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allowed to evaporate so that this water does not pass into the local drainage system and contaminate streams. Kilns and pits, as distinct from retorts and other sophisticated systems, do not normally produce liquid effluent - the by-products are mostly dispersed into the air as vapours. Precautions against airborne contamination of the environment are of greater importance in this case.
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The tars and smoke produced from carbonization, although not directly poisonous, may have long-term damaging effects on the respiratory system. Housing areas should, where possible, be located so that prevailing winds carry smoke from charcoal operations away from them and batteries of kilns should
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The gas produced by carbonization has a high content of carbon monoxide which is poisonous when breathed. Therefore, when working around the kiln or pit during operation and when the kiln is opened for unloading, care must be taken that proper ventilation is provided to allow the carbon monoxide,
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The tars and pyroligneous liquors can also seriously contaminate streams and affect drinking water supplies for humans and animals. Fish may also be adversely affected. Liquid effluents and waste water from medium and large scale charcoal operations should be trapped in large settling ponds and
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For the final pyrolysis temperature, the amount of heat applied controls the degree of carbonization and the residual content of foreign elements. For example, at T ~ 1,200 K (930 °C; 1,700 °F) the carbon content of the residue exceeds a mass fraction of 90 wt.%, whereas at T ~
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remains. Unless further external heat is provided, the process stops and the temperature reaches a maximum of about 400 °C (752 °F). This charcoal, however, will still contain appreciable amounts of
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Wood tars and pyroligneous acid can be irritant to skin and care should be taken to avoid prolonged skin contact by providing protective clothing and adopting working procedures which minimize exposure.
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in an industrial setting usually requires a temperature above 280 °C (536 °F), which frees up energy and hence this reaction is said to be
142:. This carbonization, which can also be seen as a spontaneous breakdown of the wood, continues until only the carbonised residue called
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Masakazu Toda, Atsushi
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Carbonization produces substances which can prove harmful and simple precautions should be taken to reduce risks.
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116:, for instance), it can be carbonized extremely quickly, turning it into solid carbon. In the destruction of
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reaction, therefore, is considered a complex process in which many reactions take place concurrently such as
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which is also produced during unloading through spontaneous ignition of the hot fuel, to be dispersed.
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1,600 K (1,330 °C; 2,420 °F) more than 99 wt.% carbon is found. Carbonization is often
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in that it occurs much faster, due to its reaction rate being faster by many orders of magnitude.
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by a volcano, many organic objects such as wooden furniture were carbonized by the intense heat.
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is exposed to sudden searing heat (as in the case of a
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In one study, carbonization was used to create a new
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not be located in close proximity to housing areas.
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Green chemistry: Biodiesel made with sugar catalyst
226:carbon sheets. This material was then treated with
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323:The IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
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219:residue consisting of a complex mixture of
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381:"Simple Technologies in Charcoal Making"
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159:Industrial safety in carbonization
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183:Carbonization and biodiesel fuels
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32:destructive distillation
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281:Anderson, L.A. (2023).
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191:for the generation of
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287:Earth-Science Reviews
134:The carbonization of
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325:. IUPAC Gold Book.
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102:biomaterial
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268:References
221:polycyclic
140:exothermic
97:per gram.
83:exothermic
262:Pyrolysis
232:sulfonite
193:biodiesel
52:pyrolytic
437:Category
413:Abstract
246:See also
240:hydroxyl
236:carboxyl
224:aromatic
207:such as
189:catalyst
144:charcoal
130:Charring
95:calories
30:through
213:sucrose
209:glucose
197:ethanol
114:volcano
112:from a
106:nuclear
91:glucose
398:Nature
238:, and
205:sugars
28:carbon
347:" by
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