349:
physiological research, whence issued a steady stream of original work; and though the papers containing the results usually bore the name of his pupils only, every investigation was inspired by him and carried out under his personal direction. Thus, his pupils gained a practical acquaintance with his methods and ways of thought, and, coming from all parts of Europe, they returned to their own countries to spread and extend his doctrines. Possessed himself of extraordinary manipulative skill, he abhorred rough and clumsy work, and he insisted that experiments on animals should be planned and prepared with the utmost care, not only to avoid the infliction of pain (which was also guarded against by the use of an anesthetic), but to ensure that the deductions drawn from them should have their full scientific value.
294:
58:
412:
341:; and this apparatus not only conducted him to many important conclusions respecting the mechanics of the circulation, but afforded the first instance of the use of the graphic method in physiological inquiries. For researches on blood gases, he designed the mercurial blood-pump that, with various modifications, has come into extensive use. He used it for many investigations into gases of the
321:(1852–1856), but it is as evident in his earliest paper (1842) on the process of urinary secretion as in all his subsequent work. Ludwig exercised enormous influence on the progress of physiology, not only by the discoveries he made, but also by the new methods and apparatus he introduced to its service. Thus, in regard to secretion, he showed that secretory glands, such as the
314:, whom he met for the first time in Berlin in 1847, he rejected the assumption that the phenomena of living animals depend on special biological laws and vital forces different from those that operate in the domain of inorganic nature; and he sought to explain them by reference to the same laws as are applicable in the case of physical and chemical phenomena.
348:
There is indeed scarcely any branch of physiology, except the physiology of the senses, to which Ludwig did not make important contributions. He was also a great power as a teacher and the founder of a school. Under him the
Physiological Institute at Leipzig became an organized center of
332:
that control this action, and by showing that if the nerves are appropriately stimulated the salivary glands continue to secrete, even though the animal be decapitated, he initiated the method of experimenting with excised organs. He devised the
301:
Ludwig's name is prominent in the history of physiology, and he had a large share in bringing about the change in the method of that science that took place in the middle of the 19th century. With his friends
1152:
1132:
660:
1122:
427:
1127:
258:, taking his doctor's degree at Marburg in 1839. He made Marburg his home for the next ten years, studying and teaching anatomy and physiology, first as prosector to
633:
325:, are more than mere filters, and that their secretory action is attended by chemical and thermal changes both in themselves and in the blood passing through them.
653:
1147:
234:
Since 1932, the Carl Ludwig
Honorary Medal is awarded by the German Society for Cardiology to outstanding investigators in the area of cardiovascular research.
1142:
138:
432:
184:. His work as both a researcher and teacher had a major influence on the understanding, methods and apparatus used in almost all branches of physiology.
646:
1117:
1066:
275:
303:
517:
Seller H.: Carl Ludwig and the localization of the medullary vasomotor center: old and new concepts of the generation of sympathetic tone.
204:
47:
1137:
224:
1018:
1112:
1107:
31:
307:
545:
Schröer H.: Relevance and reliability of Ludwig's scientific conceptions of the physiology of the microcirculation.
266:(1842), and finally as extraordinary professor (1846). In 1849 he was chosen professor of anatomy and physiology at
898:
874:
730:
176:
706:
770:
1050:
914:
690:
251:
500:
Schubert E.: The theory of and experimentation into respiratory gas exchange—Carl Ludwig and his school.
922:
858:
826:
698:
531:
Thurau K, Davis JM, Haberle DA.: Carl
Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig: the founder of modern renal physiology.
282:
255:
200:
293:
345:, the gaseous interchanges in living muscle, the significance of oxidized material in the blood, etc.
1102:
1097:
1002:
970:
834:
746:
311:
267:
196:
192:
1074:
978:
962:
850:
810:
722:
188:
573:
Ludwig CF.: 1842—a landmark in nephrology: Carl Ludwig's revolutionary concept of renal function.
818:
629:
502:
337:
as a means of obtaining a written record of the variations in the pressure of the blood in the
890:
802:
609:
595:
578:
564:
550:
536:
522:
508:
491:
470:
456:
259:
17:
1034:
1026:
954:
842:
714:
604:
Fye WB.: Carl Ludwig and the
Leipzig Physiological Institute: 'a factory of new knowledge'.
57:
1058:
906:
1042:
1010:
882:
794:
786:
625:
208:
119:
1091:
994:
986:
930:
866:
778:
762:
754:
738:
479:
423:
418:
263:
108:
682:
669:
587:
338:
322:
243:
220:
181:
133:
82:
228:
938:
638:
216:
156:
203:
and developed there the
Physiological Institute, designated today after him:
334:
212:
123:
474:
460:
613:
599:
582:
568:
554:
540:
526:
512:
495:
223:
in 1884 for his research. In 1869, he was elected a foreign member of the
366:
281:
In 1865 Ludwig was appointed to the newly created chair of physiology at
436:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 114.
104:
271:
247:
417:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
342:
329:
187:
In 1842, Ludwig became a professor of physiology and in 1846 of
642:
180:; 29 December 1816 – 23 April 1895) was a German physician and
328:
Ludwig demonstrated the existence of a new class of secretory
207:. Ludwig researched several topics such as the physiology of
465:
Zimmer HG.: The contributions of Carl Ludwig to cardiology.
559:
Zimmer HG.: Carl Ludwig: the man, his time, his influence.
365:
Current website of the Carl-Ludwig-Institute of
Physiology
453:
Source
Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology
384:
382:
380:
378:
376:
374:
317:
This point of view was expressed in Ludwig's celebrated
285:, and continued there until his death on 23 April 1895.
1153:
Foreign associates of the
National Academy of Sciences
484:
Carl Ludwig: the discoverer of glomerular filtration.
152:
129:
115:
89:
64:
41:
1123:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
634:Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
1133:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
654:
8:
661:
647:
639:
449:Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig (1816–1895).
56:
38:
1128:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
388:
292:
30:For other people named Karl Ludwig, see
358:
955:Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz
367:http://cliphys.uniklinikum-leipzig.de/
304:Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz
175:
7:
1148:Foreign members of the Royal Society
270:, and 6 years afterwards he went to
1143:People from the Electorate of Hesse
227:. He is credited for inventing the
205:Carl Ludwig Institute of Physiology
25:
225:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
27:German physician and physiologist
626:Short biography and bibliography
410:
1118:Recipients of the Copley Medal
575:Kidney Int(ernational). Suppl.
428:Ludwig, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm
278:school for military surgeons.
1:
319:Text-book of Human Physiology
169:Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig
69:Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig
18:Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig
32:Karl Ludwig (disambiguation)
1169:
899:Jean-Baptiste Boussingault
875:August Wilhelm von Hofmann
549:1996;432(3 Suppl):R23-32.
535:1996;432(3 Suppl):R68-72.
507:1996;432(3 Suppl):R111-9.
488:Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.
250:, and studied medicine at
29:
677:
563:1996;432(3 Suppl):R9-22.
521:1996;432(3 Suppl):R94-8.
191:. From professorships in
162:
145:
55:
1138:People from Witzenhausen
482:, Thurau K, Haberle D.:
308:Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke
843:Julius Robert von Mayer
490:1996 Apr;11(4):717-20.
433:Encyclopædia Britannica
199:he went in 1865 to the
915:James Joseph Sylvester
731:Michel Eugène Chevreul
691:Alexander von Humboldt
608:1986 Nov;74(5):920-8.
594:1991 Apr;14(4):361-3.
469:1999 Mar;15(3):323-9.
455:2004 Dec;11(3):221-2.
298:
1019:George Gabriel Stokes
923:Charles Adolphe Wurtz
859:Hermann von Helmholtz
827:Henri Victor Regnault
707:Johannes Peter Müller
699:Heinrich Wilhelm Dove
296:
201:University of Leipzig
1113:German physiologists
1003:Stanislao Cannizzaro
971:Joseph Dalton Hooker
835:James Prescott Joule
747:Wilhelm Eduard Weber
312:Emil du Bois-Reymond
274:as professor in the
1108:Swiss physiologists
1075:Marcellin Berthelot
1067:John William Strutt
1051:Albert von Kölliker
979:Thomas Henry Huxley
963:Franz Ernst Neumann
811:Karl Ernst von Baer
723:Henri Milne-Edwards
297:Carl Ludwig in 1856
242:Ludwig was born at
189:comparative anatomy
120:Ludwig–Soret effect
819:Charles Wheatstone
630:Virtual Laboratory
577:1994 Oct;46:1–23.
299:
219:. He received the
177:[ˈluːtvɪç]
1085:
1084:
891:James Dwight Dana
670:Copley Medallists
213:urinary excretion
166:
165:
147:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
1160:
1078:
1070:
1062:
1054:
1046:
1038:
1035:Karl Weierstrass
1030:
1027:Edward Frankland
1022:
1014:
1006:
998:
990:
982:
974:
966:
958:
950:
942:
934:
926:
918:
910:
902:
894:
886:
878:
870:
862:
854:
851:Friedrich Wöhler
846:
838:
830:
822:
814:
806:
798:
790:
782:
774:
766:
758:
750:
742:
734:
726:
718:
710:
702:
694:
686:
663:
656:
649:
640:
505:(Pflügers Arch.)
467:Can. J. Cardiol.
437:
416:
414:
413:
392:
386:
369:
363:
262:(1841), then as
179:
174:
100:
98:
79:
77:
72:29 December 1816
60:
50:
39:
21:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1073:
1065:
1059:William Huggins
1057:
1049:
1041:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1009:
1001:
993:
985:
977:
969:
961:
953:
945:
939:William Thomson
937:
929:
921:
913:
907:Rudolf Clausius
905:
897:
889:
881:
873:
865:
857:
849:
841:
833:
825:
817:
809:
801:
793:
785:
777:
769:
761:
753:
745:
737:
729:
721:
713:
705:
697:
689:
681:
673:
667:
622:
590:: Carl Ludwig.
503:Pflügers Archiv
444:
442:Further reading
426:, ed. (1911). "
422:
411:
409:
401:
396:
395:
387:
372:
364:
360:
355:
291:
240:
172:
137:
122:
111:
102:
96:
94:
85:
80:
75:
73:
71:
70:
51:
46:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1166:
1164:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1071:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1043:Carl Gegenbaur
1039:
1031:
1023:
1015:
1011:Rudolf Virchow
1007:
999:
991:
983:
975:
967:
959:
951:
943:
935:
927:
919:
911:
903:
895:
887:
883:Claude Bernard
879:
871:
863:
855:
847:
839:
831:
823:
815:
807:
803:Julius Plücker
799:
795:Michel Chasles
791:
787:Charles Darwin
783:
775:
767:
759:
751:
743:
735:
727:
719:
711:
703:
695:
687:
678:
675:
674:
668:
666:
665:
658:
651:
643:
637:
636:
621:
620:External links
618:
617:
616:
602:
592:Clin. Cardiol.
585:
571:
561:Pflügers Arch.
557:
547:Pflügers Arch.
543:
533:Pflügers Arch.
529:
519:Pflügers Arch.
515:
498:
477:
463:
443:
440:
439:
438:
424:Chisholm, Hugh
406:
405:
400:
397:
394:
393:
391:, p. 114.
370:
357:
356:
354:
351:
290:
287:
239:
236:
209:blood pressure
164:
163:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
143:
142:
131:
127:
126:
117:
116:Known for
113:
112:
103:
101:(aged 78)
91:
87:
86:
81:
68:
66:
62:
61:
53:
52:
45:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1165:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:Simon Newcomb
992:
988:
987:George Salmon
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
931:Arthur Cayley
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:Louis Pasteur
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
779:Adam Sedgwick
776:
772:
771:Thomas Graham
768:
764:
763:Louis Agassiz
760:
756:
755:Robert Bunsen
752:
748:
744:
740:
739:Charles Lyell
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
715:Léon Foucault
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:
676:
671:
664:
659:
657:
652:
650:
645:
644:
641:
635:
631:
627:
624:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
514:
510:
506:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
447:Luderitz B.:
446:
445:
441:
435:
434:
429:
425:
420:
419:public domain
408:
407:
403:
402:
398:
390:
389:Chisholm 1911
385:
383:
381:
379:
377:
375:
371:
368:
362:
359:
352:
350:
346:
344:
340:
339:blood vessels
336:
331:
326:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
295:
288:
286:
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:privat-docent
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
237:
235:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
183:
178:
170:
161:
158:
155:
151:
148:
144:
140:
135:
132:
128:
125:
121:
118:
114:
110:
109:German Empire
106:
93:23 April 1895
92:
88:
84:
67:
63:
59:
54:
49:
40:
37:
33:
19:
946:
683:Richard Owen
606:Circulation.
605:
591:
574:
560:
546:
532:
518:
501:
487:
483:
466:
452:
448:
431:
361:
347:
327:
323:submaxillary
318:
316:
300:
280:
244:Witzenhausen
241:
233:
221:Copley Medal
186:
182:physiologist
168:
167:
146:
134:Copley Medal
83:Witzenhausen
36:
1103:1895 deaths
1098:1816 births
947:Carl Ludwig
672:(1851–1900)
404:Attribution
43:Carl Ludwig
1092:Categories
399:References
276:Josephinum
217:anesthesia
157:Physiology
97:1895-04-24
76:1816-12-29
335:kymograph
289:Appraisal
124:Kymograph
480:Davis JM
475:10202196
461:15548890
252:Erlangen
229:stromuhr
139:ForMemRS
48:ForMemRS
632:of the
628:in the
614:3533314
600:2032415
588:Fye WB.
583:7823448
569:8994538
555:8994539
541:8994545
527:8994549
513:8994552
496:8671870
421::
283:Leipzig
260:FL Fick
256:Marburg
246:, near
173:German:
105:Leipzig
95: (
74: (
1077:(1900)
1069:(1899)
1061:(1898)
1053:(1897)
1045:(1896)
1037:(1895)
1029:(1894)
1021:(1893)
1013:(1892)
1005:(1891)
997:(1890)
989:(1889)
981:(1888)
973:(1887)
965:(1886)
957:(1885)
949:(1884)
941:(1883)
933:(1882)
925:(1881)
917:(1880)
909:(1879)
901:(1878)
893:(1877)
885:(1876)
877:(1875)
869:(1874)
861:(1873)
853:(1872)
845:(1871)
837:(1870)
829:(1869)
821:(1868)
813:(1867)
805:(1866)
797:(1865)
789:(1864)
781:(1863)
773:(1862)
765:(1861)
757:(1860)
749:(1859)
741:(1858)
733:(1857)
725:(1856)
717:(1855)
709:(1854)
701:(1853)
693:(1852)
685:(1851)
612:
598:
581:
567:
553:
539:
525:
511:
494:
473:
459:
415:
330:nerves
310:, and
272:Vienna
268:Zurich
248:Kassel
215:, and
197:Vienna
193:Zurich
153:Fields
141:(1875)
136:(1884)
130:Awards
353:Notes
343:lymph
610:PMID
596:PMID
579:PMID
565:PMID
551:PMID
537:PMID
523:PMID
509:PMID
492:PMID
471:PMID
457:PMID
254:and
238:Life
195:and
90:Died
65:Born
430:".
1094::
486:–
451:–
373:^
306:,
231:.
211:,
107:,
662:e
655:t
648:v
171:(
99:)
78:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
