Sand tiger shark - Knowledge (XXG)

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the sandy bottom ("shielding") when they were receptive. This prevented males from approaching from underneath towards their cloaca. Often there is more than one male close by with the dominant one remaining close to the female, intimidating others with an aggressive display in which the dominant shark closely follows the tail of the subordinate, forcing the subordinate to accelerate and swim away. The dominant male snaps at smaller fish of other species. The male approaches the female and the two sharks protect the sandy bottom over which they interact. Strong interest of the male is indicated by superficial bites in the anal and pectoral fin areas of the female. The female responds with superficial biting of the male. This behaviour continues for several days during which the male patrols the area around the female. The male regularly approaches the female in "nosing" behaviour to "smell" the cloaca of the female. If she is ready, she swims off with the male, while both partners contort their bodies so that the right clasper of the male enters the cloaca of the female. The male bites the base of her right pectoral fin, leaving scars that are easily visible afterwards. After one or two minutes, mating is complete and the two separate. Females often mate with more than one male. Females mate only every second or third year. After mating, the females remain behind, while the males move off to seek other areas to feed, resulting in many observations of sand tiger populations comprising almost exclusively females.

820:, with larger individuals feeding on a higher number of benthic elasmobranchs than smaller individuals. Stomach content analysis indicates that smaller sand tigers mainly focus on the sea bottom and as they grow larger they start to take more pelagic prey. This perspective of the diet of sand tigers is consistent with similar observations in the north west Atlantic and in South Africa where large sand tigers capture a wider range of shark and skate species as prey, from the surf zone to the continental shelf, indicating the opportunistic nature of sand tiger feeding. Off South Africa, sand tigers less than 2 m (6.6 ft) in length prey on fish about a quarter of their own length; however, large sand tigers capture prey up to about half of their own length. The prey items are usually swallowed as three or four chunks. 900:

2005. In South Africa, the mortality of sand tiger sharks caused a significant decrease in the length of these animals and it was concluded that the shark nets pose a significant threat to this species with its very low reproductive rate Before 2000, these nets snagged about 200 sand tiger sharks per year in South Africa, of which only about 40% survived and were released alive. The efficiency of shark nets for the prevention of unprovoked shark attacks on bathers has been questioned, and since 2000 there has been a reduced use of these nets and alternative approaches are being developed.

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found to be highly susceptible to developing spinal deformities, with as many as one in every three captive sharks being affected, giving them a hunched appearance. These deformities have been hypothesized to be correlated to both the size and shape of their tank. If the tank is too small, the sharks have to spend more time actively swimming than they would in the wild, where they have space to glide. Also, sharks in small, circular tanks often spend most of their time circling along the edges in only one direction, causing asymmetrical stress on their bodies.

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caves, often at a water depth ca. 20 m (66 ft), where they mate during and just after the winter. Mating normally takes place at night. After mating, they swim further north to even warmer water where gestation takes place. In autumn they return southwards to give birth in cooler water. This round trip may encompass as much as 3,000 km (1,900 mi). The young sharks do not take part in this migration, but they are absent from the normal birth grounds during winter: it is thought that they move deeper into the ocean. At

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and hunt over the ocean bottom, often ranging far from their shelter. Sand tigers hunt by stealth. It is the only shark known to gulp air and store it in the stomach, allowing the shark to maintain near-neutral buoyancy which helps it to hunt motionlessly and quietly. Aquarium observations indicate that when it comes close enough to a prey item, it grabs with a quick sideways snap of the prey. The sand tiger shark has been observed to gather in hunting groups when preying upon large schools of fish.

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seven years and approximately 1.9 m (6.2 ft) in length. Females reach maturity when approximately 2.2 m (7.2 ft) long at about seven to ten years of age. They are normally not expected to reach lengths over 3 m and lengths around 2.2–2.5 is more common. In the informal media, such as YouTube, there have been several reports of sand tigers around 5 m long, but none of these have been verified scientifically.

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sand tiger behaviour than the distance within which they approached the sharks. Divers approaching to within 3 m of sharks affected their behaviour but after the divers had retreated, the sharks resumed normal behaviour. Other studies indicate sand tiger sharks can be indifferent to divers. Scuba divers are normally compliant with Australian shark-diving regulations.

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feeder. During the day, they take shelter near rocks, overhangs, caves and reefs often at relatively shallow depths (<20 m). This is the typical environment where divers encounter sand tigers, hovering just above the bottom in large sandy gutters and caves. However, at night they leave the shelter

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In Argentina, the prey items of sand tigers largely coincided with important commercial fisheries targets. Humans affect sand tiger food availability and the sharks, in turn, compete with humans for food that, in turn, has already been heavily exploited by the fisheries industry. The same applies to

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In Australia and South Africa, one of the common practices in beach holiday areas is to erect shark nets around the beaches frequently used by swimmers. These nets are erected some 400 m (1,300 ft) from the shore and act as gill nets that trap incoming sharks: this was the norm until about

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islands, along the coasts of Senegal and Ghana, and from southern Nigeria to Cameroon. In the western Indian Ocean, the shark ranges from South Africa to southern Mozambique, but excluding Madagascar. The sand tiger shark has also been sighted in the Red Sea and may be found as far east as India. In

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The reproductive pattern is similar to that of many of the Odontaspididae, the shark family to which sand tigers belong. Female sand tigers have two uterine horns that, during early embryonic development, may have as many as 50 embryos that obtain nutrients from their yolk sacs and possibly consume

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is a popular product in cosmetic products such as lipstick. It is sought by anglers in fishing competitions in South Africa and some other countries. In Australia it has been reduced in numbers by spear fishers using poison and where it is now protected. It is also prized as an aquarium exhibit in

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Mating occurs around the months of August and December in the northern hemisphere and during August–October in the southern hemisphere. The courtship and mating of sand tigers has been best documented from observations in large aquaria. In Oceanworld, Sydney, the females tended to hover just above

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The sand tiger shark can be found in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, and in the Adriatic Seas. In the Western Atlantic Ocean, it is found in coastal waters around from the Gulf of Maine to Florida, in the northern Gulf of Mexico, around the Bahamas and Bermuda, and from southern Brazil to

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Despite its fearsome appearance and strong swimming ability, it is a relatively placid and slow-moving shark with no confirmed human fatalities. This species has a sharp, pointy head, and a bulky body. The sand tiger's length can reach 3.2 m (10.5 ft) but is normally 2.2–2.5 m in length.

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A recent report from the Pew Charitable Trusts suggests that a new management approach used for large mammals that have suffered population declines could hold promise for sharks. Because of the life-history characteristics of sharks, conventional fisheries management approaches, such as reaching

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There are several factors contributing to the decline in the population of the sand tigers. Sand tigers reproduce at an unusually low rate, due to the fact that they do not have more than two pups at a time and because they breed only every second or third year. This shark is a highly prized food

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A study near Sydney in Australia found that the behaviour of the sharks is affected by the proximity of scuba divers. Diver activity affects the aggregation, swimming and respiratory behaviour of sharks, but only at short time scales. The group size of scuba divers was less important in affecting

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Its large and menacing appearance, combined with its relative placidity, has made the sand tiger shark among the most popular shark species to be displayed in public aquaria. However, as with all large sharks, keeping them in captivity is not without its difficulties. Sand tiger sharks have been

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In the north Atlantic, sand tiger sharks are born about 1 m in length. During the first year, they grow about 27 cm to reach 1.3 m. After that, the growth rate decreases by about 2.5 cm each year until it stabilises at about 7 cm/y. Males reach sexual maturity at an age of five to

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Sand tigers in South Africa and Australia undertake an annual migration that may cover more than 1,000 km (620 mi). They pup during the summer in relatively cold water (temperature ca. 16 °C ). After parturition, they swim northwards toward sites where there are suitable rocks or

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Adult sand tigers range from 2 m (6.6 ft) to 3.2 m (10.5 ft) in length with most specimens reaching a length of around 2.2–2.5 m and 91 kg (201 lb) to 159 kg (351 lb) in weight. The head is pointy, as opposed to round, while the snout is flattened with a

631:, Australia. The teeth of these sharks have no transverse serrations (as have many other sharks) but they have a large, smooth main cusp with a tiny cusplet on each side of the main cusp. The upper front teeth are separated from the teeth on the side of the mouth by small intermediate teeth. 1026:, may not be sufficient to rebuild depleted shark populations. Some of the more stringent approaches used to reverse declines in large mammals may be appropriate for sharks, including prohibitions on the retention of the most vulnerable species and regulation of international trade. 615:

conical shape. Its body is stout and bulky and its mouth extends beyond the eyes. The eyes of the sand tiger shark are small, lacking eyelids. A sand tiger usually swims with its mouth open displaying three rows of protruding, smooth-edged, sharp-pointed teeth. The males have grey

300:, from sandy shorelines (hence the name sand tiger shark) and submerged reefs to a depth of around 191 m (627 ft). They dwell in the waters of Japan, Australia, South Africa, and the east coasts of North and South America. The sand tiger shark also inhabited the 748:(USA), juveniles move away from coastal areas when water temperatures decreases below 16 °C and day length decreases to less than 12 h. Juveniles, however, return to their usual summer haunts and as they become mature they start larger migratory movements. 484:

Because the sand tiger shark is worldwide in distribution, it has many common names. The term "sand tiger shark" actually refers to four different sand tiger shark species in the family Odontaspididae. Furthermore, the name creates confusion with the unrelated

1018:. According to the National Marine Fisheries Service, any shark caught must be released immediately with minimal harm, and is considered a prohibited species, making it illegal to harvest any part of the sand tiger shark on the United States' Atlantic coast. 623:). They have two large, broad-based grey dorsal fins set back beyond the pectoral fins. The sand tiger shark has a grey-brown back and pale underside. Adults tend to have reddish-brown spots scattered, mostly on the hind part of the body. In August 2007, an 859:

sometimes excludes all but one of them from gaining offspring. These surviving embryos continue to feed on a steady supply of unfertilised eggs. After a lengthy labour, the female gives birth to 1 m (3.3 ft) long, fully independent offspring. The

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is a major contributor to the population decline. All indications show that the world population in sand tigers has been reduced significantly in size since 1980. Many sand tigers are caught in shark nets, and then either strangled or taken by fishermen.

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period is approximately eight to twelve months. These sharks give birth only every second or third year, resulting in an overall mean reproductive rate of less than one pup per year, one of the lowest reproductive rates for sharks.

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Over the weekend of 4 July 2023, there were four attacks attributed to sand tiger sharks in New York, USA. This followed a recent spike in shark attacks in New York state, with 13 incidents reported over a two-year period.

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uterine fluids. When one of the embryos reaches some 10 cm (4 in) in length, it eats all the smaller embryos so that only one large embryo remains in each uterine horn, a process called intrauterine

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that is harmful to the pups. In Eastern Australia, the breeding population was estimated to be fewer than 400 reproductively mature animals, a number believed to be too small to sustain a healthy population.

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The majority of prey items of sand tigers are demersal (i.e. from the sea bottom), suggesting that they hunt extensively on the sea bottom as far out as the continental shelf. Bony fish (

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Barker, S. M.; Peddemors, V. M.; Williamson, J. E. (2011). "A video and photographic study of aggregation, swimming and respiratory behaviour changes in the Grey Nurse Shark (

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Dudley, S. F. J.; Simpfendorfer, C. A. (2006). "Population status of 14 shark species caught in the protective gillnets off KwaZulu–Natal beaches, South Africa, 1978–2003".

3220: 637: 576:. Firstly, the sand tiger is usually spotted, especially on the hind half of the body. However, there are several other differences that are probably more reliable: 3011: 958:

item in the western northern Pacific, off Ghana and off India and Pakistan where they are caught by fishing trawlers, although they are more commonly caught with a

500:. However, there are unrelated nurse sharks in the family Ginglymostomatidae. The most unambiguous and descriptive English name is probably the South African one, 2099:

Smith, K.; Scarr, M.; Scarpaci, C. (2010). "Grey Nurse Shark (Carcharias taurus) Diving Tourism: Tourist Compliance and Shark Behaviour at Fish Rock, Australia".

1014:(NMFS), has some concerns regarding status and threats, but for which insufficient information is available to indicate a need to list the species under the U.S. 3063: 2251: 1183: 425: 1546:

Lucifora, L. O.; García, V. B.; Escalante, A. H. (2009). "How can the feeding habits of the sand tiger shark influence the success of conservation programs?".

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They are grey with reddish-brown spots on their backs. Shivers (groups) have been observed to hunt large schools of fish. Their diet consists of bony fish,

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i.e. "embryophagy" or, more colorfully, adelphophagy—literally "eating one's brother." While multiple male sand tigers commonly fertilize a single female,

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means "bull shark". This taxonomic classification has been long disputed. Twenty-seven years after Rafinesque's original description the German biologists

1281: 1758:"Reproductive periodicity, localised movements and behavioural segregation of pregnant Carcharias taurus at Wolf Rock, southeast Queensland, Australia" 2207: 1914:

Dudley, S. F. J. (1997). "A comparison of the shark control programs of New South Wales and Queensland (Australia) and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa)".

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Dicken, M. L.; Booth, A. J.; Smale, M. J.; Cliff, G. (2007). "Spatial and seasonal distribution patterns of juvenile and adult raggedtooth sharks (

3024: 2150: 304:, however it was last seen there in 2003 and is presumed extinct in the region. Despite its common names, it is not closely related to either the 2366: 1976:

Brazier, W.; Nel, R.; Cliff, G.; Dudley, S. (2012). "Impact of protective shark nets on sea turtles in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 1981–2008".

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regions of the ocean, sandy coastal waters, estuaries, shallow bays, and rocky or tropical reefs, at depths of up to 190 m (623 ft).

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along the United States of America's eastern Atlantic coast houses many of the young sand tiger sharks. These estuaries are susceptible to

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Vol.4. Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date; Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes

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Branstetter, Steven; Musick, John A. (1994). "Age and Growth Estimates for the Sand Tiger in the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean".

1380:"Seasonal residency, habitat use, and site fidelity of juvenile sand tiger sharks Carcharias taurus in a Massachusetts estuary" 1114: 887:

As of 2023, the Florida Museum's International Shark Attack File lists 36 unprovoked, non-fatal attacks by sand tiger sharks.

526:. Very little is known about this species which, described before 1900, is probably the same as (a synonym of) the sand tiger 3245: 3240: 2077: 727:

the western Pacific, it has been sighted in the waters around the coasts of Japan and Australia, but not around New Zealand.

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with white tips located on the underside of their body. The caudal fin is elongated with a long upper lobe (i.e. strongly

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and other sharks. Unlike other sharks, the sand tiger can gulp air from the surface, allowing it to be suspended in the

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The most likely problem when identifying the sand tiger shark is when in the presence of either of the two species of

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Chapman, D. D.; Wintner, S. P.; Abercrombie, D. L.; Ashe, J.; Bernard, A. M.; Shivji, M. S.; Feldheim, K. A. (2013).

96: 3230: 977: 3068: 2394: 2284: 685: 1851: 1291: 345: 1865: 962:. Sand tigers' fins are a popular trade item in Japan. Off North America, it is fished for its hide and fins. 385: 3172: 3205: 3200: 2925: 2328: 801: 2234: 1155: 3235: 2847: 1220: 1015: 373: 2885: 539:. This species has a worldwide distribution, is seldom seen but normally inhabits deeper water than does 3115: 2938: 2776: 996: 533: 211: 2158: 1251: 837: 3133: 1010:, which are those species that the U.S. Government's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 496:, the name used in Australia, is the second-most used name for the shark, and in India it is known as 3159: 2894: 2387: 2256: 2108: 2032: 1985: 1923: 1839: 1769: 1661: 1614: 1555: 1526: 1472: 1391: 922: 718:

northern Argentina. It is also found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean from the Mediterranean Sea to the

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the United States, Europe, Australia and South Africa because of its docile and hardy nature. Thus,

661: 2599: 456:. Many taxonomists questioned his change, arguing that there was no significant difference between 61: 3055: 649: 2803: 2608: 2356: 2132: 2048: 2001: 1677: 1630: 1571: 1488: 817: 352:—literally "eating one's brother". The sand tiger is categorized as critically endangered on the 250: 91: 416:, W. Tucker, E. I. White, and N. B. Marshall, requested that the shark be returned to the genus 3120: 3016: 3102: 2946: 2785: 2575: 2124: 2072: 1733: 1124: 1023: 547: 301: 297: 2351: 1343:"Sex- and maturity-based differences in movement and migration patterns of grey nurse shark, 3107: 2813: 2483: 2226: 2116: 2040: 1993: 1958: 1931: 1847: 1777: 1723: 1715: 1669: 1622: 1563: 1480: 1399: 1358: 1323: 1052:

Rigby, C.L.; Carlson, J.; Derrick, D.; Dicken, M.; Pacoureau, N.; Simpfendorfer, C. (2021).

908: 711: 469: 441: 2180: 903: 605:(i.e., the first dorsal fin is positioned further backwards in the case of the sand tiger). 237: 3076: 3042: 2899: 2822: 2678: 2501: 2492: 1521: 963: 409: 2912: 2334: 1589:

Gelsleichter, J.; Musick, J. A.; Nichols, S. (1999). "Food habits of the smooth dogfish,

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A bottom-living smooth-hound shark, one of the important prey items of sand tiger sharks

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based on examples of fossilized teeth. Agassiz's name was used until 1961 when three

353: 81: 2252:"Critically endangered grey nurse shark mapped for the first time in landmark study" 2208:"Correlations of Swimming Patterns with Spinal Deformities in the Sand Tiger Shark, 2136: 2052: 2005: 1681: 1634: 1575: 1492: 1134: 52: 2951: 2715: 2632: 2519: 1053: 959: 856: 707: 349: 337: 333: 774: 2044: 1997: 594:

The first (i.e., front) dorsal fin of the sand tiger is relatively non-symmetric.

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successfully advocated in establishing the shark's current scientific name as

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Snout and mouth of sand tiger shark, showing protruding teeth and small eyes

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of the sand tiger is almost as large as the first (i.e., front) dorsal fin.

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Gordon, I. (1993). "Pre-copulatory behaviour of captive sandtiger sharks,

808:). Benthic (i.e. free-swimming) rays and skates are also taken, including 296:

that inhabits subtropical and temperate waters worldwide. It inhabits the

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on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, and as

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The first (i.e., front) dorsal fin of the sand tiger is closer to the

476:. The ICZN approved this name, and today it is used among biologists. 3003: 2920: 2590: 624: 377: 341: 118: 2841: 2352:

Species Description of Carcharias taurus at www.shark-references.com

1962: 1700:"The behavioural and genetic mating system of the sand tiger shark, 1363: 1342: 1327: 734:

Annual movements of sand tiger sharks off South Africa and Australia

2964: 3128: 2623: 2454: 902: 836: 773: 729: 556: 329: 293: 158: 1799:"Reproduction and embryonic development of the sand tiger shark, 3094: 1890:"Rash of shark attacks reported in New York over July 4 weekend" 2845: 2383: 553:, a deep water shark of the Americas, of which little is known. 800:). The most important elasmobranch prey is the bottom-living 344:

will feed on its siblings, a reproductive strategy known as

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10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0242:AAGEFT>2.3.CO;2

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with minimal effort. During pregnancy, the most developed

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Parker, Steve; Parker, Jane (2002). "Design for Living".

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There are four species referred to as sand tiger sharks:

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Growth curve for sand tiger sharks in the north Atlantic

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International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List

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Gilmore, R.G.; Dodrill, J.W. & Linley, P. (1983).

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The tangled taxonomic history of the sand tiger shark

926:), a fisheries resource off the South African coast. 2854: 2811: 2802: 2765: 2741: 2732: 2704: 2695: 2667: 2658: 2621: 2588: 2564: 2555: 2527: 2518: 2472: 2463: 356:. It is the most widely kept large shark in public 1458:Rafinesque 1810 in the Eastern Cape, South Africa" 1378:Kneebone, J.; Chisholm, J.; Skomal, G. B. (2012). 1007:. It is a U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service 3261:Critically endangered fauna of the United States 2023:) in response to the presence of SCUBA divers". 400:. The following year, Swiss-American naturalist 2219:International Journal of Comparative Psychology 2025:Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 1832:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 1314:) tagged off the east coast of South Africa". 2395: 1751: 1749: 1747: 426:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 376:came from a specimen caught off the coast of 8: 2068:"Sand Tiger Sharks Are Curious About People" 1108: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1100: 3256:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque 3196:IUCN Red List critically endangered species 1693: 1691: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1080: 561:Diagram indicating the differences between 2842: 2808: 2738: 2701: 2664: 2561: 2524: 2469: 2402: 2388: 2380: 236: 70: 51: 42: 2280:"Considering Shark Biology in Management" 1781: 1727: 1403: 1362: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1240: 1238: 452:, a somewhat unknown classification, for 3221:Nature Conservation Act endangered biota 1825: 1823: 1756:Bansemer, C. S.; Bennett, M. B. (2009). 1341:Bansemer, C. S.; Bennett, M. B. (2011). 584:(tail fin) of the sand tiger is smaller. 348:i.e. "embryophagy" or, more colorfully, 1347:, along the eastern coast of Australia" 1035: 633: 1605:, from the northwest Atlantic Ocean". 1259:NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service 1047: 1045: 1043: 1041: 1039: 368:The sand tiger shark's description as 360:owing to its tolerance for captivity. 7: 3173:11AE4813-8F8F-47EC-B5C2-7DD71C973251 3134:1B5D2279-087C-51B3-73F5-F751380BEE52 1454:"The diet of the ragged-tooth shark 1305: 1303: 1301: 1280:Williams, Samantha (8 August 2007). 1156:"Carcharias taurus: Sandtiger Shark" 995:This species is therefore listed as 428:(ICZN). When experts concluded that 2157:. 10 September 2010. Archived from 1522:"Carcharias taurus (Dogfish shark)" 1059:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2367:Scuba divers swim among the sharks 25: 2331:– Additional taxonomy information 1978:African Journal of Marine Science 1465:African Journal of Marine Science 1161:Florida Museum of Natural History 1121:Food and Agriculture Organization 1012:National Marine Fisheries Service 2066:Viegas, Jennifer (9 July 2014). 1568:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00247.x 915:Competition for food with humans 684: 672: 660: 648: 636: 420:. This request was rejected and 95: 1870:International Shark Attack File 1866:"Species Implicated in Attacks" 1654:Environmental Biology of Fishes 1607:Environmental Biology of Fishes 1119:. FAO Species Catalogue. Rome: 948:Threats and conservation status 920:the bottom-living sea catfish ( 1951:Marine and Freshwater Research 1916:Ocean & Coastal Management 1762:Marine Ecology Progress Series 1384:Marine Ecology Progress Series 1351:Marine and Freshwater Research 1316:Marine and Freshwater Research 1282:"Rare albino shark rules deep" 627:specimen was photographed off 534:small-toothed sand tiger shark 245:Range of the sand tiger shark 1: 2316:. Firefly Books. p. 100. 1936:10.1016/S0964-5691(96)00061-0 991:Grey nurse shark conservation 802:narrownose smooth-hound shark 464:. After changing the name to 2045:10.1080/10236244.2011.569991 1998:10.2989/1814232X.2012.709967 1597:, Atlantic sharpnose shark, 1005:Nature Conservation Act 1992 895:Nets around swimming beaches 522:The Indian sand tiger shark 392:changed the genus name from 2231:10.46867/ijcp.2013.26.01.03 1704:, an intrauterine cannibal" 1217:National Geographic Society 1113:Compagno, L. J. V. (1984). 706:Sand tiger sharks roam the 402:Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz 3277: 3226:Fish of the Atlantic Ocean 2314:The Encyclopedia of Sharks 1599:Rhizoprionodon terraenovae 988: 978:non-point source pollution 793:) and whitemouth croaker ( 761:The sand tiger shark is a 502:spotted ragged-tooth shark 444:and Follet challenged the 436:, the name was changed to 404:reclassified the shark as 286:spotted ragged-tooth shark 29: 2419: 2285:The Pew Charitable Trusts 2121:10.1007/s00267-010-9561-8 1485:10.2989/18142320509504091 548:Big-eyed sand tiger shark 256: 249: 244: 235: 217: 210: 92:Scientific classification 90: 68: 59: 50: 45: 2181:"A Mystery in Captivity" 2101:Environmental Management 1419:Bray, Dianne J. (2014). 1290:. Sydney. Archived from 907:Sand tiger shark in the 587:The second (i.e., hind) 524:Carcharias tricuspidatus 346:intrauterine cannibalism 259:Carcharias tricuspidatus 30:Not to be confused with 2777:Smalltooth sand tiger ( 2347:Sand Tiger Shark School 1627:10.1023/A:1007527111292 930:Effects of scuba divers 878:Interaction with humans 833:Reproduction and growth 580:The bottom part of the 3216:Fish described in 1810 2206:Tate, Erin E. (2013). 1720:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0003 1601:, and the sand tiger, 1219:. 2009. Archived from 1016:Endangered Species Act 911: 842: 779: 735: 569: 374:Constantine Rafinesque 318:Ginglymostoma cirratum 3246:Fish of North America 3241:Fish of South America 3116:Paleobiology Database 2600:Shortfin mako shark ( 2376:on Sealife Collection 2369:Fayetteville Observer 2240:on 27 September 2013. 1595:Carcharhinus obscurus 1452:Smale, M. J. (2005). 997:Critically Endangered 906: 840: 777: 733: 560: 516:The sand tiger shark 498:blue-nurse sand tiger 448:name and substituted 290:blue-nurse sand tiger 282:grey/gray nurse shark 77:Critically Endangered 3251:Fish of South Africa 2609:Longfin mako shark ( 2257:Macquarie University 1527:Animal Diversity Web 923:Galeichthys feliceps 824:Courtship and mating 424:was approved by the 406:Odontaspis cuspidata 2786:Bigeye sand tiger ( 2576:Great white shark ( 2161:on January 22, 2010 2155:National Geographic 2113:2010EnMan..46..699S 2080:on 16 November 2016 2037:2011MFBP...44...75B 1990:2012AfJMS..34..249B 1928:1997OCM....34....1D 1844:1994TrAFS.123..242B 1774:2009MEPS..374..215B 1666:1993EnvBF..38..159G 1619:1999EnvBF..54..205G 1560:2009AnCon..12..291L 1548:Animal Conservation 1477:2005AfJMS..27..331S 1425:Fishes of Australia 1421:"Carcharias taurus" 1396:2012MEPS..471..165K 1294:on 7 February 2009. 1287:The Daily Telegraph 1054:"Carcharias taurus" 1003:under Queensland's 985:Conservation status 818:angular angel shark 551:Odontaspis noronhai 62:Conservation status 3211:Ovoviviparous fish 2804:Pseudocarchariidae 2753:Sand tiger shark ( 2484:Pelagic thresher ( 2338:, Sand tiger shark 2151:"Sand Tiger Shark" 1674:10.1007/BF00842912 1252:"Sand tiger shark" 1213:"Sand Tiger Shark" 912: 843: 806:Mustelus schmitti. 780: 736: 702:Geographical range 570: 466:Eugomphodus taurus 292:, is a species of 3231:Fish of Australia 3183: 3182: 3103:Open Tree of Life 2926:carcharias-taurus 2913:Carcharias_taurus 2900:Carcharias_taurus 2886:Carcharias taurus 2856:Carcharias taurus 2848:Taxon identifiers 2839: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2823:Crocodile shark ( 2798: 2797: 2728: 2727: 2691: 2690: 2679:Megamouth shark ( 2654: 2653: 2551: 2550: 2514: 2513: 2502:Common thresher ( 2493:Bigeye thresher ( 2357:Sand Tiger Sharks 2336:Carcharias taurus 2260:. 5 February 2019 2210:Carcharias taurus 2187:. 26 October 2012 2073:Discovery Channel 2021:Carcharias taurus 1801:Odontaspis taurus 1783:10.3354/meps07741 1702:Carcharias taurus 1650:Carcharias taurus 1603:Carcharias taurus 1456:Carcharias taurus 1405:10.3354/meps09989 1345:Carcharias taurus 1312:Carcharias taurus 1186:Carcharias taurus 1184:"Common names of 1164:. 18 October 2018 1024:sustainable yield 883:Attacks on humans 697:Habitat and range 518:Carcharias taurus 490:Galeocerdo cuvier 474:Carcharias taurus 446:Odontaspis taurus 438:Odontaspis taurus 398:Triglochis taurus 382:Carcharias taurus 370:Carcharias taurus 310:Galeocerdo cuvier 298:continental shelf 277:Carcharias taurus 268: 267: 263: 221:Carcharias taurus 85: 46:Sand tiger shark 18:Carcharias taurus 16:(Redirected from 3268: 3176: 3175: 3163: 3162: 3150: 3149: 3137: 3136: 3124: 3123: 3111: 3110: 3098: 3097: 3085: 3084: 3072: 3071: 3059: 3058: 3046: 3045: 3033: 3032: 3020: 3019: 3007: 3006: 2994: 2993: 2981: 2980: 2968: 2967: 2955: 2954: 2942: 2941: 2929: 2928: 2916: 2915: 2903: 2902: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2875: 2874: 2873: 2843: 2814:Pseudocarcharias 2809: 2739: 2702: 2665: 2562: 2525: 2495:A. superciliosus 2470: 2404: 2397: 2390: 2381: 2374:Sand tiger shark 2317: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2233:. Archived from 2216: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2076:. Archived from 2063: 2057: 2056: 2016: 2010: 2009: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1877: 1876: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1827: 1818: 1817: 1810:Fishery Bulletin 1807: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1785: 1753: 1742: 1741: 1731: 1695: 1686: 1685: 1660:(1–3): 159–164. 1645: 1639: 1638: 1586: 1580: 1579: 1543: 1532: 1531: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1501: 1495:. Archived from 1462: 1449: 1436: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1416: 1410: 1409: 1407: 1375: 1369: 1368: 1366: 1338: 1332: 1331: 1307: 1296: 1295: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1256: 1248: 1233: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1209: 1203: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1152: 1146: 1145: 1143: 1142: 1133:. Archived from 1110: 1075: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1049: 909:Newport Aquarium 739:Annual migration 691:Individual teeth 688: 676: 664: 652: 640: 629:South West Rocks 537:Odontaspis ferox 494:grey nurse shark 410:palaeontologists 272:sand tiger shark 261: 240: 223: 100: 99: 79: 74: 73: 55: 43: 27:Species of shark 21: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3266: 3265: 3186: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3171: 3166: 3158: 3153: 3145: 3140: 3132: 3127: 3119: 3114: 3106: 3101: 3093: 3088: 3080: 3077:Observation.org 3075: 3067: 3062: 3054: 3049: 3041: 3036: 3028: 3023: 3015: 3010: 3002: 2997: 2989: 2984: 2976: 2971: 2963: 2958: 2950: 2945: 2937: 2932: 2924: 2919: 2911: 2906: 2898: 2893: 2884: 2883: 2878: 2869: 2868: 2863: 2850: 2840: 2831: 2794: 2761: 2724: 2687: 2650: 2617: 2584: 2547: 2539:Basking shark ( 2510: 2459: 2415: 2408: 2325: 2320: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2301: 2291: 2289: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2263: 2261: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2237: 2214: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2190: 2188: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2164: 2162: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2098: 2097: 2093: 2083: 2081: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2018: 2017: 2013: 1975: 1974: 1970: 1963:10.1071/MF05156 1948: 1947: 1943: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1898: 1896: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1874: 1872: 1864: 1863: 1859: 1829: 1828: 1821: 1805: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1755: 1754: 1745: 1714:(3): 20130003. 1708:Biology Letters 1697: 1696: 1689: 1647: 1646: 1642: 1593:, dusky shark, 1588: 1587: 1583: 1545: 1544: 1535: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1505: 1503: 1502:on 2 April 2012 1499: 1460: 1451: 1450: 1439: 1429: 1427: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1364:10.1071/MF10152 1340: 1339: 1335: 1328:10.1071/MF06018 1309: 1308: 1299: 1279: 1278: 1274: 1264: 1262: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1236: 1226: 1224: 1223:on July 7, 2007 1211: 1210: 1206: 1196: 1194: 1182: 1181: 1177: 1167: 1165: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1140: 1138: 1131: 1112: 1111: 1078: 1068: 1066: 1051: 1050: 1037: 1032: 993: 987: 964:Shark liver oil 955: 950: 941: 932: 917: 897: 885: 880: 871: 848: 835: 826: 772: 759: 754: 741: 704: 699: 692: 689: 680: 677: 668: 665: 656: 653: 644: 641: 612: 510: 482: 366: 231: 225: 219: 206: 94: 86: 75: 71: 64: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3274: 3272: 3264: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3206:Fish of Israel 3203: 3201:Odontaspididae 3198: 3188: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3177: 3164: 3151: 3138: 3125: 3112: 3099: 3086: 3073: 3060: 3047: 3034: 3021: 3008: 2995: 2982: 2969: 2956: 2943: 2930: 2917: 2904: 2891: 2876: 2860: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2846: 2837: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2829: 2819: 2817: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2792: 2783: 2773: 2771: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2759: 2749: 2747: 2736: 2734:Odontaspididae 2730: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2723: 2722: 2716:Goblin shark ( 2712: 2710: 2699: 2697:Mitsukurinidae 2693: 2692: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2685: 2675: 2673: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2648: 2639: 2633:Salmon shark ( 2629: 2627: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2615: 2606: 2596: 2594: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2582: 2572: 2570: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2546: 2545: 2535: 2533: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2508: 2499: 2490: 2480: 2478: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2451: 2449:Elasmobranchii 2445: 2443:Chondrichthyes 2439: 2433: 2427: 2420: 2417: 2416: 2412:mackerel shark 2409: 2407: 2406: 2399: 2392: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2370: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2332: 2324: 2323:External links 2321: 2319: 2318: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2271: 2243: 2198: 2172: 2142: 2107:(5): 699–710. 2091: 2058: 2011: 1968: 1941: 1906: 1881: 1857: 1819: 1789: 1743: 1687: 1640: 1591:Mustelus canis 1581: 1533: 1513: 1471:(1): 331–335. 1437: 1411: 1370: 1333: 1297: 1272: 1234: 1204: 1175: 1147: 1129: 1076: 1034: 1033: 1031: 1028: 989:Main article: 986: 983: 954: 951: 949: 946: 940: 937: 931: 928: 916: 913: 896: 893: 884: 881: 879: 876: 870: 867: 847: 844: 834: 831: 825: 822: 771: 768: 758: 755: 753: 750: 740: 737: 720:Canary Islands 703: 700: 698: 695: 694: 693: 690: 683: 681: 678: 671: 669: 666: 659: 657: 654: 647: 645: 642: 635: 611: 608: 607: 606: 595: 592: 585: 555: 554: 544: 530: 520: 509: 508:Identification 506: 481: 478: 432:belongs after 414:ichthyologists 365: 362: 266: 265: 254: 253: 247: 246: 242: 241: 233: 232: 226: 215: 214: 208: 207: 203:C. taurus 200: 198: 194: 193: 186: 182: 181: 179:Odontaspididae 176: 172: 171: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 149:Elasmobranchii 146: 142: 141: 139:Chondrichthyes 136: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 88: 87: 69: 66: 65: 60: 57: 56: 48: 47: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3273: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3236:Fish of Japan 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2828: 2826: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2815: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2791: 2789: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2769: 2764: 2758: 2756: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2745: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2721: 2719: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2708: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2684: 2682: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2671: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2660:Megachasmidae 2657: 2647: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2625: 2620: 2614: 2612: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2602:I. oxyrinchus 2598: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2581: 2579: 2578:C. carcharias 2574: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2568: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2544: 2542: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2507: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2476: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2456: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2421: 2418: 2413: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2386: 2385: 2382: 2375: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2315: 2310: 2309: 2304: 2288:. 2 July 2015 2287: 2286: 2281: 2275: 2272: 2259: 2258: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2213: 2211: 2202: 2199: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2173: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2095: 2092: 2079: 2075: 2074: 2069: 2062: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2015: 2012: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1972: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1945: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1910: 1907: 1895: 1891: 1885: 1882: 1871: 1867: 1861: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816:(2): 201–225. 1815: 1811: 1804: 1803:(Rafinesque)" 1802: 1793: 1790: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1703: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1644: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1585: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1517: 1514: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1459: 1457: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1426: 1422: 1415: 1412: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1374: 1371: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1346: 1337: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1288: 1283: 1276: 1273: 1260: 1253: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1208: 1205: 1193: 1189: 1187: 1179: 1176: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1151: 1148: 1137:on 2016-12-16 1136: 1132: 1130:92-5-101384-5 1126: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1109: 1107: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1029: 1027: 1025: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1002: 998: 992: 984: 982: 979: 975: 970: 965: 961: 952: 947: 945: 938: 936: 929: 927: 925: 924: 914: 910: 905: 901: 894: 892: 888: 882: 877: 875: 868: 866: 863: 858: 854: 845: 839: 832: 830: 823: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 797: 796:Micropogonias 792: 790: 785: 776: 769: 767: 764: 756: 751: 749: 747: 738: 732: 728: 725: 721: 715: 713: 709: 701: 696: 687: 682: 679:Central teeth 675: 670: 663: 658: 651: 646: 639: 634: 632: 630: 626: 622: 618: 609: 604: 600: 596: 593: 590: 586: 583: 579: 578: 577: 575: 568: 564: 559: 552: 549: 545: 542: 538: 535: 531: 529: 525: 521: 519: 515: 514: 513: 507: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 488: 479: 477: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 363: 361: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 321: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 302:Mediterranean 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 278: 273: 264: 260: 255: 252: 248: 243: 239: 234: 229: 224: 222: 216: 213: 212:Binomial name 209: 205: 204: 199: 196: 195: 192: 191: 187: 184: 183: 180: 177: 174: 173: 170: 167: 164: 163: 160: 159:Selachimorpha 157: 155:Subdivision: 154: 153: 150: 147: 144: 143: 140: 137: 134: 133: 130: 127: 124: 123: 120: 117: 114: 113: 110: 107: 104: 103: 98: 93: 89: 83: 78: 67: 63: 58: 54: 49: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 2855: 2825:P. kamoharai 2824: 2812: 2787: 2778: 2766: 2754: 2752: 2742: 2717: 2705: 2680: 2668: 2643: 2634: 2622: 2610: 2601: 2589: 2577: 2565: 2540: 2528: 2520:Cetorhinidae 2503: 2494: 2486:A. pelagicus 2485: 2473: 2453:Subdivision 2335: 2313: 2305:Bibliography 2290:. Retrieved 2283: 2274: 2262:. Retrieved 2255: 2246: 2235:the original 2222: 2218: 2209: 2201: 2189:. Retrieved 2184: 2175: 2163:. Retrieved 2159:the original 2154: 2145: 2104: 2100: 2094: 2082:. Retrieved 2078:the original 2071: 2061: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2014: 1981: 1977: 1971: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1919: 1915: 1909: 1897:. Retrieved 1893: 1884: 1873:. Retrieved 1869: 1860: 1835: 1831: 1813: 1809: 1800: 1792: 1765: 1761: 1711: 1707: 1701: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1643: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1584: 1551: 1547: 1525: 1516: 1506:10 September 1504:. Retrieved 1497:the original 1468: 1464: 1455: 1428:. Retrieved 1424: 1414: 1387: 1383: 1373: 1354: 1350: 1344: 1336: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1292:the original 1285: 1275: 1265:November 28, 1263:. Retrieved 1258: 1225:. Retrieved 1221:the original 1216: 1207: 1195:. Retrieved 1191: 1185: 1178: 1166:. Retrieved 1159: 1150: 1139:. Retrieved 1135:the original 1115: 1069:26 September 1067:. Retrieved 1063: 1057: 1020: 1008: 1000: 994: 960:fishing line 956: 942: 939:In captivity 933: 921: 918: 898: 889: 886: 872: 857:adelphophagy 849: 846:Reproduction 827: 805: 794: 787: 781: 760: 742: 716: 705: 621:heterocercal 613: 603:pectoral fin 601:than to the 573: 571: 566: 562: 550: 540: 536: 527: 523: 517: 511: 501: 497: 493: 489: 483: 480:Common names 473: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 437: 433: 429: 421: 417: 405: 397: 393: 381: 369: 367: 350:adelphophagy 338:water column 322: 317: 309: 289: 285: 281: 276: 275: 271: 269: 258: 257: 220: 218: 202: 201: 189: 40: 3051:NatureServe 2999:iNaturalist 2880:Wikispecies 2788:O. noronhai 2707:Mitsukurina 2681:M. pelagios 2642:Porbeagle ( 2635:L. ditropis 2567:Carcharodon 2504:A. vulpinus 1768:: 215–227. 1390:: 165–181. 969:overfishing 853:cannibalism 712:mesopelagic 610:Description 487:tiger shark 450:Eugomphodus 440:. 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