144:
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38:
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829:, a machine controlled by a cardiac surgeon is used to perform a procedure. The main advantage to this is the size of the incision required: three small port holes instead of an incision big enough for the surgeon's hands. The use of robotics in heart surgery continues to be evaluated, but early research has shown it to be a safe alternative to traditional techniques.
3402:
2607:
714:, done without cardiopulmonary bypass. In these operations, the heart continues beating during surgery, but is stabilized to provide an almost still work area in which to connect a conduit vessel that bypasses a blockage. The conduit vessel that is often used is the saphenous vein. This vein is harvested using a technique known as
687:
Nazih Zuhdi performed the first total intentional hemodilution open-heart surgery on Terry Gene Nix, age 7, on 25 February 1960 at Mercy
Hospital in Oklahoma City. The operation was a success; however, Nix died three years later. In March 1961, Zuhdi, Carey, and Greer performed open-heart surgery on
1838:
Doulamis, Ilias P.; Spartalis, Eleftherios; Machairas, Nikolaos; Schizas, Dimitrios; Patsouras, Dimitrios; Spartalis, Michael; Tsilimigras, Diamantis I.; Moris, Demetrios; Iliopoulos, Dimitrios C.; Tzani, Aspasia; Dimitroulis, Dimitrios (2019). "The role of robotics in cardiac surgery: a systematic
1462:
619:
Open-heart surgery is any kind of surgery in which a surgeon makes a large incision (cut) in the chest to open the rib cage and operate on the heart. "Open" refers to the chest, not the heart. Depending on the type of surgery, the surgeon also may open the heart.
676:, but he abandoned the method after subsequent failures. In 1954, Dr. Lillehei performed a series of successful operations with the controlled cross-circulation technique, in which the patient's mother or father was used as a "heart-lung machine". Dr.
880:
The advancement of cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass techniques has greatly reduced the mortality rates of these procedures. For instance, repairs of congenital heart defects are currently estimated to have 4–6% mortality rates.
631:
found that procedures involving opening the patient's heart could be performed better in a bloodless and motionless environment. Therefore, during such surgery, the heart is temporarily stopped, and the patient is placed on
516:
in London—adopted
Souttar's method. All four men began their work independently of one another within a period of a few months. This time, Souttar's technique was widely adopted, with some modifications.
659:
was the first to use a mechanical pump in a human to bypass the left side of the heart whilst allowing the patient's lungs to oxygenate the blood, in order to operate on the mitral valve. In 1953, Dr.
1001:
Beta-blocking medication is sometimes prescribed during cardiac surgery. There is some low certainty evidence that this perioperative blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors may reduce the incidence of
791:
used can be taken from several areas of the body. Arteries are typically harvested from the chest, arm, or wrist and then attached to a portion of the coronary artery, relieving pressure and limiting
2513:
Blessberger, Hermann; Lewis, Sharon R.; Pritchard, Michael W.; Fawcett, Lizzy J.; Domanovits, Hans; Schlager, Oliver; Wildner, Brigitte; Kammler, Juergen; Steinwender, Clemens (23 September 2019).
802:(CAD), in which a plaque-like substance builds up in the coronary artery, the main pathway carrying oxygen-rich blood to the heart. This can cause a blockage and/or a rupture, which can lead to a
888:
occurs in 2–3% of all people undergoing cardiac surgery, and the rate is higher in patients with other risk factors for stroke. A more subtle complication attributed to cardiopulmonary bypass is
1661:
969:
prevention approaches may reduce the risk of atrial fibrillation after an operation and reduce the length of hospital stays, however there is no evidence that this improves mortality.
655:
in cardiac surgery: Complex intracardiac repairs take time, and the patient needs blood flow to the body (particularly to the brain), as well as heart and lung function. In July 1952,
783:(CABG), also called revascularization, is a common surgical procedure to create an alternative path to deliver blood supply to the heart and body, with the goal of preventing
636:, meaning a machine pumps their blood and oxygen. Because the machine cannot function the same way as the heart, surgeons try to minimize the time a patient spends on it.
477:, probably unaware of Sellors's work, used a specially designed dilator in three cases of pulmonary stenosis. Later that year, he designed a punch to resect a stenosed
989:, in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery and may decrease the length of hospital stay by more than three days on average. There is evidence that quitting
837:
As with any surgical procedure, cardiac surgery requires postoperative precautions to avoid complications. Incision care is needed to avoid infection and minimize
1976:
Stark J; Gallivan S; Lovegrove J; et al. (March 2000). "Mortality rates after surgery for congenital heart defects in children and surgeons' performance".
3468:
4177:
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2179:"Performance of the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II: A meta-analysis of 22 studies involving 145,592 cardiac surgery procedures"
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symptoms of postperfusion syndrome were initially thought to be permanent, but turned out to be transient, with no permanent neurological impairment.
1650:
1915:
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In 1945, the Soviet pathologist
Nikolai Sinitsyn successfully transplanted a heart from one frog to another frog and from one dog to another dog.
915:
centres and to indicate whether the units and their individuals surgeons performed within an acceptable range. The results are available on the
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3587:
1087:
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Another important source of complications are the neuropsychological and psychopathologic changes following open-heart surgery. One example is
768:) in Brooklyn, New York, barely three days later. Shumway performed the first adult heart transplant in the United States on 6 January 1968 at
644:
3872:
2585:
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Arsenault, Kyle A; Yusuf, Arif M; Crystal, Eugene; Healey, Jeff S; Morillo, Carlos A; Nair, Girish M; Whitlock, Richard P (31 January 2013).
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171:
167:
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1685:
Warren, Cliff, Dr. Nazih Zuhdi – His
Scientific Work Made All Paths Lead to Oklahoma City, in Distinctly Oklahoma, November 2007, p. 30–33
481:, which is often associated with Tetralogy of Fallot. Many thousands of these "blind" operations were performed until the introduction of
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2056:"Stroke after cardiac surgery and its association with asymptomatic carotid disease: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis"
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424:. The patient survived for several years, but Souttar's colleagues considered the procedure unjustified, and he could not continue.
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In order to assess the performance of surgical units and individual surgeons, a popular risk model has been created called the
711:
652:
276:
2019:
Klitzner TS; Lee M; Rodriguez S; Chang RK (May 2006). "Sex-related disparity in surgical mortality among pediatric patients".
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59:
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2515:"Perioperative beta-blockers for preventing surgery-related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing cardiac surgery"
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2304:[Nonpsychotic mental disorders in patients with acquired heart defects before and after surgery (review)].
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1040:"Kawasaki disease: laboratory findings and an immunopathogenesis on the premise of a "protein homeostasis system""
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2259:[Psychological aspects of the rehabilitation of patients after the surgical treatment of heart defects].
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Nepsikhoticheskie narusheniia psikhiki u bol'nykh s priobretennymi porokami serdtsa do i posle operatsii (obzor)
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Stephenson, Larry W.; Arbulu, Agustin; Bassett, Joseph S.; Silbergleit, Allen; Hughes, Calvin H. (May 2002).
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Open heart surgery: MedlinePlus
Medical Encyclopedia. (2 February 2016). Retrieved 15 February 2016, from
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2254:"Psychological aspects of the rehabilitation of patients after the surgical treatment of heart defects"
1701:
1477:"Heart Surgery – What to Expect During Surgery | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)"
869:
803:
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628:
413:
329:
300:
2138:"Cognitive outcome after off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized trial"
488:
Also in 1948, four surgeons carried out successful operations for mitral valve stenosis resulting from
2390:"Interventions for preventing post-operative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing heart surgery"
1325:"Effects of Growth Hormone Replacement on Parathyroid Hormone Sensitivity and Bone Mineral Metabolism"
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Guida, Pietro; Mastro, Florinda; Scrascia, Giuseppe; Whitlock, Richard; Paparella, Domenico (2014).
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procedure by making very small incisions through which a camera and specialized tools are inserted.
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coefficients, attempts to quantify the probability that they will survive to discharge. Within the
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1951:
639:
548:. In 1956, Dr. John Carter Callaghan performed the first documented open-heart surgery in Canada.
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Psikhologicheskie aspekty reabilitatsii bol'nykh posle khirurgicheskogo lecheniia porokov serdtsa
2001:
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As an alternative to open-heart surgery, which involves a five- to eight-inch incision in the
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performed the first pediatric heart transplant on 6 December 1967 at
Maimonides Hospital (now
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224:
162:
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1985:
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are inserted to drain blood around the heart and lungs. After discharge from the hospital,
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677:
489:
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296:
292:
2097:"Longitudinal assessment of neurocognitive function after coronary-artery bypass surgery"
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1129:
320:(the sac that surrounds the heart) took place in the 19th century and were performed by
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at least four weeks before surgery may reduce the risk of postoperative complications.
950:
908:
893:
861:
729:
669:
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427:
417:
345:
1989:
1789:"Robotic Cardiac Surgery: The Future of Gold Standard or An Unnecessary Extravagance?"
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815:
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435:
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341:
264:
2488:"Complications after surgery: Can quitting smoking before surgery reduce the risks?"
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2005:
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in 1978, which is a "cardioprosthetic psychopathological syndrome" associated with
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Cardiopulmonary bypass was developed after surgeons realized the limitations of
561:
525:
497:
405:
369:
317:
37:
3292:
2345:
Ruzza, Andrea (2014). "Nonpsychotic mental disorder after open heart surgery".
2095:
Newman M; Kirchner J; Phillips-Bute B; Gaver V; Grocott H; et al. (2001).
2072:
2055:
1758:"Open Heart Surgery - Cardiac Surgery - University of Rochester Medical Center"
1490:
1112:
Kilic A, Emani S, Sai-Sudhakar CB, Higgins RS, Whitson BA, et al. (2014).
17:
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3177:
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2846:
2839:
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2242:
CQC website for heart surgery outcomes in the UK for 3 years ending March 2009
1852:
1055:
903:. It takes a number of health factors from a patient and, using precalculated
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2204:
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Van Dijk D; Jansen E; Hijman R; Nierich A; Diephuis J; et al. (2002).
2122:
2081:
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1997:
1868:
1824:
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1595:
1543:
1350:
1252:
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1073:
500:
to remove a portion of a patient's mitral valve, while three other doctors—
2606:
2437:
Hulzebos, EHJ; Smit Y; Helders PPJM; van
Meeteren NLU (14 November 2012).
2327:
2280:
1417:
1182:
404:) became common after the turn of the century. However, operations on the
2871:
2648:
2591:
954:
1651:"Pioneers in Cardiac Surgery: The Mayo-Gibbon Heart-Lung Bypass Machine"
3350:
2810:
2778:
2671:
2331:
990:
942:
736:, although the world's first adult heart transplant was performed by a
586: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
372:. The patient awoke and seemed fine for 24 hours but became ill with a
268:
256:
192:
1510:"Forest Dewey Dodrill: heart surgery pioneer. Michigan Heart, Part II"
1313:: Helen Taussig, M.D. Joyce Baldwin, Walker and Company New York, 1992
1161:
Aris A. (September 1997). "Francisco Romero the first heart surgeon".
446:
on 29 November 1944, in a one-year-old girl with
Tetralogy of Fallot.
238:
206:
3812:
2439:"Preoperative physical therapy for elective cardiac surgery patients"
885:
788:
361:
1952:"What To Expect After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting - NHLBI, NIH"
1433:"C. Walton Lillehei, Ph.D., M.D.: The Father of Open-Heart Surgery"
4161:
3991:
3822:
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2229:
852:
Recovery from open-heart surgery begins with about 48 hours in an
420:
and inserted a finger in order to palpate and explore the damaged
373:
260:
838:
349:
3450:
2621:
1335:(2). The Journal of The Adventure of Cardiac Surgery: 167–180.
340:(1893). The first surgery on the heart itself was performed by
555:
31:
2494:. IQWiG (Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care)
2486:
Institute for
Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG).
884:
A major concern with cardiac surgery is neurological damage.
2617:
1776:
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002950.htm
1718:. Doylestown, Pennsylvania. 29 November 1987. p. A–18.
1298:
Lawrence H Cohn (2007), '&Cardiac
Surgery in the Adult
1088:"Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis - Symptoms and causes"
981:
may reduce postoperative pulmonary complications, such as
2307:
Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova
2574:
Cohn, Lawrence H.; Edmunds, L. Henry Jr., eds. (2003).
1730:"What Is Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting? - NHLBI, NIH"
2252:
Bendet, Ya. A.; Morozov, S. M.; Skumin, V. A. (1980).
1367:. Medical University of South Carolina. Archived from
360:
in a 24-year-old man who had been stabbed in the left
1752:
1750:
1463:"Spotlight on UAlberta medical giant: John Callaghan"
668:
in Philadelphia reported the first successful use of
911:, the EuroSCORE was used to give a breakdown of all
872:
may be recommended in order to regulate blood flow.
702:, using the total intentional hemodilution machine.
684:
was the first to use a Gibbon-type pump-oxygenator.
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3517:
3308:
3246:
3007:
2935:
2890:
2799:
2670:
2655:
223:
218:
191:
177:
161:
136:
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1491:"A Heart Surgery Overview - Texas Heart Institute"
520:The first successful intracardiac correction of a
416:. He made an opening in the appendage of the left
1787:Harky, Amer; Hussain, Syed Mohammad Asim (2019).
156:to forcefully maintain the exposure of the heart.
2580:. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division.
798:The procedure is typically performed because of
710:In the early 1990s, surgeons began to perform
3462:
2633:
271:. It is often used to treat complications of
8:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
748:. Barnard performed the first transplant on
744:, using techniques developed by Shumway and
449:Cardiac surgery changed significantly after
412:operated successfully on a young woman with
2519:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1793:Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery
1563:
1561:
1329:European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery
864:, and oxygen levels are closely monitored.
376:and died three days after the surgery from
3521:
3504:Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures
3469:
3455:
3447:
2922:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
2667:
2640:
2626:
2618:
1114:"Donor selection in heart transplantation"
1038:Lee, KY; Rhim, JW; Kang, JH (March 2012).
732:is widely regarded as the father of human
544:conducted the first cardiac surgery under
438:performed the first successful palliative
142:
3600:Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement
3263:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
2546:
2462:
2413:
2194:
2153:
2112:
2071:
1814:
1804:
1626:
1585:
1525:
1439:. University of Minnesota. Archived from
1407:
1340:
1137:
1063:
787:. This can be done in many ways, and the
602:Learn how and when to remove this message
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
3643:shunt from heart chamber to blood vessel
2347:Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals
1210:Westaby, Stephen; Bosher, Cecil (1998).
1009:in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
638:
485:made direct surgery on valves possible.
368:upon arrival. Access was through a left
3743:shunt from blood vessel to blood vessel
2443:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2394:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1294:
1292:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1030:
1235:Baksaas ST; Solberg S (January 2003).
941:and characterized by irrational fear,
469:and successfully divided the stenosed
215:
133:
27:Type of surgery performed on the heart
3873:Valve-sparing aortic root replacement
3612:enlargement of existing septal defect
1704:(2007). Every Second Counts. Berkley.
1611:"Evolution of Cardiopulmonary Bypass"
7:
3607:production of septal defect in heart
3401:
3162:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
1916:"What to Expect After Heart Surgery"
1667:from the original on 26 October 2020
1199:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
584:adding citations to reliable sources
60:adding citations to reliable sources
3411:
1570:"Fifty Years of Open-Heart Surgery"
1431:Knatterud, Mary (8 December 2015).
1390:Shumway, Norman E. (January 1996).
1130:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.03.23
892:, sometimes called "pumphead". The
234:
202:
3704:transposition of the great vessels
3629:creation of septal defect in heart
3298:Medical Scientist Training Program
1587:10.1161/01.CIR.0000071746.50876.E2
1527:10.1111/j.1540-8191.2002.tb01210.x
1520:(3): 247–257, discussion 258–259.
542:Alexander Alexandrovich Vishnevsky
528:was performed by lead surgeon Dr.
25:
4004:Cardiac resynchronization therapy
2226:"Heart Surgery in United Kingdom"
1628:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.830174
4228:
4227:
3430:
3420:
3410:
3400:
3391:
3390:
2605:
2033:10.1111/j.1747-0803.2006.00013.x
1266:Dictionary of National Biography
1237:"Verdens første hjerteoperasjon"
560:
512:in Boston; and Russell Brock of
148:Two cardiac surgeons performing
36:
4011:Left atrial appendage occlusion
3431:
2183:Acquired Cardiovascular Disease
1891:"Heart Surgery | Incision Care"
939:mechanical heart valve implants
781:Coronary artery bypass grafting
776:Coronary artery bypass grafting
712:off-pump coronary artery bypass
571:needs additional citations for
316:The earliest operations on the
287:from various causes, including
277:coronary artery bypass grafting
47:needs additional citations for
3288:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
2722:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
2455:10.1002/14651858.CD010118.pub2
2406:10.1002/14651858.cd003611.pub3
1658:Mayo Clinic Proceedings Legacy
1396:The Annals of Thoracic Surgery
1392:"F. John Lewis, MD: 1916–1993"
1197:"Pioneers in Academic Surgery"
540:on 2 September 1952. In 1953,
150:coronary artery bypass surgery
1:
4133:Radionuclide ventriculography
1990:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)90001-1
1342:10.1016/S1010-7940(01)01149-6
1175:10.1016/S0003-4975(97)00760-1
506:Hahnemann University Hospital
408:were unknown until, in 1925,
4118:Myocardial perfusion imaging
3268:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
3035:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
2577:Cardiac surgery in the adult
1806:10.21470/1678-9741-2019-0194
1409:10.1016/0003-4975(95)00768-7
1365:"About Horace G. Smithy, MD"
1311:To Heal the Heart of a Child
1212:Landmarks in Cardiac Surgery
973:Non-pharmacologic approaches
827:robot-assisted heart surgery
770:Stanford University Hospital
706:Modern beating-heart surgery
398:Blalock–Thomas–Taussig shunt
2196:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.07.039
2114:10.1056/NEJM200102083440601
2054:Naylor AR, Bown MJ (2011).
1609:Stoney, William S. (2009).
1118:Journal of Thoracic Disease
818:, a surgeon may perform an
795:in that area of the heart.
4268:
3725:for univentricular defect
2073:10.1016/j.ejvs.2011.02.016
1841:Journal of Robotic Surgery
1568:Cohn, Lawrence H. (2003).
1514:Journal of Cardiac Surgery
1323:Murtra M (February 2002).
997:Pharmacological approaches
810:Minimally invasive surgery
716:endoscopic vein harvesting
670:extracorporeal circulation
152:. Note the use of a steel
4225:
4065:Implantable loop recorder
3709:Arterial switch operation
3499:Interventional cardiology
3489:
3386:
2531:10.1002/14651858.CD013435
1853:10.1007/s11701-018-0875-5
1714:"Memories of the Heart".
1268:– Henry Souttar (2004–08)
1056:10.3349/ymj.2012.53.2.262
766:Maimonides Medical Center
235:
203:
141:
4144:Coronary catheterization
3634:Blalock–Hanlon procedure
3595:Mitral valve replacement
3578:Aortic valve replacement
3222:Transplantation medicine
3113:Clinical neurophysiology
3030:Obstetric anesthesiology
2950:Interventional radiology
2710:Digestive system surgery
2359:10.1177/0218492313493427
2300:
2255:
2155:10.1001/jama.287.11.1405
2060:Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg
2021:Congenital Heart Disease
1437:Lillehei Heart Institute
1214:. Taylor & Francis.
833:Post-surgical procedures
666:Jefferson Medical School
552:Types of cardiac surgery
461:in London operated on a
402:patent ductus arteriosus
281:congenital heart disease
4140:Cardiac catheterization
4082:Electrophysiology study
3982:Radiofrequency ablation
3947:Alcohol septal ablation
3093:Intensive care medicine
3067:Mass gathering medicine
2912:Maternal–fetal medicine
1019:Frank Gerbode (surgeon)
1007:ventricular arrhythmias
917:Care Quality Commission
800:coronary artery disease
538:University of Minnesota
522:congenital heart defect
344:on 4 September 1895 at
293:rheumatic heart disease
4186:Impedance cardiography
3808:Coronary artery bypass
2685:Cardiothoracic surgery
2492:Informed Health Online
2298:Skumin, V. A. (1982).
1895:my.clevelandclinic.org
1762:www.urmc.rochester.edu
1241:Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen
1044:Yonsei Medical Journal
913:cardiothoracic surgery
890:postperfusion syndrome
754:Groote Schuur Hospital
752:on 3 December 1967 at
648:
634:cardiopulmonary bypass
483:cardiopulmonary bypass
444:Johns Hopkins Hospital
324:(1801) in the city of
285:valvular heart disease
273:ischemic heart disease
253:cardiovascular surgery
230:Cardiothoracic surgery
4217:Transcutaneous pacing
4021:Heart transplantation
3942:Ventricular reduction
3758:Blalock–Taussig shunt
3336:Personalized medicine
3195:Reproductive medicine
3120:Occupational medicine
3074:Evolutionary medicine
734:heart transplantation
642:
629:University of Toronto
442:cardiac operation at
414:mitral valve stenosis
400:creation, closure of
330:Dominique Jean Larrey
301:heart transplantation
267:performed by cardiac
4191:Ballistocardiography
3748:systemic circulation
3356:Traditional medicine
3316:Alternative medicine
3183:Addiction psychiatry
2997:Transfusion medicine
2992:Medical microbiology
2907:Gynecologic oncology
2759:Reproductive surgery
2614:at Wikimedia Commons
2287:on 5 September 2017.
1284:A History of Surgery
1282:Harold Ellis (2000)
965:Pharmacological and
580:improve this article
496:of Charlotte used a
338:Daniel Hale Williams
56:improve this article
4070:Cardiac stress test
4048:Electrocardiography
3987:Pacemaker insertion
3734:Kawashima procedure
3698:compound procedures
3573:Aortic valve repair
3546:Mitral valve repair
3378:History of medicine
3361:Veterinary medicine
3168:Preventive medicine
3020:Adolescent medicine
2862:Infectious diseases
1716:Daily Intelligencer
1443:on 14 December 2019
1371:on 30 November 2015
1003:atrial fibrillation
967:non-pharmacological
905:logistic regression
854:intensive care unit
662:John Heysham Gibbon
643:Cardiac surgery at
463:Tetralogy of Fallot
348:in Kristiania, now
299:. It also includes
275:(for example, with
4123:Cardiovascular MRI
4053:Vectorcardiography
3908:Pericardial window
3903:Pericardiocentesis
3844:Drug-eluting stent
3673:Rastelli procedure
3622:Balloon septostomy
3326:Molecular oncology
3283:Doctor of Medicine
3273:Master of Medicine
3190:Radiation oncology
3062:Emergency medicine
3015:Addiction medicine
2982:Clinical chemistry
2977:Clinical pathology
2769:Transplant surgery
2727:Orthopedic surgery
2705:Colorectal surgery
2232:on 5 November 2011
1495:www.texasheart.org
742:Christiaan Barnard
649:
625:Wilfred G. Bigelow
615:Open-heart surgery
534:C. Walton Lillehei
467:pulmonary stenosis
459:Middlesex Hospital
394:aortic coarctation
4239:
4238:
4096:Angiocardiography
4042:Electrophysiology
4029:
4028:
3972:Catheter ablation
3955:Conduction system
3880:LeCompte maneuver
3868:Bentall procedure
3729:Norwood procedure
3719:Senning procedure
3714:Mustard procedure
3617:Atrial septostomy
3568:Valve replacement
3444:
3443:
3278:Master of Surgery
3242:
3241:
3227:Tropical medicine
3173:Prison healthcare
3088:Hospital medicine
3052:Disaster medicine
3042:Aviation medicine
2857:Hospital medicine
2764:Surgical oncology
2749:Pediatric surgery
2743:
2690:Endocrine surgery
2610:Media related to
2587:978-0-07-139129-0
1956:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
1932:on 30 August 2017
1734:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
1621:(21): 2844–2853.
1580:(17): 2168–2170.
1221:978-1-899066-54-4
1163:Ann. Thorac. Surg
870:compression socks
762:Adrian Kantrowitz
740:cardiac surgeon,
612:
611:
604:
536:assisted) at the
508:in Philadelphia;
246:
245:
214:
213:
193:OPS-301 code
132:
131:
124:
106:
71:"Cardiac surgery"
16:(Redirected from
4259:
4231:
4230:
4196:Cardiotocography
4164:
4128:Ventriculography
4101:Echocardiography
4092:
4044:
3960:Maze procedure (
3957:
3923:
3899:
3852:
3851:Obstacle removal
3839:Bare-metal stent
3835:
3795:
3752:pulmonary artery
3744:
3699:
3684:pulmonary artery
3657:Fontan procedure
3652:pulmonary artery
3644:
3608:
3522:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3448:
3434:
3433:
3424:
3414:
3413:
3404:
3403:
3394:
3393:
3098:Medical genetics
3083:General practice
2960:Nuclear medicine
2835:Gastroenterology
2791:Vascular surgery
2741:
2668:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2619:
2609:
2595:
2594:on 14 June 2016.
2590:. Archived from
2561:
2560:
2550:
2525:(10): CD013435.
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2466:
2449:(11): CD010118.
2434:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2334:on 29 July 2017.
2330:. Archived from
2295:
2289:
2288:
2283:. Archived from
2249:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2228:. Archived from
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2198:
2189:(6): 3049–3057.
2174:
2168:
2167:
2157:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2116:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2075:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1984:(9208): 1004–7.
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1931:
1925:. Archived from
1920:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1808:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1666:
1655:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1630:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1589:
1565:
1556:
1555:
1529:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1344:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1287:
1280:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1141:
1124:(8): 1097–1104.
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1067:
1035:
979:physical therapy
932:
847:loss of appetite
793:clotting factors
750:Louis Washkansky
722:Heart transplant
701:
700:
696:
693:
645:Gemelli Hospital
607:
600:
596:
593:
587:
564:
556:
546:local anesthesia
364:and was in deep
322:Francisco Romero
239:edit on Wikidata
216:
207:edit on Wikidata
187:
146:
134:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4252:Cardiac surgery
4242:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4221:
4200:
4172:
4168:Phonocardiogram
4160:
4090:Cardiac imaging
4088:
4040:
4025:
3953:
3937:Septal myectomy
3927:Cardiomyoplasty
3919:
3913:Pericardiectomy
3895:
3884:
3850:
3831:
3791:
3785:Cardiac vessels
3780:
3774:Glenn procedure
3742:
3697:
3680:right ventricle
3642:
3606:
3528:
3513:
3509:Cardiac imaging
3494:Cardiac surgery
3485:
3475:
3445:
3440:
3382:
3371:Chief physician
3304:
3249:
3238:
3232:Travel medicine
3217:Sports medicine
3200:Sexual medicine
3140:Palliative care
3135:Pain management
3079:Family medicine
3057:Diving medicine
3003:
2931:
2893:
2886:
2802:
2795:
2754:Plastic surgery
2700:General surgery
2680:Cardiac surgery
2661:
2659:
2651:
2646:
2612:Cardiac surgery
2602:
2588:
2573:
2570:
2568:Further reading
2565:
2564:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2497:
2495:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2400:(1): CD003611.
2387:
2386:
2382:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2235:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2148:(11): 1405–12.
2135:
2134:
2130:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2018:
2017:
2013:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1799:(4): XII–XIII.
1786:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1567:
1566:
1559:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1015:
999:
975:
963:
933:, described by
926:
924:Skumin syndrome
878:
835:
812:
778:
724:
708:
698:
694:
691:
689:
678:John W. Kirklin
672:by means of an
617:
608:
597:
591:
588:
577:
565:
554:
490:rheumatic fever
471:pulmonary valve
388:Surgery on the
386:
358:coronary artery
314:
309:
297:atherosclerosis
249:Cardiac surgery
242:
219:Cardiac surgery
210:
183:
157:
137:Cardiac surgery
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
18:Cardiac Surgery
15:
12:
11:
5:
4265:
4263:
4255:
4254:
4244:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4182:
4180:
4178:Function tests
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4098:
4093:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4075:Bruce protocol
4067:
4062:
4060:Holter monitor
4057:
4056:
4055:
4045:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3995:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3958:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3856:Endarterectomy
3853:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3833:Coronary stent
3828:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3801:
3796:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3664:left ventricle
3661:
3660:
3659:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3583:Ross procedure
3575:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3481:involving the
3476:
3474:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3451:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3428:
3418:
3408:
3398:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3312:
3310:
3309:Related topics
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3258:Medical school
3254:
3252:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3212:Sleep medicine
3209:
3208:
3207:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3159:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3025:Anesthesiology
3022:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2955:Neuroradiology
2952:
2941:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2892:Obstetrics and
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2807:
2805:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2776:
2774:Trauma surgery
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2737:Otolaryngology
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2665:
2663:subspecialties
2653:
2652:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2601:
2600:External links
2598:
2597:
2596:
2586:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2505:
2478:
2429:
2380:
2337:
2290:
2244:
2217:
2169:
2128:
2107:(6): 395–402.
2087:
2046:
2011:
1968:
1943:
1907:
1882:
1830:
1779:
1767:
1746:
1721:
1706:
1687:
1678:
1642:
1601:
1557:
1500:
1482:
1468:
1454:
1423:
1402:(1): 250–251.
1382:
1356:
1315:
1303:
1288:
1270:
1258:
1247:(2): 202–204.
1227:
1220:
1202:
1188:
1169:(3): 870–871.
1153:
1104:
1079:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1011:
998:
995:
974:
971:
962:
961:Risk reduction
959:
951:sleep disorder
909:United Kingdom
894:neurocognitive
877:
874:
862:blood pressure
834:
831:
811:
808:
785:clot formation
777:
774:
730:Norman Shumway
723:
720:
707:
704:
688:a child, aged
657:Forest Dodrill
616:
613:
610:
609:
568:
566:
559:
553:
550:
514:Guy's Hospital
502:Charles Bailey
455:Thomas Sellors
428:Alfred Blalock
385:
382:
346:Rikshospitalet
313:
310:
308:
305:
283:; or to treat
279:); to correct
244:
243:
236:
233:
232:
227:
221:
220:
212:
211:
204:
201:
200:
195:
189:
188:
181:
175:
174:
165:
159:
158:
147:
139:
138:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4264:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4234:
4224:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4212:Cardioversion
4210:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3932:Dor procedure
3930:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3767:to the right
3766:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3588:Transcatheter
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3551:Valvuloplasty
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3460:
3458:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3437:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3417:
3409:
3407:
3399:
3397:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3341:Public health
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3321:Allied health
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3245:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3130:Oral medicine
3128:
3126:
3125:Ophthalmology
3123:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3006:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2987:Cytopathology
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2927:Urogynecology
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:Endocrinology
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2631:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2314:(11): 130–5.
2313:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2245:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2066:(5): 607–24.
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1717:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1383:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1050:(2): 262–75.
1049:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1004:
996:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
977:Preoperative
972:
970:
968:
960:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
935:Victor Skumin
930:
925:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
882:
875:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
850:
848:
844:
840:
832:
830:
828:
823:
821:
817:
809:
807:
805:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
775:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
746:Richard Lower
743:
739:
738:South African
735:
731:
727:
721:
719:
717:
713:
705:
703:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
654:
646:
641:
637:
635:
630:
626:
621:
614:
606:
603:
595:
585:
581:
575:
574:
569:This section
567:
563:
558:
557:
551:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:F. John Lewis
527:
523:
518:
515:
511:
510:Dwight Harken
507:
503:
499:
495:
494:Horace Smithy
491:
486:
484:
480:
476:
475:Russell Brock
472:
468:
465:patient with
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
436:Vivien Thomas
433:
432:Helen Taussig
429:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:Henry Souttar
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
390:great vessels
383:
381:
379:
378:mediastinitis
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:Axel Cappelen
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
311:
306:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:great vessels
262:
258:
254:
250:
240:
231:
228:
226:
222:
217:
208:
199:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
180:
176:
173:
169:
166:
164:
160:
155:
151:
145:
140:
135:
126:
123:
115:
112:November 2014
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
4000:implantation
3994:implantation
3977:Cryoablation
3818:Off-pump CAB
3628:
3611:
3536:Valve repair
3526:Heart valves
3493:
3346:Rural health
3331:Nanomedicine
2882:Rheumatology
2813: /
2732:Hand surgery
2717:Neurosurgery
2679:
2592:the original
2576:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2496:. Retrieved
2491:
2481:
2446:
2442:
2432:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2332:the original
2311:
2305:
2293:
2285:the original
2267:(6): 45–51.
2264:
2261:Kardiologiia
2260:
2247:
2234:. Retrieved
2230:the original
2220:
2208:. Retrieved
2186:
2182:
2172:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2104:
2101:N Engl J Med
2100:
2090:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2027:(3): 77–88.
2024:
2020:
2014:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1959:. Retrieved
1955:
1946:
1934:. Retrieved
1927:the original
1922:
1910:
1898:. Retrieved
1894:
1885:
1847:(1): 41–52.
1844:
1840:
1833:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1770:
1761:
1737:. Retrieved
1733:
1724:
1715:
1709:
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1657:
1645:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1577:
1573:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1479:. June 2022.
1471:
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1441:the original
1436:
1426:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1373:. Retrieved
1369:the original
1359:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1283:
1261:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1211:
1205:
1191:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1095:. Retrieved
1091:
1082:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1000:
976:
964:
921:
898:
883:
879:
851:
849:are common.
836:
824:
813:
804:heart attack
797:
779:
728:
725:
709:
686:
650:
622:
618:
598:
589:
578:Please help
573:verification
570:
519:
487:
479:infundibulum
451:World War II
448:
426:
422:mitral valve
406:heart valves
387:
384:20th century
336:(1891), and
334:Henry Dalton
315:
312:19th century
289:endocarditis
252:
248:
247:
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
4154:Cardiac PET
3897:Pericardium
3861:Atherectomy
3799:Angioplasty
3541:Valvulotomy
3416:Wikiproject
3205:Venereology
3150:Neonatology
3047:Dermatology
2902:Gynaecology
2894:gynaecology
2877:Pulmonology
2695:Eye surgery
2657:Specialties
1615:Circulation
1574:Circulation
1447:14 December
1092:Mayo Clinic
987:atelectasis
927: [
866:Chest tubes
682:Mayo Clinic
653:hypothermia
526:hypothermia
498:valvulotome
473:. In 1948,
453:. In 1947,
370:thoracotomy
356:a bleeding
352:. Cappelen
318:pericardium
198:5-35...5-37
4149:Cardiac CT
4016:Cardiotomy
3921:Myocardium
3689:Sano shunt
3479:procedures
3477:Tests and
3178:Psychiatry
3164:(PM&R)
3157:Phlebology
3145:Pediatrics
2972:Anatomical
2937:Diagnostic
2917:Obstetrics
2867:Nephrology
2852:Hematology
2847:Geriatrics
2840:Hepatology
2825:Cardiology
2815:Immunology
2353:(3): 374.
2236:21 October
2210:24 October
1671:24 October
1025:References
947:depression
858:heart rate
820:endoscopic
816:chest wall
674:oxygenator
82:newspapers
3529:and septa
3366:Physician
3250:education
3108:Neurology
3103:Narcology
2967:Pathology
2945:Radiology
2820:Angiology
2784:Andrology
2539:1469-493X
2320:112979417
2273:114137678
1861:1863-2491
1839:review".
1702:McRae, D.
1536:0886-0440
1300:, pp. 6+
1286:, p. 223+
983:pneumonia
919:website.
901:EuroSCORE
758:Cape Town
440:pediatric
328:(Spain),
225:Specialty
154:retractor
4246:Category
4233:Category
3966:minimaze
3962:Cox maze
3396:Category
2872:Oncology
2803:medicine
2801:Internal
2649:Medicine
2557:31544227
2473:23152283
2424:23440790
2375:28990767
2367:24585929
2205:25161130
2164:11903027
2123:11172175
2082:21396854
2041:18377550
2006:26116465
1998:10768449
1877:52821925
1869:30255360
1825:31454191
1662:Archived
1660:. 2014.
1637:19487602
1596:12732590
1552:35545263
1544:12489912
1351:11825720
1253:12607508
1148:25132976
1074:22318812
1013:See also
955:weakness
856:, where
843:Swelling
839:scarring
789:arteries
592:May 2017
396:repair,
332:(1810),
269:surgeons
163:ICD-9-CM
3518:Surgery
3436:Outline
3406:Commons
3351:Therapy
3248:Medical
2811:Allergy
2779:Urology
2672:Surgery
2548:6755267
2498:27 June
2464:8101691
2415:7387225
2328:6758444
2281:7392405
1923:sts.org
1816:6713378
1418:8561575
1183:9307502
1139:4133543
1065:3282974
991:smoking
943:anxiety
718:(EVH).
697:⁄
680:at the
647:in Rome
627:of the
392:(e.g.,
354:ligated
326:Almería
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