Cardiovascular disease in women

1696:(SLE) are significantly more likely to occur in women. Some populations of women are also more likely to be affected than others. For example, SLE is two to four times more prevalent in black women when compared to white women. Studies have also shown that women with SLE are at least nine times more likely to experience a myocardial infarction when compared to the general population, with some estimates showing a 50-fold increase in risk. Similarly, RA increases the risk of death from CVD by 50%. In autoimmune diseases, the immune system reacts to the individual's antigens itself, which can cause local or systemic issues. This is furthered by the microvasculature in women that puts women at increased risk to develop autoimmune diseases themselves. 2222:). Not only does ROS physiologically have a role in controlling the vasculature through tone and endothelial and cardiac function, but it also is a vital player in inflammation, promoting apoptosis, angiogenesis and much more. Additionally, ROS causes oxidative stress within the body which, although may not be the sole proprietor, exacerbates the various factors that contribute to developing CVD, especially hypertension. Finally, ROS also act as signaling molecules to induce the body's inflammatory response to prevent any further damage from happening, which can lead to cell and tissue damage of the vasculature if not moderated appropriately. 1794:(CHF) is where the heart muscle is unable to pump blood efficiently or at its normal capacity, preventing it from meeting our body's needs. This can cause fluid build-up in various organs, including the lungs and the heart itself, which also makes it life-threatening. Women and men tend to present similarly for CHF, although women frequently report having more of the symptoms, such as shortness of breath. As well, women typically reflect a normal level of amount of blood pumped from the heart, known as the ejection fraction, which makes diagnosis difficult as it is a crucial sign used to identify CHF. 2257:: The mitochondria is a contributor to the levels of ROS we see within our body. Not only does it produce it, but is also vulnerable to the damage caused by ROS. It also is a key player of cell function in the cardiovascular system. With this damage to the mitochondria, the cell's function may be altered as not enough energy is being produced as needed, thus hindering the cell's ability to function optimally. These events create a disastrous feedback loop where further mitochondrial damage results in increased ROS production, which furthers the damage and contributes to the risk of developing CVD. 1774:). Although it is normal for the heartbeat to fluctuate at times of activity or rest, chronic consistent irregularity may cause not enough blood to reach all parts of the body, as well as put the individual at an increased risk of blood clotting. This can lead to other forms of CVD that may be life-threatening, such as a stroke, if the blood clot travels to the brain. As women typically have more rapid normal heart rates and receive differing electrocardiogram results than men, is important for practitioners to approach these cases differently than men to make a rapid diagnosis. 1640:– females are at a lower risk of developing CVD. However, menopause is associated with a decrease in estrogen production. This allows for typical cardiovascular issues to implement their effects with little protection from the women's body. In rare cases, early menopause is correlated with increased CVD risk, although the relationship between the two is complex. Premature menopause is defined as menopause prior to the age of 40. Although the relationship between the two is complex, it seems to be due to the prevalence of atherosclerosis in perimenopause. 39: 2239:: Nitric oxide synthases are known for producing nitric oxide, which has numerous functions in the body including vasodilation – i.e. widening of the vessels. Nitric oxide reacts with other forms of ROS to create potent oxidants, consequently causing other pathologic conditions, including heart failure and myocardial infarction. Moreover, this family of enzymes are crucial signaling molecules in regulating vascular tone and multiple other functions. Thus, any disruption in regular functioning impacts the vascular tone regulation. 1396:

women, the disparity still persists. A 2007 study that black and Hispanic women were nearly half as aware (31% and 29% respectively) than their white counterparts (68%). This is alarming as minority groups have been shown to be at an increased risk of higher cholesterol levels and many other risk factors that cause CVD. Studies have found this may be due to lack of educational intervention being targeted to these groups to ensure equity access to health resources.

1707:(PCOS) is an endocrine disorder prevalent in young women that is classically associated with irregular menstruation, androgen excess, and infertility. It is unclear whether PCOS is associated with an increased risk of developing CVD. However, PCOS is associated with multiple traditional risk factors of CVD such as diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, which may naturally put the individual at increased risk of developing CVD. 2267:: A large contributing risk factor to the development of CVD is the production of plaque, also known as atherogenesis or atherosclerosis. This condition is known to involve multiple inflammatory cascades from the immune system responding to varying pathogens. Elevated inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-⍺, initiate a cascade conducive to plaque production. 1960:: Aspirin, or ASA, promotes platelet function inhibition which reduces the risk of plaque buildup in vessels. This has been shown to alleviate the effects of vessel narrowing and blood flow impairment, and prevent numerous CVDs. The Women's Health Study in 2005 also found that Aspirin reduced the risk of developing stroke, as well as myocardial infarction in some age groups, in the long term. 2046:

for women with CVD surpasses that of men from CVD. In Europe, over half of the deaths in women are attributed to CVD. The death rate in some Eastern European countries is high, with over 500 deaths per 100,000 population attributed to CVD. Studies predict that in certain developing countries in Asia and Africa, women will account for a greater percentage of deaths related to CVD by 2040.

1494:. With increasing body mass, the risk of developing various CVDs, such as ischemic stroke and coronary artery disease grows as the unhealthy lifestyle maintained prevents the cardiovascular system from functioning optimally. Women make up about 40% of obese adults over the age of 20. Postmenopausal women are also more likely to experience fat redistribution to the abdomen and develop 1783:

vessels to narrow, preventing blood from flowing smoothly through. As the heart compensates for this decrease in blood going out by pumping harder, this can lead to muscle weakness over time, subsequently leading to other life-threatening forms of CVD. The unusual symptoms seen in women with this condition include a sensation of crushing pressure and fatigue – feeling low on energy.

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conditions, including CVD. Women with type I diabetes were found to be twice as likely to experience adverse cardiovascular events when compared to men with the same disease, but were less likely to receive aggressive treatment to control modifiable risk factors. Women with Type II diabetes are also at greater risk than men with the same condition despite similar glycemic control.

2669: 1966:: Beta-blockers impede the effects of adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, and subsequently slow the heart rate. This type of medication is generally prescribed for hypertension, a major risk factor for many CVDs. However, recent studies have shown that this medication may lead to a higher rate of heart failure than men, thus these medications should be taken with precaution. 1978:: Calcium channel blockers are vasodilators, i.e. widen our arteries by regulating the calcium entering the cells, which lowers blood pressure. This has shown to be effective across all patient groups regardless of age and severity. This has been shown to be even more effective in combination with other therapies and must be used in moderation to prevent chronic cell damage. 1918:

heart muscle, allowing it to pump greater blood volume at a regular pace, thus preventing overexertion and tissue damage. Additionally, a diet with low trans fat, saturated fat, refined carbohydrates, and sugar-sweetened beverages, and enriched with fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and unsaturated fats have reflected a significant reduction in the risk of developing.

1888:: A nuclear stress test involves trace amount of a radioactive substance put into your blood and is followed as it flows through the heart. The imaging machine uses this as a guide to create a picture of the heart and the flow. By following the flow of the substance, healthcare providers are able to better understand where the impairment is and in what form. 1549:. The high burden of LDL cholesterol inside macrophages leads to an inflammatory response, which ultimately damages the inner lining of the blood vessels. Due to this damage, macrophages invade the cell wall of the blood vessels and cause the formation of a plaque. A plaque can lead to obstruction of the blood vessel and if this were to occur in a 1972:: Blood thinners prevent clot formation, which contribute to vessel blockage, and is an effective method of anticoagulation that naturally plays an important role in cardiovascular system conditions. Low dose blood thinners have shown to significantly reduce the risk of developing stroke, heart attacks and even the mortality associated with CVD. 2233:(XO): XO, under normal circumstances, is an important enzyme in producing uric acid, released from the kidneys. These are typically located in the liver, however under times of stress from ROS, can increase its activity. This elevates vascular tone and even ROS production in the form of superoxide, thus contributing to higher oxidative stress. 1541:(LDL). Then levels of these cholesterols can be determined by a blood test. HDL cholesterol is known as "the good cholesterol" and ideally it is recommended to have a high level of this cholesterol. HDL cholesterol works by removing LDL from the blood stream and returning it back to liver where it can not cause cardiovascular damage. 1818:: narrowing of the arteries that provide blood to the extremities due to the build-up of plaque. The lack of oxygen and nutrients can lead to tissue death and subsequent loss of the effected extremities. For this disease, women may or may not show signs, i.e. presenting asymptomatically, which can be a challenge in diagnosing. 4272:"European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012) : the fifth joint task force of the European society of cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts)" 1882:: This is a physical activity test for healthcare providers to be able to see how an individual's heart functions in times of physical stress. The results from this test can demonstrate how to guide treatments for different conditions and even the efficacy of the current treatment in affected individuals. 1392:

those ones found in the 2012 survey done by the American Heart Association. This shift in knowledge demonstrates a great need for cardiovascular health programs targeted to women, to ensure that they are able to successfully access the needed resources to ensure successful CVD treatment and prevention.

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In 1993, the FDA created a guide for researchers to follow when including women in their studies, with an updated action plan for this published in 2014. It is important to note that the 1993 policy effectively reversed one established in 1977 that called on fertile women to be excluded from clinical

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The prevalence of CVD has been shown to vary greatly amongst different ethnic and racial groups. Overall, ethnic minority women exhibit greater risk factors for CVD than white women. Black women are at the highest rate of CVD-related death. The cause for these gaps is still unclear, however, this may

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are at a higher risk of developing traditional risk factors for CVD, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. The irreversible changes made during pregnancy may make these women prone to CVDs in the long term. Additionally, women diagnosed with gestational diabetes remain at higher risk of

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CVD is the leading cause of death in women worldwide. Studies have shown a recent successful decline in CVD mortality overall. However, there is a strong indication for male-specific reductions being implemented in practice, thus female mortality still remains high, despite the incidence of CVD being

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This lack of awareness seems to also be prominent in the age groups of 25 to 34 years. Nearly 72% of women in this age group consider cancer to be the leading cause of death; however, as age increases, the understanding of heart diseases has also been shown to increase. A national survey conducted by

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Also in 2011, the European Society of Cardiology released guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy: the Task Force on the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases During Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology. As pregnancy is a crucial unique factor to consider

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In the United States, approximately 47.8 million women over the age of 20 were diagnosed with CVD between 2011 and 2014, and data from 2015 shows over 400,000 deaths due to CVD in women. While overall deaths from CVD are falling, the decline is slower in women, particular black women. The death rate

1984:: Diuretics assist the kidneys in clearing extra fluid present in the body to help maintain a steady blood volume for the heart to pump around. This helps bring blood pressure down, relieving pressure on the vessels and, consequently, the heart, thus making it a successful treatment for hypertension. 1936:

As CVD is the primary result of long-term damage to the cardiovascular system, research has been unable to develop a way to cure it permanently. However, through the available therapies and prevention strategies, there are methods of bettering its effects and making it so the individual's quality of

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The risk of CVD development increases as women age. During the fertility age of a woman, the high levels of estrogen provide cardioprotective effects. This, however, curbs significantly after menopause and increases the prevalence of CVD found in women. Research has found that for women 75 years old

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As a follow up, a recent 2019 AHA survey of the awareness of CVD being the leading cause of death in women has been on the decline in the last decade. The greatest differences were seen among Hispanic women, non-Hispanic Black women and the age group of 25 to 34 year old. These trends are similar to

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in 2000, women are now more aware of CVD as the leading cause of death in women than in 1997. Close to 90% of women are now aware that women experience heart disease symptoms gradually in later years and that the initial hours of treatment are critical to reducing damage to the brain and heart. This

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Furthermore, the anatomical features of the cardiovascular system have some differences in size between men and women. The size of the vessels in women is generally smaller in comparison to men. Thus, a smaller blockage can cause as much damage to women as a regular-sized blockage in men. Women also

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therapy: This form of therapy aims to reduce levels of fat in the blood, specifically triglycerides and cholesterols. The proposed mechanisms for them are that they stabilize the plaque and reduce blood clots, which prevents most CVDs from developing. As a primary prevention, they are significantly

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Nutrition and exercise: Adjusting an individual's lifestyle through their diet choices and increased physical activity has shown to reduce the long-term negatives associated with most risk factors, including plaque buildup and weakening of the heart muscle. Exercise has been shown to strengthen the

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However, many women are still unaware of the impact of CVD on women's health. This may be due to infrequent exposure to the concerns and a deficit of personalization in education to these groups, and little involvement of women in CVD research until 1986. Numerous studies have noted that many women

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Induction of oxidative enzymes: Cytosolic oxidases are another critical component in ROS production. These enzymes transfer electrons to create radicals or superoxide, and increase oxidative stress. These enzymes have also shown to be present in various physiological stressful situations, which is

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Cardiovascular disease is more prevalent in older populations. On average, women develop CVD approximately 10 years after their male counterparts. In the United States, approximately 6% of women over 20 have coronary heart disease. The highest prevalence of CVD is present in adults over the age of

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Lower socioeconomic status has been shown to be largely associated with an increased risk of CVD development. This may be due to a combination of psychosocial risk factors affecting those in these groups. Additionally, inequitable access to much-needed resources to appropriately identify and treat

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has been well established as risk factor for plaque formation which can lead to developing different forms of CVD. Previous studies have shown that 4-5 cigarettes per day almost doubled the risk of CVD and 20 cigarettes per day increased the risk of CVD by 6 times. Women who smoke face up to a 25%

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Moreover, trends have also demonstrated a difference in CVD risk and treatment amongst women from different ethnicities. In the 1980s, African American women had double the mortality rates compared to other women between the ages 30 to 39. Although this number has improved, in comparison to white

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is when the blood flow to parts of the heart is blocked, due to various reasons including plaque build-up, this can cause the heart muscle to die from not being used. This can lead to permanent heart damage, and may even result in death if not treated efficiently. Women can present with different

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There are numerous risk factors that have been found to be associated with developing CVD. A number of them are considered traditional, as they are found in men and women with CVD at high rates. However, there are also unique risk factors found only in women that are commonly associated with this

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size than men. This lowers the volume pumped out of the ventricle to the rest of the body, thus requiring their heart to beat faster to ensure a similar amount of blood is pumped out as men. These differences in addition to the cardiovascular functional differences, i.e. a slower fight or flight

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In 2004, the 1999 guideline was replaced by the Evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women by the American Heart Association. These guidelines underlined the importance of including women in research and challenged the notion that men and women are the same for CVD

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is any CVD that is caused by the valves, the door between the chambers of the heart; aortic, mitral, tricuspid, or pulmonary valve. These can be seen as either valve narrowing, also known as or stenosis, or regurgitation, incomplete closing of the valves which leads to leaking of blood backward

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Coronary Artery Disease (also known as coronary heart disease or ischemic heart disease) is a result of the build-up of substances in the walls of the vessels that provide blood to the heart and parts of the body, the coronary arteries. These substances, which can include cholesterol, cause the

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Pregnancy offers numerous vascular and metabolic changes that, although may seem temporary, result in long-term effects on the cardiovascular system. Women who deliver prior to 37 weeks gestation are at increased risk of developing CVD, with additional risk depending on the number and timing of

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is a result of limiting or blocking the blood supply to a part of the brain, preventing the tissues from receiving the needed oxygen and nutrients to continue to function. This blockage can occur through a blood clot cutting off circulation through an artery (ischemic stroke) or a blood vessel

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Lower levels of fitness are commonly associated with blockages and obstructed blood flow found in CVDs. As exercise promotes the use of the heart and improves oxygen affinity for muscles, this can help relieve stress from the heart and allow for it to pump at a normal pace while providing more

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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention division of heart disease and stroke prevention initiated the Well-Integrated Screening and Evaluation for WOMen Across the Nation (WISEWOMAN) awareness campaign in 1993. It was created to educate women on the risk factors associated with CVD and

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Because of the location of the heart in relation to the breasts, breast cancer treatments have shown to cause the increased risk, acute or chronic, of CVD. Exposure to radiation and chemotherapy in cancer treatments have shown to cause complications in the heart and its blood vessels, causing

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For the atypical symptoms, there are numerous that are commonly vague and seem to be unattached to specific diagnoses. Women generally develop angina and are less likely to present with myocardial infarction at the onset of cardiovascular diseases. The other symptoms to account for include:

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is also an important cardiovascular risk factor to consider. Data suggests that women with diabetes are at five times greater risk than those without for developing CVD. Uncontrolled levels of glucose can cause damage to the vessels and nerves alike, increasing the risk of developing other

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when compared to men. Studies have shown that women with depression are at greater risk of developing CVD when compared to peers without depression, although this relationship is still unclear. Moreover, depression has also been associated with smoking, a traditional risk factor for CVD.

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and European Health Network in 2006 started the transnational project for the prevention and management of CVD, where its objective was to "Address the significant burden of CVD in Europe and to determine specific areas of intervention to contribute to preventing avoidable deaths and

1894:: In this procedure, a thin tube is inserted and threaded to the chambers of the heart. This catheter allows for varying instruments to be inserted through it to either measure blood pressure, collect blood samples, or to remove a sample of the heart's tissue for further testing. 1870:: The Holter monitor is a portable device worn for a few days to monitor the heart's rhythm and any changes seen throughout the day. This allows for a more in depth understanding of how well the heart is functioning and whether any irregular patterns are common or infrequent. 2249:: These enzymes contribute significantly to the amount of ROS present in the body. If in cardiac distress, an individual may induce excessive production, which may in turn lead to the pathogenesis of varying forms of tissue damage and cellular dysfunction in cardiac muscles. 1937:

life remains. This can help manage and reduce further risk of developing life-threatening CVDs. The strategies that have been established in routine care include pharmacological therapies, lifestyle changes (including nutrition and exercise), surgery, and smoking cessation.

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have been shown to have major cardioprotective effects on women. This may be why it is less common to see women with CVD prior to menopause, after which estrogen levels decline rapidly. This causal relationship is still yet to be established clearly, as unfortunately

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The Journal of American College of Cardiology released a state-of-the-art review in 2017 called "Quality and equitable health care gaps for women: attributions to sex differences in cardiovascular medicine". This discussed the quality and equity of health care received by

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births. Data suggests that women with a history of preterm births have two times the risk of CVD-related deaths than women with regular-term births. This may be due to the complications associated with preterm birth and its effect on the mothers. Additionally,

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LDL cholesterol is known as "the bad cholesterol" and it is recommended to have a low level (130 mg/dL or less) anything higher can lead to a higher CVD risk. When there is a high level of LDL cholesterol in the blood it is up-taken by inflammatory cells known as

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both endorsed the necessity for gender-specific reporting or providing a reason for why it was not included in studies to ensure that researchers are held accountable. The United Nations specifically advocated for gender-sensitive strategies to be established by

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Due to anatomical and biological differences, women with CVD have been shown to present with the expected symptoms, as well as unusual and not expected symptoms of CVD in comparison to men. The traditional, or common, symptoms seen in both men and women include:

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The Hellenic Cardiac Society, a European organization, followed this up with a national action plan for CVD projected for 2008 to 2012. Its aim, through the American Heart Association and many other guidelines, was to prevent CVD, primarily heart disease and

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put forward huge legislation called the "Heart Disease, Education, Analysis, Research, Treatment for Women Act or Heart for Women Act". This is intended to provide healthcare professionals and others with gender-specific information for appropriate medical

2021:: the insertion of a thin tube with a balloon on the end into the clogged artery which becomes inflated to widen the channel for blood to pass through. In some cases, a stent is left behind to maintain the opening and prevent further relapse of the artery. 1518:. These factors, including others such as preeclampsia, have been shown to contribute to the risk of developing hypertension, and thus, consequently, CVDs from the resulting damage. Women who have chronic hypertension have a much higher risk of developing 1954:(ACEI): Both types of drugs work to limit the effects of angiotensin II, which raises blood pressure through a feedback loop in the kidneys. They have shown to greatly reduce the mortality associated with CVDs, with ACEIs being more effective than ARBs. 1265:

Since the mid-1980s, CVD has been the leading cause of death in women, despite being presumed to be a primarily male disease. Two types of CVDs are shown to be the leading causes of death in women globally according to the World Health Organization:

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Depending on the risks associated based on age, type of disease, prognosis, pregnancy or menopausal stages, the following primary preventions can be prescribed to women under the guidance and proper consultation with their healthcare provider.

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CVD is an umbrella term to encompass numerous conditions of the cardiovascular system. These can be chronic, i.e. ongoing issues, or acute, i.e. having a sudden onset. There are several different types of CVD, of which the most prevalent are:

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In 2016, two vital reports from Oxford and the United Nations, "Women's health: a new global agenda" and "Global Strategy for Women's, Children's, and Adolescents' Health (2016–2030)", were published, bringing much-needed attention to this

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Overall, these symptoms seem to be more present at rest than any other time of day for women, and at times of emotional distress. Women also tend to report milder symptoms, while also experiencing a combination of more symptoms than men.

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Linton, MacRae F.; Yancey, Patricia G.; Davies, Sean S.; Jerome, W. Gray; Linton, Edward F.; Song, Wenliang L.; Doran, Amanda C.; Vickers, Kasey C. (2000), Feingold, Kenneth R.; Anawalt, Bradley; Boyce, Alison; Chrousos, George (eds.),

5171:"Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy--I: Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration" 2082:

in postmenopausal women. Between 1988 and 1991, only 50% of the data analysis from trials that were not designed for women, accounted for the difference in gender. It was assumed that the drugs given to men would work if prescribed to

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increased risk of developing CAD compared to their male counterparts, with studies showing that reduction in smoking decreased the incidence of CAD in women by 13%. Furthermore, second-hand smoking may increase the risk of CVD by 25%.

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These are not the only steps that have been taken to include women in the scientific community. There have been numerous policies and practices already established and continuing to be added to address the growing concern of CVD.

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In the last few decades, the greatest changes have been made to acknowledge and focus on sex as an influential factor, thus establishing a great need to incorporate women into research. The events of significance are as follows:

1055: 1274:. However, until recently, the gender-specific data available on cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been sparse for numerous reasons. The risks of CVD were unaccounted for in women due to gender biases, under-representation in 1624:, including miscarriage and stillbirth, also contributed to a two-fold increase in risk of maternal CVD. Women who have high blood pressure and had complications in their pregnancy have three times the risk of developing 1328:

and are similarly influential on women as on men, recent research has found additional risks that should be added to this list as non-traditional or emerging factors. These include pregnancy-associated disorders such as

1876:(MRI): A cardiac MRI is an imaging machine that uses waves to develop a clear picture of your cardiovascular. It allows for a 3D image of the heart to be produced to allow for more thorough investigations of any issues. 5777:

Mosca L, Manson JE, Sutherland SE, Langer RD, Manolio T, Barrett-Connor E (October 1997). "Cardiovascular disease in women: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Writing Group".

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As there are a variety of CVDs and causes for CVD, there is no one specific mechanism that can cause CVD. However, there are general components shown to promote CVD development which can be found in a few pathways.

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Future research is working to establish gender-specific guidelines and ensure that treatments, diagnoses, and overall practices are adjusted to encompass the differences of women with CVD into clinical application.

5131:"Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular deaths, and cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis" 1990:(HRT): HRT is taken by women to replace the declining estrogen levels during times of menopause. This is to control the cardio-protection offered by estrogen as women hit menopause and their levels decline. 6044: 2063:

In 1994, the United Nations stated that in order to establish a policy, there must be more sex-specific research done regarding treatment efficacy, thus encouraging researchers to pursue this line of inquiry.

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Christian AH, Rosamond W, White AR, Mosca L (2007-01-01). "Nine-year trends and racial and ethnic disparities in women's awareness of heart disease and stroke: an American Heart Association national study".

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An echo provides an outline of the heart's function to help assess how well it is operating. This is often combined with a Doppler ultrasound to help track the blood flowing through the heart's chambers and

1857:(ECG or EKG): An ECG OR EKG monitors the wave representing the activity of the heart. Any discrepancies or changes in the typical patterns indicate a cardiac condition, such as CVD, affecting the individual. 1510:) alters the structure of vessels overtime, such as narrowing or complete blockage of blood flow through. This can subsequently lead to CVDs, including stroke. The prevalence of certain disorders such as 4917: 1904:: This cardiac CT scan is an x ray imaging machine that shows the blood supply to the heart and its arteries. This form of testing offers a non-invasive method to assess for narrowed or blocked vessels. 1458:

To ensure that practitioners are able to catch all cases and forms presented to them, it is crucial to ensure that women's diagnostic tests are adjusted to include all of these symptoms appropriately.

6798:"ESC Guidelines on the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy: the Task Force on the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)" 1278:, and lack of research. These factors contributed to an increase in preventable deaths in women due to CVD. Thus, this is now an integral area of research in the ongoing studies of women's health. 1293:, often presents symptoms in women differently than in men due to anatomical and hormonal differences. Research has shown that women may present with symptoms that are classically associated with 2793:"Ten-Year Differences in Women's Awareness Related to Coronary Heart Disease: Results of the 2019 American Heart Association National Survey: A Special Report From the American Heart Association" 2090:, also from the United States, moved forward with other milestones by publishing papers in 2001 and 2010 that recognized sex and gender for the first time as variables crucial in women's health. 1578:

Similar to hypertensive disease of pregnancy, the already prevalent risk factor of diabetes mellitus combined with pregnancy puts women at increased risk of developing CVD. Women diagnosed with

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In that same year, the released survey results that provided insight into the awareness within healthcare providers, and the gaps present in the research and clinical applications thus far.

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and contributing to blood clot formation. For patients that have a history of smoking, it is important to focus on quitting smoking to prevent additional damage and allow healing to begin.

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nutrients and oxygen to the body. An observational study found that those with limited physical activity in their day were at a 4.7 times increased risk for stroke and other forms of CVD.

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In 1999, the AHA created the Guide to preventive cardiology for women guideline to be used by the scientific community. This was the first of its kind in advising CVD management in women.

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CVD remains the most common cause of death for women, with approximately one-third of deaths worldwide attributed to CVD. In 2015, approximately 8.5 million women died from the disease.

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were unable to identify common risk factors or acknowledge whether they were at possible risk of developing CVD, with quite a few even believing that CVD was a male-exclusive condition.

7097: 2336: 1060: 1341:, and even depression. This discrepancy is furthered by the under-enrollment of women in research studies establishing a CVD treatment baseline in women for healthcare practitioners. 1281:

Overall, these factors are instrumental in the key differences seen in CVD presentation, which must be accounted for in diagnostic and treatment practices from healthcare providers.

2070:(FDA) of the United States established their Office of Women's Health around this time, in 1991, concentrating on the underrepresentation of women in research, especially with CVD. 1387:

Analysis of data suggests further improvement in the educational efforts and awareness among women, especially of racial and ethnic minorities, as they face higher mortality rates.

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is further supported by a study done in Italy in 2022 that found a vast majority of their participants were able to successfully identify CVD as a leading cause of death in women.

2104:, which in 2014, promoted more gender-specific approaches to data analysis and health-inequality monitoring to ensure that a more sustainable approach was taken to this research. 1850:

There are various tests that are used to diagnose CVDs. These include scans, imaging, blood work, and other laboratory tests. Here are the most frequently used diagnostic tests:

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Blair SN, Kohl HW, Paffenbarger RS, Clark DG, Cooper KH, Gibbons LW (November 1989). "Physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy men and women".

4392: 3916: 3568: 1210: 1182: 4142:"Ethnic and socioeconomic differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors: findings for women from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994" 6530: 1620:(IUGR), which affect up to 10% of all births, in prior pregnancies is associated with an increase in maternal CVD risk for both the mother and the baby. Finally, prior 6033: 2000:: Nitroglycerin and other nitrogen oxide use have been a strong influence on vasodilation, cell permeability, inflammation, and various other cardiovascular processes. 2014:: In severe cases of CVD, various forms of surgeries offer a more permanent treatment to replace or remake the affected vasculature to prevent this from reoccurring. 2027:: using another blood vessel to replace and divert blood around an occluded vessel to maintain regular blood flow of nutrients and oxygen, and prevent tissue death. 6531:"The League of European Research Universities analyses the role of gender and sex analysis in research and innovation • European Platform of Women Scientists EPWS" 2198:(ROS): ROS are produced through numerous processes in our cells, including the induction of oxidative enzymes. The notable species involved in human cells include 1371:

AHA in 2012, suggested increased rates of awareness and consciousness. According to the fifteen-year trend report, some of the significant changes are as follows:

1924:: The adverse effects associated with smoking have overwhelmingly shown it to contribute to numerous risk factors that cause CVDs. These include contributing to 1766:(also known as cardiac arrhythmias, heart arrhythmias, or dysrhythmias) is an irregular heartbeat. The heartbeat is the rate at which the heart beats: too slow ( 2151:

pathogenesis and these differences should encourage research and treatment to be approached accordingly. There were additional updates to this in 2007 and 2011.

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Montezano AC, Touyz RM (May 2012). "Molecular mechanisms of hypertension--reactive oxygen species and antioxidants: a basic science update for the clinician".

2891:"Knowledge, preventive action, and barriers to cardiovascular disease prevention by race and ethnicity in women: an American Heart Association national survey" 2074:

trials, which had furthered the lack of women present in research at the time. This was done to address concerns of birth defects among infants and changes in

6643:"AHA/ACC scientific statement: consensus panel statement. Guide to preventive cardiology for women. American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology" 2175:

in women, these guidelines encouraged the scientific community to be able to tailor treatment plans accordingly. There was one update to this made in 2018.

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response, sympathetic activity, and a high rest and digest response, parasympathetic activity, may result in differing presentations of women's illnesses.

4227:

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have not been successful in controlling this effect and may reflect a larger feedback loop in play to protect females of reproductive age from CVD.

1381:

In case of experiencing a heart attack, 10% of Hispanic women were reported to initially take aspirin, compared to 22% black and 18% of white women.

2406:

Worrall-Carter L, Ski C, Scruth E, Campbell M, Page K (December 2011). "Systematic review of cardiovascular disease in women: assessing the risk".

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In 2012 the level of awareness increased in women from different ethnicities with percentages rising up to 65% white, 36% black, and 34% Hispanic.

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3944:"Association Between Chronic Hypertension and the Risk of 12 Cardiovascular Diseases Among Parous Women: The Role of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes" 3596:"Association Between Chronic Hypertension and the Risk of 12 Cardiovascular Diseases Among Parous Women: The Role of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes" 1309:. Some healthcare providers may misidentify the causes of these symptoms, attributing them to gastrointestinal or psychological causes instead. 2254: 2094: 1427:

However, some studies have shown that chest pain is not as common a symptom in women. Thus, its absence cannot rule out the likeliness of CVD.

1134: 4368: 2328: 5261:"Prior Beta-Blocker Therapy for Hypertension and Sex-Based Differences in Heart Failure Among Patients With Incident Coronary Heart Disease" 4701: 6556:

Global Strategy for Women's, Children's and Adolescents' Health (2016–2030): early childhood development: report by the Director-General

4600: 2134:

in 2016 provided a published guide for Horizon 2020 to address participation gaps for women in research and strategies to approach this.

1842:

through the chambers of the heart. Of these, mitral regurgitation followed by aortic stenosis are the most common forms found in women.

1065: 5722: 2977:"Outcomes of a Clinic-Based Educational Intervention for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention by Race, Ethnicity, and Urban/Rural Status" 1873: 1196: 1177: 7404: 2097:

and the Canadian Institute of Gender and Health produced a tool to make incorporating sex and gender as variables easier in research.

2167: 1807:

symptoms than men, including jaw pain and nausea/vomiting, thus it is important to be alert for unusual symptoms reported by women.

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can be seen in 10% of pregnancies and has been recognized as a risk factor for developing new-onset hypertension after pregnancy.

7419: 5852: 5590: 4552: 378: 6773:"Text of H.R. 1032 (111th): Heart Disease Education, Analysis Research, and Treatment for Women Act (Passed the House version)" 4406: 1947: 1617: 1378:

In terms of knowledge of the symptoms of heart attack, 18% of women responded with nausea, while 56% responded with chest pain.

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The top 3 health management issues were reported to be exercise (by 49% of women), weight (by 47%), and cholesterol (by 45%).

53: 4528: 3771:"Summary of Updated Recommendations for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women: JACC State-of-the-Art Review" 3470:"Summary of Updated Recommendations for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women: JACC State-of-the-Art Review" 4576: 2741:"Fifteen-year trends in awareness of heart disease in women: results of a 2012 American Heart Association national survey" 2108: 1158: 1124: 1015: 4070: 2087: 2067: 1533:, is a type of lipid that has diverse function in the body. There are several types of cholesterol but the main two are 1289:

Cardiovascular disease in women may be misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed in women for a number of reasons. CVD, especially

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proposed a list of suggestions for how to undertake gender-specific research for universities, governments, and more.

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Estrogen has several cardioprotective effects on women, thus during the age of fertility – i.e. puberty to

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be related to genetics, socioeconomic status, education status, or inequitable health resources access.

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lower. The number of women surviving and dying from CVD far outweighs the number of men in comparison.

7395:

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Moreover, although certain factors traditionally associated with developing CVD include age,

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Sex/Gender Differences in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention What a Difference a Decade Makes

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associated with hypertension and other traditional risk factors negatively impacting CVD.

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effective on patients at reducing the mortality and other life-threatening aspects of CVD.

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has been shown to be associated with several other factors that can cause CVD, such as

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Due to biological and sociological causes, women are twice as likely to have

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Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

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80, and women and men have similar rates of disease after the age of 60.

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and higher, the incidence of CVD is significantly higher than for men.

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Chest pain or feeling of crushing pain in the chest

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Government of Canada. 2018-02-12 4706:Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery 4678:"Valvular Heart Disease | cdc.gov" 4431:"Women & Abnormal Heart Beats" 4029:Schenck-Gustafsson K (July 2009). 1874:Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging 1178:Birth control in the United States 14: 5278:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15323 4996:American Journal of Public Health 4771:Computers in Biology and Medicine 3961:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.20628 3613:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.20628 3145:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.968792 2168:American House of Representatives 2100:This was followed shortly by the 1071:Commission on the Status of Women 1039:Politics, research & advocacy 227:Excessive gestational weight gain 5424:10.1111/j.1751-7176.2011.00513.x 4783:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2014.02.012 4108:10.1001/jama.1989.03430170057028 2420:10.1111/j.1442-2018.2011.00645.x 1948:Angiotensin II receptor blockers 1553:it could increase the risk of a 1242:, including but not limited to, 379:Assisted reproductive technology 37: 6938:Pharmacology & Therapeutics 6240:New England Journal of Medicine 6050:from the original on 2021-07-14 4728:Revista Espanola de Cardiologia 4048:10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.02.014 3339:10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.02.014 2339:from the original on 2020-12-03 1898:Cardiac computerized tomography 1618:intrauterine growth restriction 1224:Cardiovascular disease in women 562:Sexually transmitted infections 5839:"Coronary artery bypass graft" 5632:10.1002/14651858.CD002229.pub4 5181:(6921): 81–106. January 1994. 5148:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.348 5094:The Journal of Family Practice 4922:Merck Manuals Consumer Version 3867:Demicheva E, Crispi F (2014). 2357:Coulter, Stephanie A. 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Cardiology 3929:10.3310/nihrevidence_60660 3836:10.1016/j.ajog.2013.09.020 3787:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.060 3738:10.1016/j.genm.2010.11.007 3581:10.3310/nihrevidence_60660 3487:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.060 2717:10.1001/archinte.158.4.333 2674:libraryssl.lib.mcmaster.ca 2644:10.1161/01.CIR.103.19.2318 2484:10.1016/j.ahjo.2022.100091 1444:Sudden and random sweating 1159:Women's health in Ethiopia 1125:Black Women's Health Study 197:Complications of pregnancy 180:Obstetrics and gynaecology 7209:10.18632/oncotarget.10744 6279:Journal of Women's Health 6163:"Women and Heart Disease" 5893:10.1080/07399330701723756 4289:10.1007/s12529-012-9242-5 4241:10.1038/nrcardio.2009.163 4194:Human Reproduction Update 3997:10.1080/13697130903013452 3720:Maric C (December 2010). 3042:10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000298 2981:Journal of Women's Health 2895:Journal of Women's Health 2856:Journal of Women's Health 2625:Robertson RM (May 2001). 2102:World Health Organization 1700:Polycystic ovary syndrome 1339:polycystic ovary syndrome 1148:Women's health by country 1103:Women's Health Initiative 941:Major depressive disorder 792:Non-communicable diseases 745:Intimate partner violence 86:External female genitalia 7350:10.1177/2050312120965752 6815:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr218 6322:Wood SF (October 2005). 6139:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi819 5792:10.1161/01.CIR.96.7.2468 5756:10.1001/jama.2013.281348 5559:10.1136/pgmj.2003.010835 5058:10.1253/circj.CJ-19-0323 5008:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303316 4702:"Valve Disease in Women" 4656:www.medicalnewstoday.com 4393:"What is an Arrhythmia?" 4071:"Exercise and the Heart" 3537:10.1177/2040622312438935 3292:"Heart Failure in Women" 1976:Calcium channel blockers 1792:Congestive heart failure 1787:Congestive heart failure 1535:high-density lipoprotein 684:Gynaecological disorders 462:Contraceptive prevalence 347:Compulsory sterilization 44:Symbol of women's health 7420:Cardiovascular diseases 6234:Angell M (2010-01-15). 5187:10.1136/bmj.308.6921.81 4319:Albert PR (July 2015). 4075:www.hopkinsmedicine.org 2940:Ethnicity & Disease 2582:Cardiovascular Research 2196:Reactive Oxygen Species 1941:Pharmacological therapy 1778:Coronary artery disease 1724:Breast cancer treatment 1539:low-density lipoprotein 1512:fibromuscular dysplasia 1244:coronary artery disease 1164:Women's health in India 1154:Women's health in China 960:Urinary tract infection 720:Non-reproductive health 6802:European Heart Journal 6126:European Heart Journal 5857:www.urmc.rochester.edu 5135:JAMA Internal Medicine 4941:Bove AA (2016-04-01). 4159:10.1001/jama.280.4.356 3402:10.14797/mdcj-13-4-185 3255:10.15420/ecr.2016:32:1 2751:(11): 1254–63, e1-29. 2545:10.14797/mdcj-13-4-185 2285:"Know the Differences" 1839:Valvular heart disease 1834:Valvular heart disease 1626:cardiovascular disease 1596:Hypertensive disorders 1520:cardiovascular disease 1516:secondary hypertension 1268:ischemic heart disease 1256:myocardial infarctions 1232:Cardiovascular disease 861:Cardiovascular disease 729:Violence against women 602:Female genital cutting 467:Contraceptive security 442:Hormonal contraception 384:In vitro fertilization 359:Reproductive life plan 202:Hyperemesis gravidarum 7172:www.sciencedirect.com 7102:www.sciencedirect.com 6560:World Health Assembly 6291:10.1089/jwh.2015.5671 6071:Zhang Y (July 2010). 5376:10.1056/NEJMoa1808848 4959:10.14797/mdcj-12-2-74 4206:10.1093/humupd/dml028 2993:10.1089/jwh.2015.5387 2907:10.1089/jwh.2009.1749 2868:10.1089/jwh.2006.M072 2576:Dart A (2002-02-15). 2237:Nitric oxide synthase 2088:Institute of Medicine 1804:Myocardial infarction 1798:Myocardial infarction 1598:in pregnancy such as 1555:myocardial infarction 1006:Healthcare inequality 984:Sociocultural factors 777:Gender discrimination 577:Human papilloma virus 298:Vesicovaginal fistula 7344:: 2050312120965752. 7132:Journal of Chemistry 6450:10.2147/RMHP.S264672 6215:www.womenshealth.gov 5237:10.1056/NEJMoa050613 3191:Circulation Research 2019:Coronary angioplasty 1880:Exercise stress test 1690:rheumatoid arthritis 1662:Socioeconomic status 1580:gestational diabetes 1335:gestational diabetes 1120:Nurses' Health Study 1021:Reproductive justice 965:Urinary incontinence 432:Intrauterine devices 303:Rectovaginal fistula 293:Obstetrical fistulae 222:Gestational diabetes 217:Obstetrical bleeding 192:Adolescent pregnancy 170:Gravidity and parity 165:Unintended pregnancy 7303:10.1189/jlb.0405182 7203:(32): 50814–50815. 7145:10.1155/2015/294858 6990:10.1155/2013/862423 6341:10.1056/NEJMp058225 5045:Circulation Journal 3243:European Cardiology 2132:European Commission 1886:Nuclear stress test 1739:female sex hormones 1688:conditions such as 1680:Autoimmune diseases 1438:Shortness of breath 1026:Women's empowerment 871:Alzheimer's disease 437:Oral contraceptives 322:Perinatal mortality 64:Reproductive health 7338:SAGE Open Medicine 6161:CDC (2020-01-31). 5841:. 24 October 2017. 4898:www.mayoclinic.org 4871:www.mayoclinic.org 4676:CDC (2019-12-09). 4454:CDC (2021-07-19). 4337:10.1503/jpn.150205 3991:(Suppl 1): 26–31. 3635:CDC (2020-01-31). 2093:Also in 2010, the 1653:Ethnicity and race 1496:metabolic syndrome 1404:Symptoms and signs 1130:Cartwright Inquiry 897:Autoimmune disease 829:Endometrial cancer 804:Gynecologic cancer 634:Sexual intercourse 472:Planned parenthood 452:Male contraceptive 76:Reproductive tract 7070:(10): 1278–1295. 6808:(24): 3147–3197. 6334:(16): 1650–1651. 5750:(22): 2451–2452. 5685:(19): 2393–2410. 5641:20.500.12105/9999 5494:(10): 1178–1195. 5369:(14): 1332–1342. 5314:medicalxpress.com 5230:(13): 1293–1304. 5051:(10): 1980–1985. 4734:(12): 1335–1338. 4102:(17): 2395–2401. 3886:10.1159/000353633 3781:(20): 2602–2618. 3480:(20): 2602–2618. 3139:(19): 2145–2154. 3030:BMJ Global Health 2987:(11): 1174–1186. 2637:(19): 2318–2320. 2263:infiltration and 2212:hydrogen peroxide 2208:hydroxyl radicals 1922:Smoking cessation 1855:Electrocardiogram 1644:Physical activity 1567:diabetes mellitus 1561:Diabetes mellitus 1354:Shifts and trends 1322:diabetes mellitus 1221: 1220: 1110: 1109: 1083: 1082: 975: 974: 910: 909: 856: 855: 839:Papanicolaou test 785: 784: 755:Sexual harassment 740:Domestic violence 711: 710: 707: 706: 703: 702: 699: 698: 597: 596: 288:Retained placenta 207:Ectopic pregnancy 7432: 7385:Go Red for Women 7372: 7371: 7361: 7329: 7323: 7322: 7286: 7280: 7279: 7269: 7237: 7231: 7230: 7220: 7188: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7178: 7164: 7158: 7157: 7147: 7123: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7108: 7094: 7088: 7087: 7059: 7048: 7047: 7019: 7013: 7012: 7002: 6992: 6968: 6962: 6961: 6933: 6918: 6917: 6907: 6883: 6877: 6876: 6858: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6817: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6742: 6728: 6722: 6721: 6703: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6662: 6653:(6): 1751–1755. 6638: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6628: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6578: 6572: 6571: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6542: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6517: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6493: 6479: 6473: 6472: 6462: 6452: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6418: 6403: 6397: 6396: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6343: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6302: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6183: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6141: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6100: 6068: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6049: 6038: 6030: 6024: 6023: 6005: 5996:(12): e67–e492. 5981: 5972: 5971: 5961: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5904: 5876: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5786:(7): 2468–2482. 5774: 5768: 5767: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5702: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5653: 5643: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5570: 5553:(942): 201–205. 5538: 5532: 5531: 5513: 5503: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5435: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5378: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5344: 5334:"Blood Thinners" 5330: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5280: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5239: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5198: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5150: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5109: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5060: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5019: 5002:(9): 1616–1623. 4987: 4981: 4980: 4970: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4890: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4823:"Holter monitor" 4819: 4813: 4812: 4809:Cleveland Clinic 4801: 4795: 4794: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4663: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4638: 4632:Cleveland Clinic 4624: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4587: 4581:Cleveland Clinic 4573: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4563: 4557:Cleveland Clinic 4549: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4515: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4484:Cleveland Clinic 4476: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4441: 4435:Cleveland Clinic 4427: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4417: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4395:. 24 March 2022. 4389: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4379: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4348: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4291: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4189: 4180: 4179: 4161: 4137: 4128: 4127: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4081: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4050: 4026: 4017: 4016: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3963: 3954:(7): 1427–1438. 3939: 3933: 3932: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3888: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3847: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3798: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3749: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3707: 3693: 3684: 3683: 3682: 3681: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3647: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3615: 3606:(7): 1427–1438. 3591: 3585: 3584: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3548: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3499: 3489: 3465: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3433: 3424: 3423: 3413: 3381: 3360: 3359: 3341: 3317: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3302: 3296:Cleveland Clinic 3288: 3277: 3276: 3266: 3234: 3225: 3224: 3214: 3197:(8): 1273–1293. 3182: 3167: 3166: 3156: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3099: 3075: 3064: 3063: 3053: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3004: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2955: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2918: 2901:(7): 1243–1249. 2886: 2880: 2879: 2850: 2841: 2840: 2822: 2812: 2803:(7): e239–e248. 2788: 2779: 2778: 2768: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2719: 2695: 2684: 2683: 2681: 2680: 2666: 2657: 2656: 2646: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2597: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2556: 2524: 2515: 2514: 2504: 2486: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2452: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2386: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2344: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2315: 2301: 2292: 2291: 2289: 2281: 2231:Xanthine oxidase 2200:superoxide anion 2031:Heart transplant 1846:Diagnostic tests 1557:(heart attack). 1260:aortic aneurysms 1213: 1206: 1199: 1085: 1043: 912: 800: 787: 724: 650: 558: 547: 283:Cesarian section 278:Obstructed labor 72: 59: 41: 16: 7440: 7439: 7435: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7430: 7429: 7410: 7409: 7381: 7379:Further reading 7376: 7375: 7331: 7330: 7326: 7288: 7287: 7283: 7239: 7238: 7234: 7190: 7189: 7185: 7176: 7174: 7166: 7165: 7161: 7125: 7124: 7115: 7106: 7104: 7096: 7095: 7091: 7061: 7060: 7051: 7021: 7020: 7016: 6970: 6969: 6965: 6935: 6934: 6921: 6885: 6884: 6880: 6836: 6835: 6831: 6795: 6794: 6790: 6781: 6779: 6771: 6770: 6766: 6758: 6754: 6753: 6749: 6740: 6738: 6730: 6729: 6725: 6681: 6680: 6676: 6640: 6639: 6635: 6626: 6624: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6602: 6598: 6597: 6593: 6585: 6580: 6579: 6575: 6554: 6553: 6549: 6540: 6538: 6529: 6528: 6524: 6515: 6513: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6491: 6489: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6430: 6429: 6425: 6416: 6414: 6405: 6404: 6400: 6362: 6361: 6357: 6321: 6320: 6316: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6219: 6217: 6209: 6208: 6204: 6195: 6193: 6185: 6184: 6180: 6171: 6169: 6160: 6159: 6155: 6132:(8): 994–1005. 6119: 6118: 6114: 6070: 6069: 6062: 6053: 6051: 6047: 6036: 6032: 6031: 6027: 5983: 5982: 5975: 5931: 5930: 5926: 5878: 5877: 5870: 5861: 5859: 5851: 5850: 5846: 5837: 5836: 5832: 5823: 5821: 5812: 5811: 5807: 5776: 5775: 5771: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5626:(3): CD002229. 5613: 5612: 5608: 5599: 5597: 5589: 5588: 5584: 5540: 5539: 5535: 5481: 5480: 5476: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5342: 5340: 5338:medlineplus.gov 5332: 5331: 5327: 5318: 5316: 5307: 5306: 5302: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5128: 5127: 5123: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5038: 5037: 5033: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4926: 4924: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4902: 4900: 4892: 4891: 4884: 4875: 4873: 4865: 4864: 4860: 4851: 4849: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4821: 4820: 4816: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4725: 4724: 4720: 4711: 4709: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4686: 4684: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4661: 4659: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4636: 4634: 4626: 4625: 4618: 4609: 4607: 4599: 4598: 4594: 4585: 4583: 4575: 4574: 4570: 4561: 4559: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4537: 4535: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4513: 4511: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4488: 4486: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4464: 4462: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4439: 4437: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4415: 4413: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4391: 4390: 4386: 4377: 4375: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4318: 4317: 4313: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4235:(11): 712–722. 4226: 4225: 4221: 4191: 4190: 4183: 4139: 4138: 4131: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4079: 4077: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4028: 4027: 4020: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3726:Gender Medicine 3719: 3718: 3714: 3705: 3703: 3695: 3694: 3687: 3679: 3677: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3645: 3643: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3467: 3466: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3434: 3427: 3383: 3382: 3363: 3319: 3318: 3309: 3300: 3298: 3290: 3289: 3280: 3236: 3235: 3228: 3184: 3183: 3170: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3077: 3076: 3067: 3023: 3022: 3018: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2953:10.1.1.483.4467 2937: 2936: 2932: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2852: 2851: 2844: 2790: 2789: 2782: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2697: 2696: 2687: 2678: 2676: 2668: 2667: 2660: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2526: 2525: 2518: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2450: 2448: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2342: 2340: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2313: 2311: 2303: 2302: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2221: 2217: 2205: 2189: 2056: 2040: 1998:Nitrogen Oxides 1934: 1926:atherosclerosis 1911: 1848: 1836: 1824: 1813: 1800: 1789: 1780: 1761: 1752: 1735: 1726: 1713: 1702: 1682: 1673: 1664: 1655: 1646: 1634: 1608: 1589: 1576: 1563: 1551:coronary artery 1528: 1504: 1485: 1473: 1464: 1441:Nausea/vomiting 1406: 1356: 1345:have a smaller 1287: 1276:clinical trials 1217: 1188: 1187: 1170:Family planning 1149: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1040: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1001:Gender equality 985: 977: 976: 971: 906: 852: 834:Cervical cancer 781: 721: 713: 712: 695: 664:Sex differences 648: 624:Forced marriage 593: 545: 497:Menstrual cycle 476: 417:Family planning 407: 353: 317:Maternal deaths 310:Postpartum care 268:Multiple births 150:Maternal health 144: 56: 46: 12: 11: 5: 7438: 7436: 7428: 7427: 7425:Women's health 7422: 7412: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7380: 7377: 7374: 7373: 7324: 7297:(4): 805–818. 7281: 7232: 7183: 7159: 7113: 7089: 7049: 7030:(3): 288–295. 7014: 6963: 6944:(2): 187–206. 6919: 6898:(2): 123–132. 6878: 6849:(3): 373–388. 6829: 6788: 6764: 6747: 6723: 6694:(5): 672–693. 6674: 6633: 6608: 6591: 6573: 6547: 6522: 6498: 6487:grants.nih.gov 6474: 6423: 6398: 6371:(6): 555–556. 6355: 6314: 6285:(3): 222–234. 6265: 6246:(4): 271–272. 6226: 6202: 6191:grants.nih.gov 6178: 6153: 6112: 6083:(6): 386–393. 6060: 6043:. March 2018. 6025: 5973: 5924: 5868: 5844: 5830: 5805: 5769: 5734: 5714: 5665: 5606: 5582: 5533: 5474: 5447: 5398: 5349: 5325: 5300: 5271:(3): 819–826. 5251: 5210: 5162: 5141:(5): 773–785. 5121: 5080: 5031: 4982: 4933: 4909: 4882: 4858: 4834: 4814: 4796: 4761: 4730:(in Spanish). 4718: 4693: 4668: 4643: 4616: 4592: 4568: 4544: 4520: 4495: 4471: 4446: 4422: 4398: 4384: 4360: 4331:(4): 219–221. 4311: 4282:(4): 403–488. 4262: 4219: 4200:(5): 483–497. 4181: 4152:(4): 356–362. 4129: 4086: 4062: 4041:(3): 186–190. 4018: 3975: 3934: 3908: 3879:(2): 143–153. 3859: 3830:(4): 285–297. 3810: 3761: 3732:(6): 551–556. 3712: 3685: 3652: 3627: 3586: 3560: 3511: 3445: 3425: 3396:(4): 185–192. 3361: 3332:(3): 186–190. 3307: 3278: 3226: 3168: 3119: 3065: 3036:(2): e000298. 3016: 2967: 2946:(1): 143–152. 2930: 2881: 2842: 2780: 2731: 2710:(4): 333–337. 2685: 2658: 2617: 2588:(3): 678–687. 2568: 2539:(4): 185–192. 2516: 2457: 2433: 2414:(4): 529–535. 2398: 2369:(2): 145–147. 2349: 2320: 2293: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2253:Uncoupling of 2251: 2250: 2240: 2234: 2219: 2215: 2203: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2164: 2160: 2152: 2148: 2145: 2136: 2135: 2128: 2124: 2117: 2113:United Nations 2105: 2098: 2091: 2084: 2071: 2064: 2055: 2052: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2009: 2008: 2001: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1970:Blood thinners 1967: 1961: 1955: 1933: 1930: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1895: 1889: 1883: 1877: 1871: 1868:Holter monitor 1865: 1861:Echocardiogram 1858: 1847: 1844: 1835: 1832: 1823: 1820: 1812: 1809: 1799: 1796: 1788: 1785: 1779: 1776: 1760: 1757: 1751: 1748: 1734: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1712: 1709: 1701: 1698: 1681: 1678: 1672: 1669: 1663: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1645: 1642: 1633: 1630: 1622:pregnancy loss 1607: 1604: 1588: 1585: 1575: 1572: 1562: 1559: 1527: 1524: 1503: 1500: 1484: 1481: 1472: 1469: 1463: 1460: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1405: 1402: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1355: 1352: 1286: 1285:Diagnostic gap 1283: 1252:cardiomyopathy 1228:women's health 1219: 1218: 1216: 1215: 1208: 1201: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1161: 1156: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1092: 1091: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1050: 1049: 1047:United Nations 1041: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 987: 986: 983: 982: 979: 978: 973: 972: 970: 969: 968: 967: 962: 957: 947: 946: 945: 944: 943: 933: 922: 919: 918: 908: 907: 905: 904: 899: 894: 893: 892: 891: 890: 875: 874: 873: 863: 857: 854: 853: 851: 850: 848:Ovarian cancer 845: 844: 843: 842: 841: 831: 824:Uterine cancer 821: 816: 810: 807: 806: 796: 795: 783: 782: 780: 779: 774: 769: 768: 767: 760:Sexual assault 757: 752: 747: 742: 736: 733: 732: 722: 719: 718: 715: 714: 709: 708: 705: 704: 701: 700: 697: 696: 694: 693: 692: 691: 681: 676: 671: 666: 660: 657: 656: 647: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 619:Child marriage 616: 615: 614: 609: 607:Clitoridectomy 598: 595: 594: 592: 591: 586: 585: 584: 574: 568: 565: 564: 554: 553: 544: 543: 542: 541: 531: 526: 521: 516: 515: 514: 509: 502:Menstrual aids 499: 494: 488: 485: 484: 478: 477: 475: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 447:Tubal ligation 444: 439: 434: 429: 423: 420: 419: 409: 408: 406: 405: 404: 403: 398: 388: 387: 386: 381: 376: 365: 362: 361: 355: 354: 352: 351: 350: 349: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 313: 312: 307: 306: 305: 300: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 250: 249: 248: 247: 246: 241: 231: 230: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 194: 189: 187:Antenatal care 184: 183: 182: 172: 167: 156: 153: 152: 146: 145: 143: 142: 137: 132: 130:Fallopian tube 127: 122: 117: 112: 111: 110: 105: 100: 99: 98: 82: 79: 78: 68: 67: 57: 52: 51: 48: 47: 42: 34: 33: 31:Women's health 27: 26: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7437: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7378: 7369: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7328: 7325: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7285: 7282: 7277: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7246:Redox Biology 7243: 7236: 7233: 7228: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7187: 7184: 7173: 7169: 7163: 7160: 7155: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7114: 7103: 7099: 7093: 7090: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7050: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7018: 7015: 7010: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6967: 6964: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6920: 6915: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6882: 6879: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6833: 6830: 6825: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6792: 6789: 6778: 6774: 6768: 6765: 6757: 6751: 6748: 6737: 6733: 6727: 6724: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6678: 6675: 6670: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6637: 6634: 6622: 6618: 6612: 6609: 6601: 6595: 6592: 6584: 6577: 6574: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6551: 6548: 6536: 6532: 6526: 6523: 6512: 6508: 6502: 6499: 6488: 6484: 6478: 6475: 6470: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6443:: 2079–2094. 6442: 6438: 6434: 6427: 6424: 6412: 6408: 6402: 6399: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6359: 6356: 6351: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6318: 6315: 6310: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6269: 6266: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6230: 6227: 6216: 6212: 6206: 6203: 6192: 6188: 6182: 6179: 6168: 6164: 6157: 6154: 6149: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6116: 6113: 6108: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6046: 6042: 6035: 6029: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5928: 5925: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5858: 5854: 5848: 5845: 5840: 5834: 5831: 5819: 5815: 5809: 5806: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5773: 5770: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5738: 5735: 5730: 5729: 5724: 5718: 5715: 5710: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5669: 5666: 5661: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5610: 5607: 5596: 5592: 5586: 5583: 5578: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5537: 5534: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5478: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5451: 5448: 5443: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5402: 5399: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5350: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5326: 5315: 5311: 5304: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5255: 5252: 5247: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5214: 5211: 5206: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5163: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5122: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5084: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5035: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4986: 4983: 4978: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4934: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4910: 4899: 4895: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4859: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4835: 4830: 4829: 4824: 4818: 4815: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4765: 4762: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4722: 4719: 4707: 4703: 4697: 4694: 4683: 4679: 4672: 4669: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4644: 4633: 4629: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4593: 4582: 4578: 4572: 4569: 4558: 4554: 4548: 4545: 4534: 4530: 4524: 4521: 4510: 4506: 4499: 4496: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4472: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4447: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4423: 4412: 4408: 4402: 4399: 4394: 4388: 4385: 4374: 4373:www.heart.org 4370: 4364: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4315: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4266: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4188: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4090: 4087: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3921:NIHR Evidence 3918: 3912: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3814: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3716: 3713: 3702: 3698: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3656: 3653: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3573:NIHR Evidence 3570: 3564: 3561: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3531:(3): 137–46. 3530: 3526: 3522: 3515: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3438: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3297: 3293: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3123: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3020: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2934: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2572: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2458: 2447: 2443: 2437: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2402: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2353: 2350: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2286: 2280: 2277: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2256: 2248: 2247:NADPH oxidase 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2213: 2209: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2166:In 2011, the 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2107:In 2015, the 2106: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2060: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2037: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1994:Nitroglycerin 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1964:Beta-blockers 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1802:Heart attack/ 1797: 1795: 1793: 1786: 1784: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1758: 1756: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1740: 1732: 1730: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1679: 1677: 1670: 1668: 1661: 1659: 1652: 1650: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1600:pre-eclampsia 1597: 1593: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1492:dyslipidemias 1489: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1470: 1468: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1410: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1301:or vomiting, 1300: 1296: 1295:heart attacks 1292: 1291:heart attacks 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1240:blood vessels 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1195: 1194: 1192: 1191: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1145: 1144: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1089:United States 1086: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1036: 1035: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 996:Disadvantaged 994: 992: 989: 988: 981: 980: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 952: 951: 950:Urinary tract 948: 942: 939: 938: 937: 934: 932: 929: 928: 927: 926:Mental health 924: 923: 921: 920: 917: 913: 903: 900: 898: 895: 889: 886: 885: 884: 881: 880: 879: 876: 872: 869: 868: 867: 864: 862: 859: 858: 849: 846: 840: 837: 836: 835: 832: 830: 827: 826: 825: 822: 820: 819:Breast cancer 817: 815: 812: 811: 809: 808: 805: 801: 798: 797: 794: 793: 788: 778: 775: 773: 770: 766: 763: 762: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 737: 735: 734: 731: 730: 725: 717: 716: 690: 687: 686: 685: 682: 680: 679:Breast health 677: 675: 672: 670: 669:Sex education 667: 665: 662: 661: 659: 658: 655: 651: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 613: 610: 608: 605: 604: 603: 600: 599: 590: 587: 583: 580: 579: 578: 575: 573: 570: 569: 567: 566: 563: 559: 556: 555: 552: 551:Sexual health 548: 540: 537: 536: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 513: 512:Sanitary pads 510: 508: 505: 504: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 489: 487: 486: 483: 479: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 424: 422: 421: 418: 414: 413:Contraception 410: 402: 399: 397: 394: 393: 392: 389: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 374:Childlessness 372: 371: 370: 367: 366: 364: 363: 360: 356: 348: 345: 344: 343: 342:Sterilization 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 311: 308: 304: 301: 299: 296: 295: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 263:Preterm birth 261: 259: 256: 255: 254: 251: 245: 242: 240: 237: 236: 235: 232: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 199: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 181: 178: 177: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 162: 161: 158: 157: 155: 154: 151: 147: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 109: 106: 104: 101: 97: 96:Clitoral hood 94: 93: 92: 89: 88: 87: 84: 83: 81: 80: 77: 73: 70: 69: 66: 65: 60: 55: 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Retrieved 7171: 7162: 7135: 7131: 7105:. Retrieved 7101: 7092: 7067: 7063: 7027: 7023: 7017: 6980: 6976: 6966: 6941: 6937: 6895: 6891: 6881: 6846: 6842: 6832: 6805: 6801: 6791: 6780:. Retrieved 6776: 6767: 6750: 6739:. Retrieved 6736:ehnheart.org 6735: 6726: 6691: 6687: 6677: 6650: 6646: 6636: 6625:. Retrieved 6623:. 2020-02-10 6620: 6611: 6594: 6576: 6568:10665/276423 6559: 6550: 6539:. Retrieved 6537:. 2015-09-20 6534: 6525: 6514:. Retrieved 6510: 6501: 6490:. Retrieved 6486: 6477: 6440: 6436: 6426: 6415:. Retrieved 6410: 6401: 6368: 6364: 6358: 6331: 6327: 6317: 6282: 6278: 6268: 6243: 6239: 6229: 6218:. Retrieved 6214: 6205: 6194:. Retrieved 6190: 6181: 6170:. Retrieved 6166: 6156: 6129: 6125: 6115: 6080: 6076: 6052:. Retrieved 6040: 6028: 5993: 5989: 5941: 5937: 5927: 5884: 5880: 5860:. Retrieved 5856: 5847: 5833: 5822:. Retrieved 5820:. 2017-10-24 5817: 5808: 5783: 5779: 5772: 5747: 5743: 5737: 5726: 5717: 5682: 5678: 5668: 5623: 5619: 5609: 5598:. Retrieved 5594: 5585: 5550: 5546: 5536: 5491: 5487: 5477: 5460: 5450: 5418:(9): 687–9. 5415: 5411: 5401: 5366: 5362: 5352: 5341:. Retrieved 5337: 5328: 5317:. Retrieved 5313: 5303: 5268: 5265:Hypertension 5264: 5254: 5227: 5223: 5213: 5178: 5174: 5165: 5138: 5134: 5124: 5097: 5093: 5083: 5048: 5044: 5034: 4999: 4995: 4985: 4953:(2): 74–75. 4950: 4946: 4936: 4925:. Retrieved 4921: 4912: 4901:. Retrieved 4897: 4874:. Retrieved 4870: 4861: 4850:. Retrieved 4846: 4837: 4826: 4817: 4808: 4799: 4774: 4770: 4764: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4710:. Retrieved 4708:. 2012-10-26 4705: 4696: 4685:. Retrieved 4681: 4671: 4660:. Retrieved 4658:. 2020-03-12 4655: 4646: 4635:. Retrieved 4631: 4608:. Retrieved 4604: 4595: 4584:. Retrieved 4580: 4571: 4560:. Retrieved 4556: 4547: 4536:. Retrieved 4532: 4523: 4512:. Retrieved 4508: 4503:Starkman E. 4498: 4487:. Retrieved 4483: 4474: 4463:. Retrieved 4459: 4449: 4438:. Retrieved 4434: 4425: 4414:. Retrieved 4410: 4401: 4387: 4376:. Retrieved 4372: 4363: 4328: 4324: 4314: 4279: 4275: 4265: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4197: 4193: 4149: 4145: 4099: 4095: 4089: 4078:. Retrieved 4074: 4065: 4038: 4034: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3951: 3948:Hypertension 3947: 3937: 3920: 3911: 3876: 3872: 3862: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3778: 3774: 3764: 3729: 3725: 3715: 3704:. Retrieved 3700: 3678:, retrieved 3666: 3655: 3644:. Retrieved 3640: 3630: 3603: 3600:Hypertension 3599: 3589: 3572: 3563: 3528: 3524: 3514: 3477: 3473: 3393: 3389: 3329: 3325: 3299:. Retrieved 3295: 3249:(1): 10–13. 3246: 3242: 3194: 3190: 3136: 3132: 3122: 3087: 3083: 3033: 3029: 3019: 2984: 2980: 2970: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2898: 2894: 2884: 2862:(1): 68–81. 2859: 2855: 2800: 2796: 2748: 2744: 2734: 2707: 2703: 2677:. Retrieved 2673: 2634: 2630: 2620: 2585: 2581: 2571: 2536: 2532: 2474: 2470: 2460: 2449:. Retrieved 2445: 2436: 2411: 2407: 2401: 2366: 2362: 2352: 2341:. Retrieved 2332: 2323: 2312:. Retrieved 2308: 2279: 2259: 2252: 2224: 2194: 2190: 2159:disability". 2137: 2080:progesterone 2057: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2038:Epidemiology 2010: 1950:(ARB) & 1939: 1935: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1901: 1849: 1837: 1825: 1814: 1801: 1790: 1781: 1762: 1753: 1736: 1727: 1714: 1703: 1683: 1674: 1665: 1656: 1647: 1635: 1609: 1592:Hypertension 1590: 1587:Preeclampsia 1577: 1564: 1543: 1529: 1508:hypertension 1505: 1502:Hypertension 1486: 1474: 1465: 1462:Risk factors 1457: 1453: 1429: 1426: 1411: 1407: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1369: 1365: 1357: 1343: 1331:preeclampsia 1326:dyslipidemia 1314:hypertension 1311: 1307:palpitations 1288: 1280: 1264: 1223: 1222: 915: 888:Hip fracture 883:Osteoporosis 860: 790: 727: 653: 612:Infibulation 550: 519:Dysmenorrhea 482:Menstruation 239:Preeclampsia 234:Hypertension 108:Labia majora 103:Labia minora 62: 43: 20: 7252:: 472–485. 7138:: e294858. 6777:GovTrack.us 6688:Circulation 6621:www.cdc.gov 6511:sdgs.un.org 5990:Circulation 5944:(1): 1–25. 5887:(1): 3–22. 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4852:2022-04-05 4712:2022-04-06 4687:2022-04-06 4662:2022-04-06 4637:2022-04-06 4610:2022-04-06 4586:2022-04-06 4562:2022-04-06 4538:2022-04-06 4514:2022-04-06 4489:2022-04-06 4465:2022-04-06 4440:2022-04-06 4416:2022-04-06 4378:2022-04-06 4080:2022-04-06 3706:2022-04-06 3680:2022-09-12 3646:2022-09-12 3301:2022-04-06 3090:: 100025. 2679:2022-04-06 2477:: 100091. 2451:2022-09-12 2343:2020-11-26 2314:2022-04-06 2271:References 2210:(OH), and 1996:and Other 1909:Prevention 1764:Arrhythmia 1759:Arrhythmia 1717:depression 1711:Depression 1686:autoimmune 1537:(HDL) and 936:Depression 253:Childbirth 175:Obstetrics 7154:2090-9063 6393:216591752 5528:212691328 5295:220499607 5075:201667019 4306:195247788 4035:Maturitas 3970:0194-911X 3622:0194-911X 3348:0378-5122 3326:Maturitas 3114:213913231 3106:2590-0935 2948:CiteSeerX 2837:221828897 2511:246453881 2493:2666-6022 2375:0730-2347 2265:cytokines 1982:Diuretics 1932:Treatment 1750:Diagnosis 1692:(RA) and 1638:menopause 1632:Menopause 1423:Heartburn 1347:ventricle 1303:heartburn 689:Vaginitis 534:Menopause 401:Fostering 391:Parenting 258:Midwifery 244:Eclampsia 160:Pregnancy 7368:33194199 7319:14446117 7311:16006537 7276:26432659 7227:27449104 7084:15855047 7044:22445098 7009:23738043 6958:11316520 6914:28648386 6873:36258377 6865:28705320 6824:21873418 6718:29202135 6710:14761900 6669:10334455 6469:33116988 6385:21547806 6350:16236734 6309:26871618 6148:16522654 6107:20554179 6045:Archived 6012:29386200 5968:28527533 5911:18176877 5764:24276813 5709:29096811 5660:25754617 5651:10183715 5577:15082840 5520:32164892 5469:32491494 5442:21896151 5393:52090066 5385:30146935 5287:32654558 5246:15753114 5157:24687000 5116:19141267 5067:31462607 5026:27459449 4977:27486487 4791:24681634 4756:18828094 4748:17194432 4355:26107348 4298:23093473 4257:21835944 4249:19770848 4214:16807276 4176:25863964 4057:19403246 4013:34269947 4005:19811237 3895:23948759 3854:24055578 3805:32439010 3756:21195355 3675:26844337 3667:Endotext 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3051:5435266 3002:5116690 2916:3129688 2766:3684065 2726:9487230 2554:5935277 2384:3066813 2163:stroke. 2054:History 2012:Surgery 1958:Aspirin 1864:valves. 1613:preterm 1488:Obesity 1483:Obesity 1476:Smoking 1471:Smoking 1447:Fatigue 1318:smoking 991:Poverty 955:Urethra 931:Anxiety 902:Anaemia 674:Puberty 507:Tampons 457:Condoms 7366: 7356: 7317: 7309: 7274: 7264: 7225: 7215: 7152: 7082: 7042: 7007: 6997: 6956: 6912: 6871: 6863: 6822: 6716: 6708: 6667: 6467: 6457: 6391: 6383: 6348: 6307: 6297: 6258: 6146: 6105: 6095: 6018: 6010: 5966: 5956: 5917: 5909: 5818:nhs.uk 5798: 5762: 5707: 5697: 5658: 5648: 5575: 5565: 5526: 5518: 5467: 5440: 5430: 5391: 5383: 5293: 5285: 5244: 5203: 5193: 5155: 5114: 5104: 5073: 5065: 5024: 5014: 4975: 4965: 4789: 4754: 4746: 4353: 4343: 4304: 4296: 4255: 4247: 4212: 4174: 4166: 4122: 4114: 4055: 4011: 4003: 3968: 3901: 3893: 3852: 3842: 3803: 3793: 3754: 3744: 3673: 3620: 3553: 3543: 3504: 3494: 3418: 3408: 3354: 3346: 3271: 3261: 3219: 3209: 3161: 3151: 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