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443:, general manager of the Biltmore Estate, resulting in Beadle charging him for assault and battery for "boxing his ears." The two had been jockeying for position and funding with Vanderbilt. When the court case came before a justice of the peace in Asheville, Schenk was only fined one dollar. However, since their relationship was already tainted, Vanderbilt used this incident and his annoyance over the private hunting contract to ask Schenck to resign on 24 April 1909. Schenck stayed with Biltmore through November 1909, the end of his contract. Schenck also sued Vanderbilt for back pay.
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regenerates, and where woodlands can be bought at a price per acre, at which planting per acre cannot be done. I repeat, so absurd as it might sound, the disbursements for, operations should not be charged to
Biltmore Forest, but to 'Sport and Landscape.'" Schenck admitted that he was so disappointed with the program at Biltmore that he nearly resigned from his position. Pinchot blamed Schenck for not letting go of "his German ways."
424:, which he had always said needed time to see a profit. The relationship between Vanderbilt and Schenck fell apart as the two men quarreled over the property. Schenck wrote, “I did not make the slightest attempt to find a purchaser for Pisgah Forest. With that sale of Pisgah Forest, my beloved Biltmore Forest School would lose its working field, its demonstration field, its experiment stations, and its very basis.”
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469:, the first forestry school in North America. The Biltmore Forest School provided a one-year course of study, with a curriculum, focused on pairing traditional classroom lectures with extensive hands-on, practical forest management field training. Schenck operated the school in his spare time on Vanderbilt's lands from 1898 to 1909, turning out many of the leading American foresters of the era.
591:, that is maintained by North Carolina State University as a teaching and research forest. A plaque at the site reads, “In memory of Carl Alwin Schenck, 1867-1955. This memorial forest is dedicated to honor a great teacher and founder of the Biltmore Forest School, the first school of forestry in the New World. His ashes have been spread here among the trees he loved.”
374:. However, his work crews and the sawmill would only take instruction from Pinchot and ignored Schenck because he was a foreigner. Schenck was frustrated, especially because Vanderbilt had said he would be in charge of the daily operations. Letters written between Pinchot and Schenck show his increasing frustration and the growing hostility between the two men.
508:, he was a guest speaker at universities in the United States and also led forestry tours in France, Germany, and Switzerland for American and English students. He wrote articles and textbooks during the 1920s and 1930s and was a consultant in locations around the world. From 1923 to 1937, Schenck was a visiting professor at the Department of Forestry of the
665:, Schenck stayed in Lindenfels and taught local boys when the schools closed. He also shared care packages that were mailed to him by Biltmore Forest School alumni with his students. After the war, he spent ten years fighting the United States in court to reclaim money and property that was confiscated in the war. However, he was unsuccessful in this
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country, but we had small confidence in the leadership of Dr. Fernow and Dr. Schenck. We distrusted them and their German lack of faith in
American Forestry. What we wanted was American foresters trained by Americans in American ways for the work ahead in American forests." After meeting Schenck, President
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Schenck raised tuition for his school and tried to sell lumber to generate the needed funds. He also expanded the practice of taking hunting parties into the forest for a fee, signing a $ 10,000 annual agreement ($ 339,111 in today's money) with the
Asheville and Chicago Hunting Club while Vanderbilt
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However, Schenck renewed his contract with
Vanderbilt for the next year. By the middle of 1896, he had instituted his distinct version of German forestry, adapted for a forest in North Carolina. He wanted to make Biltmore a sustainable operation. Therefore, he looked for "projects that preserved some
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conflicted as much as their definition of forestry." Because
Pinchot was in charge of the U.S. Forest Service, his vision dominated and shaped forestry in the United States. However, modern historians have found that Schenck's role was greater than what had been depicted in the historical narrative.
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During the first five years of the school, Schenck's ideology evolved. Historian
Jonathan Hill notes that Scheck used his German training but "began to develop his own ideas about forestry and ultimately fashioned his own new and comprehensive model of forestry for the United States." Schenck viewed
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Pinchot and
Schenck also had differing ideas as to how to manage forests, with the former preferring public lands and the latter preferring private lands. As historian Hill notes, "Though the two shared the common goal of popularizing forestry in the United States, their means of meeting that goal
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Between 1901 and 1903, Vanderbilt's financial situation changed. In 1903, Vanderbilt cut
Schenck's departmental budget by some fifty percent and told him to borrow the rest from local banks. During 1903 and 1904, Schenck tried to earn a profit for the estate, including forgoing his usual two-month
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In March 1908, Schenck wrote
Vanderbilt that the lumber business had declined and customers were slow to pay their bills; he needed more operational money to pay his workers, but was reluctant to take out another loan. Schenck also understood that Vanderbilt could not increase the budget for his
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However, Schenck's name was rarely included in histories of forestry, in part, because he was German during an era when the United States fought two wars against
Germany. Pinchot wrote, "We in the Division of Forestry fully recognized the necessity for professional education in Forestry in this
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placed a plaque at the site in his honor in 1950. The plaque reads: "Biltmore Forest School, Founded September 1, 1898. This tablet, marking the site of the school building, is erected in honor of Dr. C .A. Schenck, founder of the Biltmore Forest School, the first forestry school in the United
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and a profitable operation. In 1905 and 1906, when the financial situation looked better, Schenck borrowed from banks, trying to show that his forestry operation could support itself without patronage. This strategy was working; however, 1907 brought a financial crisis to the United States.
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As a result of this experience, Schenck determined that his methods were better and that American forestry—and Pinchot—was wasteful. He wrote, "As Americans are of the opinion that forestry and tree-planting are the same, I wish to say, that no reasonable forester would plant, where nature
314:, considered the world's leading forester at the time. In 1890, Schenck became a forest assessor for the state forest service in Hessen; such service was required as part of his degree. In the summers between 1891 and 1894, he worked as an assistant and secretary to foresters Brandis and
254:, and wrote textbooks. His teachings comprise the foundation of forestry education in the United States. However, Schenck's contributions were rarely recognized in histories of forestry, in part, because he was German during an era when the United States fought two wars against Germany.
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that ruined the creek for fishing. However, the water strategy used at this location was Pinchot's, not Schenck's, and the latter had no prior experience with dams. When rains came, the logs moved downstream but caused significant damage to other properties, crops, and bridges.
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Although the Biltmore Forest School was financially self-sustaining, Schenck had to change locations after he left Biltmore in 1909. He continued the school through 1913, traveling with his students and operating from Germany and forest locations in several states in America.
658:). Schenck felt betrayed by the German government and withdrew from political work, trying to survive on a small pension. Former students also helped to support him. However, Schenck wrote that he "felt no reason to apologize for serving his homeland in its time of need."
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In the Woods of Minnesota: This Expert German Forester Travels Over the Site of the Proposed Great National Park and as a Result Presents Some Considerations that the People of the State and Country Cannot Afford to Ignore, Large Profits from Small Expenditure and
288:. He was the son of Olga Cornelia Alewyn and Carl Jacob Schenck. The Schenck family became wealthy as goldsmiths in Darmstadt in the 17th century, rising to prominence and filling many local government positions. His grandfather was a chief forester in Hesse.
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407:, established road systems, and created logging and lumbering operations. He also pushed the North Carolina legislature for laws that benefited forestry. Schenck then signed a ten-year contract with Vanderbilt which also provided insurance.
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In September 1895, Pinchot returned to North Carolina and gave Schenck the independence he needed to truly be Biltmore Estate's forester—as long as Schenck finished Pinchot's outstanding projects first. Schenck's first project was in the
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After World War II, Schenck assisted United States officials with relief and forestry programs in Germany. The Americans appointed him chief forester in Hessen. In May 1951, he went on a national lecture tour for the
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The Biltmore Immortals: Biographies of 50 American Boys Graduating from the Biltmore Forest School which was the First School of American Forestry on American Soil. 2 volumes. Darmstadt, Germany: L.C. Wittich,
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Schenck became one of the most influential people in the field of forestry in the United States, and he trained many of the next generation of leadership in the field. He also invented the
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on 17 May 1955, at the age of 87, after an extended illness. At his request, his funeral was held in Germany, but his ashes were spread at the Schenck Forest in North Carolina.
688:, which is still used today to measure tree heights and diameters. In addition, Schenck had his students develop the tools and tables that were used by the federal government.
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Cruisers' Tables Giving the Contents of Sound Trees, and their Dependence on Diameter, Number of Logs in the Tree, Taper of Tree and Efficiency of Mill. Biltmore, NC: 1909.
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forests several times to conduct surveys. However, this working relationship only lasted four months because of Pinchot and Schenck's divergence in policy and methodology.
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Our Commonwealth and the Necessity of Forest Preservation: Address Delivered at the First Meeting of the North Carolina Forestry Society, at New Bern, N.C., 2 March 1898.
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Forestry for Kentucky: A Steriopticon-Lecture Delivered at the Invitation of the Louisville Board of Trade by C.A. Schenck, Ph. D. Forester of the Biltmore Estate
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363:, Vanderbilt had decided during the early 1890s that he wanted his forests managed using the best scientific principles of forestry. Vanderbilt first hired
723:. with Cornelius Clarkson Vermeule, Gifford Pinchot, Henry Solon Graves, and Robert Thomas Hill. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1896
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forestry operations. Vanderbilt suggested selling some of his Pisgah Forest lands. This property included part of Schenck's long-term "masterpiece", the
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After the war, the economy in Lindenfels was poor. To feed starving German children, Schenck worked with the American Society of Friends (aka
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vacation in Germany. Although he did not earn enough to bail out Biltmore, Schenck impressed Vanderbilt with his commitment to forestry
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of the woods and allowed for natural regeneration as well as plantings." He returned exhausted farms into productive forests, set up
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Big Creek area where water was used to transport felled trees because there were few roads. As a result, the work crew overharvested
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North Carolina State University established its Carl Alwin Schenck Distinguished Professorship of Forest Management in his honor.
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632:. The couple had no children. However, he became the legal guardian of his niece, Olli von Rhoeneck, after her father died in
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Schenck was presented with a ceremonial sword used for deer hunting by the German state of Hessen when he retired in 1939.
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524:. He also attended a reunion of Biltmore Forest School alumni. He made his last visit to the United States in 1952 when
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After the Biltmore Forest School closed in 1913, Schenck returned to Germany. Through his family, he was given land in
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When Schenck arrived at Biltmore, he worked under Pinchot while the latter was transitioning to work for the U.S.
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was elected president in 1908 and announced in 1909 his desire to make lumber free to all Americans through the
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Biltmore Forest School alumni endowed four scholarships in Schenck's honor at North Carolina State University.
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described him as "the most influential person in making forestry in this country a science and a profession."
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After he received his Ph.D., Schenck was recommended by Brandis for a job in the United States working for
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School of Forestry. However, Schenck had to withdraw from the school because of a severe lung infection.
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began, he joined the German army as a quartermaster and served as a lieutenant on the Eastern front. In
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forestry as a science, balancing forest conservation and economic needs to create a sustainable system.
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trees that floated, leaving many other varieties of trees behind. The work crew also built a temporary
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said, “Nobody has a right to work here for so long without becoming a citizen of the United States!"
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651:, he was shot in the stomach by a Russian soldier and was taken to a Russian prisoner of war camp.
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1862:
The Biltmore immortals: Biographies of 50 American boys graduating from the Biltmore Forest School
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489:. In 1898, he was also a senior consultant for the United States Division of Forestry (now the
1219:"Inventory of the Images from 'The Dawn of Private Forestry in America' Manuscript, 1892–1913"
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Our Yellow Poplar: Notes and Tables Showing Contents and Value of Poplar Logs and Poplar Trees
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643:. There, he built a home from the species of trees he encountered in the United States. When
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The Black Forest Lodge of the Biltmore Forestry School in Transylvania County, North Carolina
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1846:‘Different Men from What We Were’: Postwar Letters of Carl A. Schenck and Austin F. Cary
1281:"Carl Alwin Schenck Papers, 1885–1987 | NC State University Libraries Collection Guides"
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The Cavalcade of Trees for the Great: Being the Tour of Carl Alwin Schenck in America.
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Forest Utilization in Europe: Germany, Norway, Sweden,, Czechslovokia, Finland, France
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gives its Carl Alwin Schenck Award for outstanding performance in forestry education.
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on 5 April 1895. He became the third formally trained forester in the United States.
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and pioneering forestry educator. When Schenck came to the United States to work for
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in North Carolina. Schenck accepted the position and sailed to America, arriving in
965:
The Biltmore Story: Recollections of the Beginning of Forestry in the United States
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Lectures on Forest Policy. Second part, Forestry Conditions in the United States
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Guide for an Excursion through Biltmore Forest, on September 17th and 18th, 1897
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program. This quickly put an end to any hopes for forestry profits at Biltmore.
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After recovering from his illness, Schenck enrolled in the forest school of the
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988:. Introduction by Steven Anderson. Durham, NC: Forest History Society, 1998
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Durham, NC: The Forest History Society and the Appalachian Consortium, 1974
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Logging and Lumbering; or, Forest Utilization. A Textbook for Forest Schools
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Forest Protection: Guide to Lectures Delivered at the Biltmore Forest School
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Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
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Forest Finance: Guide to Lectures Delivered at the Biltmore Forest School
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As a consultant, Schenck helped create the forestry school curriculum at
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1412:"Crossing the Atlantic: Carl Schenck and Formation of American Forestry"
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1667:"Cradle of Forestry in America: The Biltmore Forest School 1898-1913"
1112:"Inventory of the Forestry Lectures of Carl Alwin Schenck, 1904–1909"
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986:
Cradle of Forestry in America: The Biltmore Forest School, 1898-1913
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The Birth of Forestry in America: Biltmore Forest School, 1898-1913.
861:. Albany, NY: Brandow Printing Co., State Legislative Printers, 1905
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White Pine Timber Supplies: Letter from the Secretary of Agriculture
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From 1916 to 1918, Schenck was a guest lecturer for forestry at the
1714:"Picturing the past: Carl Schenck, found of Biltmore Forest School"
1695:"America's First Forest: Carl Schenck and the Asheville Experiment"
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The Art of the Second Growth, Or American Sylviculture. 3rd edition
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Washington, D.C.: National Lumber Manufacturers Association, 1924.
721:, Transmitting, in Response to Senate Resolution of April 14, 1897
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America's First Forest: Carl Schenck and the Asheville Experiment
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awarded Schenck with an honorary Doctor of Forest Science in 1952
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In 1898, with the permission of Vanderbilt, Schenck founded the
1797:. North Carolina State University. 10 June 2010. Archived from
1775:. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 19 March 2010
669:, despite the efforts of his former students on his behalf.
636:. In 1932, he married widow Marie Louise Faber (1869–1950).
1844:
Clary, David A., Carl Alwin Schenck, and Austin F. Cary. “
493:), working under Pinchot. He traveled to the deep South's
804:. United States, Pennsylvania Forestry Association, 1901
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The Commercial Side of Governmental and Private Forestry
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In 1951, a 200,000 acres (81,000 ha) tree farm at
740:. United States: American Forestry Association, 1898
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In March 1909, Schenck got into a disagreement with
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in 1888. There, he studied under visiting professor
276:(middle, front row) and other students, Saxony, 1892
628:In 1896, Schenck married Adele Bopp (1874–1929) of
560:, was purchased and dedicated in his honor in 1951.
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1554:"On April 5, 1895, I passed the Statue of Liberty"
969:St. Paul: American Forest History Foundation, 1955
930:Precarious Situation in World's Spruce Wood Supply
732:United States: American Forestry Association,1897.
321:Schenck completed his Ph.D. degree in early 1895,
299:before enrolling in college. He then attended the
238:Schenck also helped create the forestry school at
737:Forestry as Applied to Reservations Used as Parks
942:. United States, Newsprint Service Bureau, 1948.
757:. United States: Louisville Board of Trade, 1899
1608:"Visiting Our Past: WNC gave birth to forestry"
957:St. Paul: American Forestry Association, 1951.
796:St. Paul, Minn: The Pioneer Press Company, 1900
327:. At Giessen, he also passed law examinations.
1577:"History of Forestry - Background Information"
787:. Asheville, NC: The French Broad Press, 1900
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1769:"Commemorative Landscapes of North Carolina"
939:Forestry in Germany: Present and Prospective
235:in North America, on Vanderbilt's property.
1864:. Darmstadt : L. C. Wittich. 1953–1957
1743:"Unearthing the history of Carl A. Schenck"
784:Some Business Problems of American Forestry
215:(25 March 1868 – 17 May 1955) was a German
808:Financial Results of Forestry at Biltmore.
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20:
1506:North Carolina State University Libraries
1063:"Carl Schenck and His Life in Lindenfels"
1906:History of forestry in the United States
16:German forester and educator (1868–1955)
1896:Technische Universität Darmstadt alumni
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907:Darmstadt, Germany: L.C. Wittich, 1912.
844:Sewanee, TN: The University Press, 1904
835:Sewanee, TN: The University Press, 1904
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1502:"Carl Alwin Schenck Papers, 1885-1987"
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916:Albany: Brandow Printing Company, 1912
898:Darmstadt, Germany: C. F. Winter, 1911
853:Sewanee, TN: The University Press,1905
587:is a 245 acres (99 ha) forest in
37:Schenck in German riding costume, 1905
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1556:Forest History Society, 5 April 2012.
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280:Schenck was born on 25 March 1868 in
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792:The Problem of Forestry in Minnesota
615:-winning documentary about Schenck,
487:Sewanee: The University of the South
293:Institute of Technology in Darmstadt
240:Sewanee: The University of the South
1249:"Carl A. Schenck, Forester, Was 87"
1000:The Forestry Interests of the South
889:. Asheville, NC: Inland Press, 1909
883:. Asheville, NC: Inland Press, 1909
585:Carl Alwin Schenck Memorial Forest
390:, smoothing Big Creek to create a
14:
858:Biltmore Lectures on Sylviculture
567:, was named in his honor in 1951.
554:Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park
1410:Hill, Jonathan (19 April 2017).
1189:McIntyre, Pattie Bartee (1994).
766:. United States, G.E. Cole, 1899
563:A longleaf pine plantation near
111:Technische Universität Darmstadt
1697:. Forest History Society. 2015.
1191:"Schenck, Carl Alwin | NCpedia"
831:Forest Utilization, Mensuration
578:North Carolina State University
526:North Carolina State University
1639:Elliston, Jon (17 June 2019).
1575:Chang, May (27 October 2003).
1444:Starr, John T. (6 July 1969).
776:The French Broad Press, 1900.
491:United States Forestry Service
316:Wilhelm Philipp Daniel Schlich
1:
1936:University of Montana faculty
1911:History of forestry education
1891:People from Darmstadt-Dieburg
1825:Society of American Foresters
1446:"Carolina Cradle of Forestry"
602:Society of American Foresters
528:gave him an honorary degree.
522:American Forestry Association
1901:University of Giessen alumni
1606:Neufeld, Rob (7 June 2020).
934:Canada, F.J.D. Barnjum, 1930
284:in what is now the state of
198:Author abbrev. (botany)
1612:The Asheville Citizen-Times
1533:"Schenck, Carl Alwyn"
667:Alien Property Custody Suit
589:Wake County, North Carolina
545:States. The Alumni - 1950."
1957:
1821:"Carl Alwin Schenck Award"
894:Forest Policy. 2nd edition
458:
367:as the estate's forester.
1850:Journal of Forest History
1795:"Schenck Memorial Forest"
1258:. 17 May 1955. p. 29
574:, was named in his honor.
357:Asheville, North Carolina
272:Schenck (far right) with
206:
144:
30:
583:Named in his honor, the
428:was in Europe. However,
1542:. Vol. XXIV. 1920.
481:Lecturer and consultant
351:George W. Vanderbilt's
1926:Biltmore Forest School
1852:22, no. 4 (1978): 230.
1718:The Transylvania Times
1671:Forest History Society
1539:Encyclopedia Americana
1223:Forest History Society
1116:Forest History Society
1067:Forest History Society
770:Forestry vs. lumbering
609:Forest History Society
542:Biltmore Forest School
467:Biltmore Forest School
461:Biltmore Forest School
455:Biltmore Forest School
451:
422:Biltmore Forest School
301:University of Tübingen
277:
229:Biltmore Forest School
171:Biltmore Forest School
136:Biltmore Forest School
106:University of Tübingen
840:Textbooks of Forestry
746:North Carolina, 1898
714:. United States, 1896
704:Selected publications
565:Aiken, South Carolina
510:University of Montana
502:University of Giessen
449:
361:Frederick Law Olmsted
308:University of Giessen
291:Schenck attended the
271:
252:University of Giessen
244:University of Montana
178:University of Montana
174:University of Giessen
101:University of Giessen
1665:Twining, Charles E.
372:Division of Forestry
342:George W. Vanderbilt
221:George W. Vanderbilt
191:Frederick E. Olmsted
65:Grand Duchy of Hesse
826:Asheville, NC: 1904
430:William Howard Taft
1941:Forestry academics
1921:American foresters
1453:The New York Times
1256:The New York Times
865:Forest Management,
849:Forest Mensuration
694:Theodore Roosevelt
630:Darmstadt, Germany
558:Orrick, California
452:
278:
257:The New York Times
213:Carl Alwin Schenck
47:Carl Alwin Schenck
1749:. 19 October 2018
1004:Reprint from the
441:Charles D. Beadle
210:
209:
146:Scientific career
1948:
1916:German foresters
1865:
1859:
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1824:
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1803:. Retrieved
1799:the original
1789:
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1772:
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1751:. Retrieved
1746:
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1717:
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1670:
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1648:. Retrieved
1645:WNC Magazine
1644:
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1611:
1584:. Retrieved
1580:
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1418:
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1222:
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162:Institutions
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87:West Germany
77:(1955-05-17)
18:
1886:1955 deaths
1881:1868 births
645:World War I
634:World War I
506:World War I
75:17 May 1955
1875:Categories
1016:References
1006:Tradesman.
994:0890300550
981:089030002X
674:Lindenfels
641:Lindenfels
613:Emmy Award
611:funded an
405:firebreaks
388:splash dam
264:Early life
127:Forester,
83:Lindenfels
53:1868-03-25
1773:Doc South
297:Darmstadt
282:Darmstadt
134:Founder,
61:Darmstadt
1290:22 April
514:Missoula
504:. After
250:and the
248:Missoula
217:forester
156:Forestry
1779:14 July
1008:(n.d.)
661:During
656:Quakers
556:, near
223:at the
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1805:14 May
1753:14 May
1724:14 May
1676:14 May
1650:15 May
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814:1903.
680:Legacy
649:Poland
532:Honors
392:sluice
331:Career
152:Fields
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763:Labor
355:near
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990:ISBN
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
