Carbon pricing in Canada

1775:(OBPS) announced in December 2018, "which targets greenhouse gas emissions from large, industrial facilities", are similar to Alberta's Carbon Competitiveness Incentive Regulation (CCIR) which was also similar to Alberta's 2007 Specified Gas Emitters Regulation (SGER). The three programs had a "price on carbon emissions" and a "system of allocations through which firms receive some number of emissions credits for free." The OBPS rules apply to large facilities in Ontario, New Brunswick, Manitoba, Prince Edward Island, Saskatchewan, Yukon and Nunavut—the "provinces covered by the federal backstop policy." The OBPS covers a "relatively small share of emissions in the provinces it affects." Most emissions come from smaller emitters which "will be covered in large part by the carbon price". A University of Alberta professor of economics named Andrew Leach blogged that "Much of the coverage of this system has framed the OBPS as an exemption from emissions pricing for large emitters, but that hides the importance of the two, linked programs – the carbon price and the output-based allocation of credits." 1662: 1245: 1176: 1230:"The federal government has stated that the carbon pricing system will be revenue neutral; any revenues generated under the system will be returned to the province or territory in which they are generated. Households will receive 90 per cent of the revenues raised. The remaining 10 per cent will go to support particularly affected sectors, including small businesses, schools, and hospitals. Based on this assumption, 80% of households will receive higher transfers than the amount paid in direct and indirect costs. The net benefits are broadly progressive by income group: lower-income households will receive larger net transfers than higher-income households." 1646: 1681:) to display government-commissioned decals on their pumps informing customers of the claimed "cost" of the carbon tax—increasing gas prices by 4.4 cents per-litre, and increasing gas prices by up to 11 cents per-litre by 2022. The decals contain a URL for a page on the Ontario web site that explains its positions on the tax, but the decals do not mention the rebate programs. Gas stations may be inspected at "all reasonable times" for compliance with the Act, and owners may be fined 7355: 1528:

technology. The plan only covered the largest emitters, who produced 70% of Alberta's emissions. Critics charged that the smallest energy producers are often the most casual about emissions and pollution. The carbon tax is currently $ 20 per tonne. Because Alberta's economy is dependent on oil extraction, the majority of Albertans opposed a nationwide carbon tax. Alberta also opposed a national cap and trade system. The local tax retains the proceeds within Alberta.

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only about 3% of Canadians who still use heating oil, and they are mainly located in the Atlantic provinces. They are also mainly low-income and rural, so the exemption was intended for this demographic. Opposition critics say that this move is politically motivated, as the Liberal government has more Members of Parliament in the Atlantic provinces. Environmentalists criticize the decision, saying that it undermines the carbon pricing scheme.

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more efficient means of lowering greenhouse gas emissions than regulatory approaches." As part of the process of researching and implementing the carbon tax, the Alberta government worked with a panel chaired by University of Alberta economist Andrew Leach to study a carbon tax based on "sensible, evidence-based policy advice", which Tombe described as "a model for other jurisdictions". The price of the carbon tax began at

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be diminished compared with producers "who do not bear these additional, carbon-related costs". The Committee noted that a "study of the effects of British Columbia's carbon tax — which launched in 2008 — suggested the province's international competitiveness was not diminished". The report recommended that

1062:, formerly known as Environment Canada, or EC consider exemptions for agricultural activities under the GHGPPA, with "special attention to competitiveness for producers and food affordability for Canadians". The Committee recommended exempting fuels used for heating or transportation in farming activities. 1626:

will be the second largest in the world, trailing only the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) and will feature joint permit auctions. Because it allows for permit trading between jurisdictions, linked cap-and-trade systems achieve lower-cost mitigation actions across jurisdictions than an unlinked system.

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Since Sweden introduced its carbon tax in 1991, an additional nine OECD countries have followed suit. We have learned a lot from these experiences on how to introduce carbon taxes. For example, introducing the taxes incrementally over time can allow households and businesses to make smooth, efficient

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A group, called Nationwide Protest Against Carbon Tax, organized protests that took place at about fifteen locations across Canada, with dozens of partipants at some locations. Their goal was to slow traffic on major highways and at borders to protest the increase of the federal consumer carbon price

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In his Maclean's 2015 article, economist Trevor Tombe wrote that "ricing carbon is one of the most sensible policy prescriptions to address greenhouse gas emissions". Tombe listed the advantages and disadvantages. The carbon tax provides a "new source of revenue for the government". The tax is a "far

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On 23 November 2015, the Alberta government announced a carbon tax scheme similar to British Columbia's in that it would apply to the entire economy. All businesses and residents paid tax based upon equivalent emissions, including the burning of wood and biofuels. The tax came into force in 2017 at $

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By 2018, Quebec (2007), British Columbia (2008), Alberta, Ontario, Manitoba and Nova Scotia had carbon-pricing policies in place. By 2017, Metro Vancouver was "exploring road fares and other fee-based mechanisms to address traffic congestion". Ontario cancelled their cap and trade system in 2018. The

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In December 2018, the Senate Committee on Agriculture and Forestry submitted their report based on a year-long study on the "impacts of climate change and carbon pricing on agriculture, agri-food and forestry". Although some witnesses raised concerns that Canada's international competitiveness could

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to remove 50-60 MT of emissions from the air annually by 2022, which represents about 12% of all Canadian emissions. However, Canada needs to reduce emissions to 512 MT by 2030 to meet its Paris Climate Change accord. This would mean reducing annual emissions by about 200MT from the 2018 levels. In

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joined with the five western states, turning the WCI into an international partnership with the goal of developing a multi-sector, market-based program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.and link its cap-and-trade system with Quebec's and California's in January 2018. This harmonized carbon market

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Premier Kenney joined like-minded premiers, including Doug Ford of Ontario, Scott Moe of Saskatchewan and Brian Pallister of Manitoba, in a lawsuit against the federal Liberal government on the carbon tax. The Court of Appeal of Alberta ruled against the federal government. This decision was later

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Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan, and New Brunswick refused to impose their own emissions pricing so the federal pricing came into effect on April 1. Residents of the four provinces pay more for gasoline and heating fuel. The "starting rate added 4.4 cents to the price of a litre of gas, about four

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are allowed to create their own system of carbon pricing as long as they comply with the minimum requirements set by the federal government; individual provinces and territories thus may have a higher tax than the federally mandated one but not a lower one. Currently, all provinces and territories

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and the leader of the Official Opposition since 2022, blamed the dramatic increase in heating bills on the carbon price, commonly referred to as the "carbon tax," on his social media accounts, which reached half a million viewers. In June 2023, Poilievre launched his 'Axe the Tax' campaign in the

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announced that the federal government was granting a carbon exemption on heating oil from 2023 through 2027 because the price of heating oil increased by 75% in 2022. Natural gas, which is used by households that are better off, now costs one-half to one-quarter the cost of heating oil. There are

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a ton in 2018 and was tied to a 2% increase based on rising inflation, which Tombe considered to be "reasonable". Tombe estimated the impact of the carbon tax on the 3 "most carbon-intensive consumer purchases". He estimated an increase in the price of gasoline of c. 6.7 cents per litre when the

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established a standard cap and trade system which integrates with the Western Climate Initiative (WCI) providing access to an "even greater market to buy and sell the most cost effective carbon credits." Gary Goodwin called it the "best and most integrated solution to the problem of emissions."

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Saskatchewan never had a carbon pricing system and other provinces—Manitoba, Ontario, New Brunswick, and Alberta—have opted out of previous provincial carbon tax systems. Revenue from the federal GHGPPA, which came into effect in April 2019, is redistributed to the provinces, either through tax

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journal literature review based on public communications on carbon pricing of the 100 largest oil and gas companies said that 54% of those oil and gas companies with a stated policy on carbon taxes express support for such measures, with the percentage rising to 78% among the top 50 companies.

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emissions per barrel by 12 percent, or buy an offset. In January 2016, the contribution required by large emitters increased to $ 20/tonne. The tax fell heavily on oil companies and coal-fired electricity plants. It was intended to encourage companies to lower emissions while fostering new

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In the spring of 2018, the federal government had "proposed that all fossil fuel-burning generating stations be treated the same with the first 420 tonnes of greenhouse gases per gigawatt hour of electricity produced exempt from carbon taxes and everything above that subject to a charge."

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cents to a cubic metre of natural gas". The price of propane, butane and aviation fuel will also increase. Residents will receive rebates on their income tax returns. Amounts will vary with each province. In Saskatchewan for example, a family of four will receive $ 609 in 2019.

1036:(CCC) released on December 13, 2018, Canada's largest business group endorsed the carbon pricing introduced by the federal government saying it offers flexibility and is the "most efficient way to cut emissions" and "solidly backs carbon pricing." According to a December 13 1130:

and the rebate both gradually rise. Taxpayers had to request the Climate Action Incentive Payment (CAIP) rebate on their annual income tax return until filing their 2021 tax return, from which time eligibility for the rebate is automatic and the taxpayer sent a cheque or a

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which "inevitably introduces unnecessary cost and complexity". A carbon tax is "a more direct, more transparent and more effective approach". Tillerson added that he hoped that the revenues from a carbon tax would be used to lower other taxes so as to be revenue neutral.

1054:, the CCC's "endorsement of the carbon tax as the most efficient emissions-cutting tool" and its support of "Canada's investments in clean technology at home and abroad", provides the Canadian economy with a "major opportunity...to market itself in a low-carbon future". 3731:

In 2017, Alberta experienced the "fastest expansion among the 10 provinces" with its GDP growing by 4.9 percent, representing a recovery after falling output in 2015 and 2016 when oil prices collapsed. In 2017, British Columbia posted its strongest pace of growth since

1011:. The co-authors wrote an in-depth analysis of 14 key countries and blocs, including Canada. The article, which summarized the report, said that Canada climate targets were the "weakest ... of any major industrialised economy which experts say was a "direct result" of 1841:

In March 2024, Poilievre called for a non-confidence vote in the federal government in the House of Commons to prevent the 1 April increase in the carbon price. Prior to the April 1 carbon tax increase, Poilievre crossed the country with his 'Axe the Tax' rallies.

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announced that he would impose carbon pricing if elected. The proposed system would resemble the medicare model in which provinces would design systems suitable for their needs with the federal government setting national targets and enforcing principles.

3794: 2298: 1506:, has spoken emphatically against the GHGPPA. The Government of Saskatchewan released a report entitled "Prairie Resilience: A Made-in-Saskatchewan Climate Change Strategy" which he said in an October 23, 2018 interview with CBC's 1090:

per year until 2022. Through the GHGPPA, provinces have the flexibility to create their own solutions to deal with GHG emissions in their own jurisdictions. Through the GHGPPA all provinces are required to place a minimum price of

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The federal carbon pricing system in Canada has been the subject of significant debate and controversy. Since 2016, the Mining Association of Canada, has supported carbon pricing as a way of responding to climate change. A 2024

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accused Ford of "forcing businesses to be complicit in his anti-climate misinformation campaign", and invited gas stations to help him inform the public that "climate change will cost us more" with his own version of the decal.

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enacted the Specified Gas Emitters Regulation, Alta. Reg. 139/2007, (SGER). This tax exacts a $ 15/tonne contribution by companies that emit more than 100,000 tonnes of greenhouse gas annually that do not reduce their

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In the four provinces where the Government of Canada is returning proceeds to individuals and families through the Climate Action Incentive, most households will get more back than they pay as a result of pollution

5354: 3149: 3104: 5192: 4304: 1402:(OECD), said that the "implementation of British Columbia's carbon tax is as near as we have to a textbook case, with wide coverage across sectors and a steady increase in the rate" over a period of five years. 1637:, cancelled the previous cap and trade system as he had promised in his electoral campaign. In November, the Ontario government unveiled a climate plan which did "not include any kind of price on emissions". 4560: 5540: 2924: 1782:

CBC reported in October 2018 that "natural gas stations face carbon taxes on emissions above 370 tonnes, oil on emissions above 550 tonnes and coal above 800 tonnes, a major concession to coal plants."

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by passing the Climate Change and Emissions Management Act. One of the first actions taken under this legislation was to develop a mandatory reporting program for large emitters in Alberta.

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to declare Canada's carbon tax to be "the big election winner" and "the only landslide victor" in this election. Similarly, legal challenges to the law failed on March 25, 2021 when the

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In the absence of a provincial system, or in provinces and territories whose carbon pricing system does not meet federal requirements, a regulatory fee is implemented by the federal

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Atlantic provinces, just days before the region faced increased gas prices when carbon pricing came into force in that region on 1 July 2023, following four years of an exemption.

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By December 2016, the ten provinces and the Canadian government presented their "executive, mitigation and adaptation" strategies towards a clean economy. The "extensive document"—"

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sided with CCLA, ruling that Ford's mandatory gas-pump decals attacking federal carbon-pricing measures are unconstitutional and violated business owners' freedom of expression.

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implemented a carbon tax on energy distributors, producers, and refiners, the first Canadian province to do so. When announcing the new tax, Quebec Natural Resources Minister

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Market-based instruments are regulations that encourage behavior through market signals rather than through explicit directives regarding pollution control levels or methods

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to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The WCI became an international partnership when BC joined. By 2011, BC's preference was for its existing carbon tax as opposed to the

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addition to carbon pricing, the government is pursuing a range of additional policies including improving fuel standards, energy efficiency, and closing coal plants.

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whose carbon pricing systems created for their jurisdictions did not meet federal requirements. Revenue from the carbon tax was to be redistributed to the provinces.

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are subject to a carbon pricing mechanism, either by an in-province program or by one of two federal programs. As of April 2024 the federal minimum tax is set at

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However, the Canadian Revenue Agency has declared that, as of June 3, 2019, the average payment to households was less than previously estimated. It amounted to

882:. It was Dion's main platform and it allegedly contributed to the defeat of the Liberal Party with its worst share of the popular vote in the country's history. 5967: 5309: 975: 4646: 2916: 2177: 1747:

took the Ontario government to court over the mandatory stickers, arguing the messages were “a form of compelled political expression.” In September 2020, the

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accused the Ford government of "wasting taxpayers' dollars on misleading stickers" which failed to acknowledge the rebate programs "or the cost of inaction on

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by 2015, also known as cap and trade, that encourage a certain type of behaviour through economic incentives regarding the control of emissions and pollution.

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credits to individual residents or to businesses and organizations that are affected by the tax but are unable to pass on the cost by raising consumer prices.

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in revenue annually, instead of passing on the cost to consumers. Of the 50 companies affected, the hardest hit would be oil companies, who would pay "about

1078:(GHGPPA) in the fall of 2018 under Bill C-74. The GHGPPA refers to charge or pricing instead of taxation. The charge which will rise to $ 50 per tonne of CO 6084: 5700: 4334: 3938:"The Republican Solution for Climate Change; Republicans have the ability to offer a market-based solution to climate change, so why aren't they doing it?" 6353: 6301: 4788: 3498: 3296: 4357: 2964: 5038: 7232: 6348: 5923: 5515: 4184: 1630: 5088: 2742: 1731:. The government defended the decals and Act, considering it "transparency" that reminds Ontario residents of the "costs" of the Liberal carbon tax. 6563: 6274: 5992: 5769: 5314: 4894: 3937: 3751: 6919: 6708: 5575: 5525: 5114: 4067: 3250: 1760: 5866: 3420: 1838:

Poilievre pledged in July 2023, that he would repeal the carbon tax if the Conservatives form government under him in the 2025 federal election.

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from the fuel charge proceed and the rest from the OBPS—a "trading system for large industry, known as the output-based pricing system (OBPS)".

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accusing Ford of "threatening private business owners with massive fines for failing to post Conservative Party advertisement". Fellow MPP

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on November 4, 2014, and became the leading advocacy group in Canada for carbon pricing. They published reports in 2015, 2016, and 2017.

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According to a 2018 report, British Columbia, which has had a carbon price since 2008, had the fastest growing economy in Canada.

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In March 2007, Alberta passed Specified Gas Emitters Regulation. The first compliance cycle was from July 1 to December 31, 2007.

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government's hard line policies" and its "promotion" of the "vast reserves of tar sands in Alberta" that are highly polluting".

751:(GHGPPA), which passed in December 2018. In provinces where the fee is levied, 90% of the revenues are returned to tax-payers. 7076: 7027: 6453: 6415: 6360: 5820: 5618: 5613: 5329: 5324: 4418: 4228: 2581: 1826:

The debate around carbon pricing intensified in early February 2023, with a polar vortex causing record-breaking cold weather.

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outlines of a new climate plan for Ontario, which did not include any carbon pricing system, was unveiled in November 2018.

1192:(OFC) showed that carbon pricing would have at most a minor impact on the economy, with an increase in GDP in 2022 of about 905:

In 2014, public policy economists and superannuated politicians came together to begin discussions on what would become the

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Vast reserves of tar sands oil in Alberta have meant Canada has maintained a hard line throughout the climate negotiations.

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In November 2015 Premier Rachel Notley and Alberta Environment Minister Shannon Phillips announced Alberta's carbon tax.

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In 2018, Canada passed the GHGPPA, implementing a revenue-neutral carbon tax starting in 2019, which applies only to

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The carbon tax is levied because of a need to combat climate change, which resulted in Federal commitments to the

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By 2 April 2024, two hundred economists had signed an open letter refuting Poilievre's stance on carbon pricing.

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gas pump displaying a decal discussing the effects of the federal carbon tax on gas prices to comply with the

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a tonne of GHG emissions by January 1, 2019. The tax will be retroactive to January. The tax has increased to

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Earth Science Communications Team. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology

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rejected the 2019 appeal of the provinces of Manitoba, Ontario, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, ruling in

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Feast or Famine: Impacts of climate change and carbon pricing on agriculture, agri-food and forestry

3082: 7139: 6914: 6138: 6133: 5598: 5570: 5467: 4728:"Ontario court rules Doug Ford's gas-pump stickers attacking carbon-pricing are 'unconstitutional'" 3623: 3532: 3074: 2201: 1487: 1140: 1043: 885:

The Conservative party, who won the 2008 election, had promised to implement a North American-wide

575: 519: 474: 243: 238: 3777:"Canada's average carbon tax rebates are lower than the feds projected: data | Globalnews.ca" 2055: 1577:. The bill repeals the provincial carbon tax, but it will be replaced by the federal carbon levy. 1566:

overturned when the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the federal carbon tax was constitutional.

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implemented the first carbon tax in Canada which was expected to generate $ 2 million annually.

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The Management and Reduction of Greenhouse Gases (Baselines, Returns and Verification) Standard

2144: 7201: 6864: 6609: 6375: 6158: 6121: 5908: 5862: 5659: 5420: 5359: 5304: 5271: 5039:"Inside what 'axe the tax' means to Pierre Poilievre's supporters: 'He understands Canadians'" 5012: 3657: 2217: 1700: 1455: 1424: 894: 767: 570: 559: 382: 310: 102: 97: 2022: 1799:

that the Conservative Party were attempting to make the carbon tax "the single issue" of the

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in carbon pricing revenues in 2019-20." The report said that the "vast majority of revenues (

7378: 7244: 6811: 6794: 6735: 6626: 6390: 6104: 5977: 5913: 5004: 4702:"'Climate change will cost us more': Ontario Green Party releases rival gas station sticker" 3628: 1827: 1622: 890: 875: 564: 362: 300: 168: 135: 4917: 4297:"Alberta boosts carbon tax to $ 20 a tonne starting in 2016 as part of climate change plan" 7196: 7117: 7081: 7010: 6984: 6972: 6889: 6821: 6696: 6553: 6165: 6116: 6094: 5638: 5530: 5282: 3569: 3227: 1674: 1412: 1149: 1008: 951: 947: 918: 755: 731: 531: 330: 285: 173: 4647:"Steep fines coming for Ontario gas stations that don't display carbon tax warning signs" 3293:"Carbon tax is the smartest way to target rising emissions: Canadian Chamber of Commerce" 2102: 1479: 1474:

for heating oil". The tax would also affect natural gas distributors who would pay about

4819:"NB Power to dodge major carbon taxes after Ottawa proposes looser rules on coal plants" 3044: 1723:, alleging that the decals should be considered partisan campaign advertising under the 7371: 7149: 7005: 6947: 6942: 6784: 6673: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6243: 6180: 5918: 5898: 5857: 5778: 5505: 5193:"'It just needs to stop': Carbon price protesters slow traffic on Trans-Canada Highway" 3589:"Eligible Ontarians can expect climate payment on Friday. Here's what you need to know" 1736: 1716: 1704: 1678: 1590: 1329: 1132: 1012: 991: 934: 771: 668: 663: 658: 633: 585: 541: 419: 397: 340: 305: 203: 193: 82: 7393: 7222: 7154: 6879: 6701: 6686: 6621: 6516: 5674: 5669: 5664: 4207:"To Spur Innovation, What Price to Put on Oil Sands Carbon? – Tyee Solutions Society" 2987:"Paris climate talks: France releases 'ambitious, balanced' draft agreement at COP21" 2573: 2228: 1804: 1507: 1392: 1145: 1114:

per month extra for gas, home heating and other costs, that same family will receive

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In 2019, the provinces of Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan brought their case to the

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The first piece of legislation introduced by the newly-elected Premier of Alberta,

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adequate emissions pricing plans. For example, if a family of 4 in Ontario pays

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Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Quantification, Reporting and Verification Regulation

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The introduction of the tax was met with political resistance, mainly by the

6111: 5608: 5115:"Conservative Leader Pierre Poilievre talks inflation, housing in Penticton" 4561:"Eco, health groups and provinces seek status in carbon-tax court challenge" 2069: 1665:

Carbon Tax sticker with a counter Climate Action Incentive sticker above it.

1634: 1558: 1503: 1157: 536: 325: 5167:"Liberals survive non-confidence vote on carbon tax with Bloc, NDP backing" 3795:"Update to the Pan-Canadian Approach to Carbon Pollution Pricing 2023-2030" 2614: 2299:"Update to the Pan-Canadian Approach to Carbon Pollution Pricing 2023-2030" 1235:"Fiscal and Distributional Analysis of the Federal Carbon Pricing System". 781:

level average over the past 400,000 years was between 200 ppm and 280 ppm.

52: 7342: 4474:"Alberta makes it official: Bill passed and proclaimed to kill carbon tax" 2426:"The carbon tax could be the ballot question in the 2019 federal election" 2216:

coal-fired electrical generating station owned and operated by provincial

1154:

Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs, Northern Affairs and Internal Trade

1009:

2015 United Nations round of talks on a "new climate deal" hosted in Paris

819:

Alberta becomes first jurisdiction in North America to put price on carbon

5220:"Pierre Poilievre says one thing. 200 experts refute it. Who to believe?" 4232: 3826: 3684:"The Impact of a PanCanadian Carbon Pricing Levy on PBO's GDP Projection" 3255: 3251:"Canada's largest business group 'very much in favour of' carbon pricing" 2220: 2213: 1555:

a tonne tax came into effect. Natural gas prices would increase by about

1305:

In December 2020, the federal government released an updated plan with a

1038: 797: 183: 4327:"Alberta Extends Climate Change Rules, Including $ 15 Tonne Carbon Levy" 3822:"Canada releases plan for a 40 per cent cut in carbon emissions by 2030" 1845:

With the backing of both the Bloc and the NDP, the government survived.

870:

An unpopular revenue-neutral carbon tax was proposed in 2008 during the

6089: 4214: 3853:"Canada's energy minister defends carbon tax carve-out for heating oil" 3752:

Fiscal and Distributional Analysis of the Federal Carbon Pricing System

1602: 1519: 1372: 1007:, compared pledges made by some 200 countries that participated in the 971: 4616:"Ontario wants anti-carbon tax gas pump stickers displayed by Aug. 30" 3613: 3611: 3095:"Which countries are doing the most to stop dangerous global warming?" 7102: 3265: 3221:"Canada passed a carbon tax that will give most Canadians more money" 2386:. Financial Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc. July 17, 2019. 2321:"Canada passed a carbon tax that will give most Canadians more money" 2280:"Backgrounder: Fuel Charge Rates in Listed Provinces and Territories" 1614: 1451: 1433: 1384: 1278: 987: 839: 717: 5240: 3528:"Trudeau promises rebates from carbon tax in provinces without levy" 4493: 4491: 1291:. On March 25, 2021, the justices rejected their appeal, ruling in 1106:

The federal government plans to send an annual rebate ranging from

6099: 4446:"Bill Status Report for the 30th Legislature - 1st Session (2019)" 4098:

Prairie Resilience: A Made-in-Saskatchewan Climate Change Strategy

3650:"Estimated impacts of the Federal Carbon Pollution Pricing System" 3205:, in force since June 21, 2018 (page visited on October 26, 2018). 1660: 1644: 1601:(WCI), which was established in February 2007 by the governors of 1587:

Ontario Climate Change Mitigation and Low-Carbon Economy Act, 2016

1371:(WCI), which was established in February 2007 by the governors of 1308: 1243: 1214:) will be generated through the fuel charge; the balance, roughly 1174: 1126:

better off in 2019. The rebate benefit increases each year as the

983: 5747: 4940:"Mining industry supports carbon price to address climate change" 4500:"The pan-Canadian framework on climate change: Ontario v. Ottawa" 2314: 2312: 1562:. "ow to middle-income households" would "receive compensation". 792:

which attempted to "make the carbon tax the single issue" of the

5628: 3908:"Government of Canada's response to Saskatchewan court decision" 2917:"Trudeau announces carbon-pricing plan if Liberals win election" 2493:"Annual Summary of Specified Gas Emitters Regulation: 2007-2008" 1179:

Expected Rebates for A Single Canadian in Eligible Jurisdictions

759: 721: 7053: 6758: 6494: 6044: 5956: 5837: 5789: 5751: 5541:

Economic Development Agency of Canada for the Regions of Quebec

5244: 4993:"The impossible love of fossil fuel companies for carbon taxes" 4895:"The thin green line — where disinformation meets greenwashing" 4677:"NDP says Ford carbon tax stickers break federal election laws" 4535:"Ontario government passes legislation to cancel cap-and-trade" 2783:"Here's what we know—and don't know—about Alberta's carbon tax" 2696:"Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments" 2208:

was the largest source of greenhouse gases in Atlantic Canada.

1763:

implemented a carbon price that took effect in September 2019.

4419:"Canada's carbon price is constitutional, Supreme Court rules" 2945:

Also known as Paris climate accord or Paris climate agreement.

1597:

In September 2017, the Wynne government of Ontario joined the

7016:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

4066:

Beaty, Ross; Lipsey, Richard; Elgie, Stewart (July 9, 2014).

3556:"Canada's carbon price is set to increase by $ 10 on April 1" 1458:

said that industries would absorb the tax, which would total

1367:

British Columbia was the first Canadian province to join the

5556:

Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada

5546:

Federal Economic Development Initiative for Northern Ontario

4849:"Is the carbon tax suffering from a failure to communicate?" 3931: 3929: 3014:"Paris climate accord marks shift toward low-carbon economy" 2705:. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. Archived from 1693:

for corporations. The act became effective August 30, 2019.

4918:"An Open Letter from Economists on Canadian Carbon Pricing" 3175:"Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change" 3045:"COP21: What does the Paris climate agreement mean for me?" 909:. The Commission was established with the participation of 5066:

Pierre Poilievre launches 'Axe the Tax' in Atlantic Canada

4912: 4910: 4908: 4358:"Many Albertans agree: A carbon tax was the best solution" 4129: 3244: 3242: 1301:

2020: Updated federal carbon price, reaching $ 170 in 2030

724:

at the Canadian provincial, territorial or federal level.

7192:

Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 2630:"The good, the (mostly) bad, and the faint signs of hope" 2297:

Canada, Environment and Climate Change (August 5, 2021).

1020:

Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change

5089:"Ottawa is still playing favourites with the carbon tax" 2957:"Final draft of climate deal formally accepted in Paris" 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 1904:

Technology Innovation and Emissions Reduction Regulation

1891:

Technology Innovation and Emissions Reduction Regulation

1673:

as part of its budget, which makes it mandatory for all

1669:

In April 2019, the provincial government introduced the

1324:

2023 targeted relief for low-income and rural households

5345:

National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy

3973:"B.C. joins Western Regional Climate Action Initiative" 3501:. City News via The Canadian Press. November 30, 2018. 3493: 3491: 3470:"The pan-Canadian framework: Setting a price on carbon" 2963:. Cable News Network, Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. 2955:

Sutter, John D.; Berlinger, Joshua (12 December 2015).

2478: (Supreme Court of Canada March 25, 2021), 5561:

Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions

4130:"Specified Gas Emitters Regulation, Alta Reg 139/2007" 4068:"The shocking truth about B.C.'s carbon tax: It works" 4035:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

3236:, October 26, 2018 (page visited on October 26, 2018). 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2042:

Quantification, Reporting and Verification Regulations

1400:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

7331: 7033:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

4812: 4810: 4264:"Go figure – a carbon tax crafted right here at home" 2657: 2655: 2200:

According to Robert Jones' CBC article, by 2016, the

1621:

to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. *April 24, 2007:

1535:

On 4 June 2019 a carbon tax repeal bill was enacted.

1398:

In 2013, Angel Gurría, then-Secretary-General of the

1206:

estimated that the federal government "will generate

960:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

5375:

Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America

3757:(Report). Ottawa, Canada. April 25, 2019. p. 30 1337:

Carbon price in individual provinces and territories

7210: 7095: 7064: 6993: 6928: 6850: 6772: 6723: 6640: 6597: 6507: 6414: 6267: 6214: 6057: 5881: 5850: 5724: 5688: 5647: 5584: 5491: 5460: 5434: 5388: 5290: 5143:

Fact Checking Pierre Poilievre's "Axe the Tax" Plan

3846: 3844: 3522: 3520: 3349: 3347: 3345: 823:In 2003, Alberta signaled its commitment to manage 3902: 3900: 2278:Canada, Department of Finance (October 23, 2018). 2010:Management of Greenhouse Gas Reporting Regulations 1312:per year increase in the carbon pricing, reaching 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4030:"The climate challenge: Achieving zero emissions" 3967: 3965: 3963: 1294:Reference re Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act 1283:Reference re Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act 807:Reference re Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act 7233:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 4754:"Government of Northwest Territories Carbon Tax" 3140:"Compromised by weak target and dirty tar sands" 2354:"Graphic: The relentless rise of carbon dioxide" 2033:(Amendments to create the cap-and-trade program) 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2474: 2472: 1910:Standard for validation, verification and audit 1899:Emissions Management and Climate Resilience Act 1689:per-day if they persist. The fines increase to 1228: 5063:CTV Newsundefined (Director) (June 28, 2023). 4229:"Carbon tax proposal a non-starter in Alberta" 2088:Greenhouse Gas Emissions Performance Standards 5968:History of climate change policy and politics 5763: 5310:Comparison of Canadian and American economies 5256: 4258: 4256: 4254: 3215: 3213: 3211: 2400:(SC 2018, c 12, s 186). CANLII. June 21, 2018 1941:Reporting Industrial Greenhouse Gas Emissions 712:is implemented either as a regulatory fee or 690: 8: 5140:Ryan Jesperson (Director) (March 28, 2024). 4893:Fawcett-Atkinson, Marc (February 21, 2023). 4103:(Report). Government of Saskatchewan. 2017. 3715:"Alberta, B.C. lead provinces in GDP growth" 3362:Senate Committee on Agriculture and Forestry 2574:"Liberals cast themselves in leader's light" 976:21st Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC 6085:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 5701:Canadian Federation of Independent Business 2663:"Case of the Conservatives' carbon amnesia" 2521:"Quebec to collect nation's 1st carbon tax" 2360:. Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet 7314: 7302: 7061: 7050: 6769: 6755: 6504: 6491: 6054: 6041: 5953: 5847: 5834: 5786: 5770: 5756: 5748: 5263: 5249: 5241: 3696:, Ottawa, Canada, p. 12, May 22, 2018 1698:Minister of Environment and Climate Change 697: 683: 31: 6860:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 5993:United Nations Climate Change conferences 5516:Canada Development Investment Corporation 3364:(Report). December 21, 2018. p. 77. 2884:"Ecofiscal Commission Annual Report 2017" 2845:"Ecofiscal Commission Annual Report 2016" 2813:"Ecofiscal Commission Annual Report 2015" 2452:"The big election winner? The carbon tax" 1771:Most aspects of the federal government's 1273:2018: Constitutional challenges of GHGPPA 1202:In their April 25, 2019 report, Canada's 6564:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 3138:Goldenberg, Suzanne (October 16, 2015). 1787:Carbon tax and the 2019 federal election 1405:According to a November 2015 article in 1167:Carbon pricing in Canada is forecast by 7338: 6920:National Adaptation Programme of Action 6709:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 5576:Western Economic Diversification Canada 5526:Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation 4307:from the original on September 20, 2016 4151:"Alberta's carbon-tax windfall dilemma" 3627:. October 23, 2018. 44:04 minutes in. 2793:from the original on September 23, 2018 2244: 2193: 2075:Emissions Performance Standards program 2061:Emissions Performance Standards program 1868:Acts and Regulations for carbon pricing 1761:Government of the Northwest Territories 1122:in costs, the GHGPPA should leave them 1066:2018: Canadian government enacts GHGPPA 929:2015: Trudeau pledges to act if elected 43: 27:Carbon price on GHG emissions in Canada 6569:Economics of climate change mitigation 6532:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 5873:Scientific consensus on climate change 5624:Federal financing for small businesses 4829:from the original on November 29, 2018 4187:from the original on September 2, 2013 4161:from the original on September 4, 2015 4078:from the original on December 11, 2015 3330:from the original on December 17, 2018 3299:from the original on December 17, 2018 3272:from the original on December 17, 2018 2927:from the original on November 12, 2018 2745:from the original on September 4, 2018 2333:from the original on November 29, 2018 2254:"Carbon Tax and Rebate in Canada 2024" 1160:, and Ontario Minister of Environment 7228:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5732:Canadian Index of Consumer Confidence 5365:Public-private partnerships in Canada 4670: 4668: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4584: 4582: 4356:Simpson, Jeffery (January 22, 2010). 4337:from the original on December 8, 2015 4009:from the original on February 4, 2012 3799:Environment and Climate Change Canada 3055:from the original on 14 December 2015 3024:from the original on 13 December 2015 3020:. Toronto, Canada. 14 December 2015. 2967:from the original on 12 December 2015 2735:"About Canada's Ecofiscal Commission" 2584:from the original on October 13, 2012 2319:Nuccitelli, Dana (October 26, 2018). 2056:Report greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 1060:Environment and Climate Change Canada 7: 7250:Representative Concentration Pathway 6191:Tipping points in the climate system 5867:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 5511:Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation 5501:Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency 5165:Tasker, John Paul (March 21, 2024). 5037:Taylor, Stephanie (March 26, 2024). 4965:Orlando, Cathy (September 2, 2024). 4795:from the original on January 1, 2019 4506:from the original on January 1, 2019 4181:"The Tax Favored By Most Economists" 4110:from the original on January 1, 2019 4043:from the original on January 1, 2019 3948:from the original on August 25, 2018 3820:Tasker, John Paul (March 29, 2022). 3505:from the original on January 1, 2019 3476:from the original on January 1, 2019 3449:from the original on January 1, 2019 3423:from the original on January 1, 2019 3397:from the original on January 1, 2019 3371:from the original on January 1, 2019 3203:Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act 3152:from the original on January 1, 2019 3107:from the original on January 1, 2019 2915:McCarthy, Shawn (February 6, 2015). 2896:from the original on January 1, 2019 2857:from the original on January 1, 2019 2825:from the original on January 1, 2019 2694:Stavins, Robert N. (November 2001). 2398:Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act 1745:Canadian Civil Liberties Association 1297:that the GHGPPA was constitutional. 1076:Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act 1022:"—"lean heavily on carbon pricing". 749:Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act 7021:Nationally determined contributions 6731:Individual action on climate change 5936:World energy supply and consumption 5551:Financial Consumer Agency of Canada 4787:Leach, Andrew (December 23, 2018). 4758:Government of Northwest Territories 4370:from the original on April 22, 2010 3983:from the original on April 25, 2017 3936:Halstead, Ted (November 16, 2015). 3851:Scherer, Steve (November 6, 2023). 2781:Tombe, Trevor (November 23, 2015). 2531:from the original on April 14, 2018 2252:Urban, Rylan (September 24, 2020). 2023:Nova Scotia's Cap-and-Trade Program 1671:Federal Carbon Tax Transparency Act 1655:Federal Carbon Tax Transparency Act 1629:In October 2018, the newly-elected 1118:in annual rebates. Compared to the 964:greenhouse-gas-emissions mitigation 726:Provinces and territories of Canada 7160:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis 4817:Jones, Robert (October 30, 2018). 4417:Gilmore, Rachel (March 25, 2021). 4389:Abedi, Maham (February 25, 2020). 3570:"Have you calculated your rebate?" 3318:Chung, Emily (December 17, 2018). 2675:from the original on June 18, 2018 2640:from the original on March 8, 2009 1767:Output Based Pricing System (OBPS) 834:Quebec implements first carbon tax 766:(JPL), the air today contains 400 611:Renewable energy commercialization 25: 7087:Satellite temperature measurement 6692:forestry for carbon sequestration 5973:History of climate change science 5191:Graveland, Bill (April 1, 2024). 4675:Walsh, Marieke (April 18, 2019). 4295:Wells, Victoria (June 25, 2015). 4239:from the original on June 9, 2008 4028:Gurría, Angel (October 9, 2013). 3291:Rabson, Mia (December 17, 2018). 3249:Rabson, Mia (December 13, 2018). 3043:Mark, Kinver (14 December 2015). 3003:Article 3, Paris Agreement (2015) 2628:Reid, Scott (December 26, 2009). 2603:Bilton, Chris (January 7, 2009). 2572:Bryden, Joan (October 20, 2008). 2557:. January 9, 2009. Archived from 2037:Cap-and-Trade Program Regulations 1830:, who has been the leader of the 1749:Ontario Superior Court of Justice 1707:". The Act was criticized by the 1364:introduced a carbon tax in 2008. 1135:is made into their bank account. 7377: 7365: 7353: 7341: 7313: 7301: 7290: 7289: 7277: 6938:Climate Change Performance Index 6317:Destruction of cultural heritage 5737:International rankings of Canada 5478:Social Union Framework Agreement 5355:Provinces and territories by GDP 5218:Arthur, Bruce (March 28, 2024). 4944:The Mining Association of Canada 4874:Baxter, David (March 13, 2024). 2231:, was the second largest source. 2005:Management of Greenhouse Gas Act 810:that GHGPPA was constitutional. 51: 7077:Instrumental temperature record 7028:Sustainable Development Goal 13 4622:. Canadian Press. June 11, 2019 4498:Goodwin, Gary (July 20, 2018). 4453:Legislative Assembly of Alberta 4272:. March 9, 2007. Archived from 3619:"Pollution and your pocketbook" 2450:Bakx, Kyle (October 22, 2019). 1685:for their first violation, and 1575:An Act to Repeal the Carbon Tax 1328:In October 2023 Prime Minister 740:equivalent, set to increase to 7145:Climate variability and change 6176:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 5696:Canada Development Corporation 5315:Economic impact of immigration 5009:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2023.108045 3468:Goodwin, Gary (July 6, 2018). 2424:Ivison, John (June 18, 2018). 2116:Climate Leadership Regulations 1801:2019 federal election campaign 1729:then-upcoming federal election 1362:Government of British Columbia 794:2019 federal election campaign 1: 7255:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 6790:Climate emergency declaration 4991:Naef, Alain (March 1, 2024). 3393:. Bill C-74. March 27, 2018. 2739:Canada's Ecofiscal Commission 1923:British Columbia's Carbon Tax 1677:(excluding those situated on 1490:-based thermal energy plant. 1188:A May 22, 2018 report by the 1032:According to a report by the 958:) is an agreement within the 907:Canada's Ecofiscal Commission 388:Socially responsible business 164:Bright green environmentalism 7238:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 6464:Middle East and North Africa 5711:Canadian Payroll Association 5619:Federal Contractors' Program 3692:Parliamentary Budget Officer 3587:Nay, Isaac (July 14, 2022). 3445:. Bill C-74. June 21, 2018. 2210:Belledune Generating Station 2070:Environmental Protection Act 1832:Conservative Party of Canada 1589:passed by the government of 1478:and electricity distributor 1237:Parliamentary Budget Officer 1204:Parliamentary Budget Officer 1190:Parliamentary Budget Officer 1103:per tonne as of April 2021. 1034:Canadian Chamber of Commerce 866:2008: Dion election proposal 790:Conservative Party of Canada 639:Environmental pricing reform 7420:Environmental law in Canada 6312:Depopulation of settlements 5300:Agreement on Internal Trade 3419:. Bill C-74. May 28, 2018. 2551:"Exxon supports carbon tax" 2173:Legislation and Regulations 1773:Output Based Pricing System 1356:British Columbia carbon tax 1239:(OFC). April 25, 2019. p.3. 393:Social return on investment 7451: 7072:Global surface temperature 6963:Popular culture depictions 6875:Ecosystem-based adaptation 6605:Carbon capture and storage 6527:Carbon offsets and credits 5706:Credit Institute of Canada 5521:Canada Infrastructure Bank 5146:. Event occurs at 1:34:21 4524:July 20, 2018 Gary Goodwin 4455:, p. 2, June 20, 2019 3226:November 29, 2018, at the 3180:London School of Economics 2352:Callery, Susan, ed. (nd). 1992:Newfoundland and Labrador 1599:Western Climate Initiative 1429:Western Climate Initiative 1422: 1369:Western Climate Initiative 1353: 1276: 378:Pollution haven hypothesis 373:Natural resource economics 358:High-performance buildings 7284:Climate change portal 7271: 7177:Extreme event attribution 7060: 7049: 6800:School Strike for Climate 6768: 6754: 6679:Climate-smart agriculture 6503: 6490: 6053: 6040: 5963: 5952: 5846: 5833: 5816:Climate change adaptation 5811:Climate change mitigation 5806:Effects of climate change 5796: 5785: 5447:List of tariffs in Canada 5335:Interprovincial migration 5278: 3118:Carbon dioxide equivalent 2206:Saint John, New Brunswick 1881:Act and regulation links 1633:government under premier 1546:a tonne in 2017, rose to 1086:in 2019 and increases by 901:2014 Ecofiscal Commission 872:Canadian federal election 764:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 141:Climate change mitigation 7400:Carbon pricing in Canada 7187:Global warming potential 6994:International agreements 6641:Preserving and enhancing 6075:Arctic methane emissions 5997:Years in climate change 5904:Greenhouse gas emissions 5801:Causes of climate change 5716:Canadian Labour Congress 1954:How carbon pricing works 1862:Climate change in Canada 1631:Progressive Conservative 1441:emissions trading scheme 1184:Forecast economic impact 1138:In her October 23, 2018 1046:, from the Ottawa-based 825:greenhouse gas emissions 710:Carbon pricing in Canada 581:Environmental technology 224:Ecological modernization 179:Corporate sustainability 7435:Energy policy of Canada 7218:Climate change scenario 6870:Disaster risk reduction 6522:Carbon emission trading 6332:U.S. insurance industry 6302:Civilizational collapse 6149:sea surface temperature 5069:. Event occurs at 2:14 3536:. October 23, 2018. CBC 2605:"Green shifting right?" 2165:Climate Change Strategy 2137:Environment Quality Act 1721:Chief Electoral Officer 1719:issued a letter to the 1500:Premier of Saskatchewan 1289:Supreme Court of Canada 1156:, Saskatchewan Premier 962:(UNFCCC), dealing with 802:Supreme Court of Canada 654:Green industrial policy 368:Marginal abatement cost 291:Fiscal environmentalism 108:Personal carbon trading 78:Carbon fee and dividend 73:Carbon emission trading 45:Environmental economics 7348:Business and economics 7211:Research and modelling 6895:Nature-based solutions 6715:Nature-based solutions 6657:Carbon dioxide removal 6574:Fossil fuel divestment 6559:Climate risk insurance 6469:Small island countries 6080:Arctic sea ice decline 5680:Toronto Stock Exchange 5634:National Child Benefit 5473:Minimum wage in Canada 5442:Canadian import duties 5416:Science and technology 3295:. The Canadian Press. 2703:Discussion Paper 01-58 2111:Climate Leadership Act 1733:Green Party of Ontario 1666: 1658: 1250: 1242: 1180: 1005:Climate Action Tracker 955: 845:On December 11, 2008, 591:Fossil fuel divestment 7172:Earth's energy budget 7055:Background and theory 6943:Climate crisis (term) 6615:Fossil fuel phase-out 6509:Economics and finance 6474:by individual country 6416:By country and region 6391:Security and conflict 6386:Psychological impacts 6065:Abrupt climate change 5988:Charles David Keeling 5821:By country and region 5614:Equalization payments 5536:Department of Finance 5325:Free trade agreements 4217:on November 15, 2012. 3977:Office of the Premier 2500:Government of Alberta 2098:Prince Edward Island 1936:Carbon Tax Regulation 1755:Northwest Territories 1664: 1648: 1470:for diesel fuel, and 1466:a year for gasoline, 1443:with the US state of 1395:proposed by the WCI. 1247: 1178: 1048:Environment Institute 942:2016: Paris Agreement 878:, then leader of the 859:cap-and-trade program 649:Free public transport 596:Fossil fuel phase-out 118:Social cost of carbon 18:Carbon price (Canada) 7001:Glasgow Climate Pact 6662:Carbon sequestration 6227:Mass mortality event 4997:Ecological Economics 4074:. Toronto, Ontario. 4003:"Vancouver Sun 2011" 3912:Government of Canada 3624:Power & Politics 3533:Power & Politics 3093:(October 16, 2015). 2993:. December 12, 2015. 2561:on January 22, 2009. 1819:Ecological Economics 1725:Canada Elections Act 1141:Power & Politics 1072:Parliament of Canada 1052:University of Ottawa 1003:in partnership with 997:A special report by 644:Environmental tariff 269:full-cost accounting 234:Efficient energy use 219:Ecological footprint 214:Ecological economics 7405:Emissions reduction 7140:Climate sensitivity 6915:The Adaptation Fund 6371:Infectious diseases 6268:Social and economic 5599:Canada Savings Bond 5571:Royal Canadian Mint 5468:Canadian labour law 5199:. Cochrane, Alberta 5119:The Abbotsford News 4734:. September 4, 2020 4567:. November 30, 2018 4235:. January 8, 2008. 3944:. Washington, D.C. 2555:Calgary Herald News 2202:Irving Oil Refinery 1849:of $ 15-per-tonne. 1488:Sorel-Tracy, Quebec 1436:participates in an 1082:by 2022, begins at 857:is preferable to a 576:Carbon-neutral fuel 239:Energy conservation 7430:Low-carbon economy 7410:Taxation in Canada 6711:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 6683:Forest management 6667:Direct air capture 6632:Sustainable energy 6589:Net zero emissions 6584:Low-carbon economy 6579:Green Climate Fund 6366:Indigenous peoples 6259:Plant biodiversity 6047:Effects and issues 5452:Taxation in Canada 5093:The Globe and Mail 4541:. October 31, 2018 4363:The Globe and Mail 4269:The Calgary Herald 4155:The Globe and Mail 4072:The Globe and Mail 3979:. April 24, 2007. 3719:The Globe and Mail 3654:Environment Canada 3260:The Canadian Press 3184:. December 9, 2016 2921:The Globe and Mail 2668:The Globe and Mail 2634:The Globe and Mail 1984:Climate Change Act 1691:$ 5,000 and 10,000 1667: 1659: 1641:Gas station decals 1257:in New Brunswick, 1251: 1196:, or 0.1% of GDP. 1181: 1169:Environment Canada 933:In February 2015, 616:Sustainable energy 601:Low-carbon economy 440:consumer behaviour 7415:Environmental tax 7329: 7328: 7267: 7266: 7263: 7262: 7202:Radiative forcing 7045: 7044: 7041: 7040: 6865:Adaptive capacity 6750: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6610:Energy transition 6486: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6196:Tropical cyclones 6122:Urban heat island 6036: 6035: 5948: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5909:Carbon accounting 5863:Greenhouse effect 5829: 5828: 5745: 5744: 5660:Montreal Exchange 5594:Transfer payments 5305:Banking in Canada 5272:Economy of Canada 4899:National Observer 4211:tyeesolutions.org 4157:. April 9, 2013. 3859:. Ottawa, Ontario 3663:978-0-660-26230-7 3574:Fair Path Forward 3558:. March 27, 2021. 3219:Dana Nuccitelli, 3124:e emissions (MtCO 3077:; Will Franklin; 2218:Crown corporation 2185: 2184: 2129:The Carbon Market 1918:British Columbia 1811:Carbon tax debate 1803:. He argued that 1701:Catherine McKenna 1425:Quebec carbon tax 1269:in Saskatchewan. 895:emissions trading 707: 706: 571:Carbon neutrality 560:2000-watt society 554:Energy transition 465:development goals 383:Social accounting 103:Environmental tax 98:Emissions trading 16:(Redirected from 7442: 7382: 7381: 7370: 7369: 7368: 7358: 7357: 7346: 7345: 7337: 7317: 7316: 7305: 7304: 7293: 7292: 7282: 7281: 7280: 7245:Paleoclimatology 7062: 7051: 6812:Ecological grief 6795:Climate movement 6770: 6756: 6736:Plant-based diet 6627:Renewable energy 6505: 6492: 6327:Economic impacts 6249:Invasive species 6105:Coastal flooding 6055: 6042: 5978:Svante Arrhenius 5954: 5924:from agriculture 5914:Carbon footprint 5899:Greenhouse gases 5848: 5835: 5787: 5772: 5765: 5758: 5749: 5265: 5258: 5251: 5242: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4971:The Sudbury Star 4962: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4920:. March 26, 2024 4914: 4903: 4902: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4855:. March 14, 2024 4845: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4814: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4784: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4672: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4653:. April 12, 2019 4651:CTV News Toronto 4643: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4596:. April 12, 2019 4586: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4531: 4525: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4495: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4450: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4331:Huffpost Alberta 4323: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4260: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4213:. Archived from 4203: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4109: 4102: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4050: 4048: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3969: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3933: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3904: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3885:. March 31, 2019 3875: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3848: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3801:. August 5, 2021 3791: 3785: 3784: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3756: 3748: 3735: 3734: 3728: 3726: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3688: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3629:CBC News Network 3615: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3524: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3495: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3417:"Second Reading" 3413: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3370: 3359: 3351: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3246: 3237: 3217: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3159: 3157: 3135: 3129: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3010: 3004: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2952: 2946: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2895: 2888: 2880: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2856: 2849: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2824: 2817: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2778: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2711: 2700: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2659: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2613:. Archived from 2600: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2527:. June 7, 2007. 2517: 2504: 2503: 2497: 2489: 2483: 2476: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2421: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2316: 2307: 2306: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2249: 2232: 2198: 1872: 1828:Pierre Poilievre 1692: 1688: 1684: 1623:British Columbia 1561: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1485: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1350:British Columbia 1319: 1315: 1311: 1268: 1265:in Manitoba and 1264: 1260: 1256: 1240: 1225: 1224:CA$ 5.77 billion 1221: 1220:CA$ 6.20 billion 1217: 1213: 1212:CA$ 2.43 billion 1209: 1208:CA$ 2.63 billion 1195: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1085: 891:greenhouse gases 743: 735: 699: 692: 685: 565:Alternative fuel 455:design standards 363:Impact investing 169:Circular economy 136:Carbon footprint 55: 32: 21: 7450: 7449: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7440: 7439: 7390: 7389: 7388: 7376: 7366: 7364: 7352: 7340: 7332: 7330: 7325: 7278: 7276: 7259: 7206: 7197:Orbital forcing 7091: 7056: 7037: 7011:Paris Agreement 6989: 6985:Warming stripes 6924: 6890:Managed retreat 6885:Loss and damage 6846: 6780:Business action 6764: 6742: 6719: 6642: 6636: 6593: 6554:Climate finance 6499: 6478: 6410: 6263: 6239:Extinction risk 6215:Flora and fauna 6210: 6171:Permafrost thaw 6166:Ozone depletion 6095:Extreme weather 6049: 6032: 5959: 5940: 5877: 5842: 5825: 5792: 5781: 5776: 5746: 5741: 5720: 5684: 5643: 5639:National Policy 5586: 5580: 5531:CPP Investments 5493: 5487: 5456: 5430: 5384: 5380:Social programs 5330:Great Recession 5292: 5286: 5283:Canadian dollar 5274: 5269: 5239: 5238: 5228: 5226: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5202: 5200: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5175: 5173: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5149: 5147: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5124: 5122: 5121:. July 12, 2023 5113: 5112: 5108: 5098: 5096: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5072: 5070: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5047: 5045: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5021: 5019: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4975: 4973: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4949: 4947: 4946:. March 4, 2020 4938: 4937: 4933: 4923: 4921: 4916: 4915: 4906: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4858: 4856: 4847: 4846: 4842: 4832: 4830: 4816: 4815: 4808: 4798: 4796: 4786: 4785: 4772: 4762: 4760: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4737: 4735: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4711: 4709: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4685: 4683: 4674: 4673: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4645: 4644: 4635: 4625: 4623: 4614: 4613: 4609: 4599: 4597: 4588: 4587: 4580: 4570: 4568: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4533: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4507: 4497: 4496: 4489: 4479: 4477: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4458: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4429: 4427: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4401: 4399: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4373: 4371: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4310: 4308: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4279: 4277: 4276:on May 11, 2011 4262: 4261: 4252: 4242: 4240: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4190: 4188: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4164: 4162: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4046: 4044: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4012: 4010: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3986: 3984: 3971: 3970: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3935: 3934: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3906: 3905: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3862: 3860: 3850: 3849: 3842: 3832: 3830: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3804: 3802: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3760: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3749: 3738: 3724: 3722: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3699: 3697: 3686: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3633: 3631: 3617: 3616: 3609: 3599: 3597: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3539: 3537: 3526: 3525: 3518: 3508: 3506: 3497: 3496: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3443:"Third Reading" 3441: 3440: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3400: 3398: 3391:"First Reading" 3389: 3388: 3384: 3374: 3372: 3368: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3343: 3333: 3331: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3302: 3300: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3275: 3273: 3248: 3247: 3240: 3228:Wayback Machine 3218: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3185: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3155: 3153: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3110: 3108: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3027: 3025: 3012: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2970: 2968: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2930: 2928: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2870: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2796: 2794: 2780: 2779: 2758: 2748: 2746: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2698: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2678: 2676: 2661: 2660: 2653: 2643: 2641: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2617:on May 1, 2011. 2602: 2601: 2597: 2587: 2585: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2534: 2532: 2519: 2518: 2507: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2477: 2470: 2460: 2458: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2434: 2432: 2423: 2422: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2383: 2378: 2377: 2373: 2363: 2361: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2336: 2334: 2318: 2317: 2310: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2262: 2260: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2235: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2145:Cap & Trade 2031:Environment Act 1870: 1858: 1813: 1789: 1769: 1757: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1679:Indian reserves 1643: 1583: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1543: 1526: 1516: 1496: 1484:CA$ 4.5 million 1483: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1460:CA$ 200 million 1459: 1431: 1423:Main articles: 1421: 1413:economic growth 1358: 1352: 1339: 1326: 1317: 1313: 1306: 1303: 1285: 1277:Main articles: 1275: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1241: 1234: 1223: 1219: 1216:CA$ 197 million 1215: 1211: 1207: 1193: 1186: 1150:Dominic LeBlanc 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1100: 1099:in 2020 and to 1096: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1081: 1068: 956:Accord de Paris 948:Paris Agreement 944: 931: 919:Preston Manning 903: 868: 836: 821: 816: 780: 775: 758:. According to 756:Paris Agreement 741: 739: 736:per tonne of CO 730: 703: 674: 673: 629: 621: 620: 555: 547: 546: 532:Thermoeconomics 286:Ethical banking 174:Climate finance 159: 151: 150: 131: 123: 122: 63: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7448: 7446: 7438: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7425:Carbon finance 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7392: 7391: 7387: 7386: 7374: 7362: 7360:Global warming 7350: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7323: 7311: 7299: 7287: 7272: 7269: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7241: 7240: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7214: 7212: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7163: 7162: 7152: 7150:Cloud feedback 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7131: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7105: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7068: 7066: 7058: 7057: 7054: 7047: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7024: 7023: 7018: 7008: 7006:Kyoto Protocol 7003: 6997: 6995: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6981: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6960: 6958:Media coverage 6955: 6950: 6948:Climate spiral 6945: 6940: 6934: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6856: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6844: 6839: 6837:Public opinion 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6803: 6802: 6792: 6787: 6785:Climate action 6782: 6776: 6774: 6766: 6765: 6759: 6752: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6717: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6697:REDD and REDD+ 6694: 6689: 6681: 6676: 6674:Carbon farming 6671: 6670: 6669: 6664: 6654: 6648: 6646: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6607: 6601: 6599: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6535: 6534: 6524: 6519: 6513: 6511: 6501: 6500: 6495: 6488: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6420: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6406:Water security 6403: 6401:Water scarcity 6398: 6396:Urban flooding 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6282: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6244:Forest dieback 6241: 6236: 6231: 6230: 6229: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6181:Sea level rise 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6154:stratification 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6119: 6109: 6108: 6107: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6061: 6059: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6038: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5957: 5950: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5919:Carbon leakage 5916: 5911: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5885: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5875: 5870: 5860: 5858:Climate system 5854: 5852: 5844: 5843: 5838: 5831: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5790: 5783: 5782: 5779:Climate change 5777: 5775: 5774: 5767: 5760: 5752: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5675:S&P/TSX 60 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5651: 5649: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5604:Carbon pricing 5601: 5596: 5590: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5506:Bank of Canada 5503: 5497: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5428: 5426:Transportation 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5401:Communications 5398: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5340:Land ownership 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5296: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5245: 5237: 5236: 5210: 5183: 5157: 5132: 5106: 5095:. July 5, 2023 5080: 5055: 5043:Canadian Press 5029: 4983: 4957: 4931: 4904: 4885: 4866: 4840: 4806: 4770: 4745: 4719: 4693: 4664: 4633: 4607: 4578: 4552: 4526: 4517: 4487: 4476:. June 5, 2019 4465: 4437: 4409: 4381: 4348: 4318: 4301:Financial Post 4287: 4250: 4220: 4198: 4172: 4142: 4121: 4089: 4058: 4020: 3994: 3959: 3925: 3896: 3870: 3840: 3812: 3786: 3768: 3736: 3706: 3675: 3662: 3641: 3607: 3579: 3561: 3547: 3516: 3487: 3460: 3434: 3408: 3382: 3341: 3310: 3283: 3238: 3207: 3195: 3166: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3083:Karl Mathiesen 3066: 3035: 3018:Globe and Mail 3005: 2996: 2978: 2947: 2938: 2907: 2868: 2836: 2804: 2756: 2726: 2712:on May 1, 2011 2686: 2651: 2620: 2595: 2564: 2542: 2505: 2484: 2468: 2442: 2411: 2389: 2381: 2371: 2344: 2308: 2289: 2270: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2180: 2175: 2168: 2161: 2157: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2152: 2147: 2139: 2132: 2125: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2118: 2113: 2106: 2099: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2077: 2072: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2026: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2007: 2000: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1979: 1977: 1976:New Brunswick 1973: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1964: 1957: 1950: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1931:Carbon Tax Act 1926: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1907: 1901: 1894: 1887: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1857: 1854: 1812: 1809: 1791:In June 2018, 1788: 1785: 1768: 1765: 1756: 1753: 1737:Mike Schreiner 1717:Taras Natyshak 1705:climate change 1642: 1639: 1591:Kathleen Wynne 1582: 1579: 1573:, was Bill 1: 1532:20 per tonne. 1524: 1518:In July 2007, 1515: 1512: 1495: 1492: 1482:who would pay 1476:CA$ 39 million 1472:CA$ 43 million 1468:CA$ 36 million 1464:CA$ 69 million 1456:Claude Béchard 1450:In June 2007, 1420: 1417: 1354:Main article: 1351: 1348: 1338: 1335: 1330:Justin Trudeau 1325: 1322: 1302: 1299: 1274: 1271: 1232: 1185: 1182: 1133:direct deposit 1079: 1067: 1064: 1013:Stephen Harper 992:global warming 943: 940: 935:Justin Trudeau 930: 927: 902: 899: 867: 864: 838:In June 2007, 835: 832: 820: 817: 815: 812: 778: 773: 737: 716:levied on the 705: 704: 702: 701: 694: 687: 679: 676: 675: 672: 671: 669:Rail subsidies 666: 664:Green politics 661: 659:Green New Deal 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 634:Carbon leakage 630: 627: 626: 623: 622: 619: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 586:Feed-in tariff 583: 578: 573: 568: 562: 556: 553: 552: 549: 548: 545: 544: 542:Value of Earth 539: 534: 529: 528: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 417: 416: 415: 410: 405: 398:Sustainability 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 354: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 293: 288: 283: 282: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 204:Eco-innovation 201: 196: 194:Eco-capitalism 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 160: 157: 156: 153: 152: 149: 148: 143: 138: 132: 130:Climate change 129: 128: 125: 124: 121: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 83:Carbon finance 80: 75: 70: 64: 61: 60: 57: 56: 48: 47: 41: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7447: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7373: 7363: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7335: 7322: 7321: 7312: 7310: 7309: 7300: 7298: 7297: 7288: 7286: 7285: 7274: 7273: 7270: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7239: 7236: 7235: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7223:Climate model 7221: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7209: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7161: 7158: 7157: 7156: 7155:Cloud forcing 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7094: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7052: 7048: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7013: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6986: 6983: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6930:Communication 6927: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6910:Vulnerability 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6880:Flood control 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6849: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6757: 6753: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6716: 6713: 6710: 6707: 6703: 6702:reforestation 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6687:afforestation 6685: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6639: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6622:Nuclear power 6620: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6596: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6517:Carbon budget 6515: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6493: 6489: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6413: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6355: 6354:Mental health 6352: 6351: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6286: 6285:United States 6283: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6139:deoxygenation 6137: 6135: 6134:acidification 6132: 6131: 6130: 6127: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6113: 6110: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6043: 6039: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5962: 5955: 5951: 5937: 5934: 5930: 5929:from wetlands 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5889:Deforestation 5887: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5874: 5871: 5868: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5832: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5795: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5773: 5768: 5766: 5761: 5759: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5689:Organisations 5687: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5670:Occupy Canada 5668: 5666: 5665:NASDAQ Canada 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5320:Energy policy 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5289: 5285: 5284: 5277: 5273: 5266: 5261: 5259: 5254: 5252: 5247: 5246: 5243: 5225: 5221: 5214: 5211: 5198: 5194: 5187: 5184: 5172: 5168: 5161: 5158: 5145: 5144: 5136: 5133: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5107: 5094: 5090: 5084: 5081: 5068: 5067: 5059: 5056: 5044: 5040: 5033: 5030: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4987: 4984: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4958: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4932: 4919: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4889: 4886: 4881: 4877: 4870: 4867: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4794: 4790: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4771: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4746: 4738:September 24, 4733: 4729: 4723: 4720: 4708:. May 2, 2019 4707: 4703: 4697: 4694: 4682: 4678: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4595: 4591: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4571:September 24, 4566: 4562: 4556: 4553: 4545:September 24, 4540: 4536: 4530: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4475: 4469: 4466: 4454: 4447: 4441: 4438: 4426: 4425: 4420: 4413: 4410: 4398: 4397: 4392: 4385: 4382: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4352: 4349: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4322: 4319: 4311:September 14, 4306: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4288: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4265: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4202: 4199: 4186: 4183:. Brookings. 4182: 4176: 4173: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4143: 4131: 4125: 4122: 4106: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4042: 4038: 4036: 4031: 4024: 4021: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3995: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3914:. May 3, 2019 3913: 3909: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3829: 3828: 3823: 3816: 3813: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3753: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3721:. May 2, 2018 3720: 3716: 3710: 3707: 3695: 3693: 3685: 3679: 3676: 3665: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3642: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3596: 3595: 3590: 3583: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3535: 3534: 3529: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3461: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3435: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3383: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3314: 3311: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3284: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3222: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3196: 3183: 3181: 3176: 3170: 3167: 3163: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3141: 3134: 3131: 3119: 3106: 3102: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3075:Caelainn Barr 3070: 3067: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3036: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3009: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2992: 2991:ABC Australia 2988: 2982: 2979: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2951: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2911: 2908: 2892: 2885: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2853: 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2141:Regulations: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2130: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2107: 2105: 2104: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2079:Regulations: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1958: 1956: 1955: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1925: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1805:Andrew Scheer 1802: 1798: 1797:National Post 1795:wrote in the 1794: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1774: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1694: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1663: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1557:$ 1.50 / 1539: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1521: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1508:Vassy Kapelos 1505: 1501: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1481: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1438:international 1435: 1430: 1426: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1409: 1403: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1393:cap and trade 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1357: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1323: 1321: 1318:$ 170 /t 1310: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1284: 1280: 1272: 1270: 1246: 1238: 1231: 1227: 1205: 1200: 1197: 1194:CA$ 2 billion 1191: 1183: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1146:Vassy Kapelos 1143: 1142: 1136: 1134: 1129: 1104: 1077: 1073: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1044:Stewart Elgie 1041: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 1001: 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6070:Anoxic event 5983:James Hansen 5603: 5483:Trade unions 5350:Oil reserves 5280: 5227:. Retrieved 5224:Toronto Star 5223: 5213: 5201:. Retrieved 5197:Toronto Star 5196: 5186: 5174:. Retrieved 5170: 5160: 5148:. Retrieved 5142: 5135: 5123:. Retrieved 5118: 5109: 5097:. Retrieved 5092: 5083: 5071:. Retrieved 5065: 5058: 5046:. Retrieved 5042: 5032: 5022:September 2, 5020:. Retrieved 5000: 4996: 4986: 4976:September 2, 4974:. Retrieved 4970: 4960: 4950:September 2, 4948:. Retrieved 4943: 4934: 4922:. Retrieved 4898: 4888: 4879: 4869: 4857:. Retrieved 4852: 4843: 4833:December 25, 4831:. Retrieved 4822: 4799:December 25, 4797:. Retrieved 4763:December 18, 4761:. Retrieved 4757: 4748: 4736:. Retrieved 4732:Toronto Star 4731: 4722: 4710:. Retrieved 4705: 4696: 4684:. Retrieved 4680: 4655:. Retrieved 4650: 4624:. Retrieved 4619: 4610: 4598:. Retrieved 4593: 4569:. Retrieved 4565:Windsor Star 4564: 4555: 4543:. Retrieved 4538: 4529: 4520: 4510:December 18, 4508:. Retrieved 4478:. Retrieved 4468: 4457:, retrieved 4452: 4440: 4428:. Retrieved 4422: 4412: 4400:. Retrieved 4394: 4384: 4372:. Retrieved 4361: 4351: 4341:November 27, 4339:. Retrieved 4330: 4321: 4309:. Retrieved 4300: 4290: 4278:. Retrieved 4274:the original 4267: 4241:. Retrieved 4223: 4215:the original 4210: 4201: 4191:December 12, 4189:. Retrieved 4175: 4165:December 12, 4163:. Retrieved 4154: 4145: 4135:December 11, 4133:. Retrieved 4124: 4112:. Retrieved 4092: 4082:December 10, 4080:. Retrieved 4071: 4061: 4054:adjustments. 4052: 4047:December 31, 4045:. Retrieved 4033: 4023: 4011:. Retrieved 3997: 3985:. Retrieved 3976: 3950:. Retrieved 3942:The Atlantic 3941: 3916:. Retrieved 3911: 3887:. Retrieved 3882: 3873: 3863:December 23, 3861:. Retrieved 3856: 3831:. Retrieved 3825: 3815: 3803:. Retrieved 3789: 3780: 3771: 3759:. Retrieved 3730: 3723:. Retrieved 3718: 3709: 3698:, retrieved 3690: 3678: 3667:, retrieved 3653: 3644: 3634:December 19, 3632:. Retrieved 3622: 3598:. Retrieved 3594:Toronto Star 3592: 3582: 3573: 3564: 3550: 3540:December 19, 3538:. 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