Merkel-cell carcinoma - Knowledge (XXG)

336:(sT). Normally, patients infected with MCV show low levels of antibodies to the LT protein, perhaps due to a nuclear localization domain in its C-terminal that limits its cellular dispersion. However, integration of the viral genome into the host genome can result in truncation of the LT protein proximal to this domain. This serves two oncogenic purposes: first, it prevents successful viral replication that would culminate in lysis of the infected cell. Second, it redistributes the LT protein to the cytoplasm, where it can interact with cytoplasmic signaling. The N-terminal LXCXE motif of the LT protein has been shown to interact with known oncogene 160: 386: 85: 234: 655:

relegated to biopsy. There have been no head-to-head trials comparing the two treatment strategies, and in the absence of this, surgeons tend to most commonly perform excisional biopsy prior to referring for radiation therapy to eradicate MCC. MCC is exquisitely radiosensitive. The conclusion amongst published studies in the Radiation Oncology community is that MCC should be managed ideally with radiation therapy alone.

377:, and organ transplant patients, etc. Conversely, patients with brisk immune response have been shown to have improved prognoses. This is suspected to be due to the inability of the body to defend itself from infection by or reactivation of MVC. The body of data indicating the importance of immune function in MCC pathogenesis has been exploited for the development of immunotherapies discussed below. 525: 36: 617: 3936: 664:

expectancy. As of 2015, there were no FDA-approved standard chemotherapy regimens for MCC treatment. The most recent American guidelines do not recommend adjuvant chemotherapy, citing a lack of evidence to suggest improved outcomes. Instead, consideration of the need for chemotherapy on a case-by-case basis is recommended.

279:, both specific to Merkel cells, are also expressed by MCC. However, Merkel cells are post-mitotic cells with a low probability of cancerous transformation. Additionally, they have not been shown to support Merkel cell polyoma virus infection, which is believed to drive oncogenesis in approximately 80% of MCC. 839:

infiltration may be associated with a favorable prognosis, while lymphovascular infiltrative pattern may be associated with a poorer prognosis. Immunosuppressed status, especially T cell immunosuppression (e.g., organ transplant, HIV infection, certain malignancy) predicts poorer prognosis and higher

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Photomicrographs of a typical Merkel cell carcinoma at a) 4×, b) 40×, and c–d 100× magnification. Hematoxylin and eosin staining demonstrates small, undifferentiated cells with high N/C ratio and scanty cytoplasm. Typical immunopanel demonstrates positive staining with e cytokeratin AE1/AE3 (100× oil

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However, others have argued that MCC likely derives from an epithelial precursor cell due to its frequent presence in mixed tumors including epithelial neoplasms such as squamous cell carcinoma. While epithelial cells are not typically found in the dermis, hair follicles include epithelial cells that

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due to histologic and physiologic similarities between MCC and Merkel cells, the cellular progenitor of MCC has been a heavily debated question. Merkel cells are highly specialized cells that act as pressure receptors in the epidermis. The origin of Merkel cells themselves is debated and proposed to

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as well as inhibition of a ubiquitin ligase complex responsible for degradation of cellular proliferation signals. sT also contains a region known as the LT stabilization domain (LSD), which potentiates the LT protein's oncogenic function. Unlike LT, MCC samples have been identified that express sT

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MCC was first believed to be associated with MCV when it was observed to occur at a much higher rate in HIV patients during the 1980s. Since then, studies have demonstrated integration of the MCV genome into the genome of MCC tumor cells. Central to the understanding of the pathogenicity of MCV are

2609:

Bichakjian, Christopher K.; Olencki, Thomas; Aasi, Sumaira Z.; Alam, Murad; Andersen, James S.; Blitzblau, Rachel; Bowen, Glen M.; Contreras, Carlo M.; Daniels, Gregory A.; Decker, Roy; Farma, Jeffrey M.; Fisher, Kris; Gastman, Brian; Ghosh, Karthik; Grekin, Roy C.; Grossman, Kenneth; Ho, Alan L.;

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Shuda, Masahiro; Arora, Reety; Kwun, Hyun Jin; Feng, Huichen; Sarid, Ronit; Fernández-Figueras, María-Teresa; Tolstov, Yanis; Gjoerup, Ole; Mansukhani, Mahesh M.; Swerdlow, Steven H.; Chaudhary, Preet M.; Kirkwood, John M.; Nalesnik, Michael A.; Kant, Jeffrey A.; Weiss, Lawrence M.; Moore, Patrick

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exposure has been demonstrated through various epidemiological studies indicating a higher incidence of MCC in fair-skinned people in areas of high UV exposure, as well as among those receiving UV phototherapy. The typical distribution of MCC in sun-exposed regions and its co-occurrence with other

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Paulson, Kelly G.; Iyer, Jayasri G.; Tegeder, Andrew R.; Thibodeau, Renee; Schelter, Janell; Koba, Shinichi; Schrama, David; Simonson, William T.; Lemos, Bianca D.; Byrd, David R.; Koelle, David M.; Galloway, Denise A.; Leonard, J. Helen; Madeleine, Margaret M.; Argenyi, Zsolt B.; Disis, Mary L.;

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Because of its significant adverse effects, traditional chemotherapy has been saved for late-stage highly metastasized cases of MCC. While some chemotherapeutic regiments have been shown to have transient effects, studies have not found any significant long-term effect on recurrence rate or life

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Pape, Emeline; Rezvoy, Nicolas; Penel, Nicolas; Salleron, Julia; Martinot, Veronique; Guerreschi, Pierre; Dziwniel, Veronique; Darras, Sophie; Mirabel, Xavier; Mortier, Laurent (November 2011). "Radiotherapy alone for Merkel cell carcinoma: A comparative and retrospective study of 25 patients".

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Finally, the presence of B-cell surface markers on MCC in addition to the high correlation between MCC and B-cell lymphomatous cancers have also led to suggestions that MCC may share a progenitor with B-cells. Because of the differences in physiology and prognosis between MCV+ and MCV- MCC (see

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Radiation therapy is the primary management of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). The largest studies to date, from Australia, demonstrated that radiotherapy alone achieves equal outcomes with upfront or neoadjuvant surgery followed by radiation therapy. The role of surgery is largely historical and

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Paulson, Kelly G.; Lewis, Christopher W.; Redman, Mary W.; Simonson, William T.; Lisberg, Aaron; Ritter, Deborah; Morishima, Chihiro; Hutchinson, Kathleen; Mudgistratova, Lola; Blom, Astrid; Iyer, Jayasri; Moshiri, Ata S.; Tarabadkar, Erica S.; Carter, Joseph J.; Bhatia, Shailender; Kawasumi,

880:. Similar to melanoma, the incidence of MCC in the US is increasing rapidly. Worldwide, MCC is most commonly found in regions with increased sun exposure. Australia is the country with the highest incidence of MCC but has a lower incidence of MCV-positive MCC than observed in other countries. 360:

About 20% of MCC tumors are MCV negative. In contrast to MCV-induced MCC, these tumors tend to have much higher mutational burdens with mutational signatures characteristic of UV damage. Genes frequently mutated in MCV-negative MCC include p53 and Rb, among others. The link between MCC and UV

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Instead, it has been proposed the MCC may originate from a Merkel cell precursor, at which point it gains features similar to those of Merkel cells. One such precursor is the human fibroblast. Evidence for a fibroblast precursor includes its location in the

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AEIOU (Asymptomatic/lack of tenderness, Expanding rapidly, Immune suppression, Older than 50 years, and Ultraviolet-exposed site on a person with fair skin). Ninety percent of MCC's have three or more of those features. MCC is sometimes mistaken for other

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Becker, Jürgen C.; Stang, Andreas; Hausen, Axel zur; Fischer, Nicole; DeCaprio, James A.; Tothill, Richard W.; Lyngaa, Rikke; Hansen, Ulla Kring; Ritter, Cathrin; Nghiem, Paul; Bichakjian, Christopher K.; Ugurel, Selma; Schrama, David (30 November 2017).

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Lewis, Karl D.; Loss, Manisha; Lydiatt, Daniel D.; Messina, Jane; Nehal, Kishwer S.; Nghiem, Paul; Puzanov, Igor; Schmults, Chrysalyne D.; Shaha, Ashok R.; Thomas, Valencia; Xu, Yaohui G.; Zic, John A.; Hoffmann, Karin G.; Engh, Anita M. (11 June 2018).

4004: 3989: 3969: 143:. Merkel cell carcinoma usually arises on the head, neck, and extremities, as well as in the perianal region and on the eyelid. It is more common in people over sixty years old, Caucasian people, and males. MCC is less common in children. 1926:

Rotondo, John Charles; Bononi, Ilaria; Puozzo, Andrea; Govoni, Marcello; Foschi, Valentina; Lanza, Giovanni; Gafà, Roberta; Gaboriaud, Pauline; Touzé, Françoise Antoine; Selvatici, Rita; Martini, Fernanda; Tognon, Mauro (15 July 2017).

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typically vary in size from 0.5 cm (less than one-quarter of an inch) to more than 5 cm (2 inches) in diameter and may enlarge rapidly. Tumors can present as painless, tender or itchy, and other MCC manifestations as

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Harms, Paul W.; Harms, Kelly L.; Moore, Patrick S.; DeCaprio, James A.; Nghiem, Paul; Wong, Michael K. K.; Brownell, Isaac; International Workshop on Merkel Cell Carcinoma Research (IWMCC) Working, Group. (4 October 2018).

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is about twice as high in males as in females. It is a rare type of skin cancer, with a 2013 incidence of only 0.7 per 100,000 persons in the U.S. As of 2005, roughly 2,500 new cases of MCC are diagnosed each year in the

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have also been reported. Although MCC may arise almost anywhere on the body, it is most commonly found in sun-exposed areas such as the head, neck or extremities. Five key attributes of MCC were summarized in 2008 in the

695:) have been observed in tumors as a method of evading immune attack. PD-1 inhibition therefore enhances the body's immune response, enabling it to target cancer cells for destruction. Due to their side effects, however, 781:(M). A combination of T, N, and M stages dictate the final clinical stage group (0, I, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, IV). Advanced stage (i.e. increased size of the tumor, spreading of the tumor into surrounding and/or distant 323:

pattern. However, the majority of people with MCV infection do not develop MCC: MCV is a ubiquitous virus and infection commonly occurs during childhood but remains asymptomatic throughout an individual's lifetime.

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Paulson, Kelly G.; Park, Song Youn; Vandeven, Natalie A.; Lachance, Kristina; Thomas, Hannah; Chapuis, Aude G.; Harms, Kelly L.; Thompson, John A.; Bhatia, Shailender; Stang, Andreas; Nghiem, Paul (March 2018).

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is a small double-stranded DNA virus that is believed to contribute to the development of the majority of MCC. About 80% of MCC tumors are infected with MCV, with the virus integrated into the host genome in a

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Stetsenko, Galina Y.; Malekirad, Jacqueline; Paulson, Kelly G.; Iyer, Jayasri G.; Thibodeau, Renee M.; Nagase, Kotaro; Schmidt, Miranda; Storer, Barry E.; Argenyi, Zsolt B.; Nghiem, Paul (1 December 2013).

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Veness, Michael; Foote, Matthew; Gebski, Val; Poulsen, Michael (November 2010). "The Role of Radiotherapy Alone in Patients With Merkel Cell Carcinoma: Reporting the Australian Experience of 43 Patients".

4094: 422:, MCC shows basaloid tumor nests with neuroendocrine features ("salt and pepper" chromatin, scarce cytoplasm, and brisk mitotic activity). In addition to standard examination under light microscopy, 365:

also indicate that UV exposure is a contributing factor to MCC development. It is unclear whether this is through direct mutational impact, immune down-regulation, or some combination of the two.

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Kervarrec, Thibault; Samimi, Mahtab; Guyétant, Serge; Sarma, Bhavishya; Chéret, Jérémy; Blanchard, Emmanuelle; Berthon, Patricia; Schrama, David; Houben, Roland; Touzé, Antoine (10 June 2019).

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early in their natural history, most often to the regional lymph nodes. MCCs also spread aggressively through the blood vessels to many organs, particularly to liver, lung, brain, and bone.

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Studies to date have shown a clinical response rate between 50 and 65% for MCC treated with PD-1 pathway inhibitors. Suggestions for further immunotherapy research areas have included

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Surgical resection is typically performed prior to other treatments, if possible. The type of surgery used may be a simple wide excision or a more specialized technique like

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and is conserved in other cancer-causing viruses. Studies suggest that LT may also preserve cell proliferation signals such as c-Myc and cyclin E and cause DNA injury to the

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can distinguish MCC from these tumors. Longitudinal imaging may also help in ruling out a diagnosis of metastatic small cell lung cancer. Once an MCC diagnosis is made, a

5182: 6194: 1538:"One in a hundred million: Merkel cell carcinoma in pediatric and young adult patients is rare but more likely to present at advanced stages based on US registry data" 1220: 1224: 2960: 1216: 255:

be derived from neural crest cells or epidermal progenitors. MCC is similar to Merkel cells in its histological appearance (see below: Diagnosis) and shares many

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Merkel cell carcinoma is typically treated with surgery and radiation; immunotherapy is used in advanced disease. If an affected person is being treated with

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The National Cancer Data Base has survival rates collected from nearly 3000 MCC patients from year 1996–2000 with 5-year survival rates listed as follows:

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Schadendorf, Dirk; Lebbé, Céleste; zur Hausen, Axel; Avril, Marie-Françoise; Hariharan, Subramanian; Bharmal, Murtuza; Becker, Jürgen C. (January 2017).

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Since 2006, it has been known that other primary cancers increase the risk of MCC significantly, especially in those with the prior multiple myeloma,

3128:"Transcriptome-Wide Studies of Merkel Cell Carcinoma and Validation of Intratumoral CD8+ Lymphocyte Invasion As an Independent Predictor of Survival" 820:

20%. Five-year survival may be 51% among people with localized disease, 35% for those with nodal disease, and 14% with metastases to a distant site.

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of the skin, primary small cell carcinoma of the skin, and trabecular carcinoma of the skin. Factors involved in the development of MCC include the

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de Visser, Karin E.; Eichten, Alexandra; Coussens, Lisa M. (January 2006). "Paradoxical roles of the immune system during cancer development".

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Amaral, Teresa; Leiter, Ulrike; Garbe, Claus (16 September 2017). "Merkel cell carcinoma: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy".

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Walsh, Noreen M.G. (July 2001). "Primary neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma of the skin: Morphologic diversity and implications thereof".

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Several factors are involved in the pathophysiology of MCC, including MCV, ultraviolet radiation (UV) exposure, and weakened immune function.

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Amber, Kyle; McLeod, Michael P.; Nouri, Keyvan (February 2013). "The Merkel Cell Polyomavirus and Its Involvement in Merkel Cell Carcinoma".

1718: 1192: 1082: 761:(AJCC), the natural course of MCC is "variable and depends heavily on the stage at diagnosis". Staging of MCC is classified according to the 696: 6530: 6345: 6304: 6187: 5403: 2664:

Becker, Jürgen C.; Stang, Andreas; DeCaprio, James A.; Cerroni, Lorenzo; Lebbé, Celeste; Veness, Michael; Nghiem, Paul (26 October 2017).

725:(KEYTRUDA, Merck & Co. Inc.) for all ages (adults and pediatrics) with recurrent locally advanced or metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma 5460: 3854: 3737: 1835:"Merkel cell carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other lymphoproliferative disorders: an old bond with possible new viral ties" 6335: 4683: 758: 1613:"Human Merkel cell polyomavirus infection I. MCV T antigen expression in Merkel cell carcinoma, lymphoid tissues and lymphoid tumors" 6267: 6262: 5779: 5305: 5262: 4584: 3762: 596: 5694: 52: 568: 6734: 6639: 6330: 6297: 6247: 5765: 5168: 4693: 1391:

Heath, Michelle; Jaimes, Natalia; Lemos, Bianca; Mostaghimi, Arash; Wang, Linda C.; Peñas, Pablo F.; Nghiem, Paul (March 2008).

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Merkel cell carcinoma was first described in 1972 by Cyril Toker. He reported five cases of 'trabecular carcinoma of the skin'.

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Nguyen, Austin Huy; Tahseen, Ahmed I.; Vaudreuil, Adam M.; Caponetti, Gabriel C.; Huerter, Christopher J. (25 January 2017).

575: 426:(IHC) is also generally required to differentiate MCC from other morphologically similar tumors such as skin metastases of 6416: 6282: 6242: 4845: 4536: 4373: 4388: 2865: 303:

below), however, some have suggested that these two subtypes of MCC may actually derive from different progenitor cells.

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Asgari, Maryam M.; Sokil, Monica M.; Warton, E. Margaret; Iyer, Jayasri; Paulson, Kelly G.; Nghiem, Paul (1 July 2014).

1929:"Merkel Cell Carcinomas Arising in Autoimmune Disease Affected Patients Treated with Biologic Drugs, Including Anti-TNF" 1663:

Cook, Deborah L.; Frieling, Gretchen W. (April 2016). "Merkel cell carcinoma: a review and update on current concepts".

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have been shown to have oncogenic potential, and have therefore been proposed as a possible site for a MCC precursor.

3226:"Effect of Host, Tumor, Diagnostic, and Treatment Variables on Outcomes in a Large Cohort With Merkel Cell Carcinoma" 2931:. Amin, Mahul B.,, Edge, Stephen B.,, American Joint Committee on Cancer (Eighth ed.). Switzerland. 2018-03-30. 347:

Meanwhile, sT has been shown to induce cell proliferation through hyper-phosphorylation of the translation initiator

3506:"Merkel cell polyomavirus is more frequently present in North American than Australian Merkel cell carcinoma tumors" 6622: 6257: 5115: 4835: 2964: 1106: 1008: 990: 643: 3317:"Viral oncoprotein antibodies as a marker for recurrence of Merkel cell carcinoma: A prospective validation study" 3036:"Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Infection, Large T Antigen, Retinoblastoma Protein and Outcome in Merkel Cell Carcinoma" 564: 554: 539: 6540: 5989: 5596: 5037: 2713:

Sharpe, Arlene H.; Pauken, Kristen E. (13 November 2017). "The diverse functions of the PD1 inhibitory pathway".

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MacDonald, Margo; You, Jianxin (2017). "Merkel Cell Polyomavirus: A New DNA Virus Associated with Human Cancer".

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immersion), f CK 20 (100× oil immersion), and neuroendocrine markers such as g chromogranin (100× oil immersion).

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Wearing sun-protective clothing including a wide brim hat, sunglasses, and tightly woven, loose-fitting clothing

6617: 6612: 6545: 6367: 5698: 5610: 5515: 5345: 5318: 5290: 5223: 4880: 4526: 4463: 4358: 4024: 3669: 2560:"Definitive Radiotherapy for Locally Advanced Merkel Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck Region: A Case Report" 968: 907: 864: 737:(brand name Yervoy, Bristol-Myers Squibb) is in phase II clinical trials for use in adults with metastatic MCC. 679:, are novel anticancer agents that have shown benefit in advanced-stage MCC or chemotherapy-resistant MCC. The 315: 292: 238: 136: 3504:

Garneski, Kelly M.; Warcola, Ashley H.; Feng, Qinghua; Kiviat, Nancy; Leonard, J. Helen; Nghiem, Paul (2009).

2459: 1077:. Bolognia, Jean., Jorizzo, Joseph L., Rapini, Ronald P. (2nd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier. 2008. 128:

occurring in about three people per million members of the population. It is also known as cutaneous APUDoma,

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Several other features may also affect prognosis, independent of tumor stage. They include MCV viral status,

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Tabachnick-Cherny, Shira; Pulliam, Thomas; Church, Candice; Koelle, David M.; Nghiem, Paul (27 March 2020).

746: 195: 5688: 5284: 2853: 84: 6497: 5888: 5866: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5626: 5520: 5481: 5120: 5032: 4348: 828: 627: 487: 427: 337: 6739: 6436: 5873: 5454: 5022: 4949: 4637: 4151: 3078:"p63 Expression in Merkel Cell Carcinoma Predicts Poorer Survival yet May Have Limited Clinical Utility" 1002: 892: 140: 5295: 3946: 2024:

Engels, Eric A; Frisch, Morten; Goedert, James J; Biggar, Robert J; Miller, Robert W (February 2002).

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to determine suspicious areas for further investigation. Definitive diagnosis requires examination of

6507: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6231: 6137: 5969: 5604: 5433: 4368: 4166: 4141: 2081:"Epidemiology, biology and therapy of Merkel cell carcinoma: conclusions from the EU project IMMOMEC" 742: 423: 256: 203: 191: 132: 4079: 3414:"Merkel cell carcinoma: Current US incidence and projected increases based on changing demographics" 1393:"Clinical characteristics of Merkel cell carcinoma at diagnosis in 195 patients: the AEIOU features" 373:

The incidence of MCC is increased in conditions with defective immune functions such as malignancy,

295:(MCV) infection but can be induced into having a MCC phenotype by the expression of viral proteins. 6673: 6431: 6352: 5555: 5276: 5090: 5027: 5002: 4976: 4830: 4808: 4403: 4363: 4283: 4273: 4008: 2192:"The biology and treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma: current understanding and research priorities" 847:

titer in the blood to the Merkel cell polyomavirus oncoprotein can be used as a treatment response

589: 459: 415: 333: 329: 6421: 6362: 5658: 5414: 4939: 4803: 4688: 4647: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4338: 3615: 3486: 3206: 2954: 2913: 2738: 2365: 2264: 2053: 2006: 1518: 1470: 1373: 1210: 1100: 896: 873: 836: 762: 6357: 5160: 439: 2390: 171:(up to 2 cm diameter) or mass (>2 cm diameter). These flesh-colored, red, or blue 6629: 6512: 6372: 6122: 6073: 6054: 6035: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5730: 5635: 5339: 5217: 4997: 4703: 4579: 4574: 4453: 4427: 4353: 4343: 4181: 4156: 4035: 3888: 3829: 3796: 3650: 3576: 3535: 3478: 3443: 3390: 3346: 3296: 3255: 3198: 3157: 3107: 3057: 2942: 2932: 2836: 2787: 2730: 2695: 2643: 2591: 2540: 2501: 2357: 2315: 2256: 2221: 2166: 2110: 2045: 1998: 1960: 1905: 1856: 1815: 1780: 1724: 1714: 1642: 1567: 1510: 1462: 1422: 1365: 1323: 1269: 1198: 1188: 1162: 1088: 1078: 888: 688: 684: 435: 210:. Merkel cell carcinomas have been described in children, but pediatric cases are very rare. 168: 104: 706:

PD1/PDL1 pathway inhibitors approved or in clinical trials for use in MCC treatment include:

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biopsy as well as imaging are recommended as a part of the staging process, which determines

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LaFleur, Martin W.; Muroyama, Yuki; Drake, Charles G.; Sharpe, Arlene H. (8 January 2018).

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alone, and sT expression in fibroblasts has been shown to cause MCC phenotype development.

151: 6578: 6522: 6492: 6021: 5949: 5944: 5926: 5846: 5835: 5706: 5670: 5590: 5376: 5237: 5080: 5007: 4678: 4393: 4238: 4176: 2871: 2135:"Polyomavirus-driven Merkel cell carcinoma: Prospects for therapeutic vaccine development" 1050: 996: 964: 835:

expression correlates with a poorer prognosis. Histological features such as intratumoral

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Hodgson, Nicole C. (1 January 2005). "Merkel cell carcinoma: Changing incidence trends".

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Sihto, H.; Kukko, H.; Koljonen, V.; Sankila, R.; Bohling, T.; Joensuu, H. (3 June 2011).

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Sunlight exposure is thought to be one of the causes of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). The

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Schrama, David; Ugurel, Selma; Becker, Jürgen C. (March 2012). "Merkel cell carcinoma".

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Coggshall, Kathleen; Tello, Tiffany L.; North, Jeffrey P.; Yu, Siegrid S. (March 2018).

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In December 2018, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration granted accelerated approval to

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features, and immune status. In viral status, MCV large tumor antigen (LT antigen) and

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Limiting sun exposure between the hours of 10am and 4pm, when UV rays are the strongest

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are characteristic of MCC and other neuroendocrine tumors, while other markers such as

447: 403: 268: 2612:"Merkel Cell Carcinoma, Version 1.2018, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology" 2284:"Clinical features and treatment of vulvar Merkel cell carcinoma: a systematic review" 2041: 1445:

Voelker, Rebecca (3 July 2018). "Why Merkel Cell Cancer Is Garnering More Attention".

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Emge, Drew A.; Cardones, Adela R. (October 2019). "Updates on Merkel Cell Carcinoma".

17: 6723: 6568: 6502: 5252: 5247: 5195: 5125: 5100: 5055: 5017: 4885: 4752: 4612: 4564: 4496: 4468: 3275:"Advances in Immunotherapy for Metastatic Merkel Cell Carcinoma: A Clinician's Guide" 1377: 948: 936: 869: 770: 722: 710:

In March 2017, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration granted accelerated approval to

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Andea, Aleodor A.; Coit, Daniel G.; Amin, Bijal; Busam, Klaus J. (1 November 2008).

2268: 2057: 2010: 1522: 1474: 6573: 6292: 6113: 5963: 5641: 5502: 5070: 4642: 4622: 4437: 4432: 4422: 4263: 4064: 3241: 2742: 2369: 973: 860: 639: 407: 3789:"Edward J. Derwinski, first secretary of the Department of Veterans Affairs, dies" 3571: 3554: 3052: 3035: 2908: 2887: 1945: 1928: 96: 4029: 3369:"Merkel cell carcinoma: Epidemiology, prognosis, therapy and unmet medical needs" 2536: 1705:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 1018. pp. 35–56. 1506: 6203: 6153: 6102: 6090: 6085: 6078: 6066: 6061: 6040: 6010: 5912: 5751: 5663: 5646: 5581: 5242: 5105: 4930: 4632: 4298: 3553:

Howard, R. A.; Dores, GM; Curtis, RE; Anderson, WF; Travis, LB (1 August 2006).

2822: 1710: 1676: 1026: 954: 942: 915: 910:(1845–1919) was a German anatomist and histopathologist who first described the 877: 362: 251: 222: 125: 6172: 4040: 3429: 3385: 3368: 2497: 1553: 1408: 1318: 1301: 1255: 6003: 5787: 5544: 5065: 4906: 4783: 4501: 4473: 4243: 4067: 2353: 2300: 2207: 2096: 1891: 1361: 1014: 778: 774: 734: 455: 419: 395: 320: 260: 92: 3892: 3833: 3800: 3143: 3093: 2946: 2807:"Immune Checkpoint Blockade: A Common Denominator Approach to Cancer Therapy" 2773: 1202: 1092: 6459: 6222: 6207: 6048: 6029: 5996: 5984: 5978: 5957: 5903: 5831: 5802: 5725: 5717: 5679: 5448: 5427: 5333: 5211: 5203: 5191: 5110: 5060: 4824: 4411: 4383: 4288: 4123: 4059: 3993: 3978: 3315:

Masaoki; Galloway, Denise A.; Wener, Mark H.; Nghiem, Paul (15 April 2017).

3291: 3274: 2628: 2411: 1851: 1834: 1811: 1147: 848: 824: 731:(brand name Opdivo, Bristol-Myers Squibb) is in phase III/IV clinical trials 728: 463: 187: 3695:"Maria Bueno, three-times women's singles champion at Wimbledon – obituary" 3580: 3539: 3482: 3447: 3394: 3350: 3300: 3259: 3202: 3161: 3111: 3061: 2912:

for "Study of the Drug Ipilimumab for Metastatic Merkel Cell Carcinoma" at

2840: 2791: 2734: 2699: 2647: 2595: 2544: 2505: 2361: 2319: 2260: 2225: 2170: 2114: 2049: 2002: 1964: 1909: 1860: 1819: 1784: 1766: 1728: 1646: 1571: 1514: 1466: 1458: 1426: 1369: 1327: 1273: 1166: 785:, and involvement of lymph nodes) is associated with lower survival rates. 410:

or a full-thickness incisional biopsy of the skin including full-thickness

287:, which is thought to be the primary site of origin for MCC. Additionally, 3935: 3654: 3598:[Probe cells and probe bodies in domestic animals and in humans]. 2995: 2978: 237:

Merkel cell carcinoma (arrow) infiltrating skin tissue, stained brown for

6146: 5793: 5535: 5391: 5135: 4757: 4737: 4673: 4627: 4569: 4506: 4448: 4268: 4217: 4146: 3521: 2726: 2681: 1955: 981: 960: 844: 711: 431: 374: 199: 109: 3961: 3713: 2805:

Topalian, Suzanne L.; Drake, Charles G.; Pardoll, Drew M. (April 2015).

2576: 1703:

Infectious Agents Associated Cancers: Epidemiology and Molecular Biology

831:(RB protein) expression correlates with more favorable prognosis, while 213:

Merkel cell cancers tend to invade locally, infiltrating the underlying

5899: 4934: 4788: 4698: 4617: 4604: 4554: 4483: 4207: 4202: 4197: 3611: 3332: 3193: 3176: 1874:

Sunshine, J. C.; Jahchan, N. S.; Sage, J.; Choi, J. (11 January 2018).

553:

if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and

491: 182: 3474: 3126:

Becker, Juergen C.; Cleary, Michele A.; Nghiem, Paul (20 April 2011).

1994: 1755:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

1628: 5508: 4546: 4491: 4258: 4253: 4227: 4136: 3973: 3596:"Tastzellen und Tastkörperchen bei den Hausthieren und beim Menschen" 2151: 411: 399: 284: 272: 218: 177: 3595: 2252: 2025: 851:

in people that have detectable antibodies at the time of diagnosis.

394:

Diagnosis of MCC begins with a clinical examination of the skin and

3881:"Gen. Carl E. Mundy Jr., Outspoken Marine Corps Leader, Dies at 78" 6665: 6159: 5918: 5550: 4212: 718:, to treat adults and children above 12 years with metastatic MCC. 348: 276: 232: 172: 158: 150: 3822:"John Fitch, Glamorous Racer With a Flair for Danger, Dies at 95" 3633:

Toker, Cyril (January 1972). "Trabecular carcinoma of the skin".

2888:"Immunotherapy for Merkel Cell Carcinoma | Merkel Cell Carcinoma" 840:

mortality. Immunosuppression also raises the risk of recurrence.

6563: 6555: 4793: 4312: 4131: 3982: 3766: 832: 692: 680: 451: 291:

experiments have demonstrated that fibroblasts not only support

207: 6176: 5164: 4083: 3855:"Leonard Hirshan dies at 86; longtime agent for Clint Eastwood" 1131:"Histogenesis of Merkel Cell Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Review" 891:

including HIV infection or immunosuppressant therapy following

5385: 1876:"Are there multiple cells of origin of Merkel cell carcinoma?" 518: 341: 29: 2525:

International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics

642:, depending on the individual. Part of the staging process – 328:

two viral proteins expressed in infected cells known as the

3947:

National Cancer Institute "Merkel Cell Carcinoma Treatment"

3670:"David Brudnoy, 64; Talk Radio Host Was Heard in 38 States" 691:

or autoimmunity. However, over-expression of PD-1 ligands (

703:

for people with disseminated rather than early-stage MCC.

683:

pathway is responsible for regulating the balance between

139:(MCPyV or MCV), a weakened immune system, and exposure to 3362: 3360: 2854:

FDA approves first treatment for rare form of skin cancer

1183:

Patterson, James W. (James Willis), 1946- (2014-12-07).

2460:"Prevent skin cancer | American Academy of Dermatology" 918:

was coined by the anatomist Robert Bonnet (1851–1921).

677:

inhibitors of the PD1-PDL1 checkpoint signaling pathway

550: 167:

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) usually presents as a firm

3273:

Paulson, Kelly G.; Bhatia, Shailender (11 June 2018).

2391:"NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2023 Merkel Cell Carcinoma" 466:

and subsequent treatment options. Imaging may include

259:

markers with Merkel cells, including epidermal marker

3951: 3555:"Merkel Cell Carcinoma and Multiple Primary Cancers" 3279:

Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network

3011:"Survival Rates for Merkel Cell Carcinoma, by Stage" 2616:

Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network

2517: 2515: 1833:

Tadmor, T.; Aviv, A.; Polliack, A. (February 2011).

1751:"Merkel cell polyomavirus and Merkel cell carcinoma" 914:(touch cells) in the skin in 1875. In 1878 the term 6697: 6663: 6602: 6595: 6554: 6521: 6458: 6449: 6404: 6381: 6313: 6230: 6221: 6214: 6136: 6112: 6020: 5943: 5898: 5887: 5716: 5678: 5657: 5625: 5580: 5534: 5413: 5402: 5375: 5202: 5079: 5046: 4990: 4975: 4966: 4923: 4894: 4873: 4864: 4817: 4776: 4745: 4734: 4727: 4716: 4661: 4603: 4545: 4482: 4402: 4331: 4320: 4311: 4226: 4190: 4122: 4115: 4050: 3955: 3763:"Al Davis Death Certificate Reveals Cause of Death" 3406: 3404: 1005:– 30th Commandant of the United States Marine Corps 103: 77: 4110:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology 2758:"Inhibitors of the PD-1 Pathway in Tumor Therapy" 155:Small spot on the left arm is Merkel cell cancer. 3559:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 1921: 1919: 510:Avoiding tanning beds and artificial UV exposure 163:Merkel cell carcinoma. Gross pathology specimen. 2659: 2657: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1116: 3418:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2486:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1542:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1397:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1306:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 899:can also increase the odds of developing MCC. 549:Please review the contents of the section and 6635:Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus 6188: 5176: 4595:Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta 4095: 3738:"Copelands Help Save Life of Family's Doctor" 2983:JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1536:Paulson, Kelly G.; Nghiem, Paul (June 2019). 1302:"Merkel cell carcinoma: An update and review" 8: 4249:Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma) 3914:"Joe Zawinul, 75, Jazz Fusion Pioneer, Dies" 2342:Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 872:, as compared to around 60,000 new cases of 6391:Aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma 1219:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 957:– New Orleans entrepreneur, powerboat racer 859:Merkel cell carcinoma occurs most often in 501:Seeking shade when UV rays are most intense 442:. Neuroendocrine molecular markers such as 6599: 6455: 6427:Primary cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma 6227: 6218: 6195: 6181: 6173: 5895: 5675: 5440:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy 5410: 5183: 5169: 5161: 4972: 4870: 4742: 4731: 4724: 4328: 4317: 4119: 4102: 4088: 4080: 3952: 2959:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2288:Gynecologic Oncology Research and Practice 1488: 1486: 1484: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1223:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1215:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1187:. Hosler, Gregory A. (Fourth ed.). . 951:– American singer, songwriter, and author 83: 74: 45:needs attention from an expert in medicine 5311:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type 3570: 3529: 3437: 3384: 3340: 3290: 3249: 3192: 3151: 3101: 3051: 2994: 2830: 2781: 2689: 2637: 2627: 2585: 2575: 2309: 2299: 2215: 2160: 2150: 2104: 2026:"Merkel cell carcinoma and HIV infection" 1954: 1944: 1899: 1850: 1774: 1636: 1561: 1416: 1317: 1263: 1156: 1146: 993:– Race car driver and road safety pioneer 250:Although MCC was initially named for the 6645:Pigmented hairy epidermal nevus syndrome 3712:JimmyBuffett.com obituary (2023-09-01). 3510:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2436:"Prevention Guidelines – SkinCancer.org" 1749:DeCaprio, James A. (11 September 2017). 630:, they are reduced as much as possible. 384: 6684:Unilateral palmoplantar verrucous nevus 1039: 1023:– Former Premier of Victoria, Australia 933:– Paris-based painter and art historian 765:, a notation system that describes the 646:– is often performed at the same time. 406:. An ideal biopsy specimen is either a 6689:Zosteriform speckled lentiginous nevus 6536:Keratoacanthoma centrifugum marginatum 4902:Disseminated intravascular coagulation 3693:Obituaries, Telegraph (10 June 2018). 3082:American Journal of Clinical Pathology 2952: 2882: 2880: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1658: 1656: 1208: 1098: 1029:– Jazz-fusion keyboardist and composer 773:(T), the degree of spread to regional 55:may be able to help recruit an expert. 27:Rare and highly aggressive skin cancer 3912:Keepnews, Peter (12 September 2007). 3668:Staff and Wire Reports (2004-12-12). 2923: 2921: 2398:National Comprehensive Cancer Network 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 1976: 1974: 1611:S.; Chang, Yuan (15 September 2009). 697:National Comprehensive Cancer Network 7: 6730:Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts 6305:Nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome 3647:10.1001/archderm.1972.01620040075020 1343: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1178: 1176: 1045: 1043: 863:between 60 and 80 years of age. Its 490:recommend the following measures to 5461:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis 2874:FDA News Release, December 19, 2018 4684:Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation 3600:Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie 2989:(21): 1592–1593. 18 October 2013. 759:American Joint Committee on Cancer 25: 5780:Severe acute respiratory syndrome 5306:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma 4585:Transient acantholytic dermatosis 3853:Colker, David (6 February 2014). 3761:Farooq, Sajid (28 October 2011). 1586:"Merkel Cell Carcinoma Treatment" 999:– Show business agent and manager 777:(N), and the presence of distant 6640:Linear verrucous epidermal nevus 5766:Middle East respiratory syndrome 4694:Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis 3934: 2856:FDA News Release, March 23, 2017 2196:Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology 2085:Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy 876:and over 1 million new cases of 615: 523: 34: 6655:Phakomatosis pigmentokeratotica 4704:Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides 3879:Yardley, William (2014-04-09). 3787:Shapiro, T. Rees (2012-01-18). 1617:International Journal of Cancer 1238:Pulitzer, Melissa (June 2017). 687:and over-activation leading to 484:American Academy of Dermatology 271:. Furthermore, the ion channel 5365:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 5351:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma 4945:Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus 4653:Subcorneal pustular dermatosis 4279:Infantile digital fibromatosis 3820:Martin, Douglas (2012-11-01). 3242:10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.8116 2670:Nature Reviews Disease Primers 745:or epigenetic modification of 551:add the appropriate references 1: 6417:Microcystic adnexal carcinoma 4537:Epidermolysis bullosa simplex 4374:Langerhans cell histiocytosis 3572:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0895 3053:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3363 2042:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07668-7 1946:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-2899 1017:– Nobel Prize–winning chemist 986:Secretary of Veterans Affairs 769:according to the size of the 492:prevent excessive UV exposure 434:, various cutaneous leukemic/ 6650:Systematized epidermal nevus 6396:Extramammary Paget's disease 5570:Tropical spastic paraparesis 5475:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis 5013:Systemic lupus erythematosus 4768:Systemic lupus erythematosus 4459:Systemic lupus erythematosus 3463:Journal of Surgical Oncology 3132:Journal of Clinical Oncology 2979:"PDQ (Physician Data Query)" 2537:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.08.011 1507:10.1097/CCO.0b013e32834fc9fe 885:chronic lymphocytic leukemia 468:positron emission tomography 430:, the small cell variant of 221:, and muscle, and typically 95:of a Merkel cell carcinoma. 5933:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis 5853:Human parainfluenza viruses 5526:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2 4294:Lymphangioma circumscriptum 2823:10.1016/j.ccell.2015.03.001 1711:10.1007/978-981-10-5765-6_4 1677:10.1016/j.mpdhp.2016.04.002 1495:Current Opinion in Oncology 536:reliable medical references 263:and neuroendocrine markers 190:types of cancer, including 124:) is a rare and aggressive 47:. The specific problem is: 6756: 6623:Nevus comedonicus syndrome 6258:Fibroepithelioma of Pinkus 5116:Mucous membrane pemphigoid 3430:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.10.028 3386:10.1016/j.ejca.2016.10.022 3373:European Journal of Cancer 2929:AJCC cancer staging manual 2498:10.1016/j.jaad.2010.07.043 1554:10.1016/j.jaad.2018.08.021 1409:10.1016/j.jaad.2007.11.020 1319:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.12.001 1256:10.1016/j.path.2017.01.013 1244:Surgical Pathology Clinics 887:, and malignant melanoma. 644:sentinel lymph node biopsy 49:Unsure about recent edits. 5597:Cytomegalovirus retinitis 3714:"Jimmy Buffett 1946-2023" 2762:The Journal of Immunology 2715:Nature Reviews Immunology 2416:World Health Organization 2354:10.1007/s11154-017-9433-0 2301:10.1186/s40661-017-0037-x 2208:10.1038/s41571-018-0103-2 2097:10.1007/s00262-017-2099-3 1892:10.1038/s41388-017-0073-3 1665:Diagnostic Histopathology 1590:National Cancer Institute 1362:10.1016/j.det.2019.06.002 963:– Principal owner of the 542:or relies too heavily on 480:World Health Organization 275:and transcription factor 91: 82: 6618:Schimmelpenning syndrome 6613:Epidermal nevus syndrome 6368:Erythroplasia of Queyrat 5699:Infectious mononucleosis 5516:Chandipura vesiculovirus 5346:Hepatocellular carcinoma 5291:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 5224:Hepatocellular carcinoma 4881:Thrombocytopenic purpura 4527:Dermatitis herpetiformis 4512:Acute contact dermatitis 4464:Pityriasis rubra pilaris 4389:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome 4359:Lichen simplex chronicus 4239:Epidermal inclusion cyst 3144:10.1200/JCO.2010.30.6308 3094:10.1309/AJCPE4PK6CTBNQJY 3040:Clinical Cancer Research 2774:10.4049/jimmunol.1701044 2139:Molecular Carcinogenesis 1933:Clinical Cancer Research 1009:Geoffrey Penwill Parsons 969:National Football League 939:– Boston talk radio host 908:Friedrich Sigmund Merkel 404:histopathologic features 310:Merkel cell polyomavirus 293:Merkel cell polyomavirus 239:Merkel cell polyomavirus 137:Merkel cell polyomavirus 133:neuroendocrine carcinoma 6735:Integumentary neoplasia 5495:Encephalitis lethargica 5196:viral systemic diseases 5146:Squamous-cell carcinoma 5141:Systemic histoplasmosis 4532:Porphyria cutanea tarda 4162:Squamous-cell carcinoma 3635:Archives of Dermatology 3292:10.6004/jnccn.2018.7049 3177:"Merkel cell carcinoma" 2666:"Merkel cell carcinoma" 2629:10.6004/jnccn.2018.0055 1812:10.1053/hupa.2001.25904 1240:"Merkel Cell Carcinoma" 1185:Weedon's skin pathology 1148:10.3389/fonc.2019.00451 1051:"Merkel cell carcinoma" 878:nonmelanoma skin cancer 628:immunosuppressive drugs 565:"Merkel-cell carcinoma" 402:tissue to identify its 196:squamous cell carcinoma 6498:Pilar sheath acanthoma 5867:Human orthopneumovirus 5521:Herpesviral meningitis 5482:Arbovirus encephalitis 5121:Cicatricial pemphigoid 5038:Acne keloidalis nuchae 5033:Folliculitis decalvans 2906:Clinical trial number 2558:Gortman, Aron (2019). 1767:10.1098/rstb.2016.0276 1459:10.1001/jama.2018.7042 1105:: CS1 maint: others ( 829:retinoblastoma protein 488:Skin Cancer Foundation 428:small cell lung cancer 391: 242: 198:, malignant melanoma, 164: 156: 18:Carcinoma, merkel cell 6437:Malignant mixed tumor 6412:Merkel-cell carcinoma 5325:Merkel-cell carcinoma 5023:Loose anagen syndrome 4950:Necrobiosis lipoidica 4886:Actinic/solar purpura 4560:Insect bite reactions 4349:Seborrheic dermatitis 4172:Merkel-cell carcinoma 4152:Molluscum contagiosum 3941:Merkel cell carcinoma 2963:) CS1 maint: others ( 2241:Nature Reviews Cancer 1852:10.1093/annonc/mdq308 1135:Frontiers in Oncology 699:guidelines recommend 388: 236: 162: 154: 141:ultraviolet radiation 118:Merkel cell carcinoma 78:Merkel cell carcinoma 6531:Generalized eruptive 6508:Seborrheic keratosis 5970:Adenovirus infection 5434:Human polyomavirus 2 5263:Oropharyngeal cancer 4846:Annulare centrifugum 4369:Glucagonoma syndrome 4167:Basal-cell carcinoma 4142:Seborrheic keratosis 3943:at Wikimedia Commons 3522:10.1038/jid.2008.229 2727:10.1038/nri.2017.108 2682:10.1038/nrdp.2017.77 1983:Dermatologic Surgery 1350:Dermatologic Clinics 743:therapeutic vaccines 424:immunohistochemistry 342:p53 tumor suppressor 204:small cell carcinoma 192:basal cell carcinoma 53:WikiProject Medicine 6674:Nevus unius lateris 6432:Verrucous carcinoma 5556:Post-polio syndrome 5192:Infectious diseases 5091:Aphthous stomatitis 5028:Lichen planopilaris 5003:Androgenic alopecia 4809:Fixed drug eruption 4384:Pemphigus foliaceus 4284:Granular cell tumor 2996:10.1093/jnci/djt327 2577:10.7759/cureus.6270 978:U.S. Representative 460:sentinel lymph node 334:small tumor antigen 330:large tumor antigen 257:immunohistochemical 6422:Mucinous carcinoma 6363:Bowenoid papulosis 5689:Epstein–Barr virus 5659:Respiratory system 5296:Burkitt's lymphoma 5111:Pemphigus vulgaris 4940:Granuloma annulare 4804:Carcinoid syndrome 4689:Tuberous sclerosis 4648:Coccidioidomycosis 4522:Bullous pemphigoid 4517:Pemphigus vulgaris 4449:Secondary syphilis 4339:Contact dermatitis 4051:External resources 3918:The New York Times 3885:The New York Times 3826:The New York Times 3612:10.1007/BF02933819 3594:Merkel, F (1875). 3333:10.1002/cncr.30475 3194:10.1002/cncr.23874 2914:ClinicalTrials.gov 2870:2013-08-19 at the 2440:www.skincancer.org 1839:Annals of Oncology 1761:(1732): 20160276. 897:autoimmune disease 874:malignant melanoma 763:TNM staging system 436:lymphoid neoplasms 392: 243: 178:papules or plaques 165: 157: 147:Signs and symptoms 6717: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6630:Nevus comedonicus 6591: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6513:Warty dyskeratoma 6445: 6444: 6373:Actinic keratosis 6170: 6169: 6132: 6131: 5883: 5882: 5814:Influenza virus A 5731:Human coronavirus 5621: 5620: 5611:Herpes of the eye 5158: 5157: 5154: 5153: 4998:Telogen effluvium 4962: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4860: 4859: 4712: 4711: 4580:Lichen spinulosus 4575:Keratosis pilaris 4454:Mycosis fungoides 4354:Stasis dermatitis 4344:Atopic dermatitis 4307: 4306: 4182:Trichoepithelioma 4157:Actinic keratosis 4077: 4076: 4012:: 209.31 – 209.36 3939:Media related to 3859:Los Angeles Times 3674:Los Angeles Times 3475:10.1002/jso.20167 3424:(3): 457–463.e2. 3138:(12): 1539–1546. 3046:(14): 4806–4813. 2938:978-3-319-40617-6 2400:. April 10, 2023. 2036:(9305): 497–498. 1995:10.1111/dsu.12079 1939:(14): 3929–3934. 1886:(11): 1409–1416. 1720:978-981-10-5764-9 1629:10.1002/ijc.24510 1194:978-0-7020-6200-1 1084:978-1-4160-2999-1 889:Immunosuppression 757:According to the 689:T-cell exhaustion 685:T-cell activation 624: 623: 600: 494:and skin cancer: 369:Immunosuppression 206:, or as a benign 115: 114: 72:Medical condition 70: 69: 16:(Redirected from 6747: 6679:Patch blue nevus 6600: 6564:Verruca vulgaris 6456: 6353:Marjolin's ulcer 6341:Signet-ring-cell 6228: 6219: 6197: 6190: 6183: 6174: 5896: 5891:digestive system 5808:Orthomyxoviridae 5774:SARS coronavirus 5760:MERS coronavirus 5676: 5488:Orthomyxoviridae 5411: 5377:Immune disorders 5301:Hodgkin lymphoma 5277:Kaposi's sarcoma 5185: 5178: 5171: 5162: 5096:Oral candidiasis 4973: 4871: 4799:Erythema nodosum 4743: 4732: 4725: 4669:Tinea versicolor 4507:Bullous impetigo 4444:Pityriasis rosea 4379:Lichen sclerosus 4364:Darier's disease 4329: 4318: 4274:Kaposi's sarcoma 4120: 4104: 4097: 4090: 4081: 3953: 3938: 3922: 3921: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3899: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3840: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3807: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3748: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3724: 3718:JimmyBuffett.com 3709: 3703: 3702: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3680: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3574: 3565:(8): 1545–1549. 3550: 3544: 3543: 3533: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3441: 3408: 3399: 3398: 3388: 3364: 3355: 3354: 3344: 3327:(8): 1464–1474. 3311: 3305: 3304: 3294: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3253: 3230:JAMA Dermatology 3221: 3215: 3214: 3196: 3187:(9): 2549–2558. 3172: 3166: 3165: 3155: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3105: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3055: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3021: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2958: 2950: 2925: 2916: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2894: 2884: 2875: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2834: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2785: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2693: 2661: 2652: 2651: 2641: 2631: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2589: 2579: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2519: 2510: 2509: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2470: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2446: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2423: 2422: 2412:"Sun protection" 2408: 2402: 2401: 2395: 2387: 2374: 2373: 2337: 2324: 2323: 2313: 2303: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2219: 2186: 2175: 2174: 2164: 2154: 2152:10.1002/mc.23190 2130: 2119: 2118: 2108: 2075: 2062: 2061: 2021: 2015: 2014: 1978: 1969: 1968: 1958: 1948: 1923: 1914: 1913: 1903: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1854: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1795: 1789: 1788: 1778: 1746: 1733: 1732: 1698: 1681: 1680: 1660: 1651: 1650: 1640: 1623:(6): 1243–1249. 1607: 1601: 1600: 1598: 1597: 1582: 1576: 1575: 1565: 1548:(6): 1758–1760. 1533: 1527: 1526: 1490: 1479: 1478: 1442: 1431: 1430: 1420: 1388: 1382: 1381: 1345: 1332: 1331: 1321: 1297: 1278: 1277: 1267: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1214: 1206: 1180: 1171: 1170: 1160: 1150: 1126: 1111: 1110: 1104: 1096: 1071: 1065: 1064: 1062: 1061: 1047: 1021:Lindsay Thompson 925:Notable patients 893:organ transplant 837:CD8 T lymphocyte 716:a PDL1 inhibitor 619: 618: 610: 607: 601: 599: 558: 527: 526: 519: 420:light microscopy 416:subcutaneous fat 215:subcutaneous fat 87: 75: 65: 62: 56: 38: 37: 30: 21: 6755: 6754: 6750: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6720: 6719: 6718: 6709: 6693: 6659: 6603:Epidermal nevus 6583: 6579:Periungual wart 6550: 6523:Keratoacanthoma 6517: 6493:Melanoacanthoma 6451: 6441: 6400: 6377: 6358:Bowen's disease 6309: 6210: 6201: 6171: 6166: 6128: 6108: 6016: 5990:Gastroenteritis 5948: 5945:Gastroenteritis 5939: 5927:Cytomegalovirus 5890: 5879: 5847:Paramyxoviridae 5836:Avian influenza 5712: 5707:Cytomegalovirus 5671:viral pneumonia 5669: 5666:nasopharyngitis 5665: 5662: 5653: 5617: 5591:Cytomegalovirus 5576: 5530: 5418: 5405: 5398: 5371: 5238:Cervical cancer 5198: 5189: 5159: 5150: 5082: 5075: 5042: 5008:Alopecia areata 4986: 4968: 4954: 4911: 4890: 4866: 4856: 4813: 4772: 4758:Viral exanthems 4736: 4720: 4718: 4708: 4679:Pityriasis alba 4657: 4599: 4541: 4478: 4398: 4394:Zinc deficiency 4324: 4322: 4303: 4231: 4222: 4186: 4177:Nevus sebaceous 4111: 4108: 4078: 4073: 4072: 4046: 4045: 3964: 3931: 3926: 3925: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3897: 3895: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3863: 3861: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3838: 3836: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3805: 3803: 3793:Washington Post 3786: 3785: 3781: 3771: 3769: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3746: 3744: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3722: 3720: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3678: 3676: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3410: 3409: 3402: 3366: 3365: 3358: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3019: 3017: 3009: 3008: 3004: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2951: 2939: 2927: 2926: 2919: 2905: 2901: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2878: 2872:Wayback Machine 2864: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2663: 2662: 2655: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2521: 2520: 2513: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2468: 2466: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2444: 2442: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2420: 2418: 2410: 2409: 2405: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2377: 2339: 2338: 2327: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2253:10.1038/nrc1782 2238: 2237: 2233: 2202:(12): 763–776. 2188: 2187: 2178: 2132: 2131: 2122: 2077: 2076: 2065: 2023: 2022: 2018: 1980: 1979: 1972: 1925: 1924: 1917: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1800:Human Pathology 1797: 1796: 1792: 1748: 1747: 1736: 1721: 1700: 1699: 1684: 1662: 1661: 1654: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1595: 1593: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1535: 1534: 1530: 1492: 1491: 1482: 1444: 1443: 1434: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1347: 1346: 1335: 1299: 1298: 1281: 1237: 1236: 1232: 1207: 1195: 1182: 1181: 1174: 1128: 1127: 1114: 1097: 1085: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1059: 1057: 1049: 1048: 1041: 1036: 997:Leonard Hirshan 965:Oakland Raiders 945:– Tennis player 927: 905: 857: 767:stage of cancer 755: 701:PD-1 inhibitors 673:Immunotherapies 670: 661: 652: 636: 620: 616: 611: 605: 602: 559: 548: 544:primary sources 528: 524: 517: 507:Using sunscreen 476: 440:Ewing's sarcoma 383: 371: 358: 312: 248: 241:large T protein 231: 229:Pathophysiology 149: 73: 66: 60: 57: 51: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6753: 6751: 6743: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6722: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6707: 6705:Cutaneous horn 6701: 6699: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6670: 6668: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6606: 6604: 6597: 6593: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6560: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6527: 6525: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6489: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6464: 6462: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6393: 6387: 6385: 6383:Adenocarcinoma 6379: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6319: 6317: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6307: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6236: 6234: 6225: 6216: 6212: 6211: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6192: 6185: 6177: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6162: 6150: 6142: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6126: 6118: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6094: 6082: 6070: 6058: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6032: 6026: 6024: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6014: 6007: 6000: 5993: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5960: 5954: 5952: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5936: 5935: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5908: 5906: 5893: 5885: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5870: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5841: 5840: 5839: 5838: 5799: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5722: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5684: 5682: 5673: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5651: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5631: 5629: 5627:Cardiovascular 5623: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5601: 5600: 5599: 5586: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5574: 5573: 5572: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5553: 5540: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5484: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5430: 5424: 5422: 5408: 5406:nervous system 5400: 5399: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5394: 5381: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5315: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5258:Vaginal cancer 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5214: 5208: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5180: 5173: 5165: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5131:Coxsackievirus 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5087: 5085: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5052: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4898: 4896: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4888: 4883: 4877: 4875: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4848: 4843: 4841:Gyratum repens 4838: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4763:Toxic erythema 4760: 4755: 4753:Drug eruptions 4749: 4747: 4740: 4729: 4722: 4714: 4713: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4609: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4597: 4592: 4590:Lichen nitidus 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4551: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4492:Herpes simplex 4488: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4335: 4333: 4326: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4235: 4233: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4128: 4126: 4117: 4113: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4106: 4099: 4092: 4084: 4075: 4074: 4071: 4070: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4032: 4021: 4013: 4001: 3986: 3965: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3956:Classification 3950: 3949: 3944: 3930: 3929:External links 3927: 3924: 3923: 3904: 3871: 3845: 3812: 3779: 3753: 3742:www.lsuhsc.edu 3729: 3704: 3685: 3660: 3641:(1): 107–110. 3625: 3606:(1): 636–652. 3586: 3545: 3516:(1): 246–248. 3496: 3453: 3400: 3356: 3306: 3285:(6): 782–790. 3265: 3216: 3167: 3117: 3088:(6): 838–844. 3067: 3026: 3015:www.cancer.org 3002: 2970: 2937: 2917: 2899: 2876: 2858: 2846: 2817:(4): 450–461. 2797: 2768:(2): 375–383. 2748: 2721:(3): 153–167. 2705: 2653: 2622:(6): 742–774. 2601: 2550: 2531:(3): 703–709. 2511: 2492:(5): 983–990. 2475: 2451: 2427: 2403: 2375: 2348:(4): 517–532. 2325: 2274: 2231: 2176: 2145:(7): 807–821. 2120: 2091:(3): 341–351. 2063: 2016: 1989:(2): 232–238. 1970: 1915: 1866: 1845:(2): 250–256. 1825: 1806:(7): 680–689. 1790: 1734: 1719: 1682: 1671:(4): 127–133. 1652: 1602: 1577: 1528: 1501:(2): 141–149. 1480: 1432: 1403:(3): 375–381. 1383: 1356:(4): 489–503. 1333: 1312:(3): 433–442. 1279: 1250:(2): 399–408. 1230: 1193: 1172: 1112: 1083: 1066: 1038: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1024: 1018: 1012: 1006: 1000: 994: 988: 971: 958: 952: 946: 940: 934: 931:Avigdor Arikha 926: 923: 904: 901: 856: 853: 754: 751: 739: 738: 732: 726: 719: 669: 666: 660: 657: 651: 648: 635: 632: 622: 621: 614: 612: 531: 529: 522: 516: 513: 512: 511: 508: 505: 502: 499: 475: 472: 456:cytokeratin 20 448:chromogranin A 382: 379: 370: 367: 357: 354: 311: 308: 269:chromogranin A 261:cytokeratin 20 247: 246:Cell of origin 244: 230: 227: 148: 145: 113: 112: 107: 101: 100: 89: 88: 80: 79: 71: 68: 67: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6752: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6696: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6662: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6601: 6598: 6594: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6569:Verruca plana 6567: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6553: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6520: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6503:Seboacanthoma 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6487: 6486:Epidermolytic 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6448: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6312: 6306: 6303: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6198: 6193: 6191: 6186: 6184: 6179: 6178: 6175: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6125: 6124: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6104: 6100: 6099: 6095: 6092: 6088: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6076: 6075: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6063: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6013: 6012: 6008: 6006: 6005: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5994: 5991: 5987: 5986: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5965: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5946: 5942: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5886: 5876: 5875: 5871: 5869: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5859:Parainfluenza 5857: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5849: 5848: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5810: 5809: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5732: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5695:EBV infection 5693: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5667: 5660: 5656: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5551:Poliomyelitis 5549: 5548: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5435: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5416: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5401: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5253:Vulvar cancer 5251: 5249: 5248:Penile cancer 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5186: 5181: 5179: 5174: 5172: 5167: 5166: 5163: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5101:Lichen planus 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5056:Onychomycosis 5054: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5018:Tinea capitis 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4967:Miscellaneous 4965: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4869: 4865:Nonblanchable 4863: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4733: 4730: 4726: 4723: 4715: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662:Hypopigmented 4660: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4613:Acne vulgaris 4611: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4565:Lichen planus 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4497:Herpes zoster 4495: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4469:Parapsoriasis 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4327: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4118: 4114: 4105: 4100: 4098: 4093: 4091: 4086: 4085: 4082: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4061: 4057: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4006: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3966: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3905: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3872: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3846: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3813: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3780: 3768: 3764: 3757: 3754: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3730: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3705: 3700: 3699:The Telegraph 3696: 3689: 3686: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3602:(in German). 3601: 3597: 3590: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3549: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3457: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3310: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3269: 3266: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3236:(7): 716–23. 3235: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3121: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3027: 3016: 3012: 3006: 3003: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2910: 2903: 2900: 2889: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2801: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2709: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2570:(12): e6270. 2569: 2565: 2561: 2554: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2518: 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1094: 1090: 1086: 1080: 1076: 1070: 1067: 1056: 1052: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1033: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 989: 987: 983: 979: 975: 972: 970: 966: 962: 959: 956: 953: 950: 949:Jimmy Buffett 947: 944: 941: 938: 937:David Brudnoy 935: 932: 929: 928: 924: 922: 919: 917: 913: 909: 902: 900: 898: 894: 890: 886: 881: 879: 875: 871: 870:United States 866: 862: 854: 852: 850: 846: 841: 838: 834: 830: 826: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 786: 784: 780: 776: 772: 771:primary tumor 768: 764: 760: 752: 750: 748: 744: 736: 733: 730: 727: 724: 723:pembrolizumab 720: 717: 713: 709: 708: 707: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 667: 665: 658: 656: 649: 647: 645: 641: 633: 631: 629: 613: 609: 598: 595: 591: 588: 584: 581: 577: 574: 570: 567: – 566: 562: 561:Find sources: 556: 552: 546: 545: 541: 537: 532:This section 530: 521: 520: 514: 509: 506: 503: 500: 497: 496: 495: 493: 489: 485: 481: 473: 471: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 444:synaptophysin 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 387: 380: 378: 376: 375:HIV infection 368: 366: 364: 355: 353: 350: 345: 343: 339: 335: 331: 325: 322: 317: 309: 307: 304: 300: 296: 294: 290: 286: 280: 278: 274: 270: 266: 265:synaptophysin 262: 258: 253: 245: 240: 235: 228: 226: 224: 220: 216: 211: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 184: 179: 174: 170: 161: 153: 146: 144: 142: 138: 134: 131: 127: 123: 119: 111: 108: 106: 102: 98: 97:H&E stain 94: 90: 86: 81: 76: 64: 61:December 2020 54: 50: 46: 43:This article 41: 32: 31: 19: 6740:Rare cancers 6574:Plantar wart 6411: 6346:Spindle-cell 6293:Rodent ulcer 6268:Micronodular 6263:Infiltrative 6152: 6145: 6121: 6114:Pancreatitis 6096: 6084: 6072: 6060: 6053: 6034: 6009: 6002: 5995: 5983: 5962: 5925: 5911: 5872: 5865: 5851: 5845: 5812: 5806: 5786: 5772: 5758: 5729: 5705: 5687: 5642:Pericarditis 5634: 5603: 5589: 5562: 5543: 5501: 5486: 5467: 5453: 5432: 5415:Encephalitis 5384: 5357: 5338: 5324: 5317: 5283: 5269: 5230: 5216: 5071:Ingrown nail 4643:Dermatophyte 4638:Gonococcemia 4623:Folliculitis 4264:Neurofibroma 4232:subcutaneous 4171: 4058: 4034: 4023: 4015: 4003: 3988: 3968: 3917: 3907: 3896:. 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Retrieved 2415: 2406: 2397: 2345: 2341: 2291: 2287: 2277: 2247:(1): 24–37. 2244: 2240: 2234: 2199: 2195: 2142: 2138: 2088: 2084: 2033: 2029: 2019: 1986: 1982: 1936: 1932: 1883: 1879: 1869: 1842: 1838: 1828: 1803: 1799: 1793: 1758: 1754: 1702: 1668: 1664: 1620: 1616: 1605: 1594:. Retrieved 1592:. 2006-02-21 1589: 1580: 1545: 1541: 1531: 1498: 1494: 1453:(1): 18–20. 1450: 1446: 1400: 1396: 1386: 1353: 1349: 1309: 1305: 1247: 1243: 1233: 1184: 1138: 1134: 1074: 1069: 1058:. Retrieved 1054: 974:Ed Derwinski 920: 911: 906: 882: 858: 855:Epidemiology 842: 825:histological 822: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 787: 756: 749:-receptors. 740: 705: 671: 668:Drug therapy 662: 659:Chemotherapy 653: 640:Mohs surgery 637: 625: 603: 593: 586: 579: 572: 560: 540:verification 533: 477: 470:or CT scan. 408:punch biopsy 393: 372: 363:skin cancers 359: 346: 326: 313: 305: 301: 297: 288: 281: 249: 212: 188:histological 166: 121: 117: 116: 58: 48: 44: 6298:Superficial 6248:Cicatricial 6204:Skin cancer 6011:Coronavirus 5752:Common cold 5664:acute viral 5647:Myocarditis 5491:(probable) 5243:Anal cancer 5126:Herpesvirus 5106:Leukoplakia 4931:Scleroderma 4818:Specialized 4746:Generalized 4721:involvement 4633:Candidiasis 4325:involvement 4299:Myxoid cyst 4147:Acrochordon 3864:3 September 3772:3 September 2909:NCT01913691 2811:Cancer Cell 2464:www.aad.org 1075:Dermatology 1027:Joe Zawinul 955:Al Copeland 943:Maria Bueno 916:Merkel cell 814:Stage IIIB: 810:Stage IIIA: 775:lymph nodes 534:needs more 396:lymph nodes 252:Merkel cell 223:metastasize 126:skin cancer 6724:Categories 6609:Syndromes 6481:Clear-cell 6471:Large-cell 6336:Clear-cell 6138:Urogenital 6004:Astrovirus 5964:Adenovirus 5788:SARS-CoV-2 5545:Poliovirus 5420:meningitis 5066:Paronychia 4907:Vasculitis 4831:Multiforme 4829:Erythema ( 4784:Cellulitis 4735:Blanchable 4484:Blistering 4474:Ichthyosis 4332:Eczematous 4244:Hemangioma 4036:DiseasesDB 3898:2022-04-25 3839:2022-04-25 3806:2022-04-25 3747:2022-04-25 3723:2023-09-02 3679:2022-04-25 3469:(1): 1–4. 3020:2018-03-03 2893:2020-05-14 2469:2018-03-28 2445:2018-03-28 2421:2018-03-28 2030:The Lancet 1596:2018-03-04 1060:2019-11-11 1034:References 1015:Max Perutz 1003:Carl Mundy 991:John Fitch 984:and first 912:Tastzellen 861:Caucasians 806:Stage IIC: 802:Stage IIB: 798:Stage IIA: 779:metastasis 735:Ipilimumab 606:March 2017 576:newspapers 474:Prevention 321:monoclonal 93:Micrograph 6698:Ungrouped 6476:Fissuring 6460:Acanthoma 6405:Ungrouped 6288:Pore-like 6278:Pigmented 6223:Carcinoma 6208:epidermis 6049:RNA virus 6030:DNA virus 6022:Hepatitis 5997:Norovirus 5985:Rotavirus 5979:RNA virus 5958:DNA virus 5904:Esophagus 5832:Influenza 5718:RNA virus 5680:DNA virus 5449:RNA virus 5428:DNA virus 5334:RNA virus 5212:DNA virus 5204:Oncovirus 5061:Psoriasis 4969:disorders 4924:Indurated 4825:Urticaria 4777:Localized 4719:epidermal 4502:Varicella 4412:Psoriasis 4323:epidermal 4289:Leiomyoma 4191:Pigmented 4124:Epidermal 4060:eMedicine 4020:: M8247/3 3893:0362-4331 3834:0362-4331 3801:0190-8286 3379:: 53–69. 2955:cite book 2947:961218414 1378:201673379 1211:cite book 1203:900724639 1101:cite book 1093:212399895 1011:– Pianist 865:incidence 849:biomarker 818:Stage IV: 812:45%. 794:Stage IB: 790:Stage IA: 753:Prognosis 729:Nivolumab 675:, namely 650:Radiation 515:Treatment 464:prognosis 381:Diagnosis 332:(LT) and 105:Specialty 6546:Solitary 6541:Multiple 6331:Basaloid 6283:Polypoid 6243:Aberrant 6147:BK virus 5950:diarrhea 5794:COVID-19 5536:Myelitis 5136:Syphilis 5083:membrane 4738:Erythema 4674:Vitiligo 4628:Impetigo 4605:Pustular 4570:Miliaria 4418:Corporis 4269:Xanthoma 4218:Melanoma 4198:Freckles 4065:DERM/262 3985:C44.L44) 3620:83793552 3581:16896047 3540:18650846 3491:27828135 3483:15611998 3448:29102486 3395:27984768 3351:27925665 3301:29891528 3260:24807619 3211:33020916 3203:18798233 3162:21422430 3112:24225752 3062:21642382 2868:Archived 2841:25858804 2792:29311378 2735:28990585 2700:29072302 2648:29891526 2596:31903306 2545:19939581 2506:21641081 2362:28916903 2320:28138393 2294:(1): 2. 2269:29491641 2261:16397525 2226:30287935 2171:32219902 2115:29188306 2058:11934339 2050:11853800 2011:41973334 2003:23387356 1965:28174236 1910:29321666 1880:Oncogene 1861:20587511 1820:11486166 1785:28893943 1729:29052131 1647:19499546 1572:30165170 1523:31864646 1515:22234254 1475:49191126 1467:29898204 1427:18280333 1370:31466589 1328:29229574 1274:28477888 1167:31245285 982:Illinois 961:Al Davis 845:antibody 800:60%. 712:avelumab 432:melanoma 356:UV light 289:in vitro 200:lymphoma 110:Oncology 6326:Adenoid 6273:Nodular 6206:of the 5900:Pharynx 5404:Central 4935:morphea 4895:Papular 4874:Macular 4867:Purpura 4851:Ab igne 4836:Migrans 4789:Abscess 4717:Without 4699:Leprosy 4618:Rosacea 4555:Scabies 4547:Papular 4416:Tinea ( 4404:Scaling 4208:Melasma 4203:Lentigo 4116:Growths 4068:ent/714 4030:D015266 3655:5009611 3531:2605200 3439:5815902 3342:5384867 3251:4141075 3153:3082974 3103:4074520 2832:4400238 2783:5924692 2743:3509381 2691:6054450 2639:9440150 2587:6937466 2370:3937505 2311:5264489 2217:6319370 2162:8238237 2106:6015651 1901:5854515 1776:5597743 1638:6388400 1563:6487227 1418:2335370 1265:5443625 1158:6579919 1141:: 451. 1055:Dynamed 967:of the 903:History 895:or for 804:50%. 792:80%. 634:Surgery 590:scholar 555:removed 183:acronym 130:primary 6664:Other 6467:Forms 6452:tumors 6450:Benign 6322:Forms 6253:Cystic 6239:Forms 5564:HTLV-I 5509:Rabies 5359:HTLV-I 5081:Mucous 4977:Ulcers 4438:Faciei 4433:Manuum 4423:Cruris 4313:Rashes 4259:Lipoma 4254:Keloid 4228:Dermal 4137:Callus 3891: 3832: 3799: 3653: 3618: 3579: 3538: 3528: 3489: 3481: 3446: 3436: 3393: 3349: 3339: 3321:Cancer 3299: 3258: 3248: 3209: 3201: 3181:Cancer 3160: 3150: 3110: 3100: 3060: 2945: 2935: 2839: 2829: 2790: 2780: 2741: 2733: 2698: 2688: 2646: 2636: 2594: 2584: 2564:Cureus 2543: 2504: 2368: 2360: 2318: 2308: 2267: 2259: 2224: 2214: 2169: 2159: 2113: 2103: 2056: 2048: 2009: 2001: 1963: 1908: 1898: 1859: 1818: 1783: 1773: 1727: 1717: 1645: 1635: 1570: 1560: 1521: 1513: 1473: 1465: 1425: 1415: 1376: 1368: 1326: 1272: 1262: 1201: 1191: 1165: 1155: 1091: 1081: 783:tissue 592: 585: 578: 571: 563: 486:, and 438:, and 412:dermis 400:biopsy 285:dermis 273:Piezo2 219:fascia 202:, and 173:tumors 169:nodule 6666:nevus 6596:Other 6215:Tumor 6160:Mumps 5919:Mumps 5889:Human 5319:MCPyV 4428:Pedis 4213:Nevus 4041:31386 4017:ICD-O 3994:10-CM 3616:S2CID 3487:S2CID 3207:S2CID 2739:S2CID 2394:(PDF) 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