480:, and Admiral Rawson Bennett to conduct geophysical research of common interest to the academic and naval communities. In 1948, the MPL became an integral part of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and Eckart served as the fourth director of Scripps until 1950. Eckart contributed to geophysics by linking theoretical hydrodynamic exercises to actual physical properties of water. In the following decades he did research on thermal layering in the ocean and atmospheres on which he wrote a book, the transmission of sound in the sea, turbulence, air-sea interactions, the generation and structure of surface, and internal ocean waves.
465:
and acoustical detection of submarines. B. O. Knudsen, director of the newly formed
University of California Division of War Research, and his associate L. P. Delsasso approached Eckart for help. Eckart (an Associate Professor) took leave from the University of Chicago to work on the problem, thus beginning his 31-year stay in California. From 1942, he was assistant director of the Division of War Research, and eventually he was director, a position he held until 1946.
297:
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With the entry of the United States into WW II in
December 1941, there was increased incentive for the scientific community to participate in the war effort. Axis submarines were exacting a toll on allied shipping, and university scientists were being approached by the U. S. Navy concerning optical
456:, was located at the University of Chicago, and Eckart was a member of it. However, in 1941, Eckart withdrew from the Committee because of his anti-atomic bomb sentiments. Also notable during this period are his papers on the thermodynamics of irreversible processes.
205:, brother of Arthur Compton on low-voltage arcs, particularly the oscillatory phenomena arising in the diffusion of electrons against low-voltage fields. He continued this line of work after receipt of his Ph.D. on a National Research Council Fellowship at the
229:, came to Caltech in the winter of 1925 and gave a lecture on his work. Born’s lecture gave Eckart the impetus to investigate the possible general operator formalism for quantum mechanics. Working into early 1926, Eckart developed the formalism. When
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correctly interpreted the experimental results as the fission of uranium. News of the discovery spread very rapidly. With the potential of making a fission-based atomic weapon and the threat of war in Europe, this caused anxiety in many,
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and on operator calculus related to the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics. He also applied his work to the theory of electrons and the conductivity of metals using Fermi statistics, and he co-authored a paper on the subject with
352:, who received his doctorate under Sommerfeld in 1926; the paper, on the foundations of quantum mechanics, dealt with the role of group theory in quantum dynamics in monatomic systems and comparisons of the nuclear theories of
198:, a physics faculty member and later Chancellor, Eckart was influenced to continue his education in physics at Princeton, where he went in 1923 on an Edison Lamp Works Research Fellowship. Eckart was awarded his Ph.D. in 1925.
1642:
609:, NDRC Volume 7, Washington, D.C., 1946. Declassified and distributed September 7, 1954. Reprinted and redistributed by Department of the Navy Headquarters Naval Material Command, Washington, D.C., 1968.
364:– a link between symmetry transformation groups applied to the Schrödinger equation and the laws of conservation of energy, momentum, and angular momentum. The theorem is particularly useful in
476:(UCSD), a position he held until 1971. In 1946 he also became the first director of the Marine Physical Laboratory (MPL) of the University of California. The MPL was founded by Eckart,
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From 1965 to 1967, Eckart was vice-chancellor for academic affairs at UCSD. He then served the
University of California, from 1967 to 1968, as alternate representative to the
31:
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first paper in the series of four on the wave mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics was published in
January, Eckart soon realized that the matrix formulation and
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at the Ludwig
Maximilian University of Munich, one of the three main centers for the development of quantum mechanics, the others being Göttingen under Born and the
1637:
494:
Applied
Physics Laboratory’s series on applied mathematics and mechanics. From 1959 through 1970, he was also a consultant for commercial enterprises such as
372:, Eckart translated Heisenberg’s book on the physical principles of quantum mechanics. During the 1934-1935 academic year, Eckart took a sabbatical at the
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570:
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384:, a proof of the Eckart-Young theorem, which solves the problem of least-squares approximation of a given matrix by a matrix of lower rank.
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166:(May 4, 1902 – October 23, 1973) was an American physicist, physical oceanographer, geophysicist, and administrator. He co-developed the
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510:
473:
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709:
Eckart, Carl (1928). "Ăśber die
Elektronentheorie der Metalle auf Grund der Fermischen Statistik, insbesondere ĂĽber den Volta-Effekt".
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191:
65:
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After WW II, Eckart collected his work and the work of others on underwater detection and published it a classified volume entitled
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Oral history interview transcript with Carl Eckart on 31 May 1962, American
Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
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was formed that month. The
Committee was organized into subsections by topic. The Theoretical Aspects Subsection, chaired by
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paper on the equivalence was received on March 18, 1926, thus giving him credit for the realization. In 1927 Eckart received a
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in linear algebra., and his work on non-equilibrium thermodynamics and continuum mechanics, including a relativistic treatment
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In 1946, Eckart officially resigned his position at the
University of Chicago to become a professor of geophysics at the
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487:, which was first published in 1946. It was declassified in 1954 and reprinted in 1968. It is a standard reference.
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529:
509:, which was made up of 12 member universities and functioned as an independent source for studies and advice for the
631:"The Solution of the Problem of the Simple Oscillator by a Combination of the Schroedinger and the Lanczos Theories"
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Eckart, Carl (1940). "The thermodynamics of irreversible processes. III. Relativistic theory of the simple fluid".
867:
Eckart, Carl (1940). "The thermodynamics of irreversible processes. III. Relativistic theory of the simple fluid".
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214:
348:, where he continued his work on quantum mechanics for another 14 years. Noteworthy was a paper co-authored with
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Returning to the United States in 1928, Eckart was appointed assistant professor in the physics department at the
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380:, as he also did in the academic years 1952-1953 and 1960-1961. During this period he published, along with
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Eckart, Carl (1930-07-01). "The Application of Group theory to the Quantum Dynamics of Monatomic Systems".
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361:
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108:
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Eckart, Carl (1926-10-01). "Operator Calculus and the Solution of the Equations of Quantum Dynamics".
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broke out in Europe in September. The letter was delivered to FDR in October by economist and banker
1617:
1612:
244:
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195:
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The Diffusion of Electrons Against an Electric Field in the Non-Oscillatory Abnormal Low Voltage Arc
1251:(2) 139 - 146 (1925). Palmer Physical Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, Received 29 October 1924.
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187:
119:
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Eckart, Carl (1940). "Erratum: The thermodynamics of irreversible processes. II. Fluid mixtures".
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The Solution of the Problem of the Simple Oscillator by a Combination of the Schrödinger and the
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Eckart married Edith Louise née Frazee in 1926; they were divorced in 1948. In 1958, he married
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285:
272:
93:
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536:; Klara died in 1963 in a drowning accident, officially ruled a suicide. Eckart himself died in
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275:. In Munich, Eckart worked on the quantum mechanical behavior of simple oscillators using the
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Eckart, Carl (1935-04-01). "Some Studies Concerning Rotating Axes and Polyatomic Molecules".
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During the period 1957 to 1959, Eckart was a member of the Editorial Advisory Board for the
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for example, that Germany would develop an atomic weapon. As a result of two meetings with
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Eckart, Carl (1940). "The thermodynamics of irreversible processes. I. The simple fluid".
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Eckart, Carl (1940). "The thermodynamics of irreversible processes. I. The simple fluid".
445:
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where he received his B.S. and M.S. degrees with a major in engineering. However, due to
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Eckart, Carl (1940). "The thermodynamics of irreversible processes. II. Fluid mixtures".
846:
Eckart, Carl (1940). "The thermodynamics of irreversible processes. II. Fluid mixtures".
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Eckart, Carl (1948-04-01). "The Approximate Solution of One-Dimensional Wave Equations".
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Eckart contributed to the posthumous publication of some works by the mathematician
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1392:Über das Verhältnis der Heisenberg-Born-Jordanschen Quantenmechanik zu der meinen
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473-476 (1926). California Institute of Technology. Communicated May 31, 1926.
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1343:(From the German) Quantization as an Eigenvalue Problem (Fourth Communication)
1303:(From the German) Quantization as an Eigenvalue Problem (Second Communication)
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1323:(From the German) Quantization as an Eigenvalue Problem (Third Communication)
1283:(From the German) Quantization as an Eigenvalue Problem (First Communication)
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On the Relationship of the Heisenberg-Born-Jordan Quantum Mechanics to Mine
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190:, to a conservative family of German descent. He began college in 1919 at
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960:(1936). "The approximation of one matrix by another of lower rank".
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for publication. However, it was communicated on May 31, 1926, and
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of quantum mechanics were equivalent; he submitted his paper to the
605:(NRDC, 1946). Originally a classified document and published as a
360:. During this period, Eckart developed his formulation of the
937:
Some studies concerning rotating axes and polyatomic molecules
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earlier in the year. In January 1939, Meitner and her nephew
403:. They communicated their results to their former colleague
201:
During his graduate studies, Eckart co-authored a paper with
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Werner Heisenberg, Translated by Carl Eckart and F. C. Hoyt
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Werner Heisenberg, Translated by Carl Eckart and F. C. Hoyt
213:, director of the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the
1643:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
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for outstanding contributions to fundamental geophysics.
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under Max Born at the University of Göttingen in 1924.
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1135:Munk, Walter H.; Preisendorfer, Rudolph W. (1976).
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American geophysicist and administrator (1902–1973)
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395:conducted an experiment which pointed towards the
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553:1948 – Certificate of Merit signed by President
263:. Also at Munich simultaneous with Eckart were
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635:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
603:Principles and Applications of Underwater Sound
485:Principles and Applications of Underwater Sound
1633:Washington University in St. Louis physicists
1471:The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory
1453:A. Sommerfeld, W. V. Houston, and C. Eckart,
1405:(8) 734-756, 1926. Received March 18, 1926.
596:The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory
8:
1260:Heisenberg was granted his doctorate under
251:to do postdoctoral study and research with
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209:(Caltech) during the period 1925 to 1927.
29:
18:
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1648:Fellows of the American Physical Society
1416:Some Reminiscences of My Teaching Career
909:Some Reminiscences of My Teaching Career
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1521:Hydrodynamics of Oceans and Atmospheres
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615:Hydrodynamics of Oceans and Atmospheres
1266:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
607:Summary Technical Report of Division 6
1638:McKelvey School of Engineering alumni
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267:, and two other Guggenheim Fellows,
1585:Scripps Institution of Oceanography
474:University of California, San Diego
470:Scripps Institution of Oceanography
460:University of California, San Diego
573:for contributions to oceanography.
448:. In response to the letter, the
207:California Institute of Technology
192:Washington University in St. Louis
66:Washington University in St. Louis
14:
1623:American people of German descent
532:, the widow of the mathematician
186:Eckart was born an only child in
1628:20th-century American physicists
1444:– American Philosophical Society
1231:– American Philosophical Society
428:and the second with Szilárd and
1142:. National Academy of Sciences.
1519:Gillis, J. (1961). "Review of
1394:(Translated from the German:
1240:K. T. Compton and Carl Eckart
1183:– The National Academies Press
1137:"Carl Henry Eckhart 1902—1973"
507:Institute for Defense Analyses
1:
424:, the first with Szilárd and
387:In December 1938 in Germany,
571:National Academy of Sciences
561:National Academy of Sciences
496:General Dynamics Corporation
374:Institute for Advanced Study
105:National Academy of Sciences
1653:Princeton University alumni
1440:September 27, 2006, at the
1420:American Journal of Physics
914:American Journal of Physics
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1268:in 1923 and completed his
582:American Geophysical Union
174:in quantum mechanics, the
170:and is also known for the
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1227:February 5, 2007, at the
810:10.1103/RevModPhys.20.399
798:Reviews of Modern Physics
740:Reviews of Modern Physics
438:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
157:
128:
28:
752:10.1103/RevModPhys.2.305
601:Carl Eckart and others.
492:Johns Hopkins University
257:University of Copenhagen
217:and co-developer of the
44:St. Louis, Missouri, USA
567:Alexander Agassiz Medal
434:Einstein–Szilárd letter
215:University of Göttingen
113:Alexander Agassiz Medal
1222:Author Catalog: Eckart
1114:10.1103/PhysRev.58.919
1079:10.1103/PhysRev.58.924
1044:10.1103/PhysRev.58.269
1009:10.1103/PhysRev.58.267
881:10.1103/PhysRev.58.919
860:10.1103/PhysRev.58.269
839:10.1103/PhysRev.58.267
781:10.1103/PhysRev.47.552
711:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Physik
694:10.1103/PhysRev.28.711
618:(Pergamon Press, 1960)
559:1952 – Elected to the
432:, Einstein signed the
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151:University of Chicago
1352:(18) 109-139, 1926.
1212:– Library of Congress
647:10.1073/pnas.12.7.473
629:Eckart, Carl (1926).
530:Klára Dán von Neumann
511:Department of Defense
362:Wigner-Eckart theorem
346:University of Chicago
340:University of Chicago
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249:Guggenheim Fellowship
168:Wigner–Eckart theorem
141:physical oceanography
109:Guggenheim Fellowship
82:Wigner–Eckart theorem
1435:Sommerfeld Biography
1292:(4) 361-376, 1926.
277:Schrödinger equation
196:Arthur Holly Compton
176:Eckart–Young theorem
86:Eckart–Young theorem
56:La Jolla, California
1332:(13) 437-490, 1926.
1312:(6) 489-527, 1926.
623:Selected literature
578:William Bowie Medal
576:1972 – Awarded the
565:1966 – Awarded the
231:Erwin Schrödinger’s
188:St. Louis, Missouri
120:William Bowie Medal
1577:T. Wayland Vaughan
1425:(5) 315-316 (1949)
1414:Arnold Sommerfeld
1400:Annalen der Physik
1390:Erwin Schrödinger
1347:Annalen der Physik
1341:Erwin Schrödinger
1327:Annalen der Physik
1321:Erwin Schrödinger
1307:Annalen der Physik
1301:Erwin Schrödinger
1287:Annalen der Physik
1281:Erwin Schrödinger
1179:2007-03-25 at the
974:10.1007/BF02288367
919:(5) 315-316 (1949)
906:Arnold Sommerfeld
895:Eckart Hamiltonian
723:10.1007/BF01391054
440:(FDR) in August.
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286:William V. Houston
273:William V. Houston
1601:
1600:
1592:Succeeded by
1537:10.1063/1.3057700
1523:by Carl Eckart".
1483:Uranium Committee
1262:Arnold Sommerfeld
450:Uranium Committee
354:Werner Heisenberg
305:Werner Heisenberg
253:Arnold Sommerfeld
227:Werner Heisenberg
223:quantum mechanics
172:Eckart conditions
164:Carl Henry Eckart
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130:Scientific career
90:Eckart conditions
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53:October 23, 1973
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1108:(10): 919–924.
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1364:– Carl Eckart
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1499:the original
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1270:Habilitation
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612:Carl Eckart
606:
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555:Harry Truman
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454:Enrico Fermi
442:World War II
405:Lise Meitner
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366:spectroscopy
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203:Karl Compton
200:
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148:Institutions
129:
1618:1973 deaths
1613:1902 births
1073:(10): 924.
958:Young, Gale
935:C. Eckart,
418:Leó Szilárd
413:Otto Frisch
350:Helmut Hönl
317:Carl Eckart
103:Elected to
41:May 4, 1902
23:Carl Eckart
1607:Categories
1589:1936–1952
1505:2007-02-03
1460:, 1 (1928)
1246:Phys. Rev.
901:References
542:California
382:Gale Young
378:New Jersey
370:F. C. Hoyt
321:Henry Gale
313:Paul Dirac
282:Sommerfeld
261:Niels Bohr
182:Early life
143:geophysics
1545:0031-9228
1531:(8): 52.
1122:0033-3123
1087:0033-3123
1052:0033-3123
1017:0033-3123
982:0033-3123
818:0034-6861
789:0031-899X
760:0034-6861
731:1434-6001
702:0031-899X
655:0027-8424
389:Otto Hahn
71:Princeton
1438:Archived
1370:Theories
1225:Archived
1177:Archived
889:See also
673:16587109
538:La Jolla
498:and the
368:. With
211:Max Born
1368:Lanczos
1264:at the
664:1084628
580:by the
569:by the
472:of the
409:Germany
401:uranium
397:fission
139:physics
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1495:"DTIC"
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259:under
136:Fields
100:Awards
1140:(PDF)
924:Notes
589:Books
225:with
73:(PhD)
1541:ISSN
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1013:ISSN
978:ISSN
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785:ISSN
756:ISSN
727:ISSN
698:ISSN
669:PMID
651:ISSN
391:and
356:and
284:and
271:and
153:UCSD
123:1972
116:1966
50:Died
38:Born
1533:doi
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1075:doi
1040:doi
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