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causing a small current to flow through the carbon. One of the plates, the diaphragm, vibrates in sympathy with incident sound waves, applying a varying pressure to the carbon. The changing pressure deforms the granules, causing the contact area between each pair of adjacent granules to change, and this causes the electrical resistance of the mass of granules to change. The changes in resistance cause a corresponding change in the current flowing through the microphone, producing the electrical signal. Carbon microphones were once commonly used in telephones; they have extremely low-quality sound reproduction and a very limited frequency response range but are very robust devices. The Boudet microphone, which used relatively large carbon balls, was similar to the granule carbon button microphones.
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its directional characteristics. Other elements such as the external shape of the microphone and external devices such as interference tubes can also alter a microphone's directional response. A pure pressure-gradient microphone is equally sensitive to sounds arriving from front or back but insensitive to sounds arriving from the side because sound arriving at the front and back at the same time creates no gradient between the two. The characteristic directional pattern of a pure pressure-gradient microphone is like a figure-8. Other polar patterns are derived by creating a capsule that combines these two effects in different ways. The cardioid, for instance, features a partially closed backside, so its response is a combination of pressure and pressure-gradient characteristics.
860:, have now been introduced that eliminate those concerns and even improve the effective dynamic range of ribbon microphones at low frequencies. Protective wind screens can reduce the danger of damaging a vintage ribbon, and also reduce plosive artifacts in the recording. Properly designed wind screens produce negligible treble attenuation. In common with other classes of dynamic microphone, ribbon microphones do not require phantom power; in fact, this voltage can damage some older ribbon microphones. Some new modern ribbon microphone designs incorporate a preamplifier and, therefore, do require phantom power, and circuits of modern passive ribbon microphones (i.e. those without the aforementioned preamplifier) are specifically designed to resist damage to the ribbon and
1327:(or nondirectional) microphone's response is generally considered to be a perfect sphere in three dimensions. In the real world, this is not the case. As with directional microphones, the polar pattern for an "omnidirectional" microphone is a function of frequency. The body of the microphone is not infinitely small and, as a consequence, it tends to get in its own way with respect to sounds arriving from the rear, causing a slight flattening of the polar response. This flattening increases as the diameter of the microphone (assuming it's cylindrical) reaches the wavelength of the frequency in question. Therefore, the smallest diameter microphone gives the best omnidirectional characteristics at high frequencies.
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response of a microphone can produce a desirable coloration of the sound. There is an international standard for microphone specifications, but few manufacturers adhere to it. As a result, comparison of published data from different manufacturers is difficult because different measurement techniques are used. Caution should be used in drawing any solid conclusions from this or any other published data, however, unless it is known that the manufacturer has supplied specifications in accordance with IEC 60268-4.
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1120:(ADC) circuits on the same CMOS chip making the chip a digital microphone and so more readily integrated with modern digital products. Major manufacturers producing MEMS silicon microphones are Wolfson Microelectronics (WM7xxx) now Cirrus Logic, InvenSense (product line sold by Analog Devices), Akustica (AKU200x), Infineon (SMM310 product), Knowles Electronics, Memstech (MSMx), NXP Semiconductors (division bought by Knowles), Sonion MEMS, Vesper, AAC Acoustic Technologies, and Omron.
1260:
1248:
453:
2114:, and too much "sensitivity" in terms of output level compromises the clipping level. There are two common measures. The (preferred) international standard is made in millivolts per pascal at 1 kHz. A higher value indicates greater sensitivity. The older American method is referred to a 1 V/Pa standard and measured in plain decibels, resulting in a negative value. Again, a higher value indicates greater sensitivity, so −60 dB is more sensitive than −70 dB.
1222:
2087:, which more accurately represents the way we hear noise, but gives a figure some 11–14 dB higher. A quiet microphone typically measures 20 dBA SPL or 32 dB SPL 468-weighted. Very quiet microphones have existed for years for special applications, such the Brüel & Kjaer 4179, with a noise level around 0 dB SPL. Recently some microphones with low noise specifications have been introduced in the studio/entertainment market, such as models from
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the reflections from that surface have the same timing as the direct sound, thus giving the microphone a hemispherical polar pattern and improved intelligibility. Initially, this was done by placing an ordinary microphone adjacent to the surface, sometimes in a block of acoustically transparent foam. Sound engineers Ed Long and Ron
Wickersham developed the concept of placing the diaphragm parallel to and facing the boundary. While the patent has expired,
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1976:
telephone lines, power loss needed to be minimal so source and load impedances were matched. A downside to impedance matching is the 6 dB loss in signal that occurs as only half the voltage level appears at the pre-amplifier's input. Certain ribbon and dynamic microphones however are exceptions, due to the designers' assumption of a certain load impedance being part of the internal electro-acoustical damping circuit of the microphone.
2025:
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1727:. The microphone commonly consists of a magnetic (moving coil) transducer, contact plate and contact pin. The contact plate is placed directly on the vibrating part of a musical instrument or other surface, and the contact pin transfers vibrations to the coil. Contact microphones have been used to pick up the sound of a snail's heartbeat and the footsteps of ants. A portable version of this microphone has recently been developed. A
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been combined, sounds other than the intended source are greatly reduced, substantially increasing intelligibility. Other noise-canceling designs use one diaphragm that is affected by ports open to the sides and rear of the microphone, with the sum being a 16 dB rejection of sounds that are farther away. One noise-canceling headset design using a single diaphragm has been used prominently by vocal artists such as
1996:
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purpose since the fibers produce micro-turbulence and absorb energy silently. If not matted by wind and rain, the fur fibers are very transparent acoustically, but the woven or knitted backing can give significant attenuation. As a material, it suffers from being difficult to manufacture with consistency and is hard to keep in pristine condition on location. Thus there is an interest in moving away from its use.
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934:, which is a piezoelectric crystal that works as a transducer, both as a microphone and as a slimline loudspeaker component. Crystal microphones were once commonly supplied with vacuum tube (valve) equipment, such as domestic tape recorders. Their high output impedance matched the high input impedance (typically about 10 MΩ) of the vacuum tube input stage well. They were difficult to match to early
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898:, making long-distance phone calls possible in the era before vacuum tubes. Called a Brown's relay, these repeaters worked by mechanically coupling a magnetic telephone receiver to a carbon microphone: the faint signal from the receiver was transferred to the microphone, where it modulated a stronger electric current, producing a stronger electrical signal to send down the line.
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use by
Alexander Graham Bell for his telephone and Berliner became employed by Bell. The carbon microphone was critical in the development of telephony, broadcasting and the recording industries. Thomas Edison refined the carbon microphone into his carbon-button transmitter of 1886. This microphone was employed at the first radio broadcast ever, a performance at the New York
1353:(lobar) illustrates a number of these patterns. The microphone faces upwards in each diagram. The sound intensity for a particular frequency is plotted for angles radially from 0 to 360°. (Professional diagrams show these scales and include multiple plots at different frequencies. The diagrams given here provide only an overview of typical pattern shapes, and their names.)
1023:. They have proven especially useful in medical applications, such as allowing radiologists, staff and patients within the powerful and noisy magnetic field to converse normally, inside the MRI suites as well as in remote control rooms. Other uses include industrial equipment monitoring and audio calibration and measurement, high-fidelity recording and law enforcement.
1116:(microelectromechanical systems) microphone is also called a microphone chip or silicon microphone. A pressure-sensitive diaphragm is etched directly into a silicon wafer by MEMS processing techniques and is usually accompanied with an integrated preamplifier. Most MEMS microphones are variants of the condenser microphone design. Digital MEMS microphones have built-in
1377:). The cardioid family of microphones are commonly used as vocal or speech microphones since they are good at rejecting sounds from other directions. In three dimensions, the cardioid is shaped like an apple centered around the microphone, which is the "stem" of the apple. The cardioid response reduces pickup from the side and rear, helping to avoid feedback from the
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delays, and so can be considered the "purest" microphones in terms of low coloration; they add very little to the original sound. Being pressure-sensitive they can also have a very flat low-frequency response down to 20 Hz or below. Pressure-sensitive microphones also respond much less to wind noise and plosives than directional (velocity sensitive) microphones.
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greater extent. Increasing the thickness of the material improves wind attenuation but also begins to compromise high-frequency audio content. This limits the practical size of simple foam screens. While foams and wire meshes can be partly or wholly self-supporting, soft fabrics and gauzes require stretching on frames or laminating with coarser structural elements.
480:—capacitors were historically called condensers. The diaphragm acts as one plate of a capacitor, and audio vibrations produce changes in the distance between the plates. Because the capacitance of the plates is inversely proportional to the distance between them, the vibrations produce changes in capacitance. These changes in capacitance are used to measure the
583:
voltage. The voltage difference between the bias and the capacitor is seen across the series resistor. The voltage across the resistor is amplified for performance or recording. In most cases, the electronics in the microphone itself contribute no voltage gain as the voltage differential is quite significant, up to several volts for high sound levels.
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1972:. In this configuration the output impedance of the microphone should be negligible in comparison with the input impedance of the pre-amplifier (in practice a pre-amp impedance at least 10 times greater than the microphone impedance is recommended). By doing so, the signal is attenuated minimally and almost no power is used in the process.
230:
consists of a vibrating diaphragm and an electrified magnet with a spiral wire that wraps around it. The vibrating diaphragm alters the current of the magnet. These alterations of current, transmitted to the other end of the wire, create analogous vibrations of the receiving diaphragm and reproduce the word."
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While a boundary microphone was initially implemented using an omnidirectional element, it is also possible to mount a directional microphone close enough to the surface to gain some of the benefits of this technique while retaining the directional properties of the element. Crown's trademark on this
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are the most highly directional of simple first-order unidirectional types. At low frequencies, they have the classic polar response of a hypercardioid, while at medium and higher frequencies an interference tube gives them an increased forward response. This is achieved by a process of cancellation
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between a fixed internal volume of air and the environment and responds uniformly to pressure from all directions, so it is said to be omnidirectional. A pressure-gradient microphone uses a diaphragm that is at least partially open on both sides. The pressure difference between the two sides produces
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The carbon microphone was the earliest type of microphone. The carbon button microphone (or sometimes just a button microphone), uses a capsule or button containing carbon granules pressed between two metal plates like the
Berliner and Edison microphones. A voltage is applied across the metal plates,
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Depending on the application, measurement microphones must be tested periodically (every year or several months, typically) and after any potentially damaging event, such as being dropped (most such microphones come in foam-padded cases to reduce this risk) or exposed to sounds beyond the acceptable
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male connector, rather than producing an analog output. Digital microphones may be used either with new equipment with appropriate input connections that conform to the AES42 standard, or else via a suitable interface box. Studio-quality microphones that operate in accordance with the AES42 standard
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Some microphones use other connectors, such as a 5-pin XLR, or mini XLR for connection to portable equipment. Some lavalier (or "lapel", from the days of attaching the microphone to the news reporter's suit lapel) microphones use a proprietary connector for connection to a wireless transmitter, such
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or are processed electronically. In dual diaphragm designs, the main diaphragm is mounted closest to the intended source and the second is positioned farther away from the source so that it can pick up environmental sounds to be subtracted from the main diaphragm's signal. After the two signals have
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Several approaches have been developed for effectively using a microphone in less-than-ideal acoustic spaces, which often suffer from excessive reflections from one or more of the surfaces (boundaries) that make up the space. If the microphone is placed in, or very close to, one of these boundaries,
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has several externally adjustable positions of the internal baffle, allowing the selection of several response patterns ranging from "figure-eight" to "unidirectional". Such older ribbon microphones, some of which still provide high-quality sound reproduction, were once valued for this reason, but a
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Ribbon microphones use a thin, usually corrugated metal ribbon suspended in a magnetic field. The ribbon is electrically connected to the microphone's output, and its vibration within the magnetic field generates the electrical signal. Ribbon microphones are similar to moving coil microphones in the
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Microphones containing active circuitry, such as most condenser microphones, require power to operate the active components. The first of these used vacuum-tube circuits with a separate power supply unit, using a multi-pin cable and connector. With the advent of solid-state amplification, the power
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in free air. On August 25, 2009, U.S. patent 7,580,533 issued for a
Particulate Flow Detection Microphone based on a laser-photocell pair with a moving stream of smoke or vapor in the laser beam's path. Sound pressure waves cause disturbances in the smoke that in turn cause variations in the amount
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are often portrayed in movies as spy gadgets because they can be used to pick up sound at a distance from the microphone equipment. A laser beam is aimed at the surface of a window or other plane surface that is affected by sound. The vibrations of this surface change the angle at which the beam is
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in the US. Although Edison was awarded the first patent (after a long legal dispute) in mid-1877, Hughes had demonstrated his working device in front of many witnesses some years earlier, and most historians credit him with its invention. The
Berliner microphone found commercial success through the
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the variations are, nor in what parts of the spectrum they occur. Note that commonly made statements such as "20 Hz–20 kHz" are meaningless without a decibel measure of tolerance. Directional microphones' frequency response varies greatly with distance from the sound source, and with the
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Various standard techniques are used with microphones used in sound reinforcement at live performances, or for recording in a studio or on a motion picture set. By suitable arrangement of one or more microphones, desirable features of the sound to be collected can be kept, while rejecting unwanted
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is made for hands-free operation. These small microphones are worn on the body. Originally, they were held in place with a lanyard worn around the neck, but more often they are fastened to clothing with a clip, pin, tape or magnet. The lavalier cord may be hidden by clothes and either run to an RF
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The cardioid is effectively a superposition of an omnidirectional (pressure) and a figure-8 (pressure gradient) microphone; for sound waves coming from the back, the negative signal from the figure-8 cancels the positive signal from the omnidirectional element, whereas, for sound waves coming from
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The wavelength of sound at 10 kHz is 1.4" (3.5 cm). The smallest measuring microphones are often 1/4" (6 mm) in diameter, which practically eliminates directionality even up to the highest frequencies. Omnidirectional microphones, unlike cardioids, do not employ resonant cavities as
844:. Though the symmetrical front and rear pickup can be a nuisance in normal stereo recording, the high side rejection can be used to advantage by positioning a ribbon microphone horizontally, for example above cymbals, so that the rear lobe picks up sound only from the cymbals. Crossed figure 8, or
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across the coil through electromagnetic induction. A single dynamic membrane does not respond linearly to all audio frequencies. For this reason, some microphones utilize multiple membranes for the different parts of the audio spectrum and then combine the resulting signals. Combining the multiple
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that modulates the frequency of the oscillator signal. Demodulation yields a low-noise audio frequency signal with a very low source impedance. The absence of a high bias voltage permits the use of a diaphragm with looser tension, which may be used to achieve wider frequency response due to higher
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Within the time frame of the capacitance change (as much as 50 ms at 20 Hz audio signal), the charge is practically constant and the voltage across the capacitor changes instantaneously to reflect the change in capacitance. The voltage across the capacitor varies above and below the bias
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Since turbulence at a surface is the source of wind noise, reducing gross turbulence can add to noise reduction. Both aerodynamically smooth surfaces, and ones that prevent powerful vortices being generated, have been used successfully. Historically, artificial fur has proved very useful for this
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Since all wind noise is generated at the first surface the air hits, the greater the spacing between the shield periphery and microphone capsule, the greater the noise attenuation. For an approximately spherical shield, attenuation increases by (approximately) the cube of that distance. With full
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In order to speak to larger groups of people, a need arose to increase the volume of the human voice. The earliest devices used to achieve this were acoustic megaphones. Some of the first examples, from fifth-century-BC Greece, were theater masks with horn-shaped mouth openings that acoustically
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over a range of frequencies (typically 20 Hz to 20 kHz), generally for perfectly on-axis sound (sound arriving at 0° to the capsule). Frequency response may be less informatively stated textually like so: "30 Hz–16 kHz ±3 dB". This is interpreted as meaning a nearly
1979:
Different microphones can have vastly different impedances and this depends on the design. In passive microphones, this value relates closely to the impedance of the coil (or similar mechanism). In active microphones, this value describes the output impedance of its internal amplifier circuitry.
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During operation, light from a laser source travels through an optical fiber to illuminate the surface of a reflective diaphragm. Sound vibrations of the diaphragm modulate the intensity of light reflecting off the diaphragm in a specific direction. The modulated light is then transmitted over a
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The shielding material used – wire gauze, fabric or foam – is designed to have a significant acoustic impedance. The relatively low particle-velocity air pressure changes that constitute sound waves can pass through with minimal attenuation, but higher particle-velocity wind is impeded to a far
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In a plasma microphone, a plasma arc of ionized gas is used. The sound waves cause variations in the pressure around the plasma in turn causing variations in temperature which alter the conductance of the plasma. These variations in conductance can be picked up as variations superimposed on the
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to making a microphone. Over the years these microphones were developed by several companies, most notably RCA that made large advancements in pattern control, to give the microphone directionality. With television and film technology booming there was a demand for high-fidelity microphones and
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Sensitivity indicates how well the microphone converts acoustic pressure to an output voltage. A high sensitivity microphone creates more voltage and so needs less amplification at the mixer or recording device. This is a practical concern but is not directly an indication of the microphone's
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responses. Additionally, microphones are not uniformly sensitive to sound pressure and can accept differing levels without distorting. Although for scientific applications microphones with a more uniform response are desirable, this is often not the case for music recording, as the non-uniform
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A loudspeaker, a transducer that turns an electrical signal into sound waves, is the functional opposite of a microphone. Since a conventional speaker is similar in construction to a dynamic microphone (with a diaphragm, coil and magnet), speakers can actually work "in reverse" as microphones.
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noise level is the sound level that creates the same output voltage as the microphone does in the absence of sound. This represents the lowest point of the microphone's dynamic range, and is particularly important should you wish to record sounds that are quiet. The measure is often stated in
435:
Microphones are categorized by their transducer principle (condenser, dynamic, etc.) and by their directional characteristics (omni, cardioid, etc.). Sometimes other characteristics such as diaphragm size, intended use or orientation of the principal sound input to the principal axis (end- or
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developed a dynamic microphone based on the generation of electric current by moving a coil of wire to various depths in a magnetic field. This method of modulation was also the most enduring method for the technology of the telephone as well. Speaking of his device, Meucci wrote in 1857, "It
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Some microphones are intended for testing speakers, measuring noise levels and otherwise quantifying an acoustic experience. These are calibrated transducers and are usually supplied with a calibration certificate that states absolute sensitivity against frequency. The quality of measurement
1975:
The main alternative to impedance bridging is impedance matching which maximizes power transfer for a given source impedance. However, this has not been relevant since the early 20th century when amplifiers were very expensive and produced a lot of heat. To reduce the number of amplifiers in
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or T-power and DIN 45596 for phantom power. Since the 1980s, phantom power has become much more common, because the same input may be used for both powered and unpowered microphones. In consumer electronics such as DSLRs and camcorders, "plug-in power" is more common, for microphones using a
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Due to their good performance and ease of manufacture, hence low cost, the vast majority of microphones made today are electret microphones; a semiconductor manufacturer estimates annual production at over one billion units. They are used in many applications, from high-quality recording and
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to act as a microphone. A commercial product example is the Yamaha
Subkick, a 6.5-inch (170 mm) woofer shock-mounted into a 10" drum shell used in front of kick drums. Since a relatively massive membrane is unable to transduce high frequencies while being capable of tolerating strong
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microphone is similar to cardioid, but with a slightly larger figure-8 contribution, leading to a tighter area of front sensitivity and a smaller lobe of rear sensitivity. It is produced by combining the two components in a 3:1 ratio, producing nulls at 109.5°. This ratio maximizes the
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compliance. The RF biasing process results in a lower electrical impedance capsule, a useful by-product of which is that RF condenser microphones can be operated in damp weather conditions that could create problems in DC-biased microphones with contaminated insulating surfaces. The
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second optical fiber to a photodetector, which transforms the intensity-modulated light into analog or digital audio for transmission or recording. Fiber-optic microphones possess high dynamic and frequency range, similar to the best high fidelity conventional microphones.
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requirements were greatly reduced and it became practical to use the same cable conductors and connector for audio and power. During the 1960s several powering methods were developed, mainly in Europe. The two dominant methods were initially defined in German DIN 45595 as
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added. A sound wave caused the diaphragm to move, forcing a needle to move up and down in the water. The electrical resistance between the wire and the cup was then inversely proportional to the size of the water meniscus around the submerged needle. Elisha Gray filed a
1306:(SPL) is generated from that point. How the physical body of the microphone is oriented relative to the diagrams depends on the microphone design. For large-membrane microphones such as in the Oktava (pictured above), the upward direction in the polar diagram is usually
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equipment and were quickly supplanted by dynamic microphones for a time, and later small electret condenser devices. The high impedance of the crystal microphone made it very susceptible to handling noise, both from the microphone itself and from the connecting cable.
1012:. The distance between the microphone's light source and its photodetector may be up to several kilometers without need for any preamplifier or another electrical device, making fiber-optic microphones suitable for industrial and surveillance acoustic monitoring.
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or from a small battery. Power is necessary for establishing the capacitor plate voltage and is also needed to power the microphone electronics. Condenser microphones are also available with two diaphragms that can be electrically connected to provide a range of
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in pressure between front and back; since sound arriving from the side reaches front and back equally there is no difference in pressure and therefore no sensitivity to sound from that direction. In more mathematical terms, while omnidirectional microphones are
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The dynamic range of a microphone is the difference in SPL between the noise floor and the maximum SPL. If stated on its own, for example, "120 dB", it conveys significantly less information than having the self-noise and maximum SPL figures individually.
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1381:. Since these directional transducer microphones achieve their patterns by sensing pressure gradient, putting them very close to the sound source (at distances of a few centimeters) results in a bass boost due to the increased gradient. This is known as the
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use a comparatively low RF voltage, generated by a low-noise oscillator. The signal from the oscillator may either be amplitude modulated by the capacitance changes produced by the sound waves moving the capsule diaphragm, or the capsule may be part of a
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entirely enclose the microphone and protect its body as well. The latter is important because, given the extreme low-frequency content of wind noise, vibration induced in the housing of the microphone can contribute substantially to the noise output.
567:. A nearly constant charge is maintained on the capacitor. As the capacitance changes, the charge across the capacitor does change very slightly, but at audible frequencies it is sensibly constant. The capacitance of the capsule (around 5 to 100
1074:
Early microphones did not produce intelligible speech, until
Alexander Graham Bell made improvements including a variable-resistance microphone/transmitter. Bell's liquid transmitter consisted of a metal cup filled with water with a small amount of
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to the microphone body, commonly known as "side fire" or "side address". For small diaphragm microphones such as the Shure (also pictured above), it usually extends from the axis of the microphone commonly known as "end fire" or "top/end address".
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495:
Condenser microphones span the range from telephone mouthpieces through inexpensive karaoke microphones to high-fidelity recording microphones. They generally produce a high-quality audio signal and are now the popular choice in laboratory and
2102:(THD) figure usually quoted under max SPL is really a very mild level of distortion, quite inaudible especially on brief high peaks. Clipping is much more audible. For some microphones, the clipping level may be much higher than the max SPL.
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basket windshields there is an additional pressure chamber effect, first explained by Joerg Wuttke, which, for two-port (pressure gradient) microphones, allows the shield and microphone combination to act as a high-pass acoustic filter.
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of a permanent magnet, is attached to the diaphragm. When sound enters through the windscreen of the microphone, the sound wave moves the diaphragm. When the diaphragm vibrates, the coil moves in the magnetic field, producing a varying
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in the United States, which most commonly calibrate using the reciprocity primary standard. Measurement microphones calibrated using this method can then be used to calibrate other microphones using comparison calibration techniques.
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A contact microphone picks up vibrations directly from a solid surface or object, as opposed to sound vibrations carried through air. One use for this is to detect sounds of a very low level, such as those from small objects or
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Some microphone designs combine several principles in creating the desired polar pattern. This ranges from shielding (meaning diffraction/dissipation/absorption) by the housing itself to electronically combining dual membranes.
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There are two main categories of condenser microphones, depending on the method of extracting the audio signal from the transducer: DC-biased microphones, and radio frequency (RF) or high frequency (HF) condenser microphones.
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is a variant of the contact microphone that picks up speech directly from a person's throat, which it is strapped to. This lets the device be used in areas with ambient sounds that would otherwise make the speaker inaudible.
1435:"Figure-8" or bi-directional microphones receive sound equally from both the front and back of the element. Most ribbon microphones are of this pattern. In principle they do not respond to sound pressure at all, only to the
2297:– the terms are interchangeable) provide a method of reducing the effect of wind on microphones. While pop-screens give protection from unidirectional blasts, foam "hats" shield wind into the grille from all directions, and
1123:
More recently, since the 2010s, there has been increased interest and research into making piezoelectric MEMS microphones which are a significant architectural and material change from existing condenser style MEMS designs.
693:(lapel mic) use to built-in microphones in small sound recording devices and telephones. Prior to the proliferation of MEMS microphones, nearly all cell-phone, computer, PDA and headset microphones were electret types.
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for a version using a brass rod instead of the needle. Other minor variations and improvements were made to the liquid microphone by
Majoranna, Chambers, Vanni, Sykes, and Elisha Gray, and one version was patented by
893:
Unlike other microphone types, the carbon microphone can also be used as a type of amplifier, using a small amount of sound energy to control a larger amount of electrical energy. Carbon microphones found use as early
802:
signals correctly is difficult; designs that do this are rare and tend to be expensive. On the other hand, there are several designs that are more specifically aimed towards isolated parts of the audio spectrum. The
500:
applications. The inherent suitability of this technology is due to the very small mass that must be moved by the incident sound wave compared to other microphone types that require the sound wave to do more work.
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of off-axis waves entering the longitudinal array of slots. A consequence of this technique is the presence of some rear lobes that vary in level and angle with frequency and can cause some coloration effects.
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in 1903. These were the first working microphones, but they were not practical for commercial application. The famous first phone conversation between Bell and Watson took place using a liquid microphone.
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microphones may be measured with different sound sources and distances, but there is no standard and therefore no way to compare data from different models unless the measurement technique is described.
1759:) does with radio waves. Typical uses of this microphone, which has unusually focused front sensitivity and can pick up sounds from many meters away, include nature recording, outdoor sporting events,
1937:
allows direct connection to PCs. Electronics in these microphones powered over the USB connection performs preamplification and ADC before the digital audio data is transferred via the USB interface.
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to amplify sound from acoustic musical instruments, to sense drum hits, for triggering electronic samples, and to record sound in challenging environments, such as underwater under high pressure.
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quality, and in fact the term sensitivity is something of a misnomer, "transduction gain" being perhaps more meaningful, (or just "output level") because true sensitivity is generally set by the
986:
microphone converts acoustic waves into electrical signals by sensing changes in light intensity, instead of sensing changes in capacitance or magnetic fields as with conventional microphones.
2079:, which is the equivalent loudness of the noise on a decibel scale frequency-weighted for how the ear hears, for example: "15 dBA SPL" (SPL means sound pressure level relative to 20
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A microphone's directionality or polar pattern indicates how sensitive it is to sounds arriving at different angles about its central axis. The polar patterns illustrated above represent the
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transducers responding to the gradient along an axis normal to the plane of the diaphragm. This also has the effect of inverting the output polarity for sounds arriving from the back side.
708:(PCs), sometimes called multimedia microphones, use a 3.5 mm plug as usually used for stereo connections; the ring, instead of carrying the signal for a second channel, carries power.
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and Røde that advertise noise levels between 5–7 dBA. Typically this is achieved by altering the frequency response of the capsule and electronics to result in lower noise within the
1412:
microphone is similar to a hyper-cardioid, except there is more front pickup and less rear pickup. It is produced with about a 5:3 ratio, with nulls at 126.9°. This ratio maximizes the
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of laser light reaching the photodetector. A prototype of the device was demonstrated at the 127th Audio
Engineering Society convention in New York City from 9 through October 12, 2009.
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1392:
By combining the two components in different ratios, any pattern between omni and figure-8 can be achieved, which comprise the first-order cardioid family. Common shapes include:
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flat, linear, plot between the stated frequencies, with variations in amplitude of no more than plus or minus 3 dB. However, one cannot determine from this information how
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1771:. Parabolic microphones are not typically used for standard recording applications, because they tend to have a poor low-frequency response as a side effect of their design.
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Low impedance is considered under 600 Ω. Medium impedance is considered between 600 Ω and 10 kΩ. High impedance is above 10 kΩ. Owing to their built-in
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A Sony parabolic reflector, without a microphone. The microphone would face the reflector surface and sound captured by the reflector would bounce towards the microphone.
856:
good low-frequency response could be obtained only when the ribbon was suspended very loosely, which made them relatively fragile. Modern ribbon materials, including new
2374:"Dead cat" and a "dead kitten" windscreens. The dead kitten covers a stereo microphone for a DSLR camera. The difference in name is due to the size of the enclosure.
3617:
3140:
1968:, signals are generally transferred as varying voltages and this is also the case for microphones. To obtain the highest signal amplitude one uses a method called
1964:
must be known. Impedance is a frequency-dependent electrical characteristic, measured in ohms (Ω), that relates voltage to current. When not concerned with
2184:
1427:
Three such cardioid microphones/hydrophones could be orthogonally oriented as a collocated triad to improve the gain and also create a steerable beam pattern.
1146:
applies, so the resulting microphone has the same impairments as a single-driver loudspeaker: limited low- and high-end frequency response, poorly controlled
851:
Other directional patterns are produced by enclosing one side of the ribbon in an acoustic trap or baffle, allowing sound to reach only one side. The classic
2032:
Because of differences in their construction, microphones have their own characteristic responses to sound. This difference in response produces non-uniform
997:
immunity). The fiber-optic microphone design is therefore ideal for use in areas where conventional microphones are ineffective or dangerous, such as inside
4930:
3450:
1385:. The SM58 has been the most commonly used microphone for live vocals for more than 50 years demonstrating the importance and popularity of cardioid mics.
4520:
4310:
3228:
1719:
to a nearby receiver connected to the sound system, but it can also use infrared waves if the transmitter and receiver are within sight of each other.
241:") that used a metallic strip attached to a vibrating membrane that would produce intermittent current. Better results were achieved in 1876 with the "
4345:
1946:. Since 2005, professional-quality microphones with USB connections have begun to appear, designed for direct recording into computer-based software.
930:—the ability of some materials to produce a voltage when subjected to pressure—to convert vibrations into an electrical signal. An example of this is
840:
below) pattern because the ribbon is open on both sides. Also, because the ribbon has much less mass it responds to the air velocity rather than the
289:
1931: inch mini) TRS (tip, ring and sleeve) stereo (also available as TS mono) mini phone plug on prosumer camera, recorder and computer microphones.
3563:
513:, such as cardioid, omnidirectional, and figure-eight. It is also possible to vary the pattern continuously with some microphones, for example, the
2960:
2927:
5041:
657:
in 1962. The externally applied charge used for a conventional condenser microphone is replaced by a permanent charge in an electret material. An
2818:
2134:
microphones is often referred to using the designations "Class 1," "Type 2," etc., which are references not to microphone specifications but to
2011:, defines a digital interface for microphones. Microphones conforming to this standard directly output a digital audio stream through an XLR or
1182:
low-frequency transients, the speaker is often ideal for picking up the kick drum while reducing bleed from the nearby cymbals and snare drums.
2149:
or sound power measurements require pressure-gradient measurements, which are typically made using arrays of at least two microphones, or with
3016:
4991:
4128:
3425:
2871:
Fagen, M.D. A History of
Engineering and Science in the Bell System: The Early Years (1875–1925). New York: Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1975
2340:
2188:
1052:
of the reflected beam. The former implementation is a tabletop experiment; the latter requires an extremely stable laser and precise optics.
4079:
5579:
3781:
Sena, E. De; Hacihabiboglu, H.; Cvetkovic, Z. (January 2012). "On the Design and Implementation of Higher Order Differential Microphones".
1154:. In practical use, speakers are sometimes used as microphones in applications where high bandwidth and sensitivity are not needed such as
1008:
Fiber-optic microphones are robust, resistant to environmental changes in heat and moisture, and can be produced for any directionality or
575:
to tens of GΩ) form a filter that is high-pass for the audio signal, and low-pass for the bias voltage. Note that the time constant of an
3725:
3494:
1104:
2782:
615:
MKH series of microphones use the RF biasing technique. A covert, remotely energized application of the same physical principle called
5034:
2176:
2162:
3099:
4540:
3830:
3762:
2890:
2691:
1623:
1605:
1539:
1489:
422:
1774:
A stereo microphone integrates two microphones in one unit to produce a stereophonic signal. A stereo microphone is often used for
993:
Fiber-optic microphones do not react to or influence any electrical, magnetic, electrostatic or radioactive fields (this is called
1389:
the front, the two add to each other. However, in low frequencies a cardioid microphone behaves as an omnidirectional microphone.
5615:
5605:
4355:
3704:
3685:
2175:
measurement microphones. This service is offered by some microphone manufacturers and by independent certified testing labs. All
848:, stereo recording is gaining in popularity, and the figure-eight response of a ribbon microphone is ideal for that application.
198:
4013:, Long, Edward M. & Wickersham, Ronald J., "Pressure recording process and device", published 1982-11-30
3180:
954:
are generally piezoelectric devices that contact the strings passing over the saddle. This type of microphone is different from
4525:
2990:
2618:
1271:
3896:"A Triad of Cardioid Sensors in Orthogonal Orientation and Spatial Collocation – Its Spatial-Matched-Filter-Type Beam-Pattern"
253:– the diaphragm was attached to a conductive rod in an acid solution. These systems, however, gave a very poor sound quality.
5620:
4303:
2708:
1965:
1583:
1423:
microphone has no null points. It is produced with about 7:3 ratio with 3–10 dB level between the front and back pickup.
1113:
1099:
404:
3561:
Akino, Hiroshi; Shimokawa, Hirofumi; Kikutani, Tadashi; Green, Jackie (April 2014). "On the Study of the Ionic Microphone".
2122:
4034:
3472:
1708:
transmitter in a pocket or clipped to a belt (for mobile use), or run directly to the mixer (for stationary applications).
5569:
4710:
4335:
3950:"Cardioid microphones/hydrophones in a collocated and orthogonal triad—A steerable beamformer with no beam-pointing error"
3621:
1191:
878:
545:
maintained across the capacitor plates changes with the vibrations in the air, according to the capacitance equation (C =
2565:
5610:
5437:
5408:
4905:
4730:
4647:
4571:
4409:
3148:
2236:
1847:
3.5 mm phone plug connector. Phantom, T-power and plug-in power are described in international standard IEC 61938.
1378:
1209:
994:
616:
165:
Several types of microphone are used today, which employ different methods to convert the air pressure variations of a
5234:
5176:
4925:
4340:
2772:
Wile, Frederic Willam 1926 Emile Berliner: Maker of the Microphone, The Bobbs-Merrill Company Publishers, Indianapolis
1579:
1475:
1190:
The inner elements of a microphone are the primary source of differences in directivity. A pressure microphone uses a
1117:
970:
400:
31:
1568:
3400:
1715:
transmits the audio as a radio or optical signal rather than via a cable. It usually sends its signal using a small
1259:
1247:
681:; a static charge is embedded in an electret by the alignment of the static charges in the material, much the way a
5413:
4672:
4581:
1790:
1786:) for stereophonic recording. Some such microphones have an adjustable angle of coverage between the two channels.
1020:
1002:
955:
947:
1782:
where it would be impractical to configure two separate condenser microphones in a classic X-Y configuration (see
1587:
1572:
1041:
reflected, and the motion of the laser spot from the returning beam is detected and converted to an audio signal.
864:
by phantom power. Also there are new ribbon materials available that are immune to wind blasts and phantom power.
393:
5227:
4895:
4793:
4773:
4614:
4439:
4378:
4296:
3334:, Alexander Paritsky and Alexander Kots, "Small Optical Microphone/Sensor", published October 8, 2002
2145:; they exhibit an omnidirectional response, limited only by the scattering profile of their physical dimensions.
2099:
2084:
2008:
1905: in (6.35 mm) TS (tip and sleeve) phone connector. Harmonica microphones commonly use a high impedance
1151:
1143:
931:
852:
774:
4052:
Multimedia Systems – Guide to the Recommended Characteristics of Analogue Interfaces to Achieve Interoperability
2138:. A more comprehensive standard for the description of measurement microphone performance was recently adopted.
5625:
5544:
5457:
5430:
5401:
5164:
5016:
4986:
1382:
1221:
777:. They are robust, relatively inexpensive and resistant to moisture. This, coupled with their potentially high
1169:
However, there is at least one practical application that exploits those weaknesses: the use of a medium-size
742:
314:. In 1923, the first practical moving coil microphone was built. The Marconi-Sykes magnetophone, developed by
3285:
5487:
5482:
5370:
5343:
4404:
3754:
Eargle's The Microphone Book: From Mono to Stereo to Surround – A Guide to Microphone Design and Application
3259:
1918:
1892:
697:
650:
2619:"An Early History of the Telephone: 1664–1866: Robert Hooke's Acoustic Experiments and Acoustic Inventions"
1855:
3162:
2937:
1283:
832:
sense that both produce sound by means of magnetic induction. Basic ribbon microphones detect sound in a
5377:
4662:
4576:
2968:
2511:
2167:
To take a scientific measurement with a microphone, its precise sensitivity must be known (in volts per
1402:
1233:
696:
Unlike other capacitor microphones, they require no polarizing voltage, but often contain an integrated
246:
178:
155:
107:
3202:
2636:
2058:
geometry of the sound source. IEC 60268-4 specifies that frequency response should be measured in
4010:
3331:
5600:
5365:
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4768:
4414:
4389:
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3907:
3297:
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3072:
3038:
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1984:
1961:
1843:
1805:. Many noise-canceling microphones combine signals received from two diaphragms that are in opposite
1744:
1303:
1055:
A new type of laser microphone is a device that uses a laser beam and smoke or vapor to detect sound
778:
219:
174:
3118:
2453:, dating to the 1920s, for the abbreviated casual name—following the same orthographic principle as
504:
Condenser microphones require a power source, provided either via microphone inputs on equipment as
452:
5239:
4487:
4259:
3024:
2539:
2253:
2223:
2150:
1827:
1806:
1783:
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1712:
1704:
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911:
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276:
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234:
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3923:
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3313:
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2599:
2516:
2419:
2393:
2088:
2045:
1969:
1955:
1798:
1086:
1009:
943:
351:
306:
with RCA Varacoustic MI-6203 ribbon microphones broadcast to troops overseas during World War II.
186:
170:
147:
3873:
2566:"Everyone is blasting Trump for writing 'mike' instead of 'mic' — but here's why Trump is right"
1204:
Microphone polar sensitivity. Microphone is parallel to the page facing upwards in each diagram.
4211:
5387:
5251:
5149:
5061:
4725:
4609:
4586:
4447:
4124:
3977:
3826:
3758:
3729:
2886:
2687:
2430:
2239:(e.g. military use to locate the source(s) of artillery fire). Aircraft location and tracking.
2135:
2083:). The lower the number the better. Some microphone manufacturers state the noise level using
1797:
cockpits where they are normally installed as boom microphones on headsets. Another use is in
1752:
1728:
1716:
1299:
975:
873:
815:
705:
654:
330:
272:
264:
115:
95:
4278:
2028:
A comparison of the far field on-axis frequency response of the Oktava 319 and the Shure SM58
5222:
5113:
4900:
4839:
4798:
4705:
4682:
4652:
4497:
4457:
4327:
4319:
3969:
3915:
3790:
3572:
3305:
3251:
3080:
3063:
Sessler, G.M.; West, J.E. (1962). "Self-Biased Condenser Microphone with High Capacitance".
2789:
2466:
2209:
2180:
2071:
1999:
Neumann D-01 digital microphone and Neumann DMI-8 8-channel USB Digital Microphone Interface
1441:
1069:
1037:
1032:
927:
882:
723:
717:
682:
607:
497:
65:
3591:
2004:
5382:
5360:
5323:
5271:
5091:
5086:
5078:
4874:
4849:
4834:
4735:
4720:
4695:
4424:
4419:
4038:
3708:
3689:
3374:
3103:
2146:
1779:
1735:
1481:
1445:
959:
951:
666:
646:
299:
119:
1751:
to collect and focus sound waves onto a microphone receiver, in much the same way that a
1044:
In a more robust and expensive implementation, the returned light is split and fed to an
3965:
3911:
3301:
3247:
3076:
2683:
Oliver Heaviside: The Life, Work, and Times of an Electrical Genius of the Victorian Age
2024:
820:
5447:
5348:
5118:
5101:
4910:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4819:
4637:
4632:
4368:
4114:
2229:
2171:). Since this may change over the lifetime of the device, it is necessary to regularly
1756:
1045:
962:, which use magnetic induction, rather than mechanical coupling, to pick up vibration.
841:
793:
789:
757:
358:
347:
338:
334:
310:
In 1916, E.C. Wente of Western Electric developed the next breakthrough with the first
280:
238:
226:
111:
43:
3949:
3701:
3682:
3522:
1995:
1987:, condenser microphones typically have an output impedance between 50 and 200 Ω.
1648:
The interference tube of a shotgun microphone. The capsule is at the base of the tube.
1444:
transducers responding to pressure from any direction, bi-directional microphones are
1349:
A unidirectional microphone is primarily sensitive to sounds from only one direction.
5594:
5549:
5519:
5335:
5261:
5214:
5159:
5154:
5106:
4997:
4966:
4667:
4601:
4545:
4515:
4452:
4429:
4363:
3802:
3543:
3499:
3317:
3188:
2677:
2590:
Montgomery, Henry C. (1959). "Amplification and High Fidelity in the Greek Theater".
2242:
2168:
2033:
2012:
1876:
1815:
1760:
1307:
1159:
1081:
1076:
983:
857:
845:
803:
662:
620:
595:
505:
343:
323:
303:
284:
190:
151:
123:
3989:
2994:
2847:
2282:
2260:
Typically, an array is made up of omnidirectional microphones distributed about the
1793:
is a highly directional design intended for noisy environments. One such use is in
460:
218:
was the first to experiment with a medium other than air with the invention of the "
5425:
5313:
5296:
5291:
5069:
4740:
4700:
4642:
4535:
4505:
4462:
4384:
3927:
2932:
2362:
is being used on the left. An open-cell foam windscreen is being used on the right.
1811:
1334:
Areas of application: studios, old churches, theaters, on-site TV interviews, etc.
906:
534:
481:
256:
215:
211:
194:
159:
143:
17:
2712:
1636:
444:
357:
During the second half of the 20th century, development advanced quickly with the
295:
39:
4254:
4118:
3820:
3752:
3284:
Paritsky, Alexander; Kots, A. (1997). Shladov, Itzhak; Rotman, Stanley R (eds.).
2681:
333:
was introduced, another electromagnetic type, believed to have been developed by
271:
The first microphone that enabled proper voice telephony was the (loose-contact)
5524:
5492:
5395:
5355:
5318:
5286:
5128:
4981:
4976:
4935:
4920:
4844:
4829:
4788:
4745:
4561:
4028:
2622:
2249:
2172:
2127:
2111:
2098:
The clipping level is an important indicator of maximum usable level, as the 1%
2092:
2080:
1644:
1557:
1361:
1147:
1015:
Fiber-optic microphones are used in very specific application areas such as for
998:
861:
824:
785:
746:
727:
382:
315:
250:
103:
3895:
2387:
1373:
microphone, so named because the sensitivity pattern is "heart-shaped" (i.e. a
641:
First patent on foil electret microphone by G. M. Sessler et al. (pages 1 to 3)
623:
and used to bug the US Ambassador's residence in Moscow between 1945 and 1952.
326:
and Herbert Holman who released the HB1A and was the best standard of the day.
5539:
5256:
5186:
5181:
4971:
4961:
4778:
4566:
4530:
4394:
4241:
Mic It!: Microphones, Microphone Techniques, and Their Impact on the Final Mix
3794:
3665:
3255:
2407:
2383:
2330:
2277:
1943:
1163:
1016:
935:
750:
731:
612:
576:
366:
362:
166:
135:
87:
3919:
1133:
electrical supply to the plasma. This is an experimental form of microphone.
5534:
5529:
5513:
5442:
5281:
5133:
5096:
5026:
4591:
4510:
4144:
3576:
3286:"Fiber optic microphone as a realization of fiber optic positioning sensors"
2413:
2261:
2037:
1775:
1768:
1174:
1056:
700:
that does require power. This preamplifier is frequently phantom powered in
182:
127:
99:
47:
4050:
3981:
5472:
5123:
5058:
4783:
4760:
4750:
4690:
4477:
3523:"OMRON to Launch Mass-Production and Supply of MEMS Acoustic Sensor Chip"
2401:
2265:
2142:
2062:
conditions (very far away from the source) but this is seldom practical.
1960:
When choosing a pre-amplifier for a certain microphone, the microphone's
1794:
1374:
1239:
1178:
1155:
895:
658:
139:
4283:
4279:
Microphone sensitivity conversion—dB re 1 V/Pa and transfer factor mV/Pa
472:, invented at Western Electric in 1916 by E. C. Wente, is also called a
5306:
5244:
5198:
4879:
4624:
4273:
2906:
2603:
2325:
2049:
1802:
1302:
that produce the same signal level output in the microphone if a given
556:
542:
514:
407: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4284:
Searchable database of specs and component info from 1000+ microphones
3973:
3309:
3084:
2928:"1931 Harry F. Olson and Les Anderson, RCA Model 44 Ribbon Microphone"
2465:, which came into use among sound engineers in the 1960s. In 2010 the
591:
5420:
5193:
3141:"AKG D 112 – Large-diaphragm dynamic microphone for bass instruments"
2215:
1764:
1724:
1170:
806:
D112, for example, is designed for bass response rather than treble.
645:
An electret microphone is a type of condenser microphone invented by
436:
side-address) of the microphone are used to describe the microphone.
4186:
1863:
4288:
1166:
peripherals, or when conventional microphones are in short supply.
4945:
4915:
2324:
2281:
2121:
2076:
2023:
1994:
1862:
1854:
1734:
1643:
1635:
1360:
1103:
969:
905:
877:
819:
756:
741:
636:
590:
568:
560:
459:
451:
443:
294:
255:
131:
91:
38:
3473:"Knowles Completes Acquisition of NXP's Sound Solutions Business"
5497:
5391:
4715:
4104:
Robertson, A. E.: "Microphones" Illiffe Press for BBC, 1951–1963
3426:"Cirrus Logic Completes Acquisition of Wolfson Microelectronics"
2192:
1695:, but there are other makers who employ this technique as well.
564:
5030:
4292:
3495:"MEMS Microphone Will Be Hurt by Downturn in Smartphone Market"
3100:"Integrated Circuits for High Performance Electret Microphones"
3017:"Bell Laboratories and The Development of Electrical Recording"
2469:’s style guide altered its standard spelling for the term from
173:, which uses a coil of wire suspended in a magnetic field; the
5477:
5301:
4482:
3451:"Analog Devices to Sell Microphone Product Line to InvenSense"
3203:"Brown Type G Telephone Relay Owned by Edwin Howard Armstrong"
2268:
that records and interprets the results into a coherent form.
2226:(notably telephones, speech recognition systems, hearing aids)
1934:
1895:
on less expensive musician's microphones, using an unbalanced
1551:
1496:
1455:
572:
376:
319:
2214:
A microphone array is any number of microphones operating in
2016:
are now available from a number of microphone manufacturers.
1915: inch TS connection to be run through guitar amplifiers.
1337:
An example of a nondirectional microphone is the round black
704:
and studio applications. Monophonic microphones designed for
685:
is made by aligning the magnetic domains in a piece of iron.
1818:. A few noise-canceling microphones are throat microphones.
4824:
3783:
IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing
784:
Dynamic microphones use the same dynamic principle as in a
730:(valve) amplifier. They remain popular with enthusiasts of
193:
material. Microphones typically need to be connected to a
71:
3894:
Wong, Kainam; Nnonyelu, Chibuzo; Wu, Yue (February 2018).
1048:, which detects movement of the surface by changes in the
222:" made of stretched wire with a cup attached at each end.
4149:(Technical report). IEC. September 12, 2018. 60268-4:2018
4080:"Should I Match Impedances of My Microphone to My Mixer?"
3948:
Nnonyelu, Chibuzo; Wong, Kainam; Wu, Yue (January 2019).
3401:"Comparing MEMS and Electret Condenser (ECM) Microphones"
2141:
Measurement microphones are generally scalar sensors of
1365:
University Sound US664A dynamic supercardioid microphone
484:. The assembly of fixed and movable plates is called an
3163:"Local firms strum the chords of real music innovation"
2422:– computer accessory for disabling internal microphone.
1517:
4274:
Info, Pictures and Soundbytes from vintage microphones
3848:"Ask the Doctors: The Physics of Mid-Side (MS) Miking"
3229:"Piezoelectric Microphone Built on Circular Diaphragm"
579:
equals the product of the resistance and capacitance.
3167:
Mass High Tech: The Journal of New England Technology
74:
1871:
The most common connectors used by microphones are:
1416:; the energy ratio between front and rear radiation.
1357:
Cardioid, hypercardioid, supercardioid, subcardioid
98:. Microphones are used in many applications such as
27:
Device that converts sound into an electrical signal
5562:
5506:
5465:
5456:
5334:
5270:
5213:
5142:
5077:
5068:
4954:
4888:
4812:
4759:
4681:
4623:
4600:
4554:
4496:
4438:
4354:
4326:
3819:Benesty, Jacob; Jingdong, Chen (October 23, 2012).
3644:"Understanding different microphone polar patterns"
1891: inch (sometimes referred to as 6.35 mm)
1801:on loud concert stages for vocalists involved with
1512:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
68:
50:, multi-impedance "Small Unidyne" dynamic from 1951
4123:. Milwaukee: Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 66.
3822:Study and Design of Differential Microphone Arrays
169:to an electrical signal. The most common are the
2732:
2730:
4074:
4072:
4070:
3954:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
3726:"History – The evolution of an audio revolution"
2991:"History – The evolution of an audio revolution"
2812:
2810:
2783:"David Edward Hughes: Concertinist and Inventor"
322:studios in London. This was improved in 1930 by
1369:The most common unidirectional microphone is a
571:) and the value of the bias resistor (100
2095:curve while broadband noise may be increased.
837:
510:
5575:History of computing hardware (1960s–present)
5042:
4304:
3290:10th Meeting on Optical Engineering in Israel
8:
4146:Sound System Equipment – Part 4: Microphones
3065:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
2481:in spelling the past participle of the verb
2183:at a national measurement institute such as
2048:diagram plots the microphone sensitivity in
942:Piezoelectric transducers are often used as
4931:Professional Lighting and Sound Association
2739:The Worldwide History of Telecommunications
2333:in front of a large-diaphragm condenser mic
1586:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1490:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5462:
5074:
5049:
5035:
5027:
4521:Comparison of analog and digital recording
4311:
4297:
4289:
1173:placed closely in front of a "kick drum" (
598:C451B small-diaphragm condenser microphone
464:Inner workings of the condenser microphone
448:Inside the Oktava 319 condenser microphone
4120:Audio Engineering for Sound Reinforcement
3825:. Springer Science & Business Media.
3358:. Valley Forge Publishing. Archived from
2512:"How Should 'Microphone' be Abbreviated?"
1624:Learn how and when to remove this message
1606:Learn how and when to remove this message
1540:Learn how and when to remove this message
1524:, without removing the technical details.
423:Learn how and when to remove this message
311:
3683:History & Development of Microphone.
3564:Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
3102:. National Semiconductor. Archived from
2961:"Time Capsule: History of Electro-Voice"
2883:The Emergence of Broadcasting in Britain
2664:Alexander Graham Bell: An Inventive Life
2222:Systems for extracting voice input from
2502:
2442:
2404:– transducer for sound within the earth
2336:
1202:
619:was devised by Soviet Russian inventor
237:built an early sound transmitter (the "
3900:IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
3227:Lee, Woon Seob; Lee, Seung S. (2008).
3021:Stokowski.org (Leopold Stokowski site)
2540:"Is a Microphone a 'Mic' or a 'Mike'?"
2461:—is now often supplanted by the newer
2286:Microphone with its windscreen removed
2126:An AKG C214 condenser microphone with
1859:Samson microphone with a USB connector
761:Inner workings of a dynamic microphone
726:is a condenser microphone that uses a
275:. This was independently developed by
142:and other electronic devices, such as
4992:New Interfaces for Musical Expression
4187:"Joerg Wuttke – Microphones and Wind"
3874:"Directional Patterns of Microphones"
3814:
3812:
3776:
3774:
3751:Rayburn, Ray A. (November 12, 2012).
3592:"Yamaha SubKick – The Tape Op Review"
1522:make it understandable to non-experts
836:(also called figure-eight, as in the
781:, makes them ideal for on-stage use.
110:for concert halls and public events,
7:
5580:List of pioneers in computer science
3121:. Practical Creative Media Education
2252:for localized acoustic detection of
1640:An Audio-Technica shotgun microphone
1584:adding citations to reliable sources
405:adding citations to reliable sources
337:, who applied the concept used in a
138:broadcasting. They are also used in
4055:(Technical report). IEC. 61938:2013
3207:National Museum of American History
2936:. September 1, 2006. Archived from
1350:
833:
665:material that has been permanently
3375:"15 Best Microphones for Computer"
3352:"Case Study: Can You Hear Me Now?"
2163:Measurement microphone calibration
1867:Electronic symbol for a microphone
753:(dynamic cardioid type) microphone
245:" design in early telephones from
25:
4541:Reel-to-reel audio tape recording
3618:"How a Cardioid Microphone Works"
3373:Goulde, Berg (February 9, 2017).
2564:Abadi, Mark (November 20, 2017).
1471:This article has multiple issues.
788:, only reversed. A small movable
214:. In 1665, the English physicist
210:amplified the voice of actors in
5010:
4167:IEC Standard 61672 and ANSI S1.4
2993:. Shure Americas. Archived from
2907:"The Marconi-Sykes Magnetophone"
2819:"A Brief History of Microphones"
2386:
2367:
2351:
2339:
1556:
1501:
1460:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1232:
1220:
1208:
563:and V = potential difference in
381:
64:
4526:Experimental musical instrument
4255:The Invention of the Microphone
4029:Crown Audio. Tech Made Simple.
3846:Berners, Dave (December 2005).
3713:Introduction to Sound Recording
3453:(Press release). Analog Devices
3399:Rose, Bruce (January 8, 2019).
2848:"The History of the Microphone"
2538:Okrent, Arika (July 20, 2015).
2410:– transducer for sound in water
2218:. There are many applications:
2020:Measurements and specifications
1679:are still active trademarks of
1479:or discuss these issues on the
1108:MEMS microphone Akustica AKU230
885:double button carbon microphone
392:needs additional citations for
4031:The Crown Differoid Microphone
3039:"Electromechanical Transducer"
1186:Capsule design and directivity
1100:Microelectromechanical systems
1005:(MRI) equipment environments.
531:DC-biased condenser microphone
154:, and other purposes, such as
114:production, live and recorded
1:
5570:History of computing hardware
4711:Electronic musical instrument
4250:. Taylor & Francis, 2004.
3117:Institute BV Amsterdam, SAE.
2637:"Who Invented the Telephone?"
2510:Zimmer, Ben (July 29, 2010).
5438:Network interface controller
5017:Record production portal
4906:Institute of Broadcast Sound
2358:Two recordings being made—a
2237:acoustic source localization
1991:Digital microphone interface
1822:Stereo microphone techniques
1699:Application-specific designs
958:commonly visible on typical
5235:Refreshable braille display
5177:Refreshable braille display
4926:Musical Electronics Library
4263:, July 13, 1878, p. 16
4257:", historical perspective,
2662:MacLeod, Elizabeth (1999).
2449:The long-standard spelling
2235:Locating objects by sound:
2179:is ultimately traceable to
2007:standard, published by the
1879:on professional microphones
1851:Connectors and connectivity
1118:analog-to-digital converter
978:1140 fiber-optic microphone
242:
177:, which uses the vibrating
32:Microphone (disambiguation)
5642:
4673:Sound reinforcement system
4582:Sound reinforcement system
4084:Shure Service & Repair
3692:Lloyd Microphone Classics.
3590:Crane, Larry (July 2004).
2666:. Toronto: Kids Can Press.
2485:(rather than the ungainly
2275:
2207:
2160:
1953:
1921:(sometimes referred to as
1825:
1791:noise-canceling microphone
1663:
1277:Bi-directional or Figure-8
1097:
1067:
1030:
1003:magnetic resonance imaging
871:
813:
715:
630:
318:, became the standard for
225:In 1856, Italian inventor
189:, which uses a crystal of
29:
5006:
4896:Audio Engineering Society
4794:Software effect processor
4774:Digital audio workstation
4615:Digital signal processing
4379:Digital audio workstation
4117:; Foreman, Chris (2002).
3795:10.1109/TASL.2011.2159204
3707:October 16, 2007, at the
3256:10.1016/j.sna.2008.02.001
2737:Huurdeman, Anton (2003).
2686:. JHU Press. p. 67.
2416:– plasma-based microphone
2346:Various microphone covers
2100:total harmonic distortion
2085:ITU-R 468 noise weighting
2009:Audio Engineering Society
932:potassium sodium tartrate
853:RCA Type 77-DX microphone
827:using a ribbon microphone
775:electromagnetic induction
233:In 1861, German inventor
197:before the signal can be
4987:Professional audio store
4889:People and organizations
4875:Sound recording engineer
3920:10.1109/TSP.2017.2773419
3757:. Taylor & Francis.
2881:Hennessy, Brian (2005).
2741:. John Wiley & Sons.
2617:McVeigh, Daniel (2000).
2264:of a space, linked to a
2232:and related technologies
1673:Pressure Zone Microphone
603:RF condenser microphones
478:electrostatic microphone
342:greater directionality.
290:Metropolitan Opera House
146:, for recording sounds,
58:, colloquially called a
5616:Computing input devices
5606:19th-century inventions
5344:Central processing unit
4405:Microphone preamplifier
3852:Universal Audio WebZine
3728:. Shure. Archived from
3577:10.17743/jaes.2014.0013
3544:"MEMS Mics Taking Over"
3236:Sensors and Actuators A
2817:Robjohns, Hugh (2001).
2118:Measurement microphones
1689:Phase Coherent Cardioid
1405:(or directivity index).
1137:Speakers as microphones
926:uses the phenomenon of
555:), where Q = charge in
4346:Electronic and digital
3666:"Types of microphones"
2334:
2287:
2177:microphone calibration
2130:
2060:plane progressive wave
2029:
2000:
1868:
1860:
1740:
1649:
1641:
1366:
1109:
979:
948:Saddle-mounted pickups
915:
886:
828:
771:moving-coil microphone
762:
754:
673:. The name comes from
642:
599:
465:
457:
449:
307:
268:
199:recorded or reproduced
108:public address systems
51:
5621:Television technology
4086:. Shure. May 23, 2022
4037:May 10, 2012, at the
3688:July 4, 2008, at the
3181:"Boudet's Microphone"
3151:on February 27, 2010.
2997:on September 15, 2012
2835:on November 25, 2010.
2709:"David Edward Hughes"
2625:on September 3, 2003.
2592:The Classical Journal
2328:
2285:
2125:
2027:
1998:
1866:
1858:
1738:
1647:
1639:
1364:
1164:video game voice chat
1107:
973:
956:magnetic coil pickups
909:
881:
823:
760:
745:
640:
594:
559:, C = capacitance in
537:with a fixed charge (
463:
456:Audio-Technica AT3035
455:
447:
346:responded with their
298:
259:
247:Alexander Graham Bell
42:
4804:Software synthesizer
4769:Digital audio editor
4555:Playback transducers
4415:Multitrack recording
3624:on December 12, 2016
2971:on December 12, 2008
2826:Microphone Data Book
2795:on December 31, 2013
2426:Microphone connector
2151:hot-wire anemometers
1745:parabolic microphone
1580:improve this section
1304:sound pressure level
792:, positioned in the
779:gain before feedback
667:electrically charged
517:NT2000 or CAD M179.
474:capacitor microphone
470:condenser microphone
401:improve this article
312:condenser microphone
175:condenser microphone
30:For other uses, see
5611:American inventions
4260:Scientific American
4248:The Microphone Book
3966:2019ASAJ..145..575N
3912:2018ITSP...66..895W
3379:Microphone top gear
3302:1997SPIE.3110..408P
3248:2008SeAcA.144..367L
3191:on August 22, 2015.
3185:Machine-History.com
3169:. February 8, 2008.
3106:on August 19, 2010.
3077:1962ASAJ...34.1787S
2715:on November 1, 2019
2245:original recordings
1828:Microphone practice
1807:electrical polarity
1784:microphone practice
1749:parabolic reflector
1713:wireless microphone
1705:lavalier microphone
1681:Crown International
1666:Boundary microphone
1653:Shotgun microphones
1050:optical path length
999:industrial turbines
944:contact microphones
896:telephone repeaters
769:(also known as the
702:sound reinforcement
633:Electret microphone
525:DC-biased condenser
316:Captain H. J. Round
277:David Edward Hughes
261:David Edward Hughes
235:Johann Philipp Reis
18:Cardioid microphone
4855:Re-recording mixer
4658:Keyboard amplifier
4374:Binaural recording
4243:. CRC Press, 2014.
3596:RecordingHacks.com
2846:Schwertly, Scott.
2517:The New York Times
2477:, while retaining
2420:Microphone blocker
2394:Electronics portal
2335:
2288:
2136:sound level meters
2131:
2070:The self-noise or
2046:frequency response
2030:
2001:
1970:impedance bridging
1956:Impedance bridging
1950:Impedance bridging
1869:
1861:
1799:live event support
1741:
1650:
1642:
1403:directivity factor
1367:
1110:
1087:Reginald Fessenden
1021:noise cancellation
1010:impedance matching
980:
920:crystal microphone
916:
914:crystal microphone
887:
829:
767:dynamic microphone
763:
755:
706:personal computers
643:
627:Electret condenser
600:
466:
458:
450:
352:shotgun microphone
329:Also in 1923, the
308:
302:, Jack Brown, and
269:
243:liquid transmitter
187:contact microphone
171:dynamic microphone
156:ultrasonic sensors
148:speech recognition
52:
46:microphone, model
5588:
5587:
5558:
5557:
5488:Analog audio jack
5209:
5208:
5024:
5023:
4830:Guitar technician
4726:Music workstation
4610:Digital recording
4587:Speaker enclosure
4506:8-track cartridge
4448:Phonograph record
4130:978-0-634-04355-0
3974:10.1121/1.5087697
3854:. Universal Audio
3702:Proximity Effect.
3672:. April 12, 2019.
3616:Bartlett, Bruce.
3503:. August 23, 2009
3362:on July 15, 2011.
3310:10.1117/12.281371
3098:Van Rhijn, Arie.
3085:10.1121/1.1909130
3071:(11): 1787–1788.
3027:on June 21, 2023.
2959:Kahn, Al (1953).
2940:on March 24, 2008
2431:Nominal impedance
2181:primary standards
1803:live performances
1753:parabolic antenna
1729:throat microphone
1717:radio transmitter
1634:
1633:
1626:
1616:
1615:
1608:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1494:
1351:The diagram above
1300:polar coordinates
1038:Laser microphones
874:Carbon microphone
816:Ribbon microphone
655:Bell laboratories
533:, the plates are
433:
432:
425:
361:bringing out the
331:ribbon microphone
273:carbon microphone
265:carbon microphone
220:lovers' telephone
116:audio engineering
96:electrical signal
16:(Redirected from
5633:
5463:
5114:Optical trackpad
5079:Pointing devices
5075:
5051:
5044:
5037:
5028:
5015:
5014:
5013:
4901:Goji Electronics
4840:Monitor engineer
4799:Software sampler
4706:Electronic drums
4683:Electronic music
4653:Guitar amplifier
4498:Analog recording
4458:Compact cassette
4420:Music production
4328:Music technology
4320:Music technology
4313:
4306:
4299:
4290:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4212:"Rycote Cyclone"
4208:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4076:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4047:
4041:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3816:
3807:
3806:
3778:
3769:
3768:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3732:on July 16, 2012
3722:
3716:
3699:
3693:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3646:. March 28, 2015
3640:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3620:. Archived from
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
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3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3265:on July 17, 2013
3264:
3258:. Archived from
3233:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3187:. Archived from
3177:
3171:
3170:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3147:. Archived from
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3023:. Archived from
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2967:. Archived from
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2885:. Southerleigh.
2878:
2872:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2828:. Archived from
2823:
2814:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2794:
2788:. Archived from
2787:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2711:. Archived from
2704:
2698:
2697:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2641:Inventors Digest
2633:
2627:
2626:
2621:. Archived from
2614:
2608:
2607:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2570:Business Insider
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2507:
2490:
2467:Associated Press
2447:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2371:
2355:
2343:
2329:Singer and disc
2210:Microphone array
2072:equivalent input
1930:
1929:
1925:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1778:applications or
1629:
1622:
1611:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1560:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1486:
1464:
1463:
1456:
1414:front-back ratio
1383:proximity effect
1286:
1274:
1262:
1250:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1070:Water microphone
1033:Laser microphone
960:electric guitars
952:acoustic guitars
928:piezoelectricity
924:piezo microphone
883:Western Electric
724:valve microphone
718:Valve microphone
712:Valve microphone
683:permanent magnet
608:resonant circuit
554:
553:
549:
498:recording studio
428:
421:
417:
414:
408:
385:
377:
81:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:
21:
5641:
5640:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5626:Sound recording
5591:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5554:
5502:
5452:
5330:
5324:USB flash drive
5273:
5266:
5205:
5138:
5092:Game controller
5087:Graphics tablet
5064:
5055:
5025:
5020:
5011:
5009:
5002:
4950:
4884:
4850:Record producer
4835:Mixing engineer
4808:
4755:
4721:MIDI controller
4696:Circuit bending
4677:
4619:
4596:
4572:Monitor speaker
4550:
4492:
4440:Recording media
4434:
4425:Music sequencer
4410:Monitor speaker
4356:Sound recording
4350:
4322:
4317:
4270:
4236:
4234:Further reading
4231:
4230:
4220:
4218:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4195:
4193:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4175:
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4142:
4138:
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4113:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4099:
4089:
4087:
4078:
4077:
4068:
4058:
4056:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4039:Wayback Machine
4027:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4008:
4004:
3994:
3992:
3947:
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3942:
3932:
3930:
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3872:
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3810:
3780:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3735:
3733:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3709:Wayback Machine
3700:
3696:
3690:Wayback Machine
3681:
3677:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3649:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3627:
3625:
3615:
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3478:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3432:
3430:MarketWatch.com
3424:
3423:
3419:
3409:
3407:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3383:
3381:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3350:Karlin, Susan.
3349:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3329:
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3283:
3282:
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3015:
3014:
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3000:
2998:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2972:
2965:ProSoundWeb.com
2958:
2957:
2953:
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2925:
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2904:
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2875:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2832:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2718:
2716:
2707:Estreich, Bob.
2706:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2644:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2392:
2385:
2382:
2375:
2372:
2363:
2356:
2347:
2344:
2280:
2274:
2212:
2206:
2191:in Germany and
2165:
2159:
2147:Sound intensity
2120:
2022:
1993:
1958:
1952:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1893:phone connector
1887:
1883:
1882:
1853:
1844:Tonaderspeisung
1839:
1830:
1824:
1780:field recording
1765:law enforcement
1701:
1668:
1662:
1630:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1577:
1561:
1546:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1518:help improve it
1515:
1506:
1502:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1433:
1359:
1347:
1325:omnidirectional
1321:
1319:Omnidirectional
1290:
1287:
1278:
1275:
1266:
1263:
1254:
1251:
1242:
1237:
1228:
1225:
1216:
1215:Omnidirectional
1213:
1201:
1199:Polar patterns
1188:
1139:
1130:
1102:
1096:
1072:
1066:
1035:
1029:
1019:monitoring and
968:
904:
876:
870:
818:
812:
749:singing into a
740:
720:
714:
647:Gerhard Sessler
635:
629:
589:
551:
547:
546:
527:
442:
429:
418:
412:
409:
398:
386:
375:
300:Humphrey Bogart
279:in England and
207:
185:plate; and the
120:sound recording
67:
63:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5639:
5637:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5593:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5566:
5564:
5560:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5469:
5467:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5448:Expansion card
5445:
5440:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5385:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5358:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5349:Microprocessor
5340:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5321:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5289:
5284:
5278:
5276:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5237:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5219:
5217:
5215:Output devices
5211:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5157:
5152:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5119:Pointing stick
5116:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5083:
5081:
5072:
5066:
5065:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5046:
5039:
5031:
5022:
5021:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4956:
4955:Related topics
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4911:Lejaren Hiller
4908:
4903:
4898:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4870:Sound operator
4867:
4865:Sound follower
4862:
4860:Sound designer
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4820:Audio engineer
4816:
4814:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4765:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4638:Bass amplifier
4635:
4633:Mixing console
4629:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4606:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4444:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4376:
4371:
4369:Mixing console
4366:
4360:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4332:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4269:
4268:External links
4266:
4265:
4264:
4251:
4246:Eargle, John.
4244:
4239:Corbett, Ian.
4235:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4203:
4178:
4169:
4160:
4136:
4129:
4106:
4097:
4066:
4042:
4021:
4002:
3960:(1): 575–588.
3940:
3906:(4): 895–906.
3886:
3865:
3838:
3831:
3808:
3789:(1): 162–174.
3770:
3763:
3743:
3717:
3711:Geoff Martin,
3694:
3675:
3657:
3635:
3608:
3582:
3571:(4): 254–264.
3553:
3535:
3514:
3486:
3464:
3442:
3417:
3405:CUIDevices.com
3391:
3365:
3342:
3323:
3276:
3242:(2): 367–373.
3219:
3194:
3172:
3154:
3132:
3109:
3090:
3055:
3030:
3008:
2982:
2951:
2919:
2898:
2891:
2873:
2864:
2838:
2806:
2774:
2765:
2753:"David Hughes"
2744:
2726:
2699:
2692:
2678:Nahin, Paul J.
2669:
2654:
2643:. July 1, 2017
2628:
2609:
2598:(6): 242–245.
2582:
2556:
2530:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2398:
2397:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2366:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2338:
2273:
2270:
2258:
2257:
2246:
2240:
2233:
2230:Surround sound
2227:
2208:Main article:
2205:
2202:
2161:Main article:
2158:
2155:
2119:
2116:
2021:
2018:
1992:
1989:
1966:power transfer
1954:Main article:
1951:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1916:
1880:
1852:
1849:
1838:
1835:
1826:Main article:
1823:
1820:
1757:satellite dish
1700:
1697:
1664:Main article:
1661:
1658:
1632:
1631:
1614:
1613:
1564:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1547:
1530:September 2023
1509:
1507:
1500:
1495:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1432:
1431:Bi-directional
1429:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1410:super-cardioid
1406:
1398:hyper-cardioid
1358:
1355:
1346:
1345:Unidirectional
1343:
1320:
1317:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1187:
1184:
1160:walkie-talkies
1138:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1098:Main article:
1095:
1092:
1068:Main article:
1065:
1062:
1046:interferometer
1031:Main article:
1028:
1025:
967:
964:
903:
902:Piezoelectric
900:
872:Main article:
869:
866:
842:sound pressure
834:bi-directional
814:Main article:
811:
808:
794:magnetic field
790:induction coil
739:
736:
716:Main article:
713:
710:
631:Main article:
628:
625:
588:
585:
526:
523:
511:polar patterns
441:
438:
431:
430:
389:
387:
380:
374:
371:
359:Shure Brothers
339:ribbon speaker
335:Harry F. Olson
281:Emile Berliner
239:Reis telephone
227:Antonio Meucci
206:
203:
124:two-way radios
112:motion picture
90:that converts
44:Shure Brothers
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5638:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5520:Parallel port
5518:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5403:
5400:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5376:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5336:Computer case
5333:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5312:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5269:
5263:
5262:Graphics card
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5192:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5160:Graphics card
5158:
5156:
5155:Image scanner
5153:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5070:Input devices
5067:
5063:
5060:
5052:
5047:
5045:
5040:
5038:
5033:
5032:
5029:
5019:
5018:
5005:
4999:
4998:Vehicle audio
4996:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4967:High fidelity
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4602:Digital audio
4599:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4547:
4546:Tape recorder
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4516:Cassette deck
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4453:Magnetic tape
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4430:Outboard gear
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4364:Audio channel
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4314:
4309:
4307:
4302:
4300:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4217:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4164:
4161:
4148:
4147:
4140:
4137:
4132:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4101:
4098:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4054:
4053:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4025:
4022:
4012:
4006:
4003:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3944:
3941:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3887:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3853:
3849:
3842:
3839:
3834:
3832:9783642337529
3828:
3824:
3823:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3764:9781136118135
3760:
3756:
3755:
3747:
3744:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3679:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3658:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3609:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3557:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3502:
3501:
3500:Seeking Alpha
3496:
3490:
3487:
3474:
3468:
3465:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3392:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3346:
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3333:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3277:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
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3237:
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3223:
3220:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3120:
3119:"Microphones"
3113:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3056:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3009:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2952:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2892:9780955140808
2888:
2884:
2877:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2791:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2693:9780801869099
2689:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2665:
2658:
2655:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2583:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2557:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2531:
2523:September 10,
2519:
2518:
2513:
2506:
2503:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2349:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2284:
2279:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2243:High fidelity
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2224:ambient noise
2221:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2129:
2124:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2064:Close talking
2061:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2026:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1997:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1936:
1933:
1920:
1917:
1894:
1881:
1878:
1877:XLR connector
1874:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1857:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1816:Janet Jackson
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1761:eavesdropping
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1646:
1638:
1628:
1625:
1610:
1607:
1599:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1565:This section
1563:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1544:
1541:
1533:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1510:This section
1508:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1430:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1308:perpendicular
1305:
1301:
1298:of points in
1297:
1285:
1280:
1273:
1268:
1265:Hypercardioid
1261:
1256:
1253:Supercardioid
1249:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1230:
1223:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1136:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1106:
1101:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1077:sulfuric acid
1071:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
987:
985:
977:
976:Optoacoustics
972:
965:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
940:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
913:
908:
901:
899:
897:
891:
884:
880:
875:
867:
865:
863:
859:
858:nanomaterials
854:
849:
847:
846:Blumlein pair
843:
839:
835:
826:
822:
817:
809:
807:
805:
800:
795:
791:
787:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
759:
752:
748:
744:
737:
735:
733:
729:
725:
719:
711:
709:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
686:
684:
680:
676:
675:electrostatic
672:
668:
664:
663:ferroelectric
660:
656:
652:
648:
639:
634:
626:
624:
622:
621:Leon Theremin
618:
614:
609:
604:
597:
593:
586:
584:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
544:
540:
536:
532:
524:
522:
518:
516:
512:
507:
506:phantom power
502:
499:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
462:
454:
446:
439:
437:
427:
424:
416:
406:
402:
396:
395:
390:This section
388:
384:
379:
378:
372:
370:
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
348:Academy Award
345:
344:Electro-Voice
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
324:Alan Blumlein
321:
317:
313:
305:
304:Lauren Bacall
301:
297:
293:
291:
286:
285:Thomas Edison
282:
278:
274:
267:in the 1870s.
266:
262:
258:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
231:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
212:amphitheaters
204:
202:
200:
196:
192:
191:piezoelectric
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
161:
160:knock sensors
157:
153:
149:
145:
144:mobile phones
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
79:
61:
57:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5426:Power MOSFET
5409:Power supply
5378:Data storage
5314:Flash memory
5292:Optical disc
5274:data storage
5171:
5008:
4741:Sound module
4701:Drum machine
4643:Effects unit
4536:Player piano
4463:Compact disc
4399:
4385:Effects unit
4258:
4247:
4240:
4219:. Retrieved
4215:
4206:
4194:. Retrieved
4191:FilmeBase.pt
4190:
4181:
4172:
4163:
4151:. Retrieved
4145:
4139:
4119:
4115:Eargle, John
4109:
4100:
4088:. Retrieved
4083:
4057:. Retrieved
4051:
4045:
4030:
4024:
4005:
3993:. Retrieved
3957:
3953:
3943:
3931:. Retrieved
3903:
3899:
3889:
3877:. Retrieved
3868:
3856:. Retrieved
3851:
3841:
3821:
3786:
3782:
3753:
3746:
3734:. Retrieved
3730:the original
3720:
3712:
3697:
3678:
3669:
3660:
3648:. Retrieved
3638:
3628:February 12,
3626:. Retrieved
3622:the original
3611:
3599:. Retrieved
3595:
3585:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3547:
3538:
3528:November 24,
3526:. Retrieved
3517:
3505:. Retrieved
3498:
3489:
3477:. Retrieved
3467:
3457:November 27,
3455:. Retrieved
3445:
3433:. Retrieved
3429:
3420:
3408:. Retrieved
3404:
3394:
3382:. Retrieved
3378:
3368:
3360:the original
3356:RT-Image.com
3355:
3345:
3326:
3293:
3289:
3279:
3267:. Retrieved
3260:the original
3239:
3235:
3222:
3210:. Retrieved
3206:
3197:
3189:the original
3184:
3175:
3166:
3157:
3149:the original
3144:
3135:
3123:. Retrieved
3112:
3104:the original
3093:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3046:. Retrieved
3042:
3033:
3025:the original
3020:
3011:
2999:. Retrieved
2995:the original
2985:
2975:February 14,
2973:. Retrieved
2969:the original
2964:
2954:
2942:. Retrieved
2938:the original
2933:Mix Magazine
2931:
2922:
2910:. Retrieved
2901:
2882:
2876:
2867:
2855:. Retrieved
2851:
2841:
2830:the original
2825:
2799:December 17,
2797:. Retrieved
2790:the original
2777:
2768:
2758:December 17,
2756:. Retrieved
2747:
2738:
2719:December 30,
2717:. Retrieved
2713:the original
2702:
2682:
2672:
2663:
2657:
2645:. Retrieved
2640:
2631:
2623:the original
2612:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2575:February 13,
2573:. Retrieved
2569:
2559:
2549:February 13,
2547:. Retrieved
2544:Mental Floss
2543:
2533:
2521:. Retrieved
2515:
2505:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2359:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2272:Windscreens
2259:
2254:subcutaneous
2213:
2198:
2166:
2140:
2132:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2081:micropascals
2069:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2043:
2031:
2002:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1959:
1940:
1870:
1840:
1831:
1812:Garth Brooks
1788:
1773:
1742:
1721:
1710:
1702:
1692:
1688:
1687:approach is
1685:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1652:
1651:
1620:
1602:
1596:January 2023
1593:
1578:Please help
1566:
1536:
1527:
1511:
1487:
1480:
1474:
1473:Please help
1470:
1436:
1434:
1426:
1421:sub-cardioid
1420:
1413:
1409:
1397:
1391:
1387:
1370:
1368:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1313:
1293:
1189:
1168:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1111:
1073:
1054:
1043:
1036:
1014:
1007:
992:
988:
981:
941:
923:
919:
917:
892:
888:
850:
830:
783:
773:) works via
770:
766:
764:
721:
698:preamplifier
695:
687:
678:
674:
670:
644:
602:
601:
587:RF condenser
581:
538:
530:
528:
519:
503:
494:
489:
485:
482:audio signal
477:
473:
469:
467:
434:
419:
410:
399:Please help
394:verification
391:
356:
328:
309:
270:
232:
224:
216:Robert Hooke
208:
195:preamplifier
164:
104:hearing aids
83:
59:
55:
53:
36:
5601:Microphones
5525:Serial port
5516:(IEEE 1394)
5493:DisplayPort
5483:Thunderbolt
5356:Motherboard
5319:Memory card
5287:Floppy disk
5129:Touchscreen
4982:Music store
4977:Home cinema
4936:Robert Moog
4921:Max Mathews
4845:Piano tuner
4813:Professions
4789:Scorewriter
4746:Synthesizer
4562:Loudspeaker
3995:February 1,
3933:February 1,
3296:: 408–409.
2647:December 1,
2483:to mic/mike
2295:windshields
2291:Windscreens
2250:beamforming
2248:3D spatial
2187:in the UK,
2157:Calibration
2128:shock mount
2112:noise floor
2093:A-weighting
1919:3.5 mm
1767:, and even
1227:Subcardioid
1152:sensitivity
1148:directivity
1144:Reciprocity
984:fiber-optic
966:Fiber-optic
862:transformer
825:Edmund Lowe
786:loudspeaker
747:Patti Smith
728:vacuum tube
263:invented a
251:Elisha Gray
5595:Categories
5272:Removable
5257:Sound card
5187:Sound chip
5182:Sound card
5172:Microphone
5062:components
4972:Home audio
4962:Audiophile
4779:GarageBand
4625:Live music
4567:Headphones
4531:Phonograph
4400:Microphone
4395:Headphones
4341:Electrical
4336:Mechanical
4216:Rycote.com
4011:US 4361736
3507:August 23,
3435:August 21,
3332:US 6462808
3043:Britannica
2852:Ethos3.com
2497:References
2408:Hydrophone
2331:pop filter
2278:Pop filter
2276:See also:
1944:radio pack
1476:improve it
1339:eight ball
1150:, and low
1057:vibrations
1017:infrasound
936:transistor
751:Shure SM58
732:tube sound
613:Sennheiser
577:RC circuit
440:Condenser
413:April 2023
167:sound wave
136:television
128:megaphones
100:telephones
88:transducer
56:microphone
5535:PS/2 port
5530:Game port
5443:Fax modem
5282:Disk pack
5134:Trackball
5097:Light pen
4736:Sequencer
4663:PA system
4592:Subwoofer
4577:PA system
4511:Amplifier
4473:Hard disk
4390:Equalizer
4176:IEC 61094
3803:206602089
3670:MicSpeech
3601:April 11,
3475:. Knowles
3410:March 27,
3384:March 20,
3318:110338054
3269:March 28,
3001:April 13,
2944:April 10,
2414:Ionophone
2303:zeppelins
2262:perimeter
2173:calibrate
2038:frequency
1985:amplifier
1962:impedance
1776:broadcast
1769:espionage
1567:does not
1482:talk page
1192:diaphragm
1175:bass drum
1156:intercoms
671:polarized
617:the Thing
373:Varieties
354:in 1963.
350:-winning
292:in 1910.
183:capacitor
179:diaphragm
140:computers
5514:FireWire
5507:Obsolete
5473:Ethernet
5252:Speakers
5150:Keyboard
5124:Touchpad
5059:computer
4784:ProTools
4761:Software
4751:Theremin
4691:Chiptune
4648:Foldback
4478:MiniDisc
4153:July 19,
4090:June 27,
4059:July 19,
4035:Archived
3990:73422758
3982:30710946
3879:July 30,
3858:July 30,
3736:July 30,
3705:Archived
3686:Archived
3650:April 4,
3212:June 15,
3125:March 7,
2912:June 18,
2680:(2002).
2402:Geophone
2380:See also
2266:computer
2143:pressure
2050:decibels
1837:Powering
1833:sounds.
1795:aircraft
1660:Boundary
1452:Shotgun
1379:monitors
1375:cardioid
1371:cardioid
1240:Cardioid
1179:drum set
910:Vintage
738:Dynamic
691:lavalier
659:electret
651:Jim West
557:coulombs
94:into an
5563:Related
5466:Current
5307:Blu-ray
5245:Plotter
5240:Printer
5223:Monitor
5199:Softcam
5107:Optical
4880:Tape op
4731:Sampler
4221:June 3,
4196:June 3,
3962:Bibcode
3928:3298960
3908:Bibcode
3548:EETimes
3479:July 5,
3298:Bibcode
3244:Bibcode
3145:AKG.com
3073:Bibcode
3048:June 2,
2604:3294133
2459:bicycle
2307:baskets
2200:level.
2089:Neumann
1926:⁄
1910:⁄
1900:⁄
1886:⁄
1747:uses a
1725:insects
1588:removed
1573:sources
1516:Please
1177:) in a
995:EMI/RFI
912:Astatic
838:diagram
799:voltage
550:⁄
543:voltage
541:). The
529:With a
490:capsule
486:element
205:History
86:, is a
5421:MOSFET
5361:Memory
5228:Screen
5194:Webcam
5057:Basic
4994:(NIME)
4668:Reverb
4127:
4017:
3988:
3980:
3926:
3829:
3801:
3761:
3338:
3316:
2889:
2857:May 9,
2690:
2602:
2305:, and
2299:blimps
2256:sounds
2216:tandem
2204:Arrays
2169:pascal
2055:smooth
1755:(e.g.
1446:vector
1442:scalar
1437:change
1171:woofer
1128:Plasma
1082:caveat
1064:Liquid
1001:or in
868:Carbon
810:Ribbon
679:magnet
561:farads
535:biased
130:, and
82:), or
5540:eSATA
5458:Ports
5143:Other
5102:Mouse
4946:STEIM
4941:SMPTE
4916:IRCAM
4381:(DAW)
3986:S2CID
3924:S2CID
3799:S2CID
3314:S2CID
3263:(PDF)
3232:(PDF)
2833:(PDF)
2822:(PDF)
2793:(PDF)
2786:(PDF)
2600:JSTOR
2487:miced
2479:miked
2437:Notes
2360:blimp
2077:dB(A)
2034:phase
2005:AES42
1942:as a
1875:Male
1296:locus
1289:Lobar
1027:Laser
661:is a
565:volts
181:as a
132:radio
92:sound
5498:HDMI
5414:SMPS
5402:SSHD
5396:NVMe
5392:SATA
5371:BIOS
4716:MIDI
4488:Opus
4223:2024
4198:2024
4155:2023
4125:ISBN
4092:2022
4061:2023
3997:2021
3978:PMID
3935:2021
3881:2013
3860:2013
3827:ISBN
3759:ISBN
3738:2013
3652:2020
3630:2015
3603:2023
3530:2009
3509:2009
3481:2011
3459:2015
3437:2014
3412:2023
3386:2023
3294:3110
3271:2023
3214:2022
3127:2014
3050:2024
3003:2013
2977:2023
2946:2013
2914:2018
2887:ISBN
2859:2023
2801:2012
2760:2012
2721:2013
2688:ISBN
2649:2022
2577:2024
2551:2024
2525:2010
2471:mike
2457:for
2455:bike
2451:mike
2293:(or
2193:NIST
2036:and
2003:The
1814:and
1675:and
1571:any
1569:cite
1419:The
1114:MEMS
1112:The
1094:MEMS
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