:
272:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
255:
254:
248:
246:
244:
239:
237:
233:
229:
228:sequestration
224:
222:
215:
214:nitrous oxide
206:
204:
200:
196:
188:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
171:deforestation
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
4417:
4405:
4393:
4374:
4233:
4207:Carbon cycle
4164:Measurements
3859:Society and
3743:carbon sinks
3742:
3648:Climate debt
3638:Carbon price
3460:Human rights
3295:Season creep
3253:heat content
3179:Anoxic event
3092:James Hansen
2846:10 September
2844:. Retrieved
2811:
2807:
2797:
2783:IPCC, 2018:
2779:
2761:IPCC, 2018:
2717:
2713:
2702:
2679:
2670:
2660:
2648:. Retrieved
2639:
2630:
2617:IPCC, 2021:
2613:
2600:IPCC (2022)
2577:. Retrieved
2573:CarbonBetter
2572:
2563:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2438:10754/679874
2410:
2406:
2375:
2365:
2344:IPCC, 2021:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2256:. Retrieved
2240:
2233:
2185:(1): 19907.
2182:
2178:
2168:
2156:. Retrieved
2147:
2137:
2125:. Retrieved
2121:
2112:
2102:28 September
2100:. Retrieved
2095:
2086:
2076:28 September
2074:. Retrieved
2070:
2061:
2051:28 September
2049:. Retrieved
2045:The Guardian
2044:
2035:
2025:28 September
2023:. Retrieved
1979:
1975:
1960:
1950:28 September
1948:. Retrieved
1944:
1935:
1923:. Retrieved
1912:The Guardian
1911:
1898:
1886:. Retrieved
1856:
1850:
1840:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1711:
1698:IPCC (2022)
1694:
1658:
1652:
1642:18 September
1640:. Retrieved
1630:
1579:
1575:
1565:
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4212:atmospheric
4077:video games
3751:Blue carbon
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3363:Marine life
3310:Water cycle
3268:temperature
3003:Fossil fuel
2792:. In Press.
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854:mass timber
624:Blue carbon
605:Blue carbon
524:long-term.
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407:Leaf litter
361:degradation
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131:Blue carbon
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55:carbon sink
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4435:Categories
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3926:Litigation
3916:Governance
3861:adaptation
3643:Carbon tax
3596:Mitigation
3533:Antarctica
3421:Disability
2148:TreeHugger
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189:Definition
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2746:1754-5692
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2004:1476-4687
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1059:27 April
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